vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
THESIS TITLE
i
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xv
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
The Objectives
3
1.4
Scope of Study
3
1.5
Research Methodology
4
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
6
viii
2.2
Constructability Definitions
7
2.3
Development of the Principles of Constructability
8
2.4
An Overview of Project Life Cycle
17
2.5
Constructability Review in Design
23
2.5.1
The Guidelines
24
2.5.2
Computer Based System
24
2.5.3
Non-computer Based System
26
2.6
Responsibilities of Designers in Constructability
27
Enhancement
2.7
Constructability Principles for the Design Phase
29
2.7.1
Carry Out Thorough Investigation of the Site
30
2.7.2
Design for Minimum Time Below Ground
30
2.7.3
Design for Simple Assembly
32
2.7.4
Encourage Standardisation/Repetition
33
2.7.5
Design for Pre-fabrication, Pre-assembly or
34
Modularisation
2.7.6
Analyse Accessibility of the Jobsite
36
2.7.7
Employ Any Visualisation Tools Such As 3D
39
CAD to Avoid Physical Interference
2.7.8
Investigate Any Unsuspected Unrealistic or
40
Incompatible Tolerances
2.7.9
Investigate the Practical Sequence of
41
Construction
2.7.10 Plan to Avoid Damage to Work by
42
Subsequent Operations
2.7.11 Consider Storage Requirement at the Jobsite
44
2.7.12 Investigate the Impact of Design on Safety
44
During Construction
2.7.13 Design to Avoid Return Visit by Trade
46
2.7.14 Design for the Skills Available
47
2.7.15 Consider Suitability of Designed materials
47
2.7.16 Provide Detail and Clear Design Information
48
2.7.17 Design for Early Enclosure
49
2.7.18 Consider Adverse Weather Effect in Selecting
49
ix
Materials or Construction Method
2.8
3
Summary
50
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
53
3.2
Phase 1
55
3.2.1
Determine the Objectives and Scope
55
3.2.2
Literature Review
55
3.2.3
Preliminary Interview
56
3.3
3.4
Phase 2
57
3.3.1
The Interview
57
3.3.2
Develop Current Design Process Model
59
3.3.2.1 Data Flow Diagram (DFD)
59
3.3.2.2 Drawing A Data Flow Diagram
62
Phase 3
63
3.4.1
63
Integrating Constructability into Design
Process
3.5
4
3.4.2
Constructability Design Review Checklist
64
3.4.3
Review by Experts
65
Summary
65
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
4.1
Introduction
67
4.2
The Architect Firm #1
67
4.2.1
Model of Architect Firm #A1
69
4.2.2
Additional Information from Architect
72
Firm #A1
4.3
The Consultancy Firm
74
4.3.1
The Consultancy Firm #C1
74
4.3.1.1 Model of Consultancy Firm #C1
76
x
4.3.1.2 Additional Information from
78
Consultancy Firm #C1
4.3.2
The Consultancy Firm #C2
79
4.3.2.1 Model of Consultancy Firm #C2
82
4.3.2.2 Additional Information from
85
Consultancy Firm #C2
4.3.3
The Consultancy Firm #C3
87
4.3.3.1 Model of Consultancy Firm #C3
89
4.3.3.2 Additional Information from
92
Consultancy Firm #C3
4.4
5
Summary
94
MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND DISCUSSION
5.1
Introduction
96
5.2
The General Building Design Process Model
96
5.3
The Constructability Integrated Building
105
Design Process Model
5.4
6
Summary
110
CHECKLIST DEVELOPMENT AND DISCUSSION
6.1
Introduction
112
6.2
The Development of Design Constructability
112
Checklist
7
6.3
The Discussion
114
6.4
Summary
114
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7.1
Introduction
116
xi
7.2
Conclusions
116
7.3
Recommendations for Future Research
118
REFERENCES
APPENDICES A – C
120
125 - 139
xii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
3.1
Basic selection criteria in determining the interviewees
58
3.2
Components of a data flow diagram for design
60
4.1
The summary of the interviewee #A1 and #C1’s responses
94
4.2
The summary of the interviewee #C2 and #C3’s responses
95
5.1a
Inputs and outputs of process 1: preliminary design
102
5.1b
Inputs and outputs of process 1: preliminary design
103
(continue)
5.2a
Inputs and outputs of process 3: detailed design
103
5.2b
Inputs and outputs of process 3: detailed design (continue)
104
5.3
Inputs and outputs of process 2: estimating costs
104
5.4
Inputs and outputs of process 2: review design
110
constructability process
6.1
Item no. 1 of the building design constructability checklist
113
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Schematic of research methodology
5, 54
2.1
The life cycle of a construction project
18
2.2
Constructability cost-influence curve
23
2.3
Building on land reclaimed from sea
31
2.4
Steel-framed system build project: ground-floor plan
38
2.5
Steel beam on block walls
40
2.6
Revised scheme for practical sequence of construction
42
2.7
Typical floor beam with service holes
43
2.8
Two alternative designs for capping of a coal mineshaft
45
2.9
Elevation showing proposed development within an historic
46
terrace
3.1
Schematic of constructability integration into design process
64
4.1a
The current building design process model #A1: level 2,
70
preliminary design and detail design
4.1b
The current building design process model #A1: level 1
71
4.1c
The context diagram of current building design process
72
model #A1: level 0
4.2a
The current building design process model #C1: level 2,
77
preliminary design and detail design
4.2b
The current building design process model #C1: level 1
77
4.2c
The context diagram of current building design process
78
model #C1: level 0
4.3a
The current building design process model #C2: level 2,
preliminary design and detail design
83
xiv
4.3b
The current building design process model #C2: level 1
84
4.3c
The context diagram of current building design process
84
model #C2: level 0
4.4a
The current building design process model #C3: level 2,
90
preliminary design and detail design
4.4b
The current building design process model #C3: level 1
91
4.4c
The context diagram of current building design process
91
model #C3: level 0
5.1
The context diagram of general building design process
97
model: level 0
5.2
The general building design process model: level 1
98
5.3
The general building design process model: level 2,
99
preliminary design
5.4
The general building design process model: level 2,
101
detailed design
5.5
The context diagram of constructability integrated building
105
design process model: level 0
5.6
The constructability integrated building design process
106
model: level 2, preliminary design
5.7
The constructability integrated building design process
107
model: level 2, detailed design
5.8
The constructability integrated building design process
model: level 1
109
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
The Interview Questionnaire Form
125
B
Building Design Constructability Checklist –
130
Assesment on Foundation
C
Design Phase’s Constructability Principles That Being
Inserted
136