Matter & Elements
• All matter made of __________________________
• All atoms have ______________________
• Protons/electrons/neutrons? Charge? Mass? (Chart)
• # of _______________ in nucleus determines atom’s identity
• Ions  atoms that gain or lose ____________________
Atom
Hemoglobin

• 2 or more elements = _______________________
• 1st _______elements have up to ____ energy levels/ ______ electrons on 1st level, up to ________ on 2nd level, and
_________ on the 3rd level
• Most elements want to have _______ electrons in outer shell
• Atoms will _______________ to get 8 electrons in outer shell
• Sharing electrons  ______________bonds
• Stealing electrons  ______________ bonds

Covalent Bond In Action

Ionic Bond In Action

NaCl- Ionic Bond CH
4-
Covalent Bond

Chemical Symbols look at P.T.
Chemical Formulas  group of _________________ together
Exp. __________________________

Pure water has equal amounts of ________________
If equal number of H+ and OH-, solution is ________

Scale measures amount of H+ ions in solutions pH = 7-___________ pH< 7 –__________ pH > 7--___________

Structure of water is ______________________
H
2
O
• Oxygen has ______ protons & _______ electrons
• ________________________________, and electrons are pulled in close to the nucleus
• Hydrogen has ______ proton & _____ electron
• Not held _____________ very tightly

• In H
2
O, _____________ slightly pulls the electrons away from the ______________________ molecules
• Oxygen becomes partially ________________
• Hydrogen becomes partially __________________
• Water is a _____________ molecule (slightly charged)
• Polarity makes water ________________________

Physical Properties of water
• Ice _________________
• Water _________________________
• Water molecules _____________________
• Water molecules stick to ______________
_________________________

Ice floats:
• When water freezes, hydrogen bonds lock water molecules into a structure that has empty spaces, making it less dense than liquid water

Water absorbs and retains heat
Because of ___________________, water can absorb large amounts of _____________________
Absorbs lot of heat __________________
Helps keep cells at an _________________despite changes in the environment – homeostasis again!!
Allows _____________________to maintain a relatively constant temperature.

In living organisms, energy is stored as ____________
______________________________________
Types of Energy
Potential Energy – _________________ energy; energy of position
Kinetic Energy- Energy of ________________
Law of Conservation of Energy- energy is not
____________________________ in a chemical reaction
(1 st Law of Thermodynamics)

Energy & Chemical Reactions
Reactants = substances that __________ a chemical reaction
Products = substances that are _____________________ a chemical reaction
A + B  AB
Reactants Products

Exergonic Reaction = ___________________ energy
Endergonic Reaction = ________________ energy
Oxidation Reactions = reactant ____________ electrons
Reduction Reaction = reactant ____________ electrons

Organic Examples
Carbohydrates
• provide _______________ to cells
• help build _____________________
• monosaccharides= ______ sugar unit
• disaacharides = __________ connected sugar units
• polysaccharides = _____________ connected sugar units
Glucose- The Ultimate Carbohydrate

Lipids
Fats (triglycerides)
Used for _________________
_______________________ molecules
Triglyceride = ________________ + glycerol
Saturated= not easily broken down (all _________ bonds)
Unsaturated= easily broken down (________ bonds)
The Phospholipid Bilayer

Proteins
THE ___________________ material of the body!
1. __________________
2. ___________________
3. ____________________
Made from ________________ (connected via peptide bonds)
Collagen
Hemoglobin

Levels of organization:

Keratin-The Protein of Hair and Fingernails

Hemoglobin = Transport Protein

Nucleic Acids
• Make our ______________
• Instruct body which ______________ to make
• Made from ___________________
• _____________________