Ch 13 Sec 1- The
Origins of the Cold War
1945-1952
Essential Questions
 Why
was there a breakdown in
relations between the US and USSR
after WWII?
 What was the policy of containment
and where was it applied?
 How did the Truman Doctrine and
the Marshall Plan deepened Cold War
Tensions?
 How did conflicts over Germany
increase fear of Soviet aggression?
Former Allies Clash
the USSR the state controlled all
property and economic activity
 In the Capitalist American system
private citizens controlled economic
activity
 In the USSR the Communist Party
established a totalitarian
government with one party
 In the US voting by the people chose
the President and members of
Congress with competing parties
 Spread of Capitalism and US trade?
 World-wide Communist revolution?
 In
 The
Mistrust during the War
US knew that Stalin signed a nonaggression pact with Hitler in 1939
 Stalin resented the fact that the Allies
took so long to open a second front in
Europe
 Stalin resented that the US had tried to
keep the atomic bomb a secret from an
ally the USSR
 The UN became arena of competition
 Truman did not have the diplomatic skills
or the personal relationship FDR had with
Stalin
The Potsdam Conference
In July 1945 the Big Three met in
Potsdam near Berlin
 Truman, Churchill/Attlee and Stalin
 By July 1945 the USSR had consolidated
its grip on Eastern Europe
 Truman took a tougher stance with Stalin
 Stalin was concerned about security and
did not keep his promise for free elections
in Poland, he wanted a buffer from the
West and a divided weak Germany
 The USSR wanted reparations from
Germany, the US wanted to trade in
Eastern Europe and Reunite Germany

Satellite Nations
Stalin installed
Communist Gov. in
Albania, Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, Romania,
and Poland
 Satellite Nation is
a country
economically or
politically linked to
the USSR

The “Iron Curtain”

In March 1946, Winston Churchill
traveled to Fulton, Missouri and gave the
famous speech
Ch 13 Section 2 The Early
Years of the Cold War
Containment
February 1946 George F. Kennan
an American diplomat in Moscow
proposed a policy of containment
 Containment was the doctrine in
which military, economic, and
diplomatic strategies were to be
used to turn back communism
 Europe was divide into two political
regions a mostly democratic Western
Europe and a communist Eastern
Europe
 In
The Cold War
The Cold War was an indirect state of
conflict between the US and USSR that
would dominate global affairs and US
Foreign Policy from 1945-1991
 In March 1947 Truman asked Congress
for $400 million in aid for Greece and
Turkey so they could resist communist
takeovers and Communist influence – The

Truman Doctrine

The US would assist “free people who are
resisting attempted subjugation by armed
minorities or by outside pressures.”
 After
The Marshall Plan
the war Western Europe was in
chaos, no fuel, no food, no shelter
 Many Refugees had to bear one of
the coldest winters in 1946-1947
 The US feared Communism would
spread to Western Europe
 In June 1947 Sec. of State George C.
Marshall proposed the US provide aid
to all European nations
 Between 1947 and 1951, 16
The Berlin Airlift
The USSR and the US clashed over the
issue of German Reunification
 In 1948 the US, Britain, and France
combined their zones into West Germany
 Stalin quickly closed all access to the
divided city of Berlin, no food or fuel
could reach the 2.1 million West Berliners
 The US and British flew 327 days,
277,000 flights and brought in 2.3 million
tons of food , fuel, and medicine
 By May 1949 Stalin lifted the blockade

NATO
In May of 1949 The Federal Republic of
Germany was established ( West
Germany)
 In April 1949, Ten Western European
nations joined with the US and Canada
and formed the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization ( NATO)
 It was a defensive military alliance in
which an attack ( by the USSR) on one
was an attack on all (500,000 troops in
Western Europe)
 In 1955 the USSR formed The Warsaw
Pact with its allies to counter NATO

Cold War Heats Up
For decades Chinese communist led by
Mao Zedong had struggled against US
ally the Nationalist leader Chiang Kaishek in bitter civil war
 Between 1945-1949 the US sent the
Nationalist $3 billion in aid
 The nationalists were corrupt, while
Mao gained support of the people
 In May 1949 Chiang-Kai-shek fled to
Taiwan, and The communists led by
Mao controlled China “Peoples
Republic”
 Truman was blamed for “losing China”

 After
The Korean War
WWII Korea was divide into a
communist North Korea the
Democratic People’s Republic of
Korea set up by the USSR with Kim II
Sung as leader north of the 38th
parallel
 South
of the 38th parallel the US
established the Republic of Korea led
by Syngman Rhee
 By June of 1949 the US only had 500
troops in South Korea
North Korea Attacks
 On
June 25th, 1950 North Korean
forces swept across the 38th parallel
 North Korean troops pushed South
Korean and US forces back to Pusan
 The UN security council voted to
send troops to aid South Korea, 16
nations 520,000 troops,(90%
American) 590,000 South Korean
troops all led by General Douglas
Mac Arthur
The US Fights in Korea
On September 1950 MacArthur landed his
troops behind North Korean troops at
Inchon and forced them back to the 38th
parallel
 MacArthur pushed deep into North Korea
and approached the Yalu River the border
with China
 In Nov. 1950, 300,000 Chinese troops
poured across the border and attacked
UN troops
 The Chinese captured Seoul and both
sides fought to a stalemate around the

th
MacArthur Vs Truman
In 1951 MacArthur called for extending
the war into China buy blockading China
and using atomic weapons
 MacArthur spoke to the press and to
members of Congress about expanding
the war and he was critical of President
Truman
 On April 11th, 1951 Truman fired
MacArthur
 He was welcomed home an popular hero
 69% of Americans favored MacArthur

Stalemate in Korea
Peace Talks began at Pammunjom along
the 38th parallel in July 1951
 In July 1953 an armistice was
announced
 The DMZ was established at the 38th
parallel
 The Korean war cost 54,000 American
lives 2 million Koreans and Chinese and
$67 - $100 billion “The Forgotten War”
 Many Americans turned toward the
Republican Party by 1952 “IKE”

Ch 13 Sec 3-The Cold War
Home & American Society
Essential Questions Ch 18 Sec
3
 What did the US Government do to
investigate the loyalty of US citizens?
What areas of society were targeted?
 What happened during the Spy Cases
and how did they reflect the
paranoia of the Red Scare?
 What was McCarthyism and why was
it controversial? What led to
McCarthy’s downfall?
 What other anti- Communist
measures were enacted during the
 The
Fears of Communist
Influence
Soviet domination of Eastern
Europe, the fall of Red China led
many Americans to believe that
Communism was spreading around
the world in the late 1940’s early
1950’s
 FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover
estimated that there were 100,000
Americans in the Communist Party
 Some feared that Communist had
The US Government Acts
The National Security Act of 1947- Established
the Department of Defense, the National
Security Administration (NSA) and the CIA
 Accused of being soft on Communist President
Truman set up the Federal Employee Loyalty

Program
It was to investigate government employees
 From 1947-1951 3.2 million were investigated,
212 were fired and 2,900 resigned
 State and municipal programs were enacted as
well (6.6 million investigated)
 US Attorney General drew up a list of 91
“subversive groups”

The House Un-American Activities
Committee
 The
HUAC was a Congressional
Committee that was to investigate
Communist activity
 In 1947 it targeted the movie industry
 43 “friendly” witnesses from Hollywood
were subpoenaed ( Ronald Reagan, Gary
Cooper and Barbara Stanwyck)
 Some “unfriendly” witnesses were Orsen
Wells, and Charlie Chaplin
 Even Humphrey Bogart and Lucile
Ball received bad publicity
The Hollywood Ten
 Ten
“Unfriendly witnesses” refused to
testify, they thought the hearings were
unconstitutional, they were sentenced to
prison by the committee (Hollywood Ten)
 Hollywood executives instituted a
“blacklist”
 500
actors, writers,
producers and directors
had their careers ruined
The blacklist remained in
effect until 1960
The McCarran Act
 To
be even tougher on Communist
Congress passed the McCarran Act
 Communist organizations must register
with the US Gov.
 Illegal to plan a totalitarian dictatorship
in the US
 Communists could be interned during
national emergencies
 No Communists in Defense Industries
 Barred Communist Immigrants to the US
 Communists could be deported
Spy Cases Stun the Nation
 In
1948 a former Communist spy
Whittaker Chambers (Time Magazine
Editor) named former State Department
Official Alger Hiss of Spying for the USSR
The Hiss Case
 Chambers
produced micro-film and
documents allegedly passed to him
from Hiss “The Pumpkin Papers” Hiss
denied the charges
 Congressman Nixon pursued the
charges which increased his
popularity
 The statue of limitations had ran out
on the espionage charge so Hiss was
convicted of perjury and sentenced
to 5 years in prison, he served 2
The Rosenbergs
 In
1950 Physicist Klaus Fuchs admitted to
giving the USSR atomic bomb information
 Two minor activist in the American
Communist party were implicated in the
spy ring, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
 Ethel’s brother David Greenglass worked
at Los Alamos
 The Rosenbergs claimed they were being
Jewish and holding radical beliefs
 They were found guilty of espionage and
sentenced to death
 They were electrocuted on June 19th ,
1953
McCarthy’s Witchhunt
 Senator
Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin
first gained prominence by giving a
speech in WV in which he claimed he had
a list of 200 “Card-carrying communist “
in the State Department
 With
McCarthyism
the help of his staff assistant and
lawyer Roy Cohn McCarthy accused many
people of disloyality (Sec of State Dean
Acheson and General George C. Marshall)
 He accused people without providing
evidence, his lists and sources were never
revealed.
 He targeted not only his “egg-sucking
phony liberals” but Blacks (Paul
Robeson), Jews, Foreign Born and
Homosexuals.
 McCarthy and J. Edgar Hoover attacked
McCarthy’s Downfall
 In
1954 McCarthy made accusations
against the US Army
 During April-June 1954 the Army –
McCarthy Hearings allowed 20 million
American to witness his bullying and
recklessness
 Army Attorney Joseph B. Welch shot back
 In December 1954 McCarthy was
censured for “conduct unbecoming a
member of the US Senate” His support
was gone
 In 1957 McCarthy died from alcoholism a
Damage and other AntiCommunist Measures
 Because
of McCarthy many
repressive federal and state laws
remained in effect
 Basic freedoms such as freedom of
speech and assembly were eroded
 Dissent had become dangerous
 The US Government investigated
union leaders, librarians, teachers,
reporters, entertainers, and
Chapter 13
Section 4 –IKE’s
Cold War
Policies
1953-1960
Essential Questions:
How did the Cold War continue around
the world under Eisenhower and what
policies did he follow?
 What was the Eisenhower Doctrine?
 What type of policies were followed by
new Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev?
 How did the launch of Sputnik affect the
United States?
 What was the military industrial complex
and why did Eisenhower warn Americans
about it?

 On
Brinksmanship
November 1st, 1952 the US
detonated a Hydrogen Bomb it was
1million tons of TNT ( 67x that of
Hiroshima)
 In August 1953 the USSR detonated
its first H-bomb
 Ike’s Sec. of State was John Foster
Dulles he was a staunch anticommunist, he felt the US should go
to the brink of nuclear war to deter
the USSR (Brinksmanship)
 Fall-out shelters/Duck and Cover
Summit in Geneva
 In 1955 the USSR formed the
Warsaw Pact to counter West
Germany’s joining of NATO
 Cold War Thaw???
 After Stalin’s death in 1953 Cold War
Tensions relaxed somewhat
 In July 1955 IKE met with
Khrushchev in Geneva, Switzerland
 IKE’s open skies proposal was not
excepted, but “the Spirit of Geneva”
was a step toward peace
The Suez War
In 1955 Egypt wanted to build the Aswan
Dam, Gamal Abdel Nasser Egypt leader
attempted to get $ from the US and USSR,
the US pulled out of supporting Egypt
 Nasser responded by nationalizing the
Suez Canal which was owned by the
British and the French
 Israel, Great Britain, and France attacked
Egypt in 1956, and the USSR threatened
to help Egypt
 IKE Used the UN to issue a cease fire and
withdraw resolution, Egypt got the Suez
Canal

The Eisenhower Doctrine
The USSR prestige in the Middle East rose
because they supported Egypt in the Suez
War
 In January 1957, fearing Soviet influence
in the Middle-East IKE asked the
Congress for $ for military and economic
assistance
 The Eisenhower Doctrine state the US
would defend the Middle East against
attack by a communist country
 Egypt and Syria stated it was attempt by
the US to dominate the Middle East

Cold War Covert Actions
In 1953 the CIA gave millions of dollars
to oust the leader of Iran and replace him
with the Shah of Iran ( Oil-fields)
 In 1953 the CIA intervened in an election
in the Philippines
 In 1954 the CIA helped overthrow Jacobo
Arbenz Guzman leader of Guatemala and
instituted a military dictator Castillo
Armas
 IKE relied on the CIA to bolster US Allies
and interests yet weaken opponents
 Director of the CIA/Covert Operations
was Allen Dulles

The Hungarian Uprising
Sec. of State Dulles wanted to “rollback
communism” where it existed
 In 1953 East Germans rebelled, the
Soviets crushed the uprising
 In 1956 Hungarians rose in revolt, Imre
Nagy formed a new government in which
he promised free elections, denounced
the Warsaw Pact and demanded Soviet
troops leave Hungary
 In Nov. 1956 Soviet tanks rolled in,
30,000 Hungarians were killed, 200,000
fled to the West and Nagy was executed
 Hungarians were disappointed in the US

The Space Race
On October 4th, 1957 the USSR launched
the first artificial satellite Sputnik
“Traveling Companion” (18,000 mph)
 Americans feared Soviet rockets (ICBMs)
and possible attack from space
 Congress Passed the National Defense
Education Act of 1958 which provided low
cost loans for college and millions were
given to state colleges for science
programs
 After many humiliating defeats the US
launched its first satellite Explorer in Jan.
1958

 In
The U-2 Incident
1955 the CIA began making secret
high altitude over Soviet territory
 They were to be stopped but on May
1st, 1960 Gary Powers an American
Pilot was shot down over Soviet
Territory
 Ike denied that we were spying, but
Khrushchev had proof and showed
the world, Powers was sentenced to
10years in Russian prison
 The Paris Summit was cancelled
IKE’s Warning

During his farewell address in Jan. 1961
IKE warned of “the Military Industrial
Complex”

He state it’s influence is everywhere and
he expressed fears over the large arms
industry( nuclear weapons and others)
and large military establishment together

According to IKE misplaced power will
exist and it could endanger our liberties,
economy and democratic process

The US kept spending for larger weapons
systems and nukes, where does it end?