vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iii
ABSTRACT
iv
ABSTRAK
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vi
LIST OF TABLES
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xviii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xx
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Statement of the Problem
1
1.2
Background of the Study
2
1.3
Objectives of the Study
4
1.4
Scope of the Study
5
1.5
Research Contribution
5
1.6
The Organization of the Thesis
6
LITERATURE REVIEW
7
2.1
Overview on Process Selection
7
2.2
Classification of Wastewater Treatment Methods
10
2.3
Process Selection in Malaysia
15
vii
2.4
Design Procedure
17
2.5
Decision support system (DSS)
36
2.6
Recent scenario of decision support systems
44
(DSSs) in Malaysia
2.7
3
Conclusion
45
METHODOLOGY
46
3.1
Introduction
46
3.2
Development of WASDA
48
3.2.1 Stakeholders Perspective
51
3.2.2
Task Analysis
51
3.2.3
Knowledge Acquisition
52
3.2.4 Planning / Structuring Model
52
3.2.5
55
Prototyping Phase
3.2.6 Verification and Validation
56
3.3
Additional Features
58
3.4
Design Procedures
58
3.4.1
58
Design Procedures for MBR Design
Calculation Worksheet
3.4.1.1 Interface Designing
58
3.4.1.2 Adding source codes
63
3.4.1.3 Development of database
71
3.4.1.4 Running the system with full
75
compilation
3.4.1.5 Debugging
3.4.2 Design
Procedures
75
for
MBR
75
Information Base
3.4.2.1 Interface Designing
75
3.4.2.2 Adding source codes
77
3.4.2.3 Creation of Rich Text Files
78
3.4.2.4 Running the system with full
79
compilation
viii
3.5
4
3.4.2.5 Debugging
79
Compilation of an Executable File
80
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
81
4.1
Introduction
81
4.2
Cost Estimation
97
4.3
Run Time Interfaces for MBR Module
99
4.3.1 Run Time Interfaces for MBR Design
99
Calculation Worksheet
4.4
Design Procedures for Applying CAS
103
4.5
Selection of Options Using WASDA
114
4.6
Verification of output
119
4.6.1 What-If Analysis
120
4.6.2 Descriptive Statistic Analysis
121
Validation of WASDA
122
4.7.1 Analysis of User Acceptance Testing
122
Conclusion
129
4.7
4.8
5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
130
5.1
Conclusion of This Study
130
5.2
Recommendations for Further Research
134
135
REFERENCES
Appendix A
User Acceptance Questionnaire
146
Appendix B
B1
147
Sample of Source Codes for MBR Design
Calculation Module
B2
Sample
of
Source
Codes
for
MBR
Information Base Module
B3
Appendix C
Interfaces for all modules in WASDA
List of Publication
185
ix
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
2.1
TITLE
Typical organic, inorganic, nutrients, metals and
PAGE
8
micro-organisms in wastewater
2.2
Concentrations of some parameters for industrial
9
wastewater (in mg/l)
2.3
Types of wastewater treatment technologies
10
commonly used in Malaysia
2.4
Classification of wastewater treatment processes
11
2.5
Land Area Requirement for Class 1 and Class 2
22
2.6
Land Area Requirements for Mechanized Class 3
23
to 6 Plants
2.7
Required Land Area for Stabilization Pond and
24
Aerated Lagoons
2.8
Activities involved in the planning and design of
32 - 33
municipal wastewater treatment system in
Malaysia
2.9
Activities involved in the planning and design of
34 - 35
industrial wastewater treatment system in
Malaysia
2.10
DSS versus EDP
38
2.11
Comparison of various MSS technologies and ES
41 - 42
3.1
Example of the set of rules for equalization tank
52
design
3.2
List of WASDA users
57
x
3.3
List of common parameters in MBR design
66
module (input form)
3.4
List of common parameters in MBR design
66
module (output form)
4.1
A list of modules in WASDA for a different
82
version
4.2
Descriptive statistic analysis of WASDA
121
calculation vs Manual calculation
4.3
Analysis of Question 1 (It was simple to use
123
WASDA)
4.4
Analysis of Question 2 (I can effectively
123
complete my work using WASDA)
4.5
Analysis of Question 3 (I am able to complete my
123
work quickly using WASDA)
4.6
Analysis of Question 4 (I feel comfortable using
124
WASDA)
4.7
Analysis of Question 5 (It was easy to learn to
124
use WASDA)
4.8
Analysis of Question 6 (I believe I became
124
productive quickly using WASDA)
4.9
Analysis of Question 7 (WASDA gives error
125
messages that clearly tell me how to fix
problems)
4.10
Analysis of Question 8 (The information /
125
knowledge base provided by WASDA is clear)
4.11
Analysis of Question 9 (It is easy to get the
125
information I needed)
4.12
Analysis of Question 10 (The information
126
provided by WASDA is easy to understand)
4.13
Analysis of Question 11 (The organization of
126
information on WASDA screens is clear)
4.14
Analysis of Question 12 (The interface of
WASDA is pleasant)
126
xi
4.15
Analysis of Question 13 (WASDA helps me to
127
understand more about the technical part of
wastewater treatment processes)
4.16
Analysis of Question 14 (WASDA provides
127
various design options and able to produce
conceptual design of WWTP in a short time
compared with manual procedures )
4.17
Analysis of Question 15 (WASDA is successfully
128
achieved its objective)
4.18
Analysis of Question 16 (WASDA is significant
128
in assisting the regulators, policy makers, process
and design engineers, university professors and
students)
4.19
Analysis of Question 17 (Overall, I am satisfied
128
with how easy it is to use WASDA)
4.20
Analysis of Question 18 (Any suggestion you
would like to make)
129
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Typical treatment process flowchart
14
2.2
The overall initial planning and design procedures
20
of a WWTP
2.3
STP land area requirements for planning layout
21
approval for new development
2.3
Typical process flow diagram of a Sewage
31
Treatment Plant
3.1
Architecture for WASDA development
49
3.2
The process of WASDA development
50
3.3
WASDA design flowchart
54
3.4
Block diagram for the calculation steps in SBR
55
3.5
Form layout for MBR input (Part 1)
59
3.6
Form layout for MBR input (Part 2)
60
3.7
Form layout for MBR output (Part 1)
61
3.8
Form layout for MBR output (Part 2)
62
3.9
Example of source codes in MBR module (input
65
form)
3.10
Example of source codes in MBR module (output
65
form)
3.11
Example of database table for MBR module
71
(design view)
3.12
Example of database table for MBR module
(datasheet view)
72
xiii
3.13
Example for creation of link from VB to Access
73
tables
3.14
Example of creation of link for combo boxes from
74
VB to Access tables using Data Field
3.15
Example of layout screen for MBR Information
76
Base
3.16
Example of source codes in MBR Information
77
Base module
3.17
Example of Rich Text file for MBR Information
78
Base module
3.18
The interface of MBR Information Base module
79
during running stage
3.19
Example of compilation process for WASDA
80
Executable File using Make Project control
4.1
Modules / applications in WASDA
84
4.2
Screen to login WASDA
85
4.3
Main frame of WASDA
86
4.4
Example of CAS Information Base module
87
4.5
The process description screen
88
4.6
Example of CAS design calculation worksheet
89
4.7
A screen for calculation of wastewater flowrate in
90
l/d and m3/d units based on Population Equivalent
4.8
A screen for conversion of units (US to SI or SI to
91
US)
4.9
Support information screen
92
4.10
Example of equations screen for CAS design
93
module
4.11
Example of design requirements for Extended
94
Aeration module
4.12
Design calculation results in a summary form
95
4.13
Graph plot screen for the effect of flow
96
equalization on the BOD mass loading
4.14
Estimated Construction Cost of STP based on PE
97
xiv
4.15
Run time interface for MBR Design Calculation
99
worksheet (Part 1)
4.16
Run time interface for MBR Design Calculation
100
worksheet (Part 2)
4.17
Run time interface for MBR Design Calculation
101
worksheet (Part 3)
4.18
Run time interface for MBR Design Calculation
102
worksheet (Part 4)
4.19
A first screen for CAS Design module
104
4.20
A second screen for CAS Design module
104
4.21
CAS Design module screen for raw sewage pump
105
sump
4.22
CAS Design module screen for secondary screen
106
channel
4.23
CAS Design module screen for grit and grease
107
chamber
4.24
CAS Design module screen for equalization tank
107
4.25
CAS Design module screen for aeration tank (Part
108
1)
4.26
CAS Design module screen for aeration tank (Part
109
2)
4.27
CAS Design module screen for sedimentation tank
110
4.28
CAS Design module screen for sludge storage tank
110
4.29
CAS Design module screen for return activated
111
sludge pump
4.30
CAS Design module screen for sludge drying bed
111
4.31
CAS Design module screen for sludge thickener
112
(Part 1)
4.32
CAS Design module screen for sludge
112
thickener(Part 2)
4.33
Flowchart of applying WASDA for CAS process
113
4.34
First screen for conducting a selection of options
115
4.35
A screen for Option 1 showing design of CAS
115
xv
4.36
A screen for Option 2 showing input values for
116
design of EA (Part 1)
4.37
A screen for Option 2 showing output values for
116
design of EA (Part 2)
4.38
A screen for Option 3 showing design of SBR
117
4.39
A screen for Option 4 showing design of SSFCW
117
4.40
A screen for Option 5 showing output values for
118
design of MBR (Part 1)
4.41
A screen for Option 5 showing output values for
118
design of MBR (Part 2)
4.42
A final screen for a selection result
119
4.43
ASD screen showing an example of What-If
120
analysis
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOLS
As
-
arsenic (mg/l)
b
-
endogenous respiration rate
Ba
-
barium (mg/l)
Cd
-
cadmium (mg/l)
CN
-
carbon nitrogen
Cr(VI)
-
chromium (mg/l)
f
-
frequency
Fe2+
-
iron (mg/l)
kd
-
endogenous decay coefficient (d-1)
NH4+
-
ammonium (mg/l)
Nnitrified
-
nitrogen to be nitrified
O2
-
oxygen (mg/l)
O2total
-
total oxygen required for respiration and nitrification
O2 energy
-
oxygen used for provide energy for growth
O2 nitrification
-
oxygen used for nitrification
O2 respiration
-
oxygen used for endogenous respiration
O2 utilization
-
oxygen utilization
-
Oxygen concentration in air at 20oC
Px
-
sludge production rate (kg/d)
Pxn
-
volume occupied by the settled sludge at the end of n days
O2 in air at 20
o
C
(m3)
Q
-
flowrate (m3/d)
Qave
-
average flowrate (m3/d)
Qair
-
air flowrate
S
-
effluent BOD5 (mg/l)
xvii
S2-
-
sulphur (mg/l)
Se,
-
selenium (mg/l)
SSin
-
influent suspended solids (SS)
So
-
influent BOD5 (mg/l)
VSSTn
-
mass of SS in the reactor at the end of operating days
VSSn
-
total mass of SS in the reactor
VT
-
volume of tank (m3)
VT membrane
-
volume of membrane tank
VT aeration
-
volume of aeration tank
Xn
-
mixed liquor volatile suspended solids in day n
Xo
-
mixed liquor volatile suspended solids in day 1
Y
-
biomass yield
Zn
-
zinc (mg/l)
xviii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AD
-
anaerobic digestion
ANN
-
artificial neural network
BASIC
-
Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
BOD5
-
biological oxygen demand in 5 days (mg/l)
COD
-
chemical oxygen demand (mg/l)
DAF
-
dissolved air flotation
DGSS
-
Director General of Sewerage Services Department
DOE
-
Department of Environment
DSS
-
decision support system
EA
-
extended aeration
EDMS
-
Equipment Data and Material Sheet
EIA
-
environmental impact assessment
ES
-
expert system
ET
-
equalization tank
F/M
-
food-to-microorganism ratio
GUI
-
graphical user interface
HAZOP
-
hazard and operability
HRT
-
hydraulic retention time
MSS
-
management support system
MBR
-
membrane bioreactor
MLSS
-
mixed liquor suspended solids
MLVSS
-
mixed liquor volatile suspended solids
NPS
-
network pumping station
NH4
-
ammonium
NO2
-
nitrite nitrogen
xix
NO3
-
nitrate nitrogen
OD
-
oxidation ditch
Org-N
-
Organic Nitrogen
O&G
-
oil and grease
PE
-
population equivalent
RAD
-
rapid application development
RBC
-
rotating biological contactor
RO
-
reverse osmosis
SBR
-
sequencing batch reactor
SIRIM
-
Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia
SRT
-
sludge retention time
SSC
-
Sewerage Services Concessionaire
SSD
-
Sewerage Services Department
SSFCW
-
subsurface flow constructed wetlands
STP
-
sewage treatment plant
T-N
-
total nitrogen
T-P
-
total phosphorus
TSS
-
total suspended solids
TKN
-
kjeldahl nitrogen
USEPA
-
United States Environmental Protection Agency
VB
-
Visual basic
WASDA
-
wastewater treatment plant design advisor
WWTP
-
wastewater treatment plant
xx
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
PAGE
A
TITLE
User Acceptance Questionnaire
146
B1
Sample of Source Codes for MBR Design
148
Calculation Module
B2
Sample of Source Codes for MBR Information
173
Base Module
B3
Interfaces for all modules in WASDA
176
C
List of Publication
185