Women
’sB
ragg
ingR
igh
ts
: Ove
rcom
ing
Modes
tyNo
rmstoFac
i
l
i
ta
te Women
’sSe
l
f
P
romo
t
ion
Au
tho
r
:
Jess
iSm
i
th& MeghanHun
toon Th
isisthepee
rrev
iewedve
rs
iono
fthefo
l
low
inga
r
t
ic
le
:Sm
i
th
,Jess
iL
.
,and MeghanHun
toon
.
"Women
’sB
ragg
ingR
igh
ts Ove
rcom
ing Modes
tyNo
rmstoFac
i
l
i
ta
te Women
’sSe
l
f
-P
romo
t
ion
.
"
Psycho
logyo
f Women Qua
r
te
r
ly38no
.4(2013
)
:447
-459
,wh
ichhasbeenpub
l
ishedinf
ina
lfo
rm
a
tDO
I
:10
.1177
/0361684313515840.Th
isa
r
t
ic
le maybeusedfo
rnon
-comme
rc
ia
lpu
rposesin
acco
rdance W
i
th W
i
leyTe
rmsandCond
i
t
ionsfo
rse
l
f
-a
rch
iv
ing.
Psycho
logyo
f Women Qua
r
te
r
ly
Sm
i
th
,Jess
iL
.
,and MeghanHun
toon
."Women
’sB
ragg
ingR
igh
ts Ove
rcom
ing Modes
tyNo
rmsto
Fac
i
l
i
ta
te Women
’sSe
l
f
-P
romo
t
ion
.
"Psycho
logyo
f Women Qua
r
te
r
ly38no
.4(2013
)
:447
-459
.
DO
I
:10
.1177
/0361684313515840.
Made
ava
i
lab
le
th
rough
Mon
tana
S
ta
te
Un
ive
rs
i
ty
’s
Scho
la
rWo
rks scho
la
rwo
rks
.mon
tana
.edu
Women
’s B
ragg
ing R
igh
ts
: Ove
rcom
ing
Modes
ty No
rms toFac
i
l
i
ta
te Women
’s Se
l
f
P
romo
t
ion
J
e
s
s
iL
.Sm
i
t
ha
n
dM
e
g
h
a
nH
u
n
t
o
o
n
:D
e
p
a
r
tm
e
n
to
fP
s
y
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h
o
l
o
g
y
,M
o
n
t
a
n
aS
t
a
t
eU
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,B
o
z
em
a
n
,M
T
Abs
t
rac
t
W
i
th
in Ame
r
i
can gende
rno
rmsistheexpec
ta
t
iontha
twomen shou
ldbemodes
t
. We a
rguetha
tv
io
la
t
ingth
is
‘
‘mode
s
t
yno
rm
’
’ by boas
t
ing abou
t one
’s accomp
l
ishmen
ts causes women toexpe
r
ience uncom
fo
r
tab
le
s
i
tua
t
iona
la
rousa
ltha
tleadstolowe
rmo
t
iva
t
ion fo
randpe
r
fo
rmanceonase
l
f
-p
romo
t
iontask
.We hypo
thes
ized
tha
tsu
ch nega
t
ive e
f
fec
ts cou
ld be o
f
fse
t when an ex
te
rna
l sou
rce fo
rthe
i
rs
i
tua
t
iona
la
rousa
l was made
a
va
i
lab
le
. To tes
thypo
theses
, 78 women s
tuden
tsf
roma U
.S
. No
r
thwes
te
rn un
ive
rs
i
ty w
ro
te a scho
la
rsh
ip
app
l
i
ca
t
ione
s
saytop
romo
tetheme
r
i
ts o
fe
i
the
rthese
l
f(modes
tyno
rmv
io
-la
ted
)o
rano
the
rpe
rsonasale
t
te
r
o
f re
fe
ren
ce(modes
tyno
rm no
tv
io
la
ted
)
.Ha
l
f we
re random
lyass
igned to hea
rin
fo
rma
t
ionabou
ta(
fake
)
sub
l
im
ina
lno
i
se gene
ra
to
r intheroomtha
tm
igh
t cause‘
‘d
iscom
fo
r
t
’
’(m
isa
t
t
r
ibu
t
ionava
i
lab
le
) andha
l
fwe
re
to
ldno
th
ingabou
tthegene
ra
to
r(no
rma
lcond
i
t
ion
:m
isa
t
t
r
ibu
t
ion no
tava
i
lab
le
)
.Pa
r
t
ic
ipan
tsra
tedthetaskand44
new na
i
ve pa
r
t
ic
ipan
ts judgedhow much scho
la
rsh
ip money toawa
rd each essay
. Resu
l
ts con
f
i
rmed
p
red
i
c
t
ion
s
: unde
r no
rma
lcond
i
t
ions
,v
io
la
t
ingthemodes
ty no
rmledtodec
reasedmo
t
iva
t
ion andpe
r
fo
rmance
.
Howe
ve
r
, tho
sewho v
io
la
ted themod
-es
ty no
rm w
i
th a m
isa
t
t
r
ibu
t
ion sou
rce repo
r
tedinc
reasedin
te
res
t
,
adop
ted fewe
rpe
r
fo
rmance
-avo
idance goa
ls
, pe
rce
ivedthe
i
rownwo
rk tobeo
fh
ighe
rqua
l
i
ty
,andp
roduced
h
ighe
rqua
l
i
t
ywo
rk
. Resu
l
ts sugges
ttha
twhen as
i
tua
t
ionhe
lpswomen toescapethed
iscom
fo
r
to
fde
fy
ingthe
mode
s
t
y no
rm
, se
l
f
-p
romo
t
ion mo
t
iva
t
ion and pe
r
fo
rmance imp
rove
.Fu
r
the
r imp
l
i
ca
t
ions fo
r enhanc
ing
women
’
sa
cadem
icandwo
rkp
lace expe
r
iencesa
red
iscussed
.
Keywo
rd
s
so
c
i
a
lno
rm
s
, mo
t
i
v
a
t
ion
,a
t
t
r
ibu
t
ion
,p
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
e
, mod
e
s
t
y
,imp
r
e
s
s
ion m
an
a
g
em
en
t
e
th
e
ram
ag
a
z
in
e
S
ev
e
r
a
ly
e
a
r
sago
,w
ew
e
r
epu
t
t
ingtog
e
f
e
a
tu
r
in
gth
e
a
ch
i
ev
em
en
t
so
fwom
enf
a
cu
l
tyonc
ampu
s
.W
pu
tou
tac
a
l
lfo
rwom
entosh
a
r
eth
e
i
rsu
c
c
e
s
s
e
sand
e
a
c
comp
l
i
sh
-m
en
t
sint
e
a
ch
ingo
rr
e
s
e
a
r
cho
rf
am
i
lyl
i
f
e
.W
r
e
c
e
iv
ednor
ep
l
i
e
s
.W
ed
id
,how
ev
e
r
,r
e
c
e
iv
em
any r
ep
l
i
e
s
f
romp
eop
l
et
e
l
l
ingu
sabou
to
th
e
rwom
enw
eshou
ldf
e
a
tu
r
e
andth
egoodwo
rkth
a
tth
e
s
eo
th
e
rwom
enonc
ampu
sw
e
r
e
am
-p
l
e
ssu
do
ing
.Ex
cha
sou
r
si
l
lu
s
t
r
a
t
eth
a
tm
any wom
en
a
r
ef
in
ew
i
thr
e
f
e
r
en
c
ingth
egoodwo
rk
so
fo
th
e
r
sbu
ta
r
e
ro
-mo
t
eth
em
s
e
lv
e
s
.Su
chpo
s
s
ib
l
ed
i
s
com
fo
r
t
r
e
t
i
c
en
ttop
romal
i
f
e
long
p
ro
c
e
s
so
f
l
ik
e
lys
t
em
s
,a
tl
e
a
s
tinp
a
r
t
,f
l
e
a
rn
ing
g
end
e
rno
rm
s(B
l
ak
emo
r
e
,2003
)
,wh
e
r
eby g
i
r
l
sa
r
e
epo
l
i
t
eandqu
i
e
t
,
typ
i
c
a
l
lyto
ldto‘
‘
a
c
tl
ik
eal
ady
’
’andb
t
ak
eupl
i
t
t
l
esp
a
c
e
,andb
e mod
e
s
t (A
l
l
en
,G
e
rv
a
i
s
,&
;B
l
ak
emo
r
e
,2003
)
.G
i
r
l
sa
r
ethu
sso
c
i
a
l
i
z
ed
Sm
i
th
, 2013
tob
emod
e
s
t (B
ron
s
t
e
in
,2006
;L
e
ap
e
r
,B
r
e
ed
, Ho
f
fm
an
,
&P
e
r
lm
an
, 2002
)
, andr
e
s
e
a
r
chshow
sth
i
smod
e
s
ty no
rm
l
tp
ro
f
e
s
s
ion
a
lc
a
r
e
e
r
s(Budwo
r
th
en
’
sadu
in
f
lu
en
c
e
swom
ann
, 2010
l
i
ck
,1999
)
.
&M
;Rudm
an
,1998
;Rudm
an& G
P
ro
f
e
s
s
ion
a
lc
a
r
e
e
r
sanda
c
a
-d
em
i
cpu
r
i
s
t
sinth
eUn
i
t
ed
eop
l
es
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
ein
o
rd
e
rto
S
t
a
t
e
so
f
t
enr
equ
i
r
eth
a
tp
a
ch
i
ev
esu
c
c
e
s
s
.Th
e
r
e
fo
r
e
,con
fo
rm
ing
to
mod
e
s
tyno
rm
s
m
ayp
r
ev
en
twom
enf
romadv
an
c
ingo
rsu
c
c
e
ed
in
g
(
e
.
g
.
,n
e
go
t
i
a
t
in
gah
i
ghs
t
a
r
t
in
gs
a
l
a
r
y
;Sm
a
l
l
,s
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
e
ino
rd
e
rtoa
ch
i
e
v
esu
c
c
e
s
s
.Th
e
r
e
fo
r
e
,con
fo
rm
in
gto
mod
e
s
t
yno
rm
sm
a
yp
r
e
v
en
twom
enf
romad
v
an
c
in
go
r
su
c
c
e
ed
in
g(
e
.
g
.
,n
e
go
t
i
a
t
in
gah
i
ghs
t
a
r
t
in
gs
a
l
a
r
y
;
Sm
a
l
l
,
G
e
l
f
and
,B
ab
co
ck
,& G
e
t
tm
an
, 2007
;W
ad
e
, 2001
)
.
Thu
s
,i
ti
sc
r
i
t
i
c
a
ltound
e
r
s
t
and w
ay
s toenh
an
c
e
wom
en
’
ss
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
ionw
i
thou
t in
cu
r
r
ingno
rm
-b
r
e
ak
ing
b
a
ck
l
a
sh
.Th
ea
imo
fth
ecu
r
r
en
ts
tudyw
a
s to
emp
i
r
i
c
a
l
lyt
e
s
twh
e
th
e
rwom
en
’
ss
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
ion
t
iv
a
t
ion cou
ldb
ep
ro
t
e
c
t
edag
a
in
s
t
p
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
eandmo
su
chno
rm
-b
r
e
ak
ingd
i
s
com
fo
r
tu
s
ingam
i
s
a
t
t
r
ibu
t
ion
in
t
e
rv
en
t
ion
.
W
ea
rgu
eth
a
tb
r
e
ak
ingth
eg
end
e
rmod
e
s
ty no
rm
en toexp
e
r
i
en
c
ed
i
s
com
fo
r
t(m
an
i
f
e
s
t
eda
s
c
au
s
e
swom
s
i
tu
a
t
ion
a
la
rou
s
a
l
,anx
i
e
ty
,o
rf
e
a
r
)
.C
e
r
t
a
in
ly
,on
ew
ayto
tou
to
fs
e
l
f
e
s
c
ap
esu
chd
i
s
com
fo
r
ti
stodownp
l
ayo
rop
p
romo
t
inga
l
ltog
e
th
e
r
,th
e
r
ebycon
fo
rm
ingtoth
emod
e
s
ty
no
rm
.Ind
e
ed
,wom
en o
f
t
en w
an
t topub
l
i
c
ly app
e
a
r
mod
e
s
t (Gou
ld&S
lon
e
,1982
)
.Tob
emod
e
s
tm
e
an
sh
av
ing
amod
e
r
a
t
eop
in
iono
fon
e
’
ss
e
l
fa
ndl
a
ck
ingp
r
e
t
en
t
iou
sn
e
s
s
,
a
sw
e
l
la
sd
eny
ingr
e
spon
s
ib
i
l
i
tyfo
rsu
c
c
e
s
s
e
sand
a
c
c
ep
t
ingr
e
spon
s
ib
i
l
i
tyfo
r
f
a
i
l
u
r
e
s(G
o
u
l
d &S
lon
e
,1982
; Mo
s
s
-R
a
cu
s
in
,Ph
e
l
an
,&
R
u
dm
a
n
,2
0
1
0
)
.F
o
rex
amp
l
e
, wom
enlow
e
rth
e
i
rc
l
a
im
so
f
s
u
c
c
e
s
s
i
nap
u
b
l
i
c(v
s
.p
r
iv
a
t
e
)s
e
t
t
ing
,wh
e
r
e
a
sm
en
’
sc
l
a
im
s
o
fs
u
c
c
e
s
sa
r
en
o
ti
n
f
lu
en
c
edbyth
es
e
t
t
ing(Gou
ld &S
lon
e
,
1
9
8
2
)
.T
h
i
sm
o
d
e
s
t
yno
rmi
semb
edd
edw
i
th
inth
ecommun
a
l
o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
ne
x
p
e
c
t
a
t
ion
sfo
r wom
en
.Ind
e
ed
, wom
en a
r
e
s
o
c
i
a
l
i
z
e
dt
oh
i
g
h
l
yv
a
lu
ecommun
a
lgo
a
l
s
,su
cha
sth
ego
a
l
t
oh
e
l
po
t
h
e
r
sa
n
dconn
e
c
tw
i
tho
th
e
r
s(D
i
ekm
an
,B
rown
,
J
o
h
n
s
t
o
n
, &C
l
a
r
k
,2010
)
. Wom
ena
r
eth
e
r
e
fo
r
eexp
e
c
t
edto
b
es
e
l
f
l
e
s
s
,w
h
i
c
hi
son
eo
fth
ecompon
en
t
so
f mod
e
s
ty
(W
a
d
e
,2
0
0
1
)
.B
e
c
au
s
e wom
ena
r
eexp
e
c
t
edtob
es
e
l
f
l
e
s
s
,
th
eya
r
ea
l
soexp
e
c
t
edtoadvo
c
a
t
efo
ro
th
e
r
sr
a
th
e
rth
an
fo
rth
em
s
e
lv
e
s
.T
h
eimp
l
i
c
a
t
ionth
eni
sth
a
tth
e mod
e
s
ty
no
rmp
r
e
s
su
r
e
s wom
entoadvo
c
a
t
efo
rr
ew
a
rd
sfo
ro
th
e
r
p
eop
l
e
,bu
tno
tfo
rth
em
s
e
lv
e
s
.Su
chcu
l
tu
r
a
lno
rm
sm
ay
b
e on
er
e
a
son why g
end
e
rd
i
sp
a
r
i
t
i
e
sp
e
r
s
i
s
tin h
i
r
ing
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
,p
romo
t
ion
s
,aw
a
rd
s
,r
a
i
s
e
s
,ando
th
e
rimpo
r
t
an
t
w
o
r
k
p
l
a
c
eo
u
t
c
om
e
s(Am
an
a
t
u
l
l
a
h & Mo
r
r
i
s
,20
10
;Ru
dm
an
,
1
9
9
8
)
.
N
o
rm
-C
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
ta
n
dI
n
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
tB
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
W
h
a
th
a
p
p
e
n
sw
h
e
nsom
eon
eadh
e
r
e
s
to(v
s
.v
io
l
a
t
e
s
)ag
iv
en
g
e
n
d
e
rn
o
rm
?A
d
h
e
r
ingtog
end
e
rno
rm
sc
anb
eb
en
e
f
i
c
i
a
l
.
W
om
e
nw
h
ob
e
h
a
v
einano
rm
con
s
i
s
t
en
tm
ann
e
ra
r
el
ik
ed
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
nw
om
e
nw
hob
eh
av
e
inano
rm
in
con
s
i
s
t
en
tm
ann
e
r
(C
r
aw
f
o
r
d
,1
9
8
8
)
.Fo
rex
amp
l
e
,awom
anwhod
i
sp
l
ay
ss
ad
n
e
s
s(
ag
e
n
d
e
r
a
p
p
rop
r
i
a
t
eemo
t
ionfo
r wom
en
; Cond
ry &
C
o
n
d
r
y
,1
9
7
6
)i
na
nin
t
e
rv
i
ews
e
t
t
ingi
sv
i
ew
ed mo
r
epo
s
i
t
i
v
e
l
yt
h
a
nt
h
es
am
e wom
an whod
i
sp
l
ay
sang
e
r—w
i
thth
e
o
p
p
o
s
i
t
eb
e
i
n
gt
r
u
efo
rm
en(B
r
e
s
co
l
l & Uh
lm
ann
,2008
)
.
T
h
i
sp
o
s
i
t
i
v
ep
e
r
c
ep
t
iono
fno
rmcon
s
i
s
t
en
cyt
r
an
s
l
a
t
e
sto
o
t
h
e
rim
p
o
r
t
a
n
to
u
t
com
e
s
.Fo
rex
amp
l
e
,wom
enwhoadh
e
r
e
t
og
e
n
d
e
rn
o
rm
sb
yno
texp
r
e
s
s
ingang
e
ra
r
ea
c
co
rd
edh
igh
e
r
s
t
a
t
u
sa
n
dh
i
g
h
e
rw
ag
e
s
,andth
eya
r
es
e
ena
smo
r
ecomp
e
t
en
t
t
h
a
nw
om
e
nw
h
odoexp
r
e
s
sang
e
r(B
r
e
s
co
l
l & Uh
lm
ann
,
2
0
0
8
;R
u
dm
a
n &G
l
i
ck
,2001
)
.
Wh
e
r
e
a
sa
c
t
inginano
rm
con
s
i
s
t
en
tm
ann
e
ri
so
f
t
en
b
en
e
f
i
c
i
a
l(W
ad
e
,2001
)
,v
io
l
a
t
ingag
iv
enno
rmi
sn
eg
a
t
i
v
e
l
yr
e
g
a
r
d
e
d
.P
e
op
l
ew
hob
e
h
a
v
eina m
an
n
e
rin
co
n
s
i
s
t
en
t
w
i
t
hg
e
n
d
e
rn
o
rm
so
f
t
e
nsu
f
f
e
rin
t
e
rp
e
r
so
n
a
lc
on
s
e
qu
en
c
e
s
(B
r
e
s
c
o
l
l
,2
0
1
1
;B
r
e
s
c
o
l
l & Uh
lm
an
n
,20
08
; Mo
s
s
-R
a
cu
s
i
n
e
ta
l
.
,2
0
1
0
;R
u
dm
an
,19
98
;R
udm
a
n &G
l
i
c
k
,19
99
)
.Fo
r
e
x
am
p
l
e
,e
v
e
ni
nc
i
r
c
um
s
t
an
c
e
sw
h
e
r
eag
en
t
i
cqu
a
l
i
t
i
e
sa
r
e
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y(
e
.
g
.
,m
a
n
a
g
em
en
to
r CEOpo
s
i
t
io
n
s
)
, wom
ena
r
e
m
o
r
ep
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
l
yd
e
r
o
g
a
t
edan
dd
i
s
l
ik
edbyo
t
h
e
r
s wh
enth
ey
d
i
s
p
l
a
ya
g
e
n
t
i
c(m
a
s
c
u
l
i
n
e
)ch
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s(B
r
e
s
c
o
l
l
,20
11
)
.
T
h
i
s‘
‘
b
a
c
k
l
a
s
h
’
’c
a
nu
l
t
im
a
t
e
l
yr
e
su
l
ti
n ag
en
t
i
cw
om
en
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
i
n
gh
i
r
i
n
g
,p
r
om
o
t
i
on
, an
dw
a
g
ed
i
s
c
r
im
in
a
t
i
on
(R
u
dm
a
n &G
l
i
c
k
,19
99
)
.
W
om
e
nw
h
ob
o
a
s
t abou
tth
e
i
r own a
c
comp
l
i
shm
en
t
s
v
i
o
l
a
t
et
h
eg
e
n
d
e
rno
rmo
f mod
e
s
ty(Rudm
an
,1998
)
.Su
ch
‘
‘
s
e
l
f
p
r
om
o
t
i
n
g
’
’i
sd
e
f
i
n
e
da
sd
i
vu
lg
i
ngon
e
’
sow
na
c
com
p
l
i
s
hm
e
n
t
sa
n
dc
r
e
d
en
t
i
a
l
s
.Inan
in
t
e
r
v
i
ews
e
t
t
i
ng
,wh
e
r
esu
ch
s
e
l
f
p
r
om
o
t
i
o
nm
i
g
h
tb
ev
i
ew
eda
se
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
t
osu
c
c
e
s
s
,w
om
en
m
i
gh
tf
i
ndth
em
s
e
l
v
e
sinado
ub
l
eb
i
nd
:I
fth
eys
e
l
f
-p
r
om
o
t
e
,
th
eya
r
ev
i
o
l
a
t
in
gg
e
nd
e
rno
rm
san
dm
i
gh
tex
p
e
r
i
en
c
eb
a
ck
l
a
sh
;i
fth
eydono
ts
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
e
,t
h
e
ym
ig
h
tno
tco
nv
eyt
h
e
i
r
qu
a
l
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
s(Bow
l
e
s &B
ab
co
ck
,20
12
)
.T
hu
s
,ev
enth
ou
gh
th
es
e
t
t
i
ngr
e
qu
i
r
e
ss
e
l
f
p
r
om
o
t
io
n
, wom
en
’
sv
i
o
l
a
t
i
ono
fth
e
g
e
nd
e
rno
rm m
ayl
e
a
dton
e
g
a
t
i
v
eco
n
s
eq
u
e
n
c
e
s
.
Fu
r
th
e
rmo
r
e
, wom
en m
ayb
e mo
r
el
ik
e
lyto‘
‘po
l
i
c
e
’
’
o
th
e
r wom
en
’
sg
end
e
rno
rmv
io
l
a
t
ion
.A
sad
emon
s
t
r
a
t
ion
o
fth
i
sp
a
t
t
e
rn
,Rudm
an(1998
)h
adwom
enand m
eneng
ag
e
inanin
t
e
rv
i
ewt
a
skw
i
thtwoo
th
e
rp
eop
l
e
.On
eo
fth
eapp
l
i
c
an
t
sw
a
sas
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
ingwom
anandth
es
e
condw
a
se
i
th
e
r
as
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
ing m
ano
ras
e
l
f
e
f
f
a
c
ing m
an
.P
a
r
t
i
c
ip
an
t
s
w
e
r
eto
ldth
eywou
ldb
echoo
s
ingon
eo
fth
etwoapp
l
i
c
an
t
s
a
sth
e
i
rp
a
r
tn
e
rinacomp
e
t
i
t
iv
eg
am
ew
i
thth
epo
t
en
t
i
a
lto
w
inac
a
shp
r
i
z
e
.R
e
su
l
t
sshow
edth
a
ton
lywom
enfoundth
e
s
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
ing wom
anl
e
s
scomp
e
t
en
t
,l
e
s
sso
c
i
a
l
lya
t
t
r
a
c
t
iv
e
,andl
e
s
sh
i
r
ab
l
eth
anth
es
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
ing m
an
. Wh
a
ti
s
mo
r
e
, wom
end
i
sp
ropo
r
t
ion
a
t
e
lycho
s
eth
es
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
ing
m
ana
sth
e
i
rp
a
r
tn
e
rov
e
rth
es
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
ing wom
an
;how
ev
e
r
,m
encho
s
eequ
a
l
lyb
e
tw
e
en m
enand wom
en
.Impo
r
t
an
t
ly
,th
er
e
su
l
t
s show
edth
a
t wh
en a s
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
ing
wom
anw
a
supag
a
in
s
tas
t
rong m
a
l
eapp
l
i
c
an
t
,sh
ew
a
sl
e
s
s
l
ik
e
ly
tog
e
t
th
e
job
,e
sp
e
c
i
a
l
ly
i
fwom
enw
e
r
em
ak
ing
th
eh
i
r
ingd
e
c
i
s
ion(Rudm
an
,1998
)
.
No
ton
lydoon
look
e
r
sd
i
sp
a
r
ag
ewom
enwhov
io
l
a
t
eg
en
d
e
rno
rm
s
,bu
twom
enth
em
s
e
lv
e
so
f
t
engotog
r
e
a
tl
eng
th
sto
avo
idth
epo
t
en
t
i
a
lb
a
ck
l
a
sha
s
so
c
i
a
t
edw
i
thno
rmv
io
l
a
t
ion
s
,
ev
enwh
eni
tgo
e
sag
a
in
s
tth
e
i
rs
e
l
f
in
t
e
r
e
s
t(B
r
e
s
co
l
l
,2011
)
.
Fo
rin
s
t
an
c
e
,wom
enwhoa
r
e mod
e
s
tandcommun
a
lshou
ld
no
tb
eou
tfo
rs
e
l
f
-g
a
in
,andr
e
s
e
a
r
chshow
sth
a
t wom
endo
no
tn
ego
t
i
a
t
ea
se
f
f
e
c
t
iv
e
lya
sm
en—no
tb
e
c
au
s
eth
eya
r
e
inh
e
r
en
t
ly un
sk
i
l
l
eda
tn
ego
t
i
a
t
ion
s
, bu
tb
e
c
au
s
e wom
en
downp
l
ayth
e
i
rn
ego
t
i
a
t
ionsk
i
l
l
stoavo
idth
eb
a
ck
l
a
sha
s
so
c
i
a
t
ed w
i
thg
end
e
rno
rmv
io
l
a
t
ion(Am
an
a
tu
l
l
ah & Mo
r
r
i
s
,
2010
)
.Inth
e
i
rr
e
s
e
a
r
ch
,wom
enwhos
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
edbyn
ego
t
i
a
t
ingonb
eh
a
l
fo
fth
em
s
e
lv
e
s(
thu
sv
io
l
a
t
ingth
e mod
e
s
ty
g
end
e
rno
rm
)con
c
ed
ed mu
ch mo
r
eth
antho
s
e who w
e
r
e
n
ego
t
i
a
t
ingonb
eh
a
l
fo
fo
th
e
r
s(wh
i
chi
scon
s
i
s
t
en
tw
i
tha
commun
a
lin
t
e
rd
ep
end
en
tg
end
e
rno
rm
)
.R
e
su
l
t
ssugg
e
s
tth
a
t
wom
ena
r
eno
tun
ab
l
eton
ego
t
i
a
t
e
,bu
tin
s
t
e
ad wom
en m
ay
no
tn
ego
t
i
a
t
eonth
e
i
rownb
eh
a
l
fino
rd
e
rtoavo
idth
econ
s
e
qu
en
c
e
sa
s
so
c
i
a
t
edw
i
thno
rmv
io
l
a
t
ion
.
Wh
en wom
ena
r
ep
romo
t
ingth
ea
c
comp
l
i
shm
en
t
so
fa
p
e
e
r
,th
i
so
th
e
r
-o
r
i
en
t
a
t
iondo
e
sno
tv
io
l
a
t
eth
e mod
e
s
tyg
en
d
e
rno
rm
.A
sev
id
en
c
e
, Mo
s
s
-R
a
cu
s
inand Rudm
an(2010
)
h
adp
a
r
t
i
c
ip
an
t
se
i
th
e
rp
romo
t
eth
em
s
e
lv
e
s(mod
e
s
tyno
rm
v
io
l
a
t
ion
)o
rp
romo
t
ea p
e
e
r(mod
e
s
ty no
rmcon
s
i
s
t
en
t
)
.
Wh
enwom
enp
romo
t
edth
ea
c
comp
l
i
shm
en
t
so
fano
th
e
rp
e
r
son
,th
eyshow
edin
c
r
e
a
s
edp
romo
t
ionsu
c
c
e
s
s
;incon
t
r
a
s
t
,
wh
ena
sk
edtop
romo
t
eth
em
s
e
lv
e
s
, wom
en w
e
r
el
e
s
ssu
c
c
e
s
s
fu
landf
e
l
ti
l
la
te
a
s
e
.Thu
s
,s
im
i
l
a
rtoth
ep
a
t
t
e
rnw
es
aw
w
i
t
hn
e
go
t
i
a
t
io
nr
e
s
e
a
r
ch
,i
tdo
e
sno
tap
p
e
a
rth
a
t wom
ena
r
e
in
c
a
p
a
b
l
eo
fp
r
om
o
t
i
nga
c
comp
l
i
s
hm
en
t
s
;r
a
th
e
r
,w
om
ens
e
em
toho
ldb
a
ck wh
eni
tcom
e
st
osp
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
l
l
yp
r
om
o
t
in
gth
e
i
r
ow
na
c
comp
l
i
s
hm
en
t
s
.A
dd
i
t
i
on
a
l
ly
,m
e
nin Mo
s
s
-R
a
c
u
s
in
a
n
dR
u
dm
a
n
’
ss
t
ud
yr
e
po
r
t
edh
i
gh
e
rl
e
v
e
l
so
fsu
c
c
e
s
sa
f
t
e
r
s
e
l
f
p
r
om
o
t
i
n
gth
an wom
en
,su
gg
e
s
t
i
ngth
a
tth
eb
a
r
r
i
e
r
st
o
s
e
l
f
p
r
om
o
t
i
o
nth
a
ta
r
ep
r
e
s
en
tf
o
r wom
endono
tex
t
e
ndt
o
m
e
n
.
Wom
en
’
s mo
t
iv
a
t
ionfo
rs
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
ings
e
em
sto b
e
bound
edbysp
e
c
i
f
i
ccon
t
ex
tu
a
lf
e
a
tu
r
e
s
,in
c
lud
ings
i
tu
a
t
ion
a
lno
rm
sth
a
tsugg
e
s
ta
c
c
ep
t
an
c
eo
fth
eb
eh
av
io
rv
e
r
su
s
no
rm
sth
a
tt
r
igg
e
rb
a
ck
l
a
shf
e
a
r
s(Rudm
an
, Mo
s
s
-R
a
cu
s
in
,
G
l
i
ck
, &Ph
e
l
an
,2012
)
.Ind
e
ed
,p
eop
l
ea
r
etyp
i
c
a
l
lyun
in
t
e
r
e
s
t
edinanddono
tv
a
lu
ea
c
t
iv
i
t
i
e
sth
a
ta
r
ep
e
r
c
e
iv
edto
v
io
l
a
t
eg
end
e
rno
rm
s(A
l
l
en &Sm
i
th
,2011
;Bo
i
ch
e
,P
l
a
z
a
,
Ch
a
l
ab
a
ev
,Gu
i
l
l
e
t
,&S
a
r
r
a
z
in
,2014
;D
i
ekm
ane
ta
l
.
,2010
;
Ho
rg
an &Sm
i
th
,2006
)
.Fo
rex
amp
l
e
,h
e
t
e
ro
s
exu
a
lm
en
who p
a
r
t
i
c
ip
a
t
ed in a m
ed
i
c
a
lt
a
sk s
e
tup a
s no
rm
in
con
s
i
s
t
en
t(
i
.
e
.
,at
a
sktyp
i
c
a
lo
fnu
r
s
e
s
)r
epo
r
t
edlow
e
r
in
t
e
r
e
s
tinth
et
a
skcomp
a
r
edto m
en whoeng
ag
edinth
e
sam
eta
s
kth
a
tw
a
sp
r
e
s
en
t
eda
sno
rm
con
s
i
s
t
en
t(
i
.
e
.
,at
a
sk
typ
i
c
a
lo
fdo
c
to
r
s
;A
l
l
en &Sm
i
th
,2011
)
.C
e
r
t
a
in
ly
,s
t
e
r
eo
typ
e
sandso
c
i
a
lno
rm
scon
t
r
ibu
t
etoap
e
r
son
’
sr
edu
c
ed
mo
t
iv
a
t
ion
,andsu
chr
edu
c
ed mo
t
iv
a
t
ionintu
rnr
e
in
fo
r
c
e
s
tho
s
ev
e
ryso
c
i
a
l no
rm
s—
tog
e
th
e
rc
r
e
a
t
ingar
e
c
ip
ro
c
a
l
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
kl
o
o
p(E
ag
ly
, Wo
od
, &D
i
ekm
a
n
,20
00
; Ru
dm
a
n
e
ta
l
.
,2
0
1
2
;Sm
i
th
,20
04
;T
hom
a
n
,Sm
i
th
,B
rown
,C
h
a
s
e
,&
L
e
e
,2
0
1
3
)
.
On
ew
ayth
a
ts
t
e
r
eo
typ
e
sandno
rm
sh
a
rmap
e
r
son
’
s
p
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
eand mo
t
iv
a
t
ioni
sth
roughth
eadop
t
ion o
f
p
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
e
avo
id
an
c
e go
al
s(B
rod
i
sh & D
ev
in
e
, 2009
;
Sm
i
th
,2004
;Sm
i
th
,S
an
son
e
, & Wh
i
t
e
,2007
)
.Con
t
empo
r
a
rya
ch
i
ev
em
en
t go
a
ls
cho
l
a
r
sh
ip(E
l
l
io
t& M
cG
r
ego
r
,
2001
;F
inn
ey
,P
i
ep
e
r
, &B
ar
ron
, 2004
; H
a
r
a
ck
i
ew
i
c
z
,
B
a
r
ron
,T
au
e
r
,C
a
r
t
e
r
, & El
l
io
t
, 2000
) show
sp
e
r
fo
r
vo
idan
c
ego
a
l
so
r
i
en
tth
ep
e
r
sontow
a
rdavo
id
ing
m
an
c
e
-a
p
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
ef
a
i
lu
r
er
e
l
a
t
iv
etoo
th
e
r
s
;a
l
t
e
rn
a
t
iv
e
ly
,p
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
e
app
roa
chgo
a
l
so
r
i
en
tap
e
r
sontow
a
rdp
e
r
fo
rm
ing w
e
l
lr
e
l
a
t
iv
etoo
th
e
r
s
. Th
e
s
ego
a
l
sa
r
ed
i
f
f
e
r
en
t
i
a
l
ly
a
c
t
iv
a
t
edbys
a
l
i
en
tcon
t
ex
tu
a
lcu
e
s(U
rd
an
,1999
)
. Thu
s
,
on
equ
e
s
t
ion w
ea
skinth
ep
r
e
s
en
ta
r
t
i
c
l
ei
s wh
e
th
e
reng
a
g
ingins
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
ionund
e
rg
end
e
rno
rm
con
s
i
s
t
en
tv
e
r
su
sin
con
s
i
s
t
en
tcond
i
t
ion
sin
f
lu
en
c
e
s wom
en
’
sadop
t
ion
o
fp
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
e go
a
l
s
. Mo
r
eov
e
r
, wom
en
’
slow
e
rs
e
l
f
p
romo
t
ionp
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
eand mo
tiv
a
t
ioncou
ldpo
t
en
t
i
a
l
ly
co
r
r
e
l
a
t
ew
i
thp
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
e
av
o
id
an
c
ego
a
ladop
t
iong
iv
en
th
a
tth
e
s
eavo
id
an
c
ego
a
l
sa
r
ea
s
so
c
i
a
t
ed w
i
thaho
s
to
f
m
a
l
ad
ap
t
iv
e ou
t
com
e
s
,in
c
lud
ing und
e
rp
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
e and
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
edin
t
e
r
e
s
t(H
a
r
a
ck
i
ew
i
c
ze
ta
l
.
,2000
)
.
I
f
t
h
es
e
l
f
p
r
om
o
t
io
nco
n
t
ex
t
i
sm
ad
emo
r
epo
s
i
t
iv
e
,w
om
en
m
a
ya
d
o
p
tf
ew
e
rp
e
r
f
o
rm
an
c
e
a
vo
id
an
c
ego
a
l
san
din
s
t
e
a
d
a
d
o
p
t m
o
r
e p
e
r
f
o
rm
a
n
c
e
ap
p
r
o
a
ch go
a
l
s
. P
e
r
f
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
hg
o
a
l
sa
r
ech
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
z
e
dbya m
i
x
t
u
r
eo
fbo
t
hpo
s
i
t
i
v
e
l
ya
n
dn
e
g
a
t
iv
e
l
yv
a
l
en
c
e
dan
t
e
c
e
d
e
n
t
s
,in
c
l
ud
in
gaf
e
a
r
o
ff
a
i
l
u
r
e
,h
i
g
hcom
p
e
t
e
n
c
ev
a
lu
a
t
i
on
,an
dcomp
e
t
i
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
(E
l
l
i
o
t& M
cG
r
e
go
r
,20
01
)
.E
du
c
a
t
i
on
a
ls
t
ud
i
e
ssh
owaco
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
tl
i
n
kb
e
tw
e
e
np
e
r
f
o
rm
an
c
e
a
pp
ro
a
c
hgo
a
l
san
din
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
a
c
a
d
em
i
cp
e
r
f
o
rm
an
c
e
,an
dsom
e
t
im
e
s
,in
c
r
e
a
s
e
da
c
ad
em
i
c
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t(H
a
r
a
c
k
i
ew
i
c
ze
ta
l
.
,20
00
)
.
AS
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
a
lA
r
o
u
s
a
lA
c
c
o
u
n
to
fM
o
d
e
s
t
yN
o
rm
V
i
o
l
a
t
i
o
n
On
epo
t
en
t
i
a
lw
aytom
ak
es
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
ingmo
r
epo
s
i
t
iv
efo
r
wom
eni
sbyr
edu
c
ings
i
tu
a
t
ion
a
la
rou
s
a
l
.P
eop
l
eo
f
t
en
exp
e
r
i
en
c
es
i
tu
a
t
ion
a
la
rou
s
a
l wh
enth
eya
c
tin
con
s
i
s
t
en
t
ly
(Z
ann
a & Coop
e
r
,1974
)
.Ind
e
ed
,p
eop
l
ea
r
e mo
t
iv
a
t
edto
b
eh
av
eina w
ayto m
ax
im
i
z
econ
s
i
s
t
en
cyandto m
in
im
i
z
e
in
con
s
i
s
t
en
cyincogn
i
t
ion
s
,f
e
e
l
ing
s
,anda
c
t
ion
s(Sh
aw &
Sko
ln
i
ck
,1973
)
.Inth
i
scon
t
ex
t
,con
s
i
s
t
en
cyimp
l
i
e
sth
a
tth
e
cogn
i
t
ion
s
,f
e
e
l
ing
s
,anda
c
t
ion
so
fanind
iv
idu
a
l‘
‘m
a
t
ch
.
’
’
Fo
rex
amp
l
e
,i
fa wom
anknow
sth
a
tno
rm
sd
i
c
t
a
t
eth
a
t
wom
enshou
ldno
tb
r
agabou
tth
e
i
ra
c
comp
l
i
shm
en
t
sy
e
tsh
e
f
ind
sh
e
r
s
e
l
finas
i
tu
a
t
ionwh
e
r
esh
emu
s
ts
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
e
,th
i
s
‘
‘m
i
sm
a
t
ch
ed
’
’exp
e
r
i
en
c
ec
ant
r
igg
e
rs
i
tu
a
t
ion
a
la
rou
s
a
l
.
Su
cha
rou
s
a
li
so
f
t
enexp
e
r
i
en
ceda
sd
i
s
com
fo
r
t
,anx
i
e
ty
,
f
e
a
r
,o
rn
e
rvou
sn
e
s
s
,a
sw
e
l
la
sphy
s
io
log
i
c
a
lsymp
tom
s
su
ch a
sin
c
r
e
a
s
ed p
e
r
sp
i
r
a
t
ion o
rh
e
a
r
tr
a
t
e(Z
ann
a&
Coop
e
r
,1974
)
.S
i
tu
a
t
ion
a
la
rou
s
a
lc
anb
em
i
s
a
t
t
r
ibu
t
ed
,
how
ev
e
r
,r
edu
c
ingth
ein
f
lu
en
c
eo
fth
ed
i
s
com
fo
r
t
.Z
ann
a
andCoop
e
r(1974
)foundth
a
twh
enp
rov
id
edw
i
thana
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
eex
t
e
rn
a
lsou
r
c
eo
fa
rou
s
a
l(
i
.
e
.
,ap
i
l
lth
a
to
s
t
en
s
ib
ly
c
au
s
eda
rou
s
a
l
)
,p
a
r
t
i
c
ip
an
t
sindu
c
edtoexp
e
r
i
en
c
eh
igh
cogn
i
t
iv
ed
i
s
son
an
c
ew
e
r
el
e
s
sl
ik
e
lytof
e
e
lth
eyn
e
ed
ed
toa
c
tcon
s
i
s
t
en
t
lyandw
e
r
el
e
s
sl
ik
e
lytoch
ang
eth
e
i
rop
i
n
ion
sto m
a
t
chth
e
i
rb
eh
av
io
r
.B
e
c
au
s
ep
a
r
t
i
c
ip
an
t
sw
e
r
e
ab
l
eto m
i
s
a
t
t
r
ibu
t
eth
ea
rou
s
a
la
s
so
c
i
a
t
ed w
i
thcogn
i
t
iv
e
d
i
s
son
an
c
etoth
ep
i
l
l
,th
eyd
idno
th
av
etoad
ju
s
tth
e
i
rop
i
n
ion
s
ino
rd
e
r
toa
l
l
ev
i
a
t
e
th
ea
rou
s
a
lc
au
s
ed(
in
th
i
sc
a
s
e
)by
cogn
i
t
iv
ed
i
s
son
an
c
e
.Th
e
i
rr
e
s
u
l
t
ssugg
e
s
tth
a
twh
ens
i
tu
a
t
ion
a
la
rou
s
a
li
s m
i
s
a
t
t
r
ibu
t
edto an a
l
t
e
rn
a
t
e ex
t
e
rn
a
l
sou
r
c
e
,th
en
e
edtoa
c
tcon
s
i
s
t
en
t
lyi
sa
l
l
ev
i
a
t
ed(Coop
e
r
,
1998
;s
e
ea
l
so Coop
e
r
,Z
ann
a
, &T
av
e
s
,1978
;Z
ann
a&
Coop
e
r
,1974
)
.
M
i
s
a
t
t
r
ibu
t
ings
i
tu
a
t
ion
a
la
rou
s
a
l
i
sapo
t
en
t
i
a
lw
ay
,
th
en
,
fo
rsom
eon
etoov
e
r
com
eth
en
e
edtoa
c
tcon
s
i
s
t
en
t
ly
.L
e
s
s
i
sknownabou
twh
e
th
e
rsu
ch m
i
s
a
t
t
r
ibu
t
ion
so
fa
rou
s
a
lc
an
wo
rktoov
e
r
com
ed
e
ep
lyemb
edd
edanx
i
e
tyandf
e
a
rr
e
su
l
t
ingf
romcu
l
tu
r
a
lg
end
e
rno
rm
sandexp
e
c
t
a
t
ion
s
.Twos
tud
i
e
s on s
t
e
r
eo
typ
e th
r
e
a
t an
d m
i
s
a
t
t
r
ibu
t
ion do o
f
f
e
r
p
rom
i
s
ingev
id
en
c
e
;inbo
ths
tud
i
e
s
,r
e
su
l
t
sshow
edi
tw
a
s
po
s
s
ib
l
efo
rwom
entoov
e
r
com
eth
eanx
i
e
tya
s
so
c
i
a
t
edw
i
th
t
ak
ingas
t
e
r
eo
typ
e
th
r
e
a
t
en
in
gt
e
s
t(
inwh
i
ch
th
eno
rmi
sfo
r
wom
entof
a
i
lth
eex
am
)andimp
rov
eth
e
i
rp
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
e
wh
en an a
l
t
e
rn
a
t
iv
e sou
r
c
e fo
ra
rou
s
a
l w
a
sp
rov
id
ed
(B
en
-Z
e
ev
,F
e
in
, &In
z
l
i
ch
t
,2005
;John
s
,S
chm
ad
e
r
,&
M
a
r
t
en
s
,20
05
)
.T
yp
i
c
a
l
ly
, wh
en wom
ena
r
einas
t
e
r
eo
t
yp
e
r
e
l
ev
an
ts
i
tu
a
t
ion(
su
cha
s wh
ent
ak
inga m
a
tht
e
s
t
)ev
en
sub
t
l
ecu
e
ssu
cha
sm
a
rk
ingth
e
i
rg
end
e
ron
th
e
t
e
s
t
,o
rb
e
ing
ou
tnumb
e
r
edby m
en
,c
ant
r
igg
e
rs
t
e
r
eo
typ
eth
r
e
a
tandl
e
ad
tolow
e
rp
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
e(
In
z
l
i
ch
t &B
en
-Z
e
ev
,2000
;Sm
i
th
e
ta
l
.
,2007
;Sm
i
th & Wh
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t
e
,2002
)
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-R
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ine
ta
l
.
, 2010
; Rudm
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; Rudm
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G
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fo
rm
an
c
e
,and
t
h
e
i
re
s
s
a
y
sw
e
r
e
judg
ed
low
e
r
inqu
a
l
i
tycomp
a
r
ed
towom
en
w
h
op
r
om
o
t
e
do
nb
eh
a
l
fo
fano
th
e
r
.En
cou
r
ag
ing
ly
,r
e
su
l
t
s
s
h
ow
e
dt
h
a
tw
ew
e
r
eab
l
etoc
lo
s
eth
i
s mod
e
s
tyno
rmv
io
l
a
t
i
o
ng
a
pw
i
t
hm
i
s
a
t
t
r
ibu
t
ionav
a
i
l
ab
i
l
i
ty
. Wh
en wom
en who
v
i
o
l
a
t
e
dt
h
em
o
d
e
s
tyno
rminth
ep
r
e
s
en
c
eo
fasub
l
im
in
a
l
n
o
i
s
eg
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
rth
a
tth
eyw
e
r
eto
ldcou
ldb
easou
r
c
eo
fd
i
s
c
om
f
o
r
t
,t
h
e mo
t
iv
a
t
ion
a
l and p
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
ed
i
f
f
e
r
en
c
e
s
b
e
tw
e
e
nt
h
o
s
e whov
io
l
a
t
edth
e mod
e
s
tyno
rmo
rno
tw
e
r
e
e
l
im
i
n
a
t
e
do
re
v
enr
ev
e
r
s
ed
. Wh
a
ti
s mo
r
e
,th
e
s
epo
s
i
t
iv
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
so
ft
h
em
i
s
a
t
t
r
ibu
t
ionav
a
i
l
ab
i
l
i
ty w
e
r
eev
id
en
t wh
en
c
om
p
a
r
i
n
gw
om
enwhov
io
l
a
t
ed
th
emod
e
s
tyno
rmund
e
rno
r
m
a
lc
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
sw
i
ththo
s
e whov
io
l
a
t
edth
eno
rm w
i
thth
e
m
i
s
a
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
na
v
a
i
l
ab
l
e
.Th
epo
s
i
t
iv
ee
f
f
e
c
t
so
fth
em
i
s
a
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
na
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
efo
r wom
enwhov
io
l
a
t
edth
e mod
e
s
tyno
rm
c
am
el
a
r
g
e
l
yw
i
thou
tcon
s
equ
en
c
etoth
ewom
enwhod
idno
t
v
i
o
l
a
t
et
h
em
o
d
e
s
tyno
rm(
a
lb
e
i
tw
i
thon
eex
c
ep
t
ion
,d
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
db
e
l
ow
)
.
T
a
k
e
nt
o
g
e
t
h
e
rth
en
,ou
rr
e
su
l
t
ssugg
e
s
tth
a
tth
eav
a
i
l
ab
i
l
i
t
yo
fam
i
s
a
t
t
r
i
bu
t
ionsou
r
c
efo
rs
i
tu
a
t
ion
a
la
rou
s
a
limp
rov
ed
t
h
ep
r
om
o
t
i
o
nexp
e
r
i
en
c
eandth
equ
a
l
i
tyo
fp
romo
t
ionfo
r
w
om
e
nw
h
ov
i
o
l
a
t
edth
e mod
e
s
tyno
rm
.Impo
r
t
an
t
ly
,ou
r
r
e
s
u
l
t
sa
l
s
os
h
ow
edth
a
t wom
en whov
io
l
a
t
edth
e mod
e
s
ty
n
o
rma
n
dw
e
r
eg
iv
enam
i
s
a
t
t
r
ibu
t
iona
rou
s
a
lsou
r
c
er
epo
r
t
ed
g
r
e
a
t
e
ri
n
t
e
r
e
s
tinth
ep
romo
t
iont
a
skcomp
a
r
edtotho
s
eno
t
g
i
v
e
na m
i
s
a
t
t
r
i
bu
t
ionsou
r
c
e
.Imp
rov
ing wom
en
’
s mom
en
t
a
r
ys
e
l
f
p
r
om
o
t
ionp
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
ei
simpo
r
t
an
ttob
esu
r
e
,bu
t
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
gw
om
en
’
sin
t
e
r
e
s
ti
sk
eyb
e
c
au
s
esu
chin
t
r
in
s
i
c
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
le
x
p
e
r
i
en
c
e
scou
ldpo
t
en
t
i
a
l
lyr
e
su
l
tin mo
r
e
l
o
n
g
t
e
rm m
o
t
i
v
a
t
iontoeng
ag
eino
th
e
rs
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
iont
a
sk
s
(C
s
i
k
s
z
e
n
tm
i
h
a
ly
i
, 1978
; Thom
an e
ta
l
.
, 2013
)
. To ou
r
k
n
ow
l
e
d
g
e
,o
u
r
si
sth
ef
i
r
s
two
rktod
emon
s
t
r
a
t
eth
a
tv
io
l
a
t
i
n
gt
h
em
o
d
e
s
t
yno
rmimp
a
c
t
sth
eexp
e
r
i
en
c
eo
fin
t
e
r
e
s
tin
s
e
l
f
p
r
om
o
t
i
o
n
.
G
r
e
a
t
e
rt
a
s
kin
t
e
r
e
s
tty
p
i
c
a
l
ly d
e
p
e
nd
s onth
et
yp
eo
f
a
c
h
i
e
v
em
e
n
tg
o
a
l
sad
op
t
eddu
r
i
ngt
a
s
ken
g
a
g
em
e
n
t(E
l
l
io
t&
H
a
r
a
ck
i
ew
i
c
z
,1996
)
.Ind
e
ed
,ou
rd
a
t
ashow
edth
a
t wom
en
adop
t
ed mo
r
ep
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
e
avo
id
an
c
e go
a
l
s wh
en s
e
l
f
p
romo
t
ing und
e
r no
rm
a
l cond
i
t
ion
s and adop
t
ed mo
r
e
p
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
e
app
ro
a
chgo
a
l
s wh
ens
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
ing w
i
tha
m
i
s
a
t
t
r
ibu
t
ionav
a
i
l
ab
l
e
.A
l
thoughno
tex
am
in
eda
sa m
ed
i
a
to
r(b
e
c
au
s
ego
a
l
sw
e
r
ea
s
s
e
s
s
edfo
l
low
ingth
ep
romo
t
ion
t
a
sk
)
,fu
tu
r
er
e
s
e
a
r
ch wou
ld b
en
e
f
i
tf
rom und
e
r
s
t
and
ing
howp
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
e
-go
a
ladop
t
ion
,e
sp
e
c
i
a
l
lyp
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
e
avo
id
an
c
e go
a
l
s
,m
igh
tin
f
lu
en
c
es
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
ionexp
e
r
i
en
c
e
s
. W
eh
ad p
r
ed
i
c
t
edth
a
t wom
en who v
io
l
a
t
edth
e
mod
e
s
ty no
rm und
e
r no
rm
a
l cond
i
t
ion
s wou
ld adop
t
p
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
e
app
ro
a
chgo
a
l
sl
es
so
f
t
en
,bu
tth
i
sw
a
sno
tth
e
c
a
s
e
.P
e
rh
ap
sth
en
a
tu
r
eo
fth
et
a
skin
s
t
ru
c
t
ion
s(
to w
r
i
t
e
an e
s
s
aytot
ryto w
in as
cho
l
a
r
sh
ip
)sub
t
lyt
r
igg
e
r
ed
p
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
e
app
ro
a
chgo
a
l
sto‘
‘dow
e
l
lcomp
a
r
edtoo
th
e
r
s
’
’amonga
l
lp
a
r
t
i
c
ip
an
t
s
,w
a
sh
ingou
tth
ee
f
f
e
c
t
s
.N
ev
e
r
th
e
l
e
s
s
, wh
ena m
i
s
a
t
t
r
ibu
t
io
nw
a
sav
a
i
l
ab
l
e
,p
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
e
app
ro
a
chgo
a
l
sw
e
r
eadop
t
ed mo
r
eo
f
t
enby wom
en who
v
io
l
a
t
edth
e mod
e
s
tyno
rmcomp
a
r
edtotho
s
e whod
idno
t
v
io
l
a
t
eth
eno
rmsugg
e
s
t
ingth
a
tth
e
s
ego
a
l
sa
r
eimpo
r
t
an
t
tocon
s
id
e
r
.
A
sl
a
idou
ta
tth
eon
s
e
t
,th
ea
c
to
fs
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
ioni
sav
io
l
a
t
iono
fth
emod
e
s
tyno
rm
.Thu
s
,w
eexp
lo
r
edth
epo
s
s
ib
i
l
i
ty
th
a
tt
a
skv
a
lu
eande
f
fo
r
t(
a
sind
ex
edbynumb
e
ro
f wo
rd
s
w
r
i
t
t
en
) wou
lda
l
sob
en
eg
a
t
iv
e
lyimp
a
c
t
ed wh
env
io
l
a
t
ing
th
e mod
e
s
tyno
rm
.Y
e
t
,und
e
rno
rm
a
lcond
i
t
ion
s(
i
.
e
.
, wh
en
no m
i
s
a
t
t
r
ibu
t
ionsou
r
c
ew
a
sav
a
i
l
ab
l
e
)
,th
ep
e
r
c
e
iv
edv
a
lu
e
o
fth
et
a
skr
em
a
in
edth
es
am
eno m
a
t
t
e
ri
fth
e mod
e
s
tyno
rm
w
a
sv
io
l
a
t
edo
rno
t
. Mo
r
eov
e
r
,co
l
l
ap
s
inga
c
ro
s
sth
etwom
i
s
a
t
t
r
ibu
t
ioncond
i
t
ion
s
, wom
en whop
romo
t
edth
es
e
l
fr
a
t
ed
th
et
a
skh
igh
e
rinv
a
lu
ecomp
a
r
edto wom
en whop
romo
t
ed
o
th
e
rp
eop
l
e
.I
ti
spo
s
s
ib
l
eth
a
tth
en
a
tu
r
eo
fth
et
a
sk(
as
cho
l
a
r
sh
ipe
s
s
ay
)i
ss
e
ena
s mo
r
ep
e
r
son
a
l
lyv
a
lu
ab
l
eg
en
e
r
a
l
ly
sp
e
ak
ingb
e
c
au
s
eo
fth
epo
t
en
t
i
a
lfo
rd
i
r
e
c
tf
in
an
c
i
a
lg
a
in
.
C
e
r
t
a
in
ly
,d
e
c
ad
e
so
f wo
rkonth
e‘
‘
s
e
l
f
r
e
f
e
r
en
c
ing
’
’e
f
f
e
c
t
and‘
‘
ego
invo
lv
ing
’
’t
a
sk o
r
i
en
t
a
t
ion
ssugg
e
s
tth
a
ts
e
l
f
r
e
l
a
t
edt
a
sk
sa
r
eo
f
t
enp
ro
c
e
s
s
eda
tad
e
ep
e
rl
ev
e
landa
r
e
v
i
ew
eda
s mo
r
eimpo
r
t
an
tandin
t
e
r
e
s
t
ing(Bu
t
l
e
r
, 1987
;
Symon
s &John
son
,1997
)
.S
t
i
l
l
,d
e
sp
i
t
es
e
e
ingth
eh
igh
e
r
v
a
lu
eo
fth
es
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
iont
a
sk
,th
e
s
e wom
en w
e
r
el
e
s
s
l
ik
e
lytoen
joyth
et
a
skandsu
f
f
e
r
edp
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
ed
e
c
r
em
en
t
s
comp
a
r
edto wom
en whod
idno
tv
io
l
a
t
eth
e mod
e
s
tyno
rm
und
e
rno
rm
a
lcond
i
t
ion
s
.
Fu
r
th
e
rmo
r
e
,ou
rr
e
su
l
t
sshow
edsom
en
eg
a
t
iv
ee
f
f
e
c
t
so
f
th
esub
l
im
in
a
lno
i
s
eg
en
e
r
a
to
rsu
chth
a
t wom
en whoo
th
e
r
p
romo
t
ed wh
enth
e m
i
s
a
t
t
r
ibu
t
ionsou
r
c
ew
a
s av
a
i
l
ab
l
e
r
epo
r
t
edl
e
s
st
a
skin
t
e
r
e
s
tcomp
a
r
edto wom
en whoo
th
e
r
p
romo
t
edw
i
thou
tam
i
s
a
t
t
r
ibu
t
ionav
a
i
l
ab
l
e
.I
tw
a
sp
r
ed
i
c
t
ed
th
a
to
th
e
r
-p
romo
t
ingwou
ldno
tb
ea
f
f
e
c
t
edby
th
eav
a
i
l
ab
i
l
i
ty
o
fa m
i
s
a
t
t
r
ibu
t
ionb
e
c
au
s
eo
th
e
r
-p
romo
t
ingdo
e
sno
tv
io
l
a
t
e
th
e mod
e
s
tyno
rm
. On
epo
s
s
ib
i
l
i
tyfo
rth
i
sf
ind
ingi
sth
a
t
th
em
i
s
a
t
t
r
ibu
t
ionsou
r
c
e mu
t
edanypo
s
i
t
iv
ef
e
e
l
ing
sp
eop
l
e
m
igh
th
av
e wh
en w
r
i
t
ingabou
tth
ea
c
comp
l
i
shm
en
t
so
fa
f
r
i
end
,d
e
c
r
e
a
s
ingany‘
‘b
a
sk
ing
inr
e
f
l
e
c
t
edg
lo
ry
’
’a
f
f
i
l
i
a
t
ion
exp
e
r
i
en
c
e
s(Snyd
e
r
,L
a
s
s
eg
a
rd
,&Fo
rd
,1986
)
.How
ev
e
r
,w
e
in
t
e
rp
r
e
tth
e
s
er
e
su
l
t
sw
i
thc
au
t
ion
,g
iv
enth
a
tnoo
th
e
rm
e
a
su
r
eshow
edth
e
s
eun
exp
e
c
t
edr
e
su
l
t
s
.
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
lS
o
u
r
c
e
so
fS
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
a
lA
r
o
u
s
a
l
T
ak
entog
e
th
e
r
,r
e
su
l
t
so
fth
ecu
r
r
en
tp
ro
j
e
c
tshow
edth
a
t
v
io
l
a
t
ingth
e mod
e
s
tyno
rmc
ana
c
ta
sab
a
r
r
i
e
rtowom
en
’
s
s
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
ionandth
a
t
,und
e
rno
rm
a
lc
i
r
cum
s
t
an
c
e
s(wh
en
no m
i
s
a
t
t
r
ibu
t
ionsou
r
c
efo
ranyd
i
s
com
fo
r
ti
sp
rov
id
ed
)
,
s
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
ioni
so
flow
e
rp
e
r
c
e
iv
edanda
c
tu
a
lqu
a
l
i
ty
;
r
e
su
l
t
sin g
r
e
a
t
e
rp
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
e
avo
id
an
c
e go
a
ladop
t
ion
;
andd
im
in
i
sh
e
sth
eexp
e
r
i
en
c
eo
fin
t
e
r
e
s
t
. How
ev
e
r
, wh
en
wom
en s
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
e und
e
r cond
i
t
ion
sth
a
tp
rov
id
e an
oppo
r
tun
i
tyto m
i
s
a
t
t
r
ibu
t
eanys
i
tu
a
t
ion
a
la
rou
s
a
l
,th
eg
ap
b
e
tw
e
en v
io
l
a
t
ingth
e mod
e
s
ty no
rm and no
tv
io
l
a
t
ing
th
e mod
e
s
ty no
rm w
a
se
l
im
in
a
t
ed(
tos
im
i
l
a
rl
ev
e
l
so
f
p
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
e
avo
id
an
c
ego
a
ladop
t
iona
sw
e
l
la
sp
e
r
c
e
iv
ed
anda
c
tu
a
lp
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
e
)o
rev
enr
ev
e
r
s
ed(h
igh
e
rin
t
e
r
e
s
t
andp
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
e
app
ro
a
chgo
a
ladop
t
ion
)
. Th
i
sev
id
en
c
e
sugg
e
s
t
sth
a
t
,und
e
rp
a
r
t
i
cu
l
a
rs
i
tu
a
t
ion
a
la
rou
s
a
l
r
edu
c
ing
c
i
r
cum
s
t
an
c
e
s
,wom
ena
r
eab
l
etop
romo
t
ea
sw
e
l
lfo
rth
em
s
e
lv
e
sa
sth
eydofo
ro
th
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
r
ea
r
ean
um
b
e
ro
fpo
s
s
ib
l
eexp
l
an
a
t
ion
sfo
r
th
e
s
ef
ind
i
n
g
s
.F
o
re
x
am
p
l
e
,d
e
c
ad
e
so
fr
e
s
e
a
r
chonF
e
s
t
ing
e
r
’
scogn
i
t
i
v
ed
i
s
s
o
n
a
n
c
et
h
eo
ryshow
sth
a
t wh
enp
eop
l
eb
eh
av
eina
m
a
n
n
e
ri
n
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
tw
i
thth
e
i
rownb
e
l
i
e
f
s
,th
eyexp
e
r
i
en
c
e
d
i
s
c
om
f
o
r
t(F
e
s
t
i
n
g
e
r &C
a
r
l
sm
i
th
,1959
;s
e
ea
l
so Coop
e
r
e
ta
l
.
,1
9
7
8
;E
l
l
i
o
t &D
ev
in
e
,1994
;H
a
rmon
Jon
e
s
,B
r
ehm
,
G
r
e
e
n
b
e
r
g
,S
im
o
n
, &N
e
l
son
,1996
)
. Cogn
i
t
iv
ed
i
s
son
an
c
e
o
c
c
u
r
sa
n
yt
im
eap
e
r
sonh
a
stwop
sy
cho
log
i
c
a
l
lycon
f
l
i
c
t
ing
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
s
,s
u
c
ha
sb
eh
av
ingina m
ann
e
rin
con
s
i
s
t
en
tw
i
th
o
p
i
n
i
o
n
s
,o
ra
sw
ea
rgu
eh
e
r
e
, wh
enb
eh
av
ingina m
ann
e
r
i
n
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
tw
i
t
hg
end
e
rno
rm
s
.Thu
s
, wom
eninou
rs
tudy
m
a
yh
a
v
ee
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
eda
rou
s
a
lb
e
c
au
s
eth
ey w
e
r
ea
sk
edto
s
e
l
f
p
r
om
o
t
ea
n
ds
u
chb
eh
av
io
ri
sin
con
s
i
s
t
en
tw
i
thth
e mod
e
s
t
yn
o
rm
.
Ano
th
e
rpo
s
s
ib
l
eexp
l
an
a
t
ioni
sth
a
t wom
en whos
e
l
f
p
romo
t
e exp
e
r
i
en
c
ef
e
a
r
-o
f
-b
a
ck
l
a
sh(
fo
r ar
ev
i
ew
,s
e
e
Rudm
ane
ta
l
.
, 2012
)
,andth
i
sb
a
ck
l
a
shf
e
a
rm
an
i
f
e
s
t
s
a
ss
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
a
la
r
o
u
s
a
l
.A
sou
t
l
i
n
e
dint
h
eb
a
ck
l
a
shav
o
i
d
a
n
c
e
m
o
d
e
l(M
o
s
s
-R
a
c
u
s
in &Ru
dm
a
n
,20
10
)
, wom
enex
p
e
r
i
en
c
e
w
o
r
r
ya
n
df
e
a
ro
v
e
rth
e(o
f
t
env
e
ryr
e
a
l
)‘
‘
s
o
c
i
a
la
nde
c
o
n
om
i
cp
e
n
a
l
t
i
e
s
’
’a
s
so
c
i
a
t
ed w
i
t
hv
i
o
l
a
t
i
ng g
e
nd
e
r no
rm
s
(B
r
e
s
co
l
l
, 2011
; Rudm
an
, 1998
)
. Th
i
sf
e
a
ro
fb
a
ck
l
a
sh
m
ay m
an
i
f
e
s
ta
ss
i
tu
a
t
ion
a
la
rou
s
a
l
,a
l
thoughth
i
sconn
e
c
t
ionr
em
a
in
sfo
rfu
tu
r
er
e
s
e
a
r
chtodo
cum
en
t
. Wo
r
ryo
r
f
e
a
rov
e
rcon
f
i
rm
ingas
t
e
r
eo
typ
ei
sy
e
tano
th
e
ra
l
t
e
rn
a
t
iv
e
exp
l
an
a
t
ionfo
rth
esou
r
c
eo
fs
i
tu
a
t
ion
a
la
rou
s
a
lexp
e
r
i
en
c
edby wom
en whos
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
edinou
rs
tudy
. Wom
en
who wo
r
ry abou
t con
f
i
rm
ing a s
t
e
r
eo
typ
e
,i
ron
i
c
a
l
ly
,
und
e
rp
e
r
fo
rmandexp
e
r
i
en
c
er
edu
c
edt
a
sk mo
t
iv
a
t
ion(
fo
r
r
ev
i
ew
s
,s
e
e Nguy
en &Ry
an
,2008
;Thom
ane
ta
l
.
,2013
)
.
A
l
thoughth
ero
l
eo
fanx
i
e
tyins
t
e
r
eo
typ
eth
r
e
a
te
f
f
e
c
t
son
p
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
ei
sun
c
e
r
t
a
in(
se
eSm
i
th
,2004
,fo
rar
ev
i
ew
)
,
th
e
r
ei
sconv
e
rg
ingev
id
en
c
et
h
a
ts
t
e
r
eo
typ
eth
r
e
a
tc
r
e
a
t
e
s
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
i
z
e
ds
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
a
la
r
ou
s
a
l(
Jo
hn
se
ta
l
.
,20
05
;O
’B
r
i
e
n&
C
r
a
n
d
a
l
l
,2
0
0
3
)t
h
a
tm
a
ym
a
n
i
f
e
s
ta
sph
y
s
io
l
og
i
c
a
la
r
ou
s
a
l
(C
r
o
i
z
e
te
ta
l
.
,2
0
04
)
.T
hu
s
,toth
eex
t
en
tth
a
t wom
en wh
o
s
e
l
f
p
r
om
o
t
e
d w
e
r
e co
n
c
e
r
n
e
d ab
ou
t co
n
f
i
rm
i
ng g
e
nd
e
r
s
t
e
r
e
o
t
y
p
e
s
,s
t
e
r
e
o
t
y
p
et
h
r
e
a
tm
ayh
a
v
et
r
i
gg
e
r
e
ds
i
tu
a
t
io
n
a
l
a
r
o
u
s
a
l
.O
u
rc
u
r
r
e
n
td
a
t
ac
a
nn
o
tsp
e
a
kt
oth
en
a
tu
r
eo
fth
e
s
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
a
la
r
o
u
s
a
l
,bu
tno m
a
t
t
e
rth
eex
p
l
an
a
t
io
n(
e
.g
.
,co
g
n
i
t
i
v
ed
i
s
s
o
n
a
n
c
e
,f
e
a
ro
fb
a
ck
l
a
s
h
,an
ds
t
e
r
e
o
t
yp
eth
r
e
a
t
)
,
o
u
rd
a
t
as
h
ow w
h
e
naso
u
r
c
ef
o
ran
yun
com
f
o
r
t
a
b
l
ea
r
ou
s
a
l
w
a
sp
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
,t
h
i
sm
i
s
a
t
t
r
i
bu
t
i
onr
e
su
l
t
edinin
c
r
e
a
s
e
dp
r
o
m
o
t
i
o
ns
u
c
c
e
s
s
.
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
eIm
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
O
u
rr
e
s
u
l
t
sa
d
dt
ot
h
el
i
t
e
r
a
tu
r
eth
a
tshou
ldg
iv
es
e
a
r
chcom
m
i
t
t
e
e
sa
n
daw
a
r
dcomm
i
t
t
e
e
sp
au
s
einr
e
ly
ingh
e
av
i
lyon
s
e
l
f
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
dc
o
v
e
rl
e
t
t
e
r
sande
s
s
ay
sin m
ak
ingd
e
t
e
rm
in
a
t
i
o
n
so
fm
e
r
i
tb
e
c
a
u
s
ewom
en m
ayund
e
r
s
e
l
lth
em
s
e
lv
e
sfo
l
l
ow
i
n
gs
o
c
i
e
t
a
ln
o
rm
sa
s
so
c
i
a
t
edw
i
thmod
e
s
tyg
end
e
rno
rm
s
(Mo
s
s
-R
a
cu
s
in &Rudm
an
,2010
)
.On
es
t
r
eng
tho
fou
rp
ro
j
e
c
tw
a
sint
e
s
t
ing m
i
s
a
t
t
r
ibu
t
iona
sanin
t
e
rv
en
t
ion
;w
efound
th
eav
a
i
l
ab
i
l
i
tyo
fanob
j
e
c
t(
inou
rc
a
s
e
,asub
l
im
in
a
lno
i
s
e
g
en
e
r
a
to
r
)to m
i
s
a
t
t
r
ibu
t
eanys
i
tu
a
t
ion
a
ld
i
s
com
fo
r
tc
lo
s
ed
th
eg
apb
e
tw
e
entho
s
ewom
enwhod
idandd
idno
tv
io
l
a
t
eth
e
mod
e
s
tyno
rm
.Adm
i
t
t
ed
ly
,af
ak
esub
l
im
in
a
lno
i
s
eg
en
e
r
a
to
r
wou
ldb
ed
i
f
f
i
cu
l
ttoimp
l
em
en
tinp
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
.How
ev
e
r
,t
e
l
l
ing
p
eop
l
eth
a
tth
e
i
rcompu
t
e
rs
c
r
e
eno
rth
ecub
i
c
a
linwh
i
ch
th
ey
a
r
ewo
rk
ingc
anc
au
s
ed
i
s
com
fo
r
ta
r
eo
th
e
rpo
s
s
ib
l
eex
t
e
rn
a
l
ob
j
e
c
t
sth
a
tm
igh
tb
eu
s
edtoa
t
t
r
ibu
t
es
i
tu
a
t
ion
a
la
rou
s
a
l
.Th
e
n
ex
ts
t
epi
stof
e
r
r
e
tou
tth
esho
r
t
-andlong
t
e
rmb
en
e
f
i
t
so
f
th
e
s
e and o
th
e
r m
i
s
a
t
t
r
ibu
t
ion s
t
r
a
t
eg
i
e
s
. Fo
r ex
amp
l
e
,
wom
en whoa
r
et
augh
ttob
l
am
eg
end
e
rs
t
e
r
eo
typ
e
sfo
rany
d
i
s
com
fo
r
tth
eyexp
e
r
i
en
c
edu
r
inga m
a
tht
e
s
tp
e
r
fo
rmb
e
t
t
e
r
(
John
se
ta
l
.
,2005
)
.P
e
rh
ap
swom
enwhoa
r
et
augh
ttob
l
am
e
mod
e
s
tyno
rm
s wou
lds
im
i
l
a
r
lyshowanimp
rov
em
en
tin
s
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
ion
. A
long th
e
s
el
in
e
s
,‘
‘no
rm
a
l
i
z
ing
’
’s
e
l
f
p
romo
t
ion a
s‘
‘p
a
r
to
fth
ejob
’
’(p
a
r
t
i
cu
l
a
r
lyin c
e
r
t
a
in
dom
a
in
sth
a
ta
r
em
a
l
e
-dom
in
a
t
ed
,su
cha
ss
c
i
en
c
eand m
a
th
)
cou
ldr
e
su
l
tinanimp
rov
em
en
tno
ton
lytoa wom
an
’
ss
e
l
f
p
romo
t
ionexp
e
r
i
en
c
ebu
ta
l
soh
e
rf
e
e
l
ing
so
fb
e
long
ingand
mo
t
iv
a
t
ionfo
rth
ejobi
t
s
e
l
f(
fo
ras
im
i
l
a
r‘
‘no
rm
a
l
i
z
ing
’
’
in
t
e
rv
en
t
ion s
t
r
a
t
egy r
eg
a
rd
ing e
f
fo
r
t exp
end
i
tu
r
e
s
,s
e
e
Sm
i
th
,L
ew
i
s
,H
aw
tho
rn
e
, &Hodg
e
s
,2013
)
.
L
im
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
sa
n
dN
e
x
tS
t
e
p
s
I
ti
sc
e
r
t
a
in
lypo
s
s
ib
l
eth
a
ta
l
lp
eop
l
e
,in
c
lud
ing m
en
,exp
e
r
i
en
c
es
i
tu
a
t
ion
a
la
rou
s
a
l wh
enp
romo
t
ingth
es
e
l
f
.A
l
though
ou
rfo
cu
sh
e
r
ew
a
son wom
en
,fu
tu
r
er
e
s
e
a
r
ch w
i
l
lb
en
e
f
i
t
f
romsu
chag
end
e
rcomp
a
r
i
son
.How
ev
e
r
,th
emod
e
s
tyno
rm
i
sp
a
r
t
i
cu
l
a
rto wom
en
’
sg
end
e
rro
l
e
s(B
ron
s
t
e
in
, 2006
)
;
b
e
c
au
s
em
en
’
sg
end
e
rro
l
e
sin
c
lud
et
r
a
i
t
ssu
cha
sa
r
rog
an
c
e
anda
s
s
e
r
t
iv
en
e
s
s(Mo
s
s
-R
a
cu
s
ine
ta
l
.
,2010
)
,thu
s
,i
ti
s
un
l
ik
e
lyth
a
tth
e mod
e
s
tyno
rm wou
lds
im
i
l
a
r
lyl
im
i
tm
en
’
s
s
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
ion
.N
ev
e
r
th
e
l
e
s
s
,m
en whodov
io
l
a
t
eg
end
e
r
no
rm
sa
s
so
c
i
a
t
edw
i
thag
en
cyexp
e
r
i
en
c
eb
a
ck
l
a
shbyo
th
e
r
s
.
Fo
rex
amp
l
e
, wh
ena m
a
l
ec
and
id
a
t
ean
sw
e
r
edin
t
e
rv
i
ew
qu
e
s
t
ion
sina mod
e
s
tm
ann
e
r
,h
esu
f
f
e
r
edin
t
e
rp
e
r
son
a
lcon
s
equ
en
c
e
s(byob
s
e
rv
e
r
s
)fo
rv
io
l
a
t
ingth
eg
end
e
rno
rmth
a
t
m
enshou
ldb
eag
en
t
i
c(Mo
s
s
-R
a
cu
s
ine
ta
l
.
,2010
)
.Fu
tu
r
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
chwou
lda
l
sodow
e
l
ltoin
c
lud
ec
ro
s
s
cu
l
tu
r
a
lcomp
a
r
i
son
stod
e
t
e
rm
in
e
th
eg
en
e
r
a
l
i
z
ab
i
l
i
tyo
f
th
ee
f
f
e
c
t
so
fv
io
l
a
t
ing
th
emod
e
s
tyno
rm(
andw
ay
stoo
f
f
s
e
t
i
t
)b
e
c
au
s
e
,
insom
e
cu
l
tu
r
e
s(
e
.g
.
,J
ap
an
)
,m
enandwom
ena
l
ik
ea
r
eexp
e
c
t
edto
b
e mod
e
s
tandhumb
l
e(M
a
rku
s &K
i
t
ay
am
a
,1991
)
.
Toou
rknow
l
edg
e
,ou
rr
e
s
e
a
r
chi
sth
ef
i
r
s
ttocon
s
id
e
r
wom
en
’
ss
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
ion mo
t
iv
a
t
ion
a
lexp
e
r
i
en
c
e
sandp
e
r
fo
rm
an
c
et
end
en
c
i
e
su
s
inga m
i
s
a
t
t
r
ibu
t
ionp
a
r
ad
igm
.P
a
s
t
wo
rka
s
sum
edwom
e
nw
e
r
ec
a
p
a
b
l
eo
fs
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
i
onb
e
c
a
u
s
e
o
fth
e
i
rab
i
l
i
t
yt
op
r
om
o
t
ean
o
t
h
e
rp
e
r
s
on(M
o
s
s
-R
a
cu
s
i
n&
Ru
dm
an
,20
10
)
;th
u
s
,th
ed
e
f
i
c
i
en
cyi
sa
s
sum
edtono
tb
ein
p
r
om
o
t
i
ona
b
i
l
i
t
yp
e
rs
e
.O
u
rd
a
t
aa
r
e
th
ef
i
r
s
tkn
ow
n
t
oc
l
e
a
r
ly
d
em
on
s
t
r
a
t
eth
a
tw
om
en
’
ss
e
l
f
p
r
om
o
t
io
nc
a
nb
eju
s
ta
sh
i
gh
inqu
a
l
i
tya
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t
h
e
r
p
r
om
o
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io
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d
, wh
a
ti
s mo
r
e
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a
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p
r
om
o
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i
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ne
x
p
e
r
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en
c
ec
a
nb
epo
s
i
t
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v
e
. Wh
enp
r
ov
id
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i
t
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s
o
u
r
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et
om
i
s
a
t
t
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i
bu
t
ed
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s
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om
fo
r
tt
h
e
ym
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gh
tex
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e
r
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c
ew
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i
l
e
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e
l
f
p
r
om
o
t
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n
g
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om
enr
e
po
r
t
eden
h
a
n
c
edm
o
t
iv
a
t
i
onan
dp
e
r
c
e
i
v
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dt
h
e
i
rp
e
r
f
o
rm
a
n
c
et
ob
eb
e
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t
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dt
h
e
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re
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a
y
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e
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aw
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d
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dm
o
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l
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i
pm
on
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p
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nd
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dg
e
s
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h
i
s
i
sim
p
o
r
t
a
n
tc
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
i
ngt
h
a
tw
om
en m
u
s
ts
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l
f
p
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om
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o
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d
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rt
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c
q
u
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r
eed
u
c
a
t
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lan
dc
a
r
e
e
rad
v
a
n
c
em
en
t
. Th
e
g
e
n
d
e
rw
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g
eg
a
p
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o
rex
am
p
l
e
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r
s
i
s
t
s
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di
ti
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s
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b
l
eth
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t
t
h
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n
c
om
f
o
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t
a
b
l
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ou
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a
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om
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p
e
r
i
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c
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h
e
ns
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l
f
p
r
om
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t
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sc
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n
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t
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gtoth
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fs
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l
f
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om
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e
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e
s
s
a
r
ya
n
dw
om
ena
r
eun
com
fo
r
t
ab
l
edo
in
gsoth
en
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i
th
ou
ta
s
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
a
li
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
on
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h
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rap
p
l
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c
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t
i
on
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ayb
ev
i
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eda
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l
ow
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ri
nq
u
a
l
i
t
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dt
hu
swom
en m
ayb
ep
a
s
s
edov
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rp
r
o
m
o
t
i
o
n
sa
n
dr
a
i
s
e
s
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u
rd
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t
ao
f
f
e
rin
s
i
gh
ti
n
t
oon
es
i
tu
a
t
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a
l
o
p
t
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nf
o
rh
e
l
p
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n
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om
ens
e
l
f
-p
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t
e
t
oad
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a
n
c
e
in
th
e
i
rp
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
so
rn
e
g
o
t
i
a
t
eb
e
t
t
e
rw
ag
e
so
rs
t
a
r
t
upp
a
ck
ag
e
s
.
I
ti
sim
p
e
r
a
t
iv
eth
a
t
,a
ss
cho
l
a
r
sid
en
t
i
fy w
ay
stoh
e
lp
w
om
e
ns
e
l
f
p
r
omo
t
e
,th
e
r
ei
sas
imu
l
t
an
eou
se
f
fo
r
ttocomb
a
t
t
h
ev
e
r
yr
e
a
lb
a
ck
l
a
shth
a
ts
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
ing wom
enf
a
c
e
(B
ow
l
e
s &B
a
b
co
ck
,2012
;B
r
e
s
co
l
l
,2011
; Mo
s
s
-R
a
cu
s
in
e
ta
l
.
,2
0
1
0
;R
u
dm
ane
ta
l
.
,2012
)
.P
e
rh
ap
s
th
e
r
e
i
sa
th
r
e
sho
ld
f
o
ra‘
‘
p
r
o
p
e
r
’
’amoun
to
fs
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
ion
th
a
twou
ldbo
thb
en
e
f
i
tw
om
a
n
’
se
d
u
c
a
t
ion
a
landc
a
r
e
e
rsu
c
c
e
s
sandno
tr
e
su
l
tin
s
o
c
i
a
lo
re
c
o
n
om
i
cs
an
c
t
ion
s
.O
rp
e
rh
ap
sth
e
r
ea
r
ew
ay
sto
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
ds
e
l
f
-p
romo
t
iont
a
sk
s(
e
.g
.
,w
i
thc
l
e
a
rqu
e
s
t
ion
/
a
n
sw
e
ro
p
t
i
o
n
s
)o
ro
th
e
rw
ay
stog
a
inth
es
am
ein
fo
rm
a
t
ion
(
e
.
g
.
,r
e
q
u
i
r
el
e
t
t
e
r
so
fr
e
f
e
r
en
c
ein
s
t
e
ado
fs
e
l
f
-g
en
e
r
a
t
edl
e
t
t
e
r
s—
a
l
b
e
i
tl
e
t
t
e
r
so
fr
e
f
e
r
en
c
ec
anf
a
l
lsub
j
e
c
ttog
end
e
rb
i
a
s
a
sw
e
l
l
;S
c
hm
a
d
e
r
, Wh
i
t
eh
e
ad
, & Wy
so
ck
i
,2007
)
.Ind
e
ed
,
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
ho
nr
e
f
r
am
ingt
a
skin
s
t
ru
c
t
ion
sinaw
ayth
a
ti
s mod
e
s
t
yn
o
rmc
o
n
s
i
s
t
en
t(
e
.g
.
,a
sanoppo
r
tun
i
ty
to‘
‘po
l
i
t
e
lya
sk
’
’
v
e
r
s
u
s‘
‘
n
e
g
o
t
i
a
t
e
’
’
)enh
an
c
e
sth
el
ik
e
l
ihood wom
en w
i
l
l
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
ean
e
g
o
t
i
a
t
ion(Sm
a
l
le
ta
l
.
,2007
)
.
C
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
T
h
ec
u
r
r
e
n
tf
i
n
d
ing
ssugg
e
s
tth
a
twom
enexp
e
r
i
en
c
eun
com
f
o
r
t
a
b
l
ea
r
o
u
s
a
l wh
enp
romo
t
ingth
es
e
l
fb
e
c
au
s
esu
chs
e
l
f
p
r
om
o
t
i
o
nv
i
o
l
a
t
e
sg
end
e
rno
rm
sfo
rmod
e
s
ty
.Am
e
r
i
c
anr
e
l
i
g
i
o
u
sl
e
a
d
e
rH
ow
a
rdHun
t
e
r(1997
,p
.123
)on
c
es
t
a
t
edinh
i
s
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
s
t
h
a
t
:
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‘Th
eg
i
r
lwhochoo
s
e
s
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emod
e
s
tchoo
s
e
s
to
b
er
e
s
p
e
c
t
e
d
. Aboy whoi
shon
e
s
tw
i
thh
im
s
e
l
fw
i
l
ladm
i
t
t
h
a
th
el
i
k
e
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i
r
l whoi
s mod
e
s
tinsp
e
e
ch
,condu
c
t
,and
d
r
e
s
s
.M
o
d
e
s
t
yi
son
eo
fth
eg
r
e
a
tv
i
r
tu
e
s
.
’
’Su
ch m
e
s
s
ag
e
s
a
b
o
u
tg
e
n
d
e
rand mod
e
s
tya
r
econv
ey
edin m
any w
ay
s
a
n
da
r
ei
n
g
r
a
i
n
edin Am
e
r
i
c
ancu
l
tu
r
e(B
ron
s
t
e
in
, 2006
;
B
u
dw
o
r
t
h& M
a
nn
,2010
;Rudm
an
,1998
)
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ed
emon
s
t
r
a
t
ed
t
h
a
t
,w
i
t
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o
u
tp
rov
id
ingfo
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s
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l
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o
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l(
e
.
g
.
,d
i
s
com
fo
r
t
)th
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tr
e
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l
t
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romv
io
l
a
t
iono
fth
e
m
o
d
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s
t
yn
o
rm
,wom
enm
ayr
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so
lv
eth
e
i
rd
i
s
com
fo
r
tbyb
e
ing
m
o
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s
ta
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ay
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rowna
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i
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s
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a
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e
rv
en
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,how
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r
, wom
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an m
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r
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i
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r
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igh
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f
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rd
ed
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oe
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e
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