Diri, Kelompok, dan Identitas dalam
Sosial
Siapakah Saya?
Konsep Diri……...
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Sebuah konsep yang sangat penting
dalam psikologi sosial
Mempengaruhi perilaku seseorang,
dan….
Pembentukannya dipengaruhi oleh
orang lain dalam proses interaksi sosial
Konsep Diri:
 Identitas
diri seseorang yang
merupakan sebuah skema yang
berisi kumpulan belief dan
perasaan mengenai diri sendiri.
Komponen Konsep Diri
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interpersonal attributes
ascribed characteristics
interest & activities
existential aspects
self determination
internalized beliefs
self-awareness
social differentiation
Identitas Sosial
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Definisi seseorang mengenai siapa ia;
di dalamnya termasuk atribusi personal
(self concept) yang sesuai dengan
keanggotaannya dalam berbagai
kelompok.
Self Reference Effect
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Suatu proses kognisi dimana informasi
yang berkaitan dengan diri diproses
lebih cepat dibanding informasi jenis
lainnya.
Possible self
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Representasi mental yang berisi
pemahaman mengenai gambaran diri
yang diinginkan pada masa yang akan
datang.
Self Esteem
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Suatu evaluasi diri yang dibuat oleh
setiap individu
Suatu sikap mengenai diri sendiri dalam
dimensi positif-negatif
Self Focusing
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Tingkah laku untuk sejauh mana
mengarahkan perhatian ke dalam diri
atau ke lingkungan luar diri
Self Monitoring
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Pengaturan tingkah laku individu
berdasarkan pada situasi eksternal dan
reaksi orang lain (high self monitoring)
atau berdasar pada faktor internal
seperti beliefs, sikap dan nilai (low self
monitoring)
Self Efficacy
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Evaluasi seseorang mengenai
kemampuan atau kompetensinya dalam
menyelesaikan tugas, mencapai tujuan,
atau mengatasi masalah.
Self Efficacy dan Prestasi
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Prestasi dalam bidang akademik
maupun dalam bidang fisik meningkat
seiring dengan tingginya self efficacy
yang dimiliki individu.
Self Efficacy dan Prestasi
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Gould & Weiss (1981): individu yang
tinggi dalam self efficacy pada bidang
atletik dapat melakukan latihan lebih
lama daripada yang memiliki self
efficacy rendah.
Reasoning: tubuh menghasilkan
endogenous opioids-natural painkiller.
Courneya & McAuley, 1993:
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Self efficacy dalam bidang kemampuan
fisik juga menyebabkan individu mampu
mempersepsi kesuksesan dalam
latihannya serta memiliki personal
control terhadap tingkah lakunya.
Sex versus Gender
Sex vs Gender
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Sex: mengacu pada perbedaan anatomi
dan fisiologi dari laki-laki dan
perempuan yang berdasar pada
masalah genetika.
Gender: digunakan untuk menjelaskan
tingkah laku yang berasosiasi dengan
jenis kelamin yang diperoleh dari
harapan budaya atau kombinasi dari
faktor budaya & biologi
Gender Identity
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Jenis kelamin (laki-laki atau
perempuan) yang diidentifikasi
seseorang sebagai identitas dirinya,
biasanya, walau tidak selalu, berkaitan
dengan jenis kelamin biologisnya.
Bem Sex-Role Inventory
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Suatu pengukuran psikologis untuk
melihat sejauh mana deskripsi diri
seseorang dikarakteristikkan oleh
maskulinitas tradisional, feminitas
tradisional, gabungan keduanya
(androgyny), atau tidak keduanya
(undifferentiated).
Androgyny
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Kecenderungan untuk memiliki
karakteristik baik maskulin maupun
feminin secara tradisional
GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL :
THE COSEQUENCES OF BELONGING
GROUPS :
A collection of persons who are perceived to be bonded together in a
coherent unit to some degree.
Perceived ENTATIVITY : The extent to which a group is being
perceived as being coherent entity (Campbell, 1958).
Is important because it determined What Makes a group is (really) a
Group.
Exp:
People line at a bank (score entativity = 2.40)
People who live in the same neighborhood (4.78)
Sport Team
(8,27)
This rating is influenced by: to the degree to which group members
interacted with one another
Type groups usually identified by
their members
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Intimacy group (family, relatives)
Task oriented group (committee, work
group)
Weak social relationship or Associations
(RT/RW, Kelompok mancing, dsb).
How Groups Function: Roles,
Status, Norms, Cohesiveness
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How precisely do groups affect their members ?
 through mechanism of : Group Roles, Status,
Norms & Cohesiveness.
ROLES: Sets of behaviors that individuals
occupying specific positions within a group are
expected to perform.
STATUS : Position or rank within a group.
NORMS : Rules within a group indicating how its
members should or should not behaves.
COHESIVENESS: All forces (factors) that cause
groups members to remain in that groups.
HOW GROUPS AFFECT INDIVIDUAL
PERFORMANCE:
From SOCIAL FACILITATION to SOCIAL LOAFING
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Social facilitation: Effects upon
performance resulting from the
presence of others.
Drive theory of social facilitation:
A Theory suggesting that the mere
presence of others is arousing and
increases the tendency to perform
dominant responses.
If dominant responses are correct in
The present situation
Presence of others
(either as an audi
ence or as co
actors
Heightened
Arousal
Performance is
enhanced
Enhanced tendency to
perform dominant
responses
If dominant responses are incorrect in
The present situation
Performance is
enhanced
From Drive to Attentional focus: How does
the presence of others influence task
performance ?
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Evaluation Apprehension: Concern over being
evaluated by others. Such concern can increase
arousal and so contribute to social facilitation
Distraction-conflict theory: A theory
suggesting that social facilitation stems from the
conflict produced when individuals attempt,
simultaneously, to pay attention to other persons
and to the task being performed.
Social Loafing: Letting Others Do
the Work When Part of a Group
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Additive Task: Task for which the group product is the
sum or combination of the efforts of individual members.
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Social Loafing: Reduction in motivation and effort when
individuals work collectively in a group compared to
when the work individually or as independent coactors
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Collective effort Model: An explanation of social loafing
suggesting that perceived links between individuals effort
and their outcomes are weaker when they work together
with others in a group. This, in turn, produces tendencies
toward social loafing.
Cooperation & Competition
(Conflict)
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Cooperation: Behavior in which groups
work together to attain shared goals
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Conflict : A process in which individuals or
groups perceive that others have taken or
will soon take actions incompatible with
their own interest
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Social Dilemmas:
Situation on which each person can
increase his or her individuals gains by
acting in one way, but if all (or most)
persons do the same thing, the outcomes
experienced by all are reduced
Factors influencing cooperations;
Reciprocity, Personal Orientations &
Communication
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Reciprocity :
A basic rule of social life suggesting that individuals tend
to treat others as these persons have treated them. 
reciprocal altruism.
Personal orientation : orientation of person toward
situation: cooperative, individualistic or competitive
orientation ?
Communication; Individuals can use communication to
discuss the situation, try to seek best alternative solution
through communication.
The Discontinuity Effect : Why Groups are
more competitive than Individuals
There is a tendecy that gorup are
competitive than individuals, because:
1) People tend to distrust other groups more
than other persons. 2) Easy to convince
people that it is appropriate if a groups
was selfish than individuals 3) in
Individuals setting the are easily
identifiable, than if they are in group
(anonimity)
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Conflict: Its Nature, Causes and
Effects
Opposing interest
Between the
two sides
Belief by each side that other
will or has already taken
Actions contrary to their
interest
Conflict
Recogniton of these
opposing interest
Actions that interfere
With others side’s
interest
Major Causes of Conflict:
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Faulty attribution : errors consering the
causes behind other’s behavior
Faulty communication  with anger
Bias of Ideology:
our won gorup are right the other are
wrong.
Personality traits or characteristic: Type
A : very competitive
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Bargaining (negotiation):
A process in which opposing side
exchange offers, counteroffers, and
concession, either directly or through
representative
Superordinate Goals: Create common
goals, Goals that are both sides to a
conflict seek and that tie teir interset
together rather than drive them apart.
Culture & Conflict :
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Focus on relation or Outcomes ?:
Research finding indicate that indivioduals
tend to focus more on relational factors in
conflicts within their own cultural or ethnic
group, but more on outcomes in conflict that
occurs accros cultural or ethnic boundaries.
These finding have important implication for
efforts to resolve social conflicts.
Perceived Fairness in Groups
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Distributive justice (equity):
refers to individuals judgement about wether they are receiving
a fair share of available reawards– a share proportionate to their
contributions to the groups ( or to any social relationship)
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Procedural Justice :
The fairness of the procedures used to distribute available
reawards among group members.
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Interactional (interpersonal) justice:
The extent to which persons who distribute reawards explain or
justify their decisions and show considerateness and courtesy to
those who receive the rawards.
Conflict is Low
Conflict is High
Couples focus little attention
On perceived unfairness
Couples focus more attention
On perceived unfairness
Conflict is
Intensified
Decission Making in Group
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Decission making:
Processes involved in combing and
integrating available information in order to
choose one of several possible courses of
action,
Social Decision Schemes:
Rules relating the initial distribution of
member’s views to final group decisions.
Group Polarization:
The tendency of agroup members, as a
results of group discussion, to shift toward
more extreme positions than those they
initially held
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Groupthink:
The tendency of the members of highly cohesive
groups to assume that their decisions can’t be
wrong, that all members must support the
group’s decision strongly, and that information
contrary to it should be ignored.
Devil’s advocate technique:
A technique for improving the quality of group
decision in which one group member is assigned
the task of disagreeing with and criticizing
whatever plan or decision is under consideration
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Authentic dissent:
A technique for improving the quality of
group decisions in which one or more
group members actively disgree with the
group’s initial preference without being
assigned this role.