The Global Environment
Chapter 1
Geography

What is it?
Geography

The study of where:
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People
Places
Things
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ARE LOCATED
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AND how they relate to each other.
Ancient Egypt

Egyptian Priests
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Studied the land

Why?
–
Land uses
– What the land could produce
– Base a tax system off of the land – supported building
their temples
Greeks
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First to create maps of
Europe, Africa, and
Asia.
5 Themes of Geography
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Location
Interaction between
people and
environment
Movement
Place
Region
Location

Where is Penncrest High School?

On a sheet of loose leaf try to explain to someone: “where is
the location of Penncrest High School?”

Turn to a neighbor and see how much your explanation is
helpful.

Rate your partner’s explanation:
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10 being very helpful (you could find it easily),
1 being not helpful at all (where is Penncrest!?)
5 being helpful but not helpful enough (I might recognize it if I passed it, but I’d
have difficulty finding it).
Relative Location

Did we:
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–
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Describe PHS in terms
of another location?
How else did we
describe it?
How do we determine its
EXACT or ABSOLUTE
location?
ABSOLUTE Location

Use grid of numbered lines of latitude and
longitude.

Penncrest is located at:
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39 degrees, 55” N
75 degrees, 26” W
Latitude & Longitude

Latitude
–

Measures distance north and south of the
Equator.
Longitude
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Measures distances east and west of the
Prime Meridian
Equator

Divides the Earth into two halves (Northern and
Southern Hemisphere.

Line of latitude
Prime Meridian

Divides World
into Eastern
and Western
Hemispheres.

Greenwich,
England
International Dateline
Opposite of
Prime Meridian

PLACE II

Described by physical and human
characteristics
PLACE - physical
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Landforms
Climate
Soil
Animal Life
PLACE – Human Characteristics

Way of life
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Transportation
Religion
Languages
Think about our PLACE
On a sheet of loose leaf/ note book paper:
Describe Media as a place.
Consider the following:
 Stores
 Landforms
 Religions
 Animal Life
 Weather
 Transportation
Interaction Between People & Environment

How do we interact with our environment?
Hidden Cost

How has interactions with environment
created “hidden costs?”
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Farming
Transportation
People adapt

How do people adapt to different
environments?
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Desert
Tropical
Artic
Earthquake Prone
Beach
Mountain
MOVEMENT III
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Movement of
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People
Places
Goods
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How did people get to America (early settlers/natives)
Early people moved primarily for?
Alaskan land bridge
Trade

Exports – What is it?

Imports – What is it?

Copper/ Farm products/ Coffee Beans/ Oil
Ideas Spread
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Religion
Technology
Television
Interdependence

Global Interdependence
–
Dependence of countries on goods, resources,
and knowledge from other parts of the world.
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What is something we are dependant on?
Understanding the Physical World
REGIONS (V)

Identified by:
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Physical characteristics
Economic
Political
Cultural

PEPC
Tools of Geographers


Geographers use globes and maps.
Why is a globe more accurate than a map?
What is a drawback of using a
globe?
Map Projection


Show a curved earth on a flat surface.
Accuracy varies depending on type of map.
Mercator Projection

Gerardus Mercator - 1569
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Sailors needed a map that showed direction
accurately (N/S/E/W)
Mercator Projection
Mercator Projection

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
Accurate view of land areas NEAR
EQUATOR
Direction (N/S/E/W)
North and South Poles
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Land becomes distorted
–
What is the problem with using a Mercator
Projection?
Interrupted Projection

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Show correct sizes and shapes of
landmasses
Cut-out oceans
Impossible to:
–
–
accurately measure distance
plot a course across an ocean
Interrupted Projection
Peters Projection



Shows correct areas of landmasses and
oceans.
Directions are accurate
Distorts shapes of continents
–
Notice how Africa appears longer and thinner.
Peters Projection
Robinson Projection




Shows correct sizes and shapes of most
landmasses
Fairly accurate view of sizes of the oceans
Fairly accurate view of distance over
landmasses
Distortions along the edge of the map
Robinson Projection
KEY TERMS
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Geography
LIMPR
Latitude
Longitude
Export
Import
Interdependence
HOW am I going to remember
these FIVE themes?

LIMPR

Location
Interaction between people and
Environment
Movement
Place
Region


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Review

Positives and Negatives
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Mercator
Interrupted
Peters
Robinson

Which do you think is the best?
Special Purpose Maps

Political Map
–
Shows borders that divide nations
Physical Map

Shows physical features (lakes/mountains)
Topography

Physical features of a place or region
Population Map
Climate Map
Vegetation Map
Natural Resources Map
Cartographer

A Mapmaker
Landforms
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Mountain
What makes a mountain?
Hills
Plains
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
Coastal Plains
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Low elevation, flat.
Plains that border oceans
Plateaus
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Large area of high, flat or gently rolling land.
Mexico City
Landforms

Bay
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Cape
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Area formed by soil deposited at the mouth of a river
Divide
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Narrow point of land that extends into a body of water
Delta
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Part of a body of water that is partly enclosed by land
Ridge that separates rivers that flow in one direction from
those that flow in the opposite direction
Hill
–
Area of raised land that is lower and more rounded than a
mountain
Landforms
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Isthmus
– Narrow strip of land joining two large land areas or joining a
peninsula to a mainland
Lake
– Body of water surrounded by land
Mountain
– High, steep, rugged terrain that is at least 2,000 ft. above sea level
Mouth of a river
– Where a river empties into a larger body of water
Peninsula
– Piece of land that is surrounded on 3 sides by water
Plain
– Broad area of fairly level land – usually close to sea level
Landforms

Plateau
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River Valley
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Land drained or watered by a river
Source of a River
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Large area of high land that is flat or gently rolling
Place where a river originates
Strait
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Narrow channel that connects two larger bodies of water
Stream or small river that flows into a larger stream or river
Landforms: Review

Think of the state of Pennsylvania and what
landforms exist in our state.
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Make a list of concrete examples that come to
mind.
The Global Environment
End