Matakuliah
Tahun
: G1042/Pragmatics
: 2006
Politeness and interaction
Pertemuan 9
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Learning Outcomes
• Mahasiswa dapat mendemonstrasikan
face wants, negative dan positif face want
dalam percakapan sehari hari (C3
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Materi outline
• Politeness
• Management of 'Face"Face wants
• Negative and Positive face
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9.1 Politeness (1)
• Definition:
• In language study:
– A. how languages express the social distance
between the speakers and their different role
relationship;
– B. how face-work, that is, the attempt to establish,
maintain, and save face during conversations, is
carried out in a speech community. (Richards, 1997)
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9.1 Politeness (2)
• Definition:
• ‘polite social behaviour’, or etiquette, within a
culture.
• Some general principles for being polite within a
particular culture;
– Being tactful, generous, modest, and sympathetic
toward others
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9.2 Face wants
• Definition:
• In communication between two or more persons, the
positive image of one self that one shows or intends to
show to the other participant. (Richards,1997)
• People’s expectations concerning their public self image.
• Self threatening act
– If a speaker says something that represents a threat to another
individual’s expectations regarding self image.
• A face saving act
– The speaker say something to lessen the possible threat.
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9.3 Negative and positive face
• A person’s negative face is
– the need to be independent, to have freedom of
action, and not to be imposed on by others.
• A person’s positive face is
– The need to be accepted, even liked, by others, to be
treated as a member of the same group, and to know
that his, or her wants are shared by others.
• Negative face is the need to be independent and
positive face is the need to be connected.
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Conclusion
• In language study, politeness involves two
things; i.e. the language expressions used and
the ‘face’
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8.1 Speech act classification (2)
• A. declaratives
– A speech act which changes the state of affairs in the
world.
– E.g. during the wedding ceremony the act of marriage
is performed when the phrase I now pronounce you
man and wife is uttered.
• B. representatives
– A speech act which describes states or events in the
world, such as an assertion, a claim, a report.
– E.g. the assertion: This is a German car.
• (Richards, 1997)
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8.1 Speech act classification (3)
• C. expressives
– A speech act in which the speaker expresses feelings and attitudes
about something, such as an apology, a complaint, to thank someone,
to congratulate someone.
– E.g. The meal was delicious
• D. directives
– A speech act that has the function of getting the listener to do
something, such as suggestion, a request, or a command.
– E.g. Please sit down.
• E. commissives
– A speech act that commits the speaker to doing something in the future,
such as a promise or a threat.
– E.g. If you don’t stop fighting, I’ll call the police
• (Richards, 1997)
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8.1 Speech act classification (4)
• C. expressives
– A speech act in which the speaker expresses feelings and attitudes
about something, such as an apology, a complaint, to thank someone,
to congratulate someone.
– E.g. The meal was delicious
• D. directives
– A speech act that has the function of getting the listener to do
something, such as suggestion, a request, or a command.
– E.g. Please sit down.
• E. commissives
– A speech act that commits the speaker to doing something in the future,
such as a promise or a threat.
– E.g. If you don’t stop fighting, I’ll call the police
• (Richards, 1997)
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8.2 Direct and Indirect Speech act
• Direct speech act
– There is a direct relationship between a structure and a function
– E.g. a declarative use in order to make declarative sentence.
• It’s cold outside.
• I hereby tell you about the weather
• Indirect speech act
– There is an indirect relationship between a structure and a
function.
– E.g. we use a declarative sentence in order to make a request.
• It’s cold outside
• I hereby request of you that you close the door.
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8.3 Direct and Indirect Speech act
• Direct speech act
– There is a direct relationship between a structure and a function
– E.g. a declarative use in order to make declarative sentence.
• It’s cold outside.
• I hereby tell you about the weather
• Indirect speech act
– There is an indirect relationship between a structure and a
function.
– E.g. we use a declarative sentence in order to make a request.
• It’s cold outside
• I hereby request of you that you close the door.
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