19
60
19
62
19
64
19
66
19
68
19
70
19
72
19
74
19
76
19
78
19
80
19
82
19
84
19
86
19
88
19
90
19
92
19
94
19
96
Trends in China’s CO2 Emission
Density ,1960-98
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
International Comparison in CO2 Emissions
– China
is the secondary biggest emission
country all the world.
– Emission per capita is under world average
level, but the trend is rising.
– Emission density obviously declines. In fact
China’s emission density per unit economic
output has less than America measured by PPP
GDP.
– The level of Emission losses relative to GDP is
still very high， but is continuously declining.
日本
中国
美国
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
98
96
94
92
90
88
86
84
82
80
78
76
74
72
70
CO2 Emission Losses relative to GDP（%）
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Five Major Country’s Share relative to
World Aggregate ,1998
Indicates
China
USA
Russia
Japan
India
Population
21.3
4.6
2.5
2.2
16.8
GDP (PPP)
12.8
20.9
2.0
7.7
4.4
Energy
Production
10.5
17.5
9.6
1.1
4.3
Primary
Energy
Supply
CO2
Emission
11.0
22.8
6.1
5.3
5.0
12.8
24.0
6.3
5.0
4.0
Energy and Environment Indicators
Comparison Among Five major Countries ,1998
Indicates
China
USA
Russia
Japan
India
World
AV.
Per Energy Supply
(toe/pop)
0.84
8.11
3.96
4.03
0.49
1.64
Per GDP Energy Supply
(toe/1000US$,
1990PPP)
0.24
0.31
0.87
0.20
0.32
0.28
Electric Power Consumption
Per capita (kwh/pop)
895
13388
4873
8008
416
2252
CO2Emission per Energy
Supply ( tCO2/toe)
2.76
2.48
2.43
2.21
1.91
2.36
Per
Capita
CO2
Emissions ( tCO2/pop )
2.32
20.10
9.64
8.92
0.93
3.86
Per GDP CO2 Emissions
( kgCO2/90US$, PPP )
0.67
0.77
2.13
0.44
0.61
6.67
Energy Net Import (%)
2.4
25.1
-59.3
78.6
14.1
l
l
Report issued by The Natural Resources Defense
Council (NRDC) says China has reduced its
carbon dioxide emissions by switching from coal
to cleaner energy sources, initiating energy
efficiency programs and restructuring its economy.
The report also states that over the last decade,
China's carbon dioxide emissions grew 8.4 percent,
while US emissions grew 14 percent. During this
period, however, China's economy grew four
times faster than the US economy.
l Citing
US Department of Energy statistics,
the report says China's coal consumption
has declined by 411 million short tons since
1996, while US coal consumption increased
by 40 million short tons over the same
period.
Commercial Energy Use
Commercial Energy Use(kt,Oil Equivalent)
2.5E+06
China
2.0E+06
1.5E+06
India
zz
1.0E+06
Japan
5.0E+05
United
States
95
19
92
19
89
19
86
19
83
19
80
19
77
19
74
19
19
71
0.0E+00
CO2 Emission Growth,1960-98
6000000
5000000
China
4000000
India
3000000
2000000
Japan
1000000
19
60
19
64
19
68
19
72
19
76
19
80
19
84
19
88
19
92
19
96
0
United
States
Ratio of CO2 in World,1960-98
50.0
45.0
China
40.0
35.0
India
30.0
25.0
20.0
Japan
15.0
10.0
United
States
1996
1992
1988
1984
1980
1976
1972
1968
1964
0.0
1960
5.0
IV. Implications
Perspective
l
China will continually cut carbon dioxide
emissions in the future. Central government has
pronounced that China will cut several kind
pollutants by 5-10 percent in the 10th FYP, include
carbon dioxide emissions.In order to achieve such
a goal,energy policy is the most important aspect.
China’s Energy Strategy
l Go
on energy restructure, substantial
reductions in coal consumption, more clean
energy usage.Import more petroleum and
natural gas and open domestic energy
market.
Implement Environment-Friendly
Energy Policies
lPlace
zero-customs policy to oil and gas
products.Break the monopoly of oil import，
abolish oil import quota restrict, permit majore
consumer to buy oil from the world market.
lUse
global technology of energy-saving and
environment protection; place low-customs or
zero-customs of technology and equipment import.
% of Different Sources in Electricity Production
coal
hydroelectric
natural gas
95
19
92
19
89
19
86
19
83
19
80
19
77
19
74
nuclear
19
19
71
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
oil
Actions to Reduce Air Pollution
l Shift
emphasis from command and control
to market-based instruments and from end
of pipe treatment to prevention at source.
l Adopt a Clean Production Law.
l Improve pollution levy and strengthen
enforcement.
l Introduce an environmental tax on coal.
l An emission trading system could provide
another instrument to reduce pollution.
Participate in More International
Environmental Cooperation
lIn
order to accelerate emission abatement,we
suggest China initiate CO2 emissions
trading,especially develop bilateral trading
with Asian countries, include Japan. Since
China need more international assistance,
Japan can transfer more energy saving and
environmental protection technologies,
develop more investment in China important
areas.
Thanks！