Applying Technology
Based Educational
Methods
David H. Wilks M.D.
Assistant Dean Medical Education Technology
Professor and Vice Chair Department of
Anesthesiology
West Virginia University
School of Medicine

Assistant Dean for
Technology in Medical
Education
 Professor and ViceChair For Education
Department of
Anesthesiology
Conflicts of Interest
 No
conflicts of interest
Objectives
 The
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participant will be able to:
List relevant technologies
List and describe simulation modalities
Describe reasons to use technology
These are not the objectives
 Convince

you that simulation is useful
You already believe this
 Convince
you that simulation should be
used in health sciences education
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You already believe this
 Convince
you that you need simulation in
your institution

You already believe this
Educational Technologies
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Why use Technology
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To enhance information transfer
To enhance performance
To enhance reasoning
To enhance creativity
To do the above cost efficiently
What technologies
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Simulation
Web or CD- ROM based technology
Telehealth
Expert

Knowledge is organized around concepts
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Chunk information in order to hold more in short-term
memory-chunk with familiar patterns
Sensitivity to patterns of information not available to
novices
Many approaches to curriculum design and
make it difficult for students to organize
knowledge meaningfully.
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A curriculum which is " a mile wide and an inch deep “
Expert
 Experts
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knowledge is conditional
Specification of the contexts in which it is
useful
What do we do by tying problems to chapters
or structured worksheets?
 Fluency
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Fluency is important because effortless
processing places fewer demands on
conscious attention
Example/Driving a car/Laparoscopy
Expert
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Artisan
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Adaptive Expertise - Metacognition
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Identifies the functions that their clients want
automated
Assignment is a point of departure; an opportunity to
expand and explore their current levels of expertise.
Students need to develop the ability to teach
themselves
Transfer
 Definition

The ability to extend what has been learned in
one context to new contexts
Transfer

The first factor that influences successful
transfer is degree of mastery of the original
subject. Without an adequate level of initial
learning, transfer cannot be expected.
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Transfer is effected but the degree to which
people learn with understanding not rather than
merely memorizing sets of facts or follow fixed
set of procedures.
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It is important to be realistic about the amount of
time it takes to learn complex subject matter.
The Broad Perspective

What technologies?
 What is simulation?
 Types of simulators

You need to
understand this in
order to think broadly
to meet the needs of
your stakeholders
Types of Simulation
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Partial Task Simulation
Training Aids
 Standardized Patient Simulation
 Mannequin Based Simulations
 Screen-Based Simulation
 Virtual Reality Simulation
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Simulation sub categories
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Passive – doesn’t do anything
Active – Does something
Interactive - Does something in response to the student
Fidelity high; mid; low
Training Aids
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Any adjunct used for
simple demonstration
and/or beginning task
familiarization. A bare
mannequin or skeleton
would be an example of
this category.
Skeleton
Models of the larynx
Pleurovac
Foley Catheter
Partial Task Simulators
 A more
complicated device, perhaps with
a computer, that teaches a partial task
 A torso,
a head, a mega code
 A HeartSim 2000, a StatMan
 Team or crew trainers, aircraft trainers
that familiarize the pilot with instruments
but do not actually fly
Partial Task Simulators
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Intubation heads
Chest tube insertion
Box trainers
IV insertion
Foley catheter
insertion
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Nasogastric tube
insertion
Hysteroscopy
TURP
Eye examination
Ear examination
Partial Task Trainers
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Use the best equipment
for the educational
objective
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Low Fidelity
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Pigs’ Feet
Mid Fidelity
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Suture Tutor
• Computer assisted
teaching for the individual
to learn suturing
Partial Task Simulators
 “Scopic”
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Surgisim
Minimally Invasive Surgical Trainer (MIST)
 Vascular
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Simulators
Task Simulators
Example: Carotid Artery Stenting
Virtual Reality Simulators
 Flat
screen: Computer based training
and games.
 Augmented: Flat screen with an
interactive peripheral, i.e., surgical
instruments, steering wheels.
 Immersive: You are in the world with a
360° view, either by goggle or helmet, or
directly projected on the eye
MIST
Endoscopy Simulator
Virtual Reality Simulation
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Visualization
 Immersion
 Ex. Project “Touch”
Head Mounted Display (HMD)
Virtual Reality Station
(VR Station)
Standardized Patients
 Simulators:
In the medical context, this
would include any full patient simulator.
The operative term is full patient simulator
 UNM
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250 trained actors
50 developed cases
 Genital
Teaching Assistants
 Mixing modalities
Mannequin Based Simulations

Simulators: In the medical context, this would
include any full patient simulator. The operative
term is full patient simulator. The Laerdal
SimMan would not fall into this category since it
is not a full simulator with pharmacologic and
physiologic models
Simulation Systems

Includes multiple modalities integrated to
operate together. An example would be a
Human Patient Simulation laboratory which
utilizes an HPS mannequin, Anesthesia machine
or ventilator, defibrillator etc
Mannequin Based Simulations
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Educational
Objectives
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Teamwork
Communication
Assess the situation
Decide to take action
Take action
Deal with
consequences
Mannequin Based Simulations
 Educational
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Objectives
Information transfer
Knowledge with enhanced understanding
Enhanced transfer
Screen Based Simulation
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Educational Objective
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Mixed media
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Cognitive
Indicate what to do
Do it
Skill development
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ACLS example
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Know
 Know what to do
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Do it
Improve your response to medical emergencies and earn continuing medical
education (CME) credits with Anesoft's exciting medical simulation software.
www.anesoft.com
ACLS Simulator
Learn and review the latest ACLS
guidelines
Anesthesia Simulator
Improve your response to anesthesia
emergencies
Bioterrorism Simulator
Improve your management of biological
and chemical terrorism
Critical Care Simulator
Improve your response to ICU and ER
emergencies
Hemodynamics Simulator
Review cardiovascular physiology,
invasive monitoring, and vasoactive
infusions
Neonatal Simulator
Improve your management of neonatal
resuscitation
Sedation Simulator
Improve your management of sedation
Web/CD-ROM Based Materials
 Presentation
of cognitive and other
materials to be utilized by the student at
their own pace.
 Preparatory materials for future
performance based work
Web Site will be demonstrated
Telehealth
 Bring
instructors to
distant
locations
 Share
resources
Thank you