UNIT 2 MIGRATION
FRQ NOTES
 When you get your FRQ’s back; make sure you’re looking at the rubric.
Ask questions if you have some.
 Key areas where points are being lost:
 Not having a full definition
 An abridged definition isn’t going to work, there are key parts of the
definition you need to make sure you’re including.
 Example: Demographic momentum has to do with fertility rates
 Example: Dependency ratio has to do with economically dependent
 “Discuss” is the most involved command verb; it requires you to list a
negative aspect or an alternative consideration
 Know your command verbs to help yourself out
FRQ NOTES CONT.
 There’s always a question that is looking specifically for something from
the readings
 That’s why you need to read
 If you don’t understand a concept from the reading you should be asking about
it
 Questions that refer to an image or a chart, in the A, B, or C part means that
YOU have to refer to that image and identify a specific part of the image or
chart you are talking about  most people are good about this.
 Just because there is an image, it doesn’t mean you have to refer to it, see
note above, if the A, B, or C (sometimes E) part doesn’t mention referring to
the image, then treat it as a standalone response.
MOVING FORWARD….
 We’ve been kind.
 FRQ’s need to be specific and on-target. A great example is the
epidemiological model; it has specific focuses on cause of death at the end of
their life, not simply “Stage 4”.  we’ve given those points. Malthus is another
example.
 We’ve been SUPER kind
 You can’t always count on FRQ re-takes being as easy as they have been.
 We’ve also been flexible in the re-take policy, which is two re-take per 9 weeks.
That means…you can only count on two per 9 weeks, not what we’ve been
doing (you come, you take it).
 After Immigration, we pick up the pace and amount of content per Unit.
MIGRATION
 This unit is Population Geography; which focuses on the distribution of
people around the world
 Migration moves those people to various places
 I’ve emigrated from Egypt to immigrate to Iceland for good.
 Emigrate is to leave a native country, immigrate is to settle in a new
country.
 We look at immigration on multiple scales.
 Intraregional/internal migration (movement within a country)
 Interregional (movement outside of a country)
 (Look for the “a” in most things, it tells you if it’s within or outside of)
MIGRATION VS. MOVEMENT
 Migration: “permanent relocation of one’s place of
residence…considered to be long-distance move” (Malinowski, 2014)
 Cyclical movements: “move back and forth between two or more
places” (Malinowski, 2014).
 Technically, commuting to work is a cyclical movement
 Transhumance is a type of cyclical movement (pastoralists – people with
live stock) moving
 Seasonal movements of people working on crops is another example.
 Periodic movements: VERY similar to cyclical movements, but the
length of time away is longer.
 Military and going to college are examples
TYPES OF MIGRATION: THE BROAD TYPES
 Voluntary Migration: “long term or voluntary move that stems from
choice” (Greiner, 2011).
 Example: You move to California because you want to be a vegan and live
on the beach riding the waves.
 Forced Migration: “occurs when a person, group, government, or other
entity insists that another individual or group must relocate” (Greiner,
2011).
 “Impelled migration” is a bit less forceful, but is still “forced.” Usually a
pre-cursor to genocide.
 Lot’s of examples fall under this; forced because of no jobs, religious
intolerance, violence, food insecurity (not enough food in region)
 Slave trade is an example. Convicts to Australia is an example.
DESTINATION AMERICA VIDEO
*NOTE…VOLUNTARY AND FORCE IS ABOUT PERSPECTIVES, SO YOU ALWAYS NEEDS
TO EXPLAIN.
Example From Video
Manual (From Mexico)
Broad Type of Migration
It’s voluntary in that he is choosing to go, you could
argue “forced” because of lack of jobs. It’s better as
“voluntary”.
The Norwegians
It’s voluntary in that they chose to come on their own;
they were not forced.
The Irish
It’s better as “forced” migration because of the
widespread famine within the region of Ireland.
PUSH & PULL FACTORS: THE OPPOSITE
GAME
Push factors: “unfavorable conditions or attributes of a place
that encourage migration” (Greiner, 2011).
Pull factors: “favorable conditions or attributes of a place that
attract migrants” (Greiner, 2011).
Example From Video
Push Factors
Pull Factors
Manual (From Mexico)
Needs a Job
Jobs in U.S.
The Norwegians
Limited Land
Land in U.S.
The Irish
No Food
Food in U.S.
INTERVENING OBSTACLES
 Intervening Obstacles: “factors that complicate migration, including
transportation costs, distance, moving expenses, and if it is international
migration the ability to get a passport. These vary from person to person
and difficulty in overcoming” (Greiner, 2011).
Example From Video
Manual (From Mexico)
Push Factors
Needs a Job
The Norwegians
Limited Land
The Irish
No Food
Intervening Obstacles
Pull Factors
Leaving Family; U.S.
Jobs in U.S.
Border
Knowledge of America & Land in U.S.
money to cross ocean.
Cost of transport (coffin Food in U.S.
ships)/Family left behind
RAVENSTEIN’S LAWS OF MIGRATION.
The number of my laws are going to
vary based on the textbook.
You only should know at least 7 of them.
Born in Germany, but became a British
Citizen. Was a geographer. Lived
1834-1913. Fun fact:
I wrote on gymnastics
too.
LAWS WE CARE ABOUT*
WHICH…FOUBERG ONLY HAS 5
Most migrants cover short distances and do not cross international
boundaries.
Migrants moving to towns and cities create gaps or open spaces that
are filled by migrants moving from more distance places.
This is actually step migration.
Migration involves two opposite process; dispersion (the departure of
migrants from a place of origin) and absorption (the arrival of migrants
in a place of destination).
Migration flows produce counter-flows (people going back)
LAWS WE CARE ABOUT*
CONT…
Urban residents are less likely to migrate than rural.
Women migrate more than men within their country; whereas men
migrate more frequently outside of it.
When people migrate outside their country, they tend to go to stage 3 or 4
countries of the Demographic Transition Model.
Urban areas are common destinations of long-distance migrations.
This leads us to the Gravity Model.
ZELINSKY’S MOBILITY TRANSITION MODEL
*NOT IN TEXTBOOKS, BUT IN HUB READING, BUT THIS CHART DOES A GOOD JOB
Mobility/Migration 
they’re the same when
referring to the Transition
Model.
Less likely to be an FRQ
on AP, but possible, used
in combination with other
things, and has made
appearances in Multiple
Choice.
ZIPF’S LAW & DISTANCE DECAY
 Zipf’s Law: “The idea that places or things that are farther apart will have
less interaction between them.”
 The inverse of Tobler’s Law.
 Zipf’s Law is basically distance decay between cities.
 “The idea that, all else being equal, as the distance between two places
increases, the volume of interaction between these places decreases”
(Malinowski, 2012).  this also plays into Ravenstein’s laws
 Ravenstein observed that people move shorter distances compared to
long-distances.
 People move to closer places rather than far away places, so, they will usually
move to a close location, then another location, and eventually get to where
they are going (step migration). People KNOW more about closer places.
GRAVITY MODEL
HISTORICAL EXAMPLES (BETTER TO READ ON YOUR
COMPUTER) ANSWERS/PARAPHRASES OF ASSIGNMENT