Fish populations of a trout stream in relation to major habitat zones and channel alterations
by Allen August Elser
A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE in Fish and Wildlife Management
Montana State University
© Copyright by Allen August Elser (1967)
Abstract:
The relationship of fish populations to major habitat zones and channel alterations was studied in Little
Prickley Pear Creek, Montana during the summers of 1965 and 1966. Five major zones were defined as
follows: headwater, meadow, mountain, lower meadow, and Wolf Creek Canyon, with at least one
representative study section in each. Approximately 23 percent (6 of 30 miles) of the stream has been
altered. Field measurements showed no pool-riffle periodicity in the altered mountain sections, while
successive riffles were spaced at intervals of 5.7 widths in the unaltered areas. By area, the altered
sections of the mountain zone consisted of 87 percent shallow-fast water with no deep-slow, compared
to 49 and 14 percent, respectively, for the unaltered sections. The amount of cover per acre of stream
was about 80 percent greater in the unaltered mountain sections than in the altered. Rock deflectors in
the altered section of Wolf Creek Canyon rendered the physical characters of the stream nearly
comparable to the unaltered sections. Fish populations were estimated by means of a simple
mark-and-recapture census. Non-trout species were absent from the altered sections, but made up 30
and 58 percent of the total number and weight, respectively, in the unaltered mountain sections. Trout
were 78 percent more abundant in the unaltered mountain sections than in the altered, and a statistical
test showed a significant difference between the two trout populations. Standing crops of trout ranged
from 40 to 226 pounds per acre, and the total stream supported an estimated 20,400 trout greater than
4.0 inches long weighing 9,500 pounds. Channel alterations resulted in a total loss of 4,700 trout with a
total weight of 2,200 pounds. FISH POPULATIONS OF A TROUT STREAM IN RELATION TO
MAJOR HABITAT ZONES AND CHANNEL ALTERATIONS
■
by
*
ALLEN AUGUST ELSER
A t h e s i s s u b m itte d to th e G ra d u a te F a c u lty i n p a r t i a l
f u l f i l l m e n t of th e re q u ire m e n ts f o r th e d e g re e
of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
F i s h and W i l d l i f e Management
A pproved:
■1' frrr *
"MWx-
Head
tm e n t
P
C h a i r m a n , E x a niining C o m m itte e
G r a d u a t e Dean
MONTANA'' STATE UNIVERSITY
Bozeman, M o ntana
M a rc h , 1967
iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The w r i t e r w i s h e s t o e x t e n d g r a t i t u d e t o a l l who h e l p e d i n t h e c o u r s e
of t h i s stu d y .
D r. R. J . Graham d i r e c t e d t h e s t u d y , a i d e d i n f i e l d w o rk ,
and a s s i s t e d .in p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e m a n u s c r i p t .
Mr. N e l s T h o r e s o n and
M r. J o h n P e t e r s o f t h e M ontana F i s h and Game D e p a r tm e n t o f f e r e d many s u g . , :
•
g e s t i o n s . Mr. S t e v e Lew is g a v e v a l u a b l e s u g g e s t i o n s and h e l p i n t h e f i e l d
a s d i d D r. W i l l i a m G o u l d . a n d M r . 'M e l K r a f t .
I am i n d e b t e d t o my w i f e ,
A r d y t h , f o r e n c o u ra g e m e n t and a s s i s t a n c e i n p r e p a r i n g t h e m a n u s c r i p t .
i n v e s t i g a t i o n was f i n a n c e d by t h e M o ntana C o o p e r a t i v e F i s h e r i e s U n i t .
/
. The
/
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
\
Page
V I T A ...............% . . .
........................................................ ....................... ....
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
. . '...................
ii
............................................' ...........................................................
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.......................................................... ..................................................
. .
iv
LIST OF T A B L E S .............................................................................................................. . . . .
LIST OF FIGURES.
. .
ABSTRACT
'
v
............................................................................... ............................
vi
........................ .............................................................................- . .
v i 'i
■
.
'
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . ................................................................................................
/
I
DESCRIPTION OF AREA.. ...............................................................................................................
2
METHODS.................................
8
RESULTS........................ ................................................................................................; ...................
11
S t r e a m M o rp h o lo g y ' . ....................
11
F i s h P o p u l a t i o n s '. ' ......................................
18
P o p u la tio n e stim a te s
..................................
. . . . . . . . . . . .
Age and g r o w th . . .............................................................................
DISCUSSION .......................................................................................
LITERATURE CITED . "........................ '....................... 26
. . . . . . . . . .
18
22
24
■v
LIST OF TABLES
P ag e
1.
2.
•3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
C h e m ic a l a n a l y s e s f o r . L i t t l e P r i c k l e y P e a r C re e k d u r i n g t h e
.
sum m ers, 1 9 6 5 -6 6 ........................ ' .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
W a t e r - t y p e c r i t e r i a u s e d i n m a p p i n g ................... ....
9
C h a n n e l m e a s u r e m e n ts o b t a i n e d fro m a e r i a l p h o t o s
C h a n n e l m e a s u r e m e n ts fro m 1.1 s e c t i o n s o b t a i n e d fro m L i t t l e
P r i c k l e y P e a r C r e e k , 1966. , ............................. ...............................................
12
.,
13
E s t i m a t e d f i s h p o p u l a t i o n s f o r 11 s e c t i o n s , 1966, e x p r e s s e d a s ■
number p e r a c r e w i t h po u n d s p e r a c r e i n p a r e n t h e s e s , . . . . : .
19
A v e ra g e brown t r o u t and r a i n b o w t r o u t p o p u l a t i o n s f o r t h e m a jo r
z o n e s , e x p r e s s e d a s num bers and po u n d s p e r a c r e . . . . . . . . .
21
A v e ra g e c a l c u l a t e d t o t a l l e n g t h a t e a c h a n n u l u s f o r brow n t r o u t
and r a i n b o w t r o u t fro m t h e meadow and m o u n ta in z o n e s
23
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
' P age
1.
2.
Map o f s t u d y a r e a ,
show ing l o c a t i o n o f s t u d y s e c t i o n s
...................
3
Meadow z o n e show ing w i l l o w and- i n t e r s p e r s i o n o f c u l t i v a t e d
. g r a s s e s ...................................... .... . .............................................................................
4
3.
M o u n ta in zone e x e m p l i f y i n g I q c a l d o m in a n c e o f c o tt o n w o o d s
4.
A l t e r e d s e c t i o n o f t h e m o u n ta in z o n e , show ing t h e d i f f e r e n c e s
i n v e g e t a t i o n a n d . s t r a i g h t e n e d c h a n n e l . . : ................. ..
6
A l t e r e d se g m e n t o f W olf C r e e k Canyon z o n e , i l l u s t r a t i n g t h e
denu d e d c h a n n e l and r o c k d e f l e c t o r s ................................................ ....
6
5.
6.
7.
. . .
4
B o tto m - p r o f i l e s a l o n g t h e t h a l w e g o f t h r e e s t r e a m s e c t i o n s ,
show ing t h e p o o l - r i f f l e p e r i o d i c i t y : A. U n a l t e r e d ,
B. A l t e r ­
ed w i t h o u t s t r u c t u r e s , and C . A l t e r e d w i t h s t r u c t u r e s . . . .
15
P e r c e n t o f w a t e r - t y p e s i n e a c h zone
17
v ii
ABSTRACT
The r e l a t i o n s h i p o f f i s h p o p u l a t i o n s t o m a j o r h a b i t a t z o n e s and c h a n ­
n e l a l t e r a t i o n s was s t u d i e d i n L i t t l e P r i c k l e y P e a r C r e e k , M o n ta n a d u r i n g
t h e summers o f 1965 and 1966. F i v e m a j o r z o n e s w e re d e f i n e d a s f o l l o w s :
h e a d w a t e r , meadow, m o u n t a i n , lo w e r meadow, and W olf C r e e k C a n y o n , w i t h a t
l e a s t one r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s t u d y s e c t i o n i n e a c h . A p p r o x i m a t e l y 23 p e r c e n t
(6 o f 30 m i l e s ) o f t h e s t r e a m h a s b e e n a l t e r e d .
F i e l d m e a s u r e m e n ts showed
no p o o l - r i f f l e p e r i o d i c i t y i n t h e a l t e r e d m o u n ta in s e c t i o n s , w h i l e s u c ­
c e s s i v e r i f f l e s w ere spaced a t i n t e r v a l s of 5 .7 w id th s i n t h e u n a lt e r e d
a r e a s . By a r e a , t h e a l t e r e d s e c t i o n s o f t h e m o u n t a i n zone c o n s i s t e d o f 87
p e r c e n t s h a l l o w - f a s t w a t e r w i t h no d e e p - s l o w , com pared t o 49 and 14 p e r c e n t ,
r e s p e c t i v e l y , f o r t h e u n a l t e r e d s e c t i o n s . T he amount o f c o v e r p e r a c r e
o f s t r e a m was a b o u t 80 p e r c e n t g r e a t e r i n t h e u n a l t e r e d m o u n t a i n s e c t i o n s
t h a n i n t h e a l t e r e d . Rock d e f l e c t o r s i n t h e a l t e r e d s e c t i o n o f W olf C r e e k
Canyon r e n d e r e d t h e p h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r s o f t h e s t r e a m n e a r l y c o m p a r a b le
to th e u n a lte re d s e c tio n s .
F i s h p o p u l a t i o n s w e re e s t i m a t e d by means o f a
s i m p l e m a r k - a n d - r e c a p t u r e c e n s u s . N o n - t r o u t s p e c i e s w e r e a b s e n t fro m t h e
a l t e r e d s e c t i o n s , b u t made up 30 and 58 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l number and
w e i g h t , r e s p e c t i v e l y , i n t h e u n a l t e r e d m o u n t a i n s e c t i o n s . T r o u t w e r e 78
p e r c e n t m ore a b u n d a n t i n t h e u n a l t e r e d m o u n t a i n s e c t i o n s t h a n i n t h e
a l t e r e d , and a s t a t i s t i c a l t e s t showed a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n
t h e two t r o u t p o p u l a t i o n s .
S t a n d i n g c r o p s o f t r o u t r a n g e d f ro m 40 t o 226
po u n d s p e r a c r e , and t h e t o t a l s t r e a m s u p p o r t e d a n e s t i m a t e d 2 0 ,4 0 0 t r o u t
g r e a t e r t h a n 4 . 0 i n c h e s l o n g w e i g h in g 9 ,5 0 0 p o u n d s . C h a n n e l a l t e r a t i o n s
r e s u l t e d i n n t o t a l l o s s o f 4 , 7 0 0 t r o u t w i t h a t o t a l w e i g h t o f 2 ,2 0 0
pounds.
■
.
/
f e '
v
.
■
INTRODUCTION
Many s t r e a m s d i s p l a y g r a d u a l c h a n g e s ■i n p h y s i c a l , c h e m i c a l , and b i o ­
l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s f ro m s o u r c e t o m o u th .
A l l e n (1951) d i v i d e d t h e H o r o k iw i
S t r e a m i n t o s i x d i s t i n c t z o n e s b a s e d on d i f f e r e n c e s i n p h y s i c a l f e a t u r e s
and t h e i r t r b u t p o p u l a t i o n .
T he P o r t a g e R i v e r w a s •c l a s s i f i e d by L a n g l o i s
(1 9 6 5 ) i n t o t h r e e z o n e s , e a c h c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a d i s t i n c t g r o u p o f f i s h .
S h e l f o r d ( 1 9 1 1 ) , R i c k e r ( 1 9 3 4 ) , and H a l la m (1 9 5 9 ) d e m o n s t r a t e d l i n e a r
d i f f e r e n c e s i n th e d i s t r i b u t i o n of f i s h i n stre a m s w ith g rad e d s e r i e s . o f
c o n d i t i o n s fro m s o u r c e t o m outh on t h e b a s i s o f h a b i t a t p r e f e r e n c e s ' and
a s so c ia te d fauna.
H a b ita t a lt e r a t i o n s c re a te a d d itio n a l v a ria tio n s w ith in th e lo ti c
e n v iro n m e n t.
G u n d e r s o n (1 9 6 6 ) fo u n d m a j o r d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e s t r e a m
m o rp h o lo g y an d f i s h p o p u l a t i o n s b e tw e e n two a d j a c e n t s e g m e n t s , one o f w h ic h
had been d i s t u r b e d th ro u g h o v e rg ra z in g of th e f lo o d p l a in v e g e t a t i o n .
F o l­
lo w in g h a b i t a t a l t e r a t i o n o f a s m a l l s t r e a m f o r h ighw ay c o n s t r u c t i o n ,
W h itn e y and B a i l e y (1959) showed a 94 p e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n i n num ber a n d < w e ig h t
o f t r o u t g r e a t e r t h a n 6 . 0 in c h e s , i n l e n g t h .
n e l a l t e r a t i o n s .p f t h e S h i e l d s R i v e r r e s u l t e d
J o h n s o n (1 9 6 4 ) fo u n d t h a t c h a n ­
i n r e d u c t i o n s o f 90 p e r c e n t '
i n t h e number a n d w e i g h t o f game f i s h .
The o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e p r e s e n t s tu d y w ere t o d e f i n e and d e s c r i b e t h e
m a j o r h a b i t a t z o n e s o f a t r o u t s t r e a m and t h e a s s o c i a t e d f i s h p o p u l a t i o n s ,
and t o c o m pare c e r t a i n p h y s i c a l and b i o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s o f u n a l t e r e d and
a l t e r e d p o r tio n s of t h i s s tre a m .
F i e l d s t u d i e s w e re c a r r i e d o u t d u r i n g
J u l y , A u g u s t , and S e p te m b e r o f 1965 a n d 1966.
DESCRIPTION OF AREA
L i t t l e P r i c k l e y P e a r C r e e k r i s e s on t h e e a s t s l o p e o f t h e C o n t i n e n t a l
D i v i d e i n L ew is and C l a r k C o u n ty ,. M o n ta n a , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 30 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t
of H elen a.
I t f lo w s n o r t h e a s t e r l y f o r a b o u t 35 m i l e s t o i t s
w i t h t h e M i s s o u r i R i v e r a b o u t . 6 m i l e s u p s t r e a m fro m C r a i g ..
c o n flu en ce
T he up p er, n i n e
m i l e s ( h e a d w a t e r z o n e ) , w i t h , a n a v e r a g e summer d i s c h a r g e o f t h r e e t o f i v e
c f s f lo w s t h r o u g h a f l o o d p l a i n a b o u t 4 , 0 0 0 y a r d s w id e .
t a t i o n c o n s i s t s p r im a r i ly of w illo w ( S a l i x s p p .)
v a te d g r a s s e s .
The s tre a m t r i p l e s
S tre a m -sid e v e g e ­
in te r s p e r s e d w ith c u l t i ­
i n s i z e w i t h t h e c o n v e r g e n c e o f Canyon
C r e e k , a t o r r e n t i a l t y p e s t r e a m w i t h a n a p p r o x i m a t e summer f l o w o f 10-15
c fs (F ig u re I ) .
B elow t h e c o n f l u e n c e o f Canyon C r e e k , t h e s t r e a m m e a n d e r s 5 m i l e s
t h r o u g h a meadow z o n e .
th e g ra d ie n t i s
T he a v e r a g e f l o o d p l a i n w i d t h i s 8 ,1 5 0 y a r d s and
I f f e e t p e r stre a m m ile .
Summer d i s c h a r g e i n c r e a s e s fro m
T h e s t r e a m i s somewhat r i o d i :
)
f i e d by d e w a t e r i n g s i n c e t h e m a j o r f l o o d p l a i n u s e i s a g r i c u l t u r a l . W illo w
18 c f s a t s e c t i o n 2 t o 27 c f s a t s e c t i o n 3 .
r e m a i n s t h e d o m in a n t b a n k v e g e t a t i o n ( F i g u r e 2 ) , b e i n g
in te rs p e rs e d w ith
a l d e r (A lnus. s p p . ) , r e d dogwood ( C o rn u s s t o l o n i f e r a ) , and c h o k e c h e r r y
(P runus v i r g i n i a n a ) .
From t h e meadow, t h e s t r e a m f lo w s 8 m i l e s t h r o u g h a m o u n t a i n zone
w i t h a f l o o d p l a i n w i d t h o f 125 y a r d s .
p e r m ile .
T he g r a d i e n t i n c r e a s e s t o 23 f e e t
Summer f l o w a t s e c t i o n 7 a v e r a g e s 35 c f s ,
a t t h e S i e b e n Gage S t a t i o n ( F i g u r e I ) .
i n c r e a s i n g t o 43 c f s
W il lo w , dogwood and a l d e r r e m a in
t h e d o m in a n t s t r e a m - s i d e v e g e t a t i o n , w i t h n a r r o w l e a f c o tto n w o o d ( P o p u lu s
-3 -
MISSOURI
R
USOS OAOI
STATION
USOS OAGE
STATION
(SIESEN)
HEADWATER
MEADOW
MOUNTAIN
WOLF CR.CANYON
LEGEND
UNALTERED SECTIONS
A LT ER ED
S E C T IO N S
0
QAQE STATIONS
▲
ZONE
*
2
Q
D I VISIO N S
4
H---------1--------- K
MILES
F ig u re I.
Map o f s t u d y a r e a , show ing l o c a t i o n of s t u d y s e c t i o n s .
(Lower
meadow z o n e , i n c l u d e s s e c t i o n s 8 and 9 , n o t i n d i c a t e d b e c a u s e
of th e sm all s c a l e ) .
-4 -
F i g u r e 2:
Meadow zone show ing w i l l o w s and i n t e r s p e r s i o n o f c u l t i v a t e d
grasses.
F ig u re 3:
M o u n ta in z o n e e x e m p l i f y i n g l o c a l dom inance o f c o tt o n w o o d s .
-5 a n g u stifo lia )
l o c a l ly im p o rta n t in c e r t a i n a re a s (F ig u re 3 ) .
I n 1887, t h e
M o n ta n a C e n t r a l R a i lw a y Company l a i d 96 m i l e s o f t r a c k f ro m H e l e n a t o G r e a t
F a l l s , s t r a i g h t e n i n g much o f t h e c h a n n e l i n t h i s z o n e .
D iffe ren c e s in th e
v e g e t a t i v e c o m p o s i to n on t h e s e a l t e r e d s i t e s w e re n o t e d , w i t h g o o s e b e r r y
( R i b e s s p p .)., r a s p b e r r y ( Rubes s p p , ) , m i n e r s c a n d l e ( C r y p t h a n t h e b r a d b u r i a n a ) ; and R u s s i a n t h i s t l e
B elow t h e m o u n t a i n a r e a ,
(S also la k a li)
b e i n g d o m in a n t ( F i g u r e 4 ) .
t h e s t r e a m p r o c e e d s t h r o u g h a s m a l l meadow
( s e c t i o n s 8 and 9) b e f o r e f l o w i n g t h r o u g h t h e W olf C r e e k Canyon zone t o
th e M isso u ri.
W i t h i n t h e c a n y o n t h e f l o o d p l a i n i s 80 y a r d s w id e and t h e
g r a d i e n t i s 33 f e e t p e r m i l e .
a v e r a g e s 63 c f s .
Summer d i s c h a r g e ' a t t h e tow n o f W olf C r e e k
C o n s t r u c t i o n o f I n t e r s t a t e Highway 15 g r e a t l y a l t e r e d t h e
s t r e a m c h a n n e l a n d l e f t o n l y s p a r s e p a t c h e s o f w i l l o w , c o tt o n w o o d , and
a ld e r.
F o l l o w i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n , r o c k d e f l e c t o r s w e re i n s t a l l e d t o im p ro v e
h a b i t a t q u a lity (F ig u re 5 ).
P e a k d i s c h a r g e a t t h e S i e b e n Gage S t a t i o n o c c u r s i n May and J u n e ,
c o i n c i d e n t w i t h r u n o f f f ro m r a i n s and snow m e l t .
A u g u st.
use.
Low f l o w s o c c u r r e d i n
A s l i g h t i n c r e a s e i n S e p te m b e r r e s u l t e d fro m r e d u c e d i r r i g a t i o n a l
T he m ean m o n th l y d i s c h a r g e s f o r J u l y , A u g u s t , and S e p te m b e r 1965 w e r e
9 2 , 5 2 , and 86 c f s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
D i s c h a r g e d u r i n g 1966 was c o n s i d e r a b l y
l e s s , w i t h mean m o n th l y f lo w s o f 3 3 , 1 4 , and 20 c f s f o r J u l y , A u g u s t , and
S ep tem b er, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
Summer w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e s w e re m e a s u r e d a t t h e S i e b e n Gage s t a t i o n .
I n 1 965, t h e r a n g e s f o r J u l y , A u g u s t , and S e p te m b e r w e r e :
5 2 .9 - 6 2 .2 F , and 4 1 .0 - 4 6 .2 F , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
a t u r e was 6 4 .7 F i n J u n e
5 2 .5 -6 3 .6 F,
T he h i g h e s t r e c o r d e d t e m p e r ­
1963 ( S w e d b e rg , 1 9 6 5 ) .
- 6 -
F ig u re 4
F ig u re 5
A l t e r e d se gm ent o f W olf C r e e k Canyon z o n e , i l l u s t r a t i n g
d e n u d e d c h a n n e l and r o c k d e f l e c t o r s .
the
-7 The m a j o r i t y o f s o i l s a l o n g t h e f l o o d p l a i n
w e a k ly c a l c a r e o u s .
is
loamy i n t e x t u r e and
S o i l s o f t h e d r a i n a g e a r e p r i m a r i l y d e r i v e d fro m
w e a t h e r e d a r g i l l i t e r o c k w i t h s m a l l e r c o n t r i b u t i o n s f ro m w e a t h e r e d q u a r t z ­
ite ,
l i m e s t o n e , and i g n e o u s r o c k s ( c o r r e s p o n d e n c e w i t h S d .i l C o n s e r v a t i o n
S e rv ic e ) ,
C h e m ic a l a n a l y s e s w e re made a t v a r i o u s s i t e s a l o n g t h e s t r e a m ( T a b l e
I),
I n g e n e r a l , v a l u e s i n c r e a s e d w i t h p r o g r e s s i o n d o w n s tre a m .
T ab le I:
C h e m ic a l a n a l y s e s ( r a n g e s ) f o r L i t t l e P r i c k l e y P e a r C r e e k d u r i n g
t h e sum m ers, 1 9 6 5 r 6 6 .
T o ta l
A lk a lin ity
(M.O.)
ppm
Zone
C anyon C r e e k
Meadow
M o u n ta i n
125
180-215
225-245
T o ta l
H ardness
(CaCO3)
ppm
80-125
180-215
215,-235
pH
C o n d u c tiv ity
in re c ip ro c a l
megohms
(250 c . )
225
350-440
410-445
8 .1 -8 .3
7 .9 -8 .5
8 .0 -8 .7
T r o u t w e re t h e m o st a b u n d a n t f i s h c o l l e c t e d .in t h e s t r e a m .
t r o u t (Salm o t r u t t a )
g a ird n e ri)
Brown
p r e d o m i n a t e d , f o l l o w e d by r a i n b o w t r o u t ( SaImo
and e a s t e r n b r o o k t r o u t ( S a l v e l i n u s f o n t i n a l i s ) .
Longnose
s u c k e r s ( C a to s to m u s c a t o s t o m u s ) , w h i t e s u c k e r s ( C a to s to m u s com m ersoni) and
and m o u n t a i n w h i t e f i s h ( P r o s o p iu m w i l l i a m s o n i ) w e re p r e s e n t i n m ost s e c r e ­
tio n s.
T he m o t t l e d s c u l p i n ( C o t t u s b a i r d i ) , w h i l e a b u n d a n t , c o u l d n o t be
c o lle c te d e f f ic ie n tly .
s i n c e 1954.
No h a tc h e r y , f i s h h a v e b e e n s t o c k e d i n t h e s t r e a m
METHODS
G e n e r a l s t r e a m m o rp h o lo g y was d e l i n e a t e d fro m M ontana Highway D e p a r t ­
m ent a e r i a l p h o t o s ( s c a l e 1 :3 0 0 0 ) t a k e n i n t h e s p r i n g o f 1 965.
S tream
l e n g t h and t h e e x t e n t o f v e g e t a t i v e b a n k c o v e r ( i n c l u d i n g s h r u b s and s m a l l
tre e s)
and c h a n n e l a l t e r a t i o n s w e re m e a s u r e d i n e a c h z o n e .
P h o to s ta k e n
p r i o r t o and f o l l o w i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e W olf C r e e k Canyon zone w e re u s e d
t o e v a l u a t e c h a n g e d c o n d i t i o n s r e s u l t i n g fro m a l t e r a t i o n .
No p h o t o s w e re
a v a i l a b l e f o r Canyon C r e e k .
M eanders, d e fin e d as S -shaped c h a n n e ls p a t ­
tern e d in a l l u v i a l m a te ria ls
( M a t t h e s , 1 9 4 1 ) , w e re c o u n t e d .
o s ity , or r a t i o
T he s i n u ­
o f c h a n n e l l e n g t h t o down v a l l e y d i s t a n c e ( L e o p o ld ,
Wolman, and M i l l e r , ■1 9 6 4 ) , was d e t e r m i n e d f o r e a c h z o n e . ■ A s t r e a m segm ent
was c o n s i d e r e d - m e a n d e r i n g i f t h e s i n u o s i t y was 1 .5 o r g r e a t e r .
P h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n s and f i s h p o p u l a t i o n s w e re m e a s u r e d i n I l s t u d y
s e c t i o n s w h ic h w e r e s e l e c t e d w i t h t h e a i d o f a e r i a l p h o t o s .
A t l e a s t one
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s e c t i o n was e s t a b l i s h e d i n e a c h zone ( F i g u r e I ) .
10.. s e c t i o n s
E ach o f
.wasi 1 , 0 0 0 t o 1*200 f e e t i n l e n g t h , and one ( s e c t i o n 9) was
700 f e e t l o n g .
No m e a s u r e m e n ts wer,e made b e lo w t h e c o n f l u e n c e o f W olf
C reek.
E ach s e c t i o n was mapped and c l a s s i f i e d u $ i n g a m o d i f i e d w a t e r - t y p e
k e y ( B u r k h a r d , 1964) b a s e d on d e p t h and s u r f a c e v e l o c i t y ( T a b l e 2 ) .
A ll
p h y s i c a l m e a s u r e m e n ts w e r e made d u r i n g t h e , p e r i o d A u g u s t 10 t h r o u g h
S e p te m b e r 2 , 1966. ■ T r a n s e c t s w e re p l a c e d a t 10 f o o t i n t e r v a l s a l o n g t h e
c h a n n e l p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e m a in c u r r e n t .
D e p th s w e re t a k e n t o t h e n e a r r
e s t 0 . 1 f o o t a t I f o o t i n t e r v a l s on e a c h t r a n s e c t and v e l o c i t i e s , e s t i m a t e d
-9 'T a b l e 2;
W a t e r - t y p e c r i t e r i a u s e d i n m a p p in g .
W a te r - t y p e
D e p th ( f t ) ‘
S h a llo w -slo w
D eep -slo w
S h a llo w -fa st
D eep -fast
S u rfa c e V e l o c it y (ft/se d )
-1 .5
+ 1 .5
-1 .5
+ 1 .5
-1 .0
-1 .0
+ 1 .0
+ 1 .0
by t i m i n g f l o a t s o v e r known d i s t a n c e s .
C o v e r p r o v i d e d by o v e r h a n g i n g b r u s h ,
u n d e r c u t b a n k s , s tu m p s , r o c k s , and l o g jam s was r e c o r d e d .
The a r e a of each
w a t e r - t y p e and c o v e r was d e t e r m i n e d w i t h a p l a t i i m e t e r . M ost n a t u r a l c h a n n e l s h a v e a bed c o n s i s t i n g o f a l t e r n a t i n g d e e p s and
s h a l l o w s ( L e o p o ld and L a n g b e i n , 1 9 6 6 ) , commonly r e f e r e d t o a s p o o l s and
riffle s .
T he e x t e n t and f r e q u e n c y o f t h e s e w e r e d e t e r m i n e d by m e a s u r in g
t h e t h a l w e g , d r l i n e c o n n e c t i n g t h e d e e p e s t p o i n t s o f th e . c h a n n e l .
A
p o o l was a r b i t r a r i l y d e f i n e d a s a v e r t i c a l d r o p i n t h e s t r e a m be d g r e a t e r
th a n th e a v e ra g e th alw eg d e p th .
T he f i s h p o p u l a t i o n o f e a c h s e c t i o n was sa m p le d w i t h a 3 0 0 - v o l t ,
8 5 0 -w a tt d i r e c t c u r r e n t s h o c k e r.
C a p t u r e d f i s h w e re a n e s t h e t i z e d w i t h
MS-222 ( T r i c a n e M e t h a n e s u l f o n a t e ) , m e a s u r e d t o t h e n e a r e s t 0 . 1 i n c h i n
t o t a l l e n g t h , w e ig h e d t o t h e n e a r e s t 0 . 0 2 p o u n d , and r e l e a s e d n e a r t h e
c a p tu re s i t e .
F i s h w e r e m ark e d i n 1965 by c l i p p i n g t h e r i g h t p e l v i c f i n
and i n 1966 by a n o p e r c u l a r p u n c h .
A p e r i o d o f a t l e a s t 4 h o u r s was
a l l o w e d t o e l a p s e b e f o r e t h e s e c t i o n was r e s a m p l e d .
On t h e s e c o n d p a s s ,
l e n g t h s and m a r k i n g s w e re r e c o r d e d on a l l f i s h h a n d l e d , b u t w e i g h t s w e re
t a k e n o n l y on t h o s e f i s h n o t c a p t u r e d on t h e f i r s t p a s s .
E s tim a te s of th e f i s h p o p u la tio n (e x c lu d in g f i s h l e s s th a n 4 .0 in c h ­
e s t o t a l l e n g t h ) w e re b a s e d on t h e m a r k - a n d - r e c a p t u r e t e c h n i q u e of
/
-
10-
E et e r s e n , u s in g fo rm u la 3 .5 o f R ic k e r (1 9 5 8 ).
Due t o d i f f e r e n t i a l c a t c h -
a b i l i t y r e l a t e d t o s i z e (C o o p e r and L a g l e r , 1 9 5 6 ) , t r o u t w e re g r o u p e d by
4 -in c h s iz e g ro u p s.
groups, i . e .
W h i t e f i s h and s u c k e r s w e r e s e p a r a t e d i n t o two s i z e '
u n d e r o r o v e r 1 2 .0 i n c h e s ,
C o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l s a t t h e 95%
l e v e l w ere, c a l c u l a t e d f o r e a c h . e s t i m a t e by f o r m u l a 6 o f t h e M ic h ig a n
I n s t i t u t e f p r F i s h e r i e s R esearch (1960).
A stra tifie d
s u b s a m p le o f 500 brown t r o u t and 400 r a i n b o w t r o u t
s c a l e s was s e l e c t e d f ro m t h e meadow and m o u n t a i n z o n e s f o r a n a l y s i s o f a g e
and g r o w t h .
A n n u li w ere i d e n t i f i e d w ith t h e a id of a s c a l e p r o j e c t i o n
.
m ach in e.
T o t a l l e n g t h 's a t a l l
a n n u l i w e r e d e t e r m i n e d w i t h a nom ograph,
a s s u m in g a l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n s c a l e an d body g r o w t h .
RESULTS
S t r e a m M o rp h o lo g y
P h y s i c a l p a r a m e t e r s o b t a i n e d fro m t h e a e r i a l p h o t o s o f L i t t l e P r i c k l e y P e a r C r e e k a r e shown i n T a b l e 3 .
T he e x t e n t o f s t r e a m b a n k p r o t e c t e d .
by v e g e t a t i v e c o v e r was g r e a t e s t i n t h e meadow (87 p e r c e n t ) an d l o w e s t i n
t h e h e a v i l y a l t e r e d W olf C r e e k Canyon : 'z one (6 p e r c e n t ) .
The meadow z o n e ,
w i t h a s i n u o s i t y o f 1 .7 6 an d 7 . 7 m e a n d e rs p e r m i l e , was t h e o n l y m e a n d e r in g
s e g m e n t.
An a v e r a g e s i n u o s i t y o f 1 .0 9 f o r t h e lo w e r t h r e e z o n e s i n d i c a t e s
a n a l m o s t n o n - s i n u o u s c h a n n e l w h ic h was t h e r e s u l t o f a l t e r a t i o n s .
The u p p e r 14 m i l e s o f s t r e a m a r e r e l a t i v e l y u n d i s t u r b e d .
Channel
r e l o c a t i o n s f o r r a i l r o a d c o n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e m o u n ta in z o n e l e f t more t h a n
o n e - t h i r d of th e s tre a m in a d i s t u r b e d c o n d i t i o n .
l o s s o f 0 . 3 m i l e (4 p e r c e n t )
i n m ean d ers.
T h is r e s u l te d in a
o f n a t u r a l c h a n n e l and a 40 p e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n
A p p r o x i m a t e l y 50 p e r c e n t o f t h e a l t e r e d s t r e a m b a n k was w i t h ­
o u t v e g e t a t i v e c o v e r , w h i l e o n l y 20 p e r c e n t o f t h e n a t u r a l s t r e a m b a n k was
b are.
As a r e s u l t o f I n t e r s t a t e c o n s t r u c t i o n i n W olf C r e e k C a nyon, 87
p e r c e n t o f t h e c h a n n e l f ro m Lyons C r e e k t o W olf C re e k was a l t e r e d .
The
c h a n n e l l e n g t h was r e d u c e d by 1 .1 m i l e s (1 6 p e r c e n t ) and t h e b a n k v e g e t a ­
t i o n by 89 p e r c e n t .
S i n u o s i t y d e c r e a s e d f ro m 1 .2 8 t o 1 .1 0 w i t h a 73
p e r c e n t lo s s of m eanders.
A v e ra g e s t r e a m w i d t h and d e p t h i n c r e a s e d w i t h p r o g r e s s i o n d o w n s tre a m ,
e x c e p t n e a r t h e lo w e r meadow zone ( T a b l e 4 ) .
A lte r e d s e c t i o n s of th e
m o u n t a i n z o n e w e r e w i d e r and s h a l l o w e r t h a n t h e u n a l t e r e d s e g m e n ts o f t h e
same zone.,
T he a v e r a g e t h a l w e g d e p t h s w e re a b o u t 35 p e r c e n t l e s s f o r t h e
T ab le 3:
C h a n n e l m e a s u r e m e n ts o b t a i n e d f ro m a e r i a l p h o t o s .
L ength
(m ile s)
A re a
(acres)
Bank C over
(%)
S in u o sity
No. M eanders
P e r M il e
A ltered
(%)
H e a d w a te r
9 .0
9.8
82.4
- 1 .2 5
5 .1
0 .0
Meadow
5 .2
1 3 .2
86.8
1 .7 6 "
7 .7
M o u n ta in
5 .8
18. 3 '
7 5 .4
1 .1 4
3.3
27.5
Lower Meadow
1 .7
5.2
6 4 .4
1 .0 3
2.9
' 49.0
W olf C r e e k Canyon
( t o W olf C re e k ) ,
8.8
. 46.9
5 .5
1 .1 0
0 .5
57.2
- 3 0 .5
93.4
58.6
1 .2 6
3.8
22.2
Zone
T o ta l S tream
( t o W olf C re e k )
.
0.0
C h a n n e l m e a s u r e m e n ts fro m 11 s e c t i o n s o b t a i n e d fro m L i t t l e P r i c k l e y P e a r C r e e k ,
1966„
i—
. 0 .5 9
0 .2 7
0 .4 6
0 .5 6
0 .7 4
0 .6 5
0 .7 8
0 .5 3
0 .4 3
0 .3 1 ' 0 .8 0
A verage w id th ( f t )
1 8 .0
9.0
1 8 .6
2 4 .0
2 5 .0
27.0
29.0
2 4 .0
2 1 .0
2 5 .0
4 4 .0
A v e ra g e d e p t h ( f t )
0.7
0.6
0 .9
1 .0
0 .7
1 .1
0.1
1 .1
0 .8
1 .0
1 .1
1 .0 0 '
0.75
0 .5 0
0 .5 0
1 .2 5
0.50
1.25
0 .5 0
1 .0 0
0 .7 5
0 .5 0
1 .2
0 .9
1 .4
1 .7
1 .7
1 .1
1 .8
1 .2
1 .8
2 .0
Thalw eg
Down v a l l e y d i s t a n c e
1 .2 7
1 .4 3
1.61
1 .3 9
I . '66
1 .1 0
1 .5 4
1 .0 8
1 .1 8
1 .1 2
P o o l- r if f le p erio d i c i t y —/
7 .8
9 .3
5 .2
4 .4
A re a ( a c r e s )
G r a d i e n t (%)
W a t e r - t y p e s (%)
S h a llo w -slo w
D eep-slow
x . S h a llo w -fa st
D eep-fast
Cover ( f t ^ /
a
c
r
e
)
'.
I
■ 2
3
1 .1 '
1 .0 8
6—7
7
9
IO ^
-
6.3
5 .4
4 .1
5 .8
_
5 .7
. 2 7 ,4
2.6
62.6
7 .4
25.8
2 .8
6 4 .2
7 .2
5 4 .5
1 6 .2
2 6 .1
3 .2
3 6 .5
1 9 .3
3 1 ,5
1 2 .7
1 4 .3
0 .0
84.2
1 .5
2 3 .5
1 6 .9
4 5 .3
14.3
1 3 .2
0 .0
8 6 .7
' 0 .1
2 6 .1
1 3 .2
4 9 .7
1 2 .8
3218
10792
11467
6674
438
6169
1648
4068 . 3133
3 3 .0
1 .8
6 1 .7
3 .5
2 6 . 4 4 0 .4
7 .8 „ 8 . 8
5 6 .3 4 2 . 4
9 .5
8 .4
1090
I / A ltered s e c tio n s .
2 / A v e r a g e d i s t a n c e b e tw e e n s u c c e s s i v e r i f f l e s d i v i d e d by a v e r a g e w i d t h , e x p r e s s e d i n w i d t h s .
14.3
-13-
Avg t h a l w e g d e p t h ( f t )
IA
CO
5
P a ram e te r
1|
-p1C
T ab le 4:
-14 a l t e r e d s e c t i o n s o f t h e m o u n ta in and lo w e r meadow z o n e s t h a n f o r t h e u n ­
a l t e r e d p o r t i o n s o f t h e same z o n e s .
G r a d i e n t s w e re g r e a t e r f o r t h e a l t e r e d
th an th e u n a lte re d s e c tio n s .
I n c r e a s e d s t r e a m f l o w and a l t e r a t i o n i n W olf C r e e k ,Canyon r e s u l t e d i n
a g r e a te r channel w id th .
T h e r o c k d e f l e c t o r s i n t h e a l t e r e d s e g m e n ts o f
t h i s z o n e w e r e i n s t a l l e d a t i n t e r v a l s o f 1 8 0 -2 0 0 f e e t a l o n g t h e c h a n n e l .
P a i r e d s t r u c t u r e s w e re e s t a b l i s h e d o p p o s i t e , b u t somewhat o f f s e t fro m e a c h
o t h e r , t o c o n s t r i c t t h e c u r r e n t and p r o d u c e a m e a n d e r .
L arge po o ls (4 .2
f e e t d e e p ) w e r e s c o u r e d i m m e d i a t e l y b e lo w t h e d e f l e c t o r s , w i t h a n a r e a o f
d e p o s itio n beyond.
As a r e s u l t ,
t h e a v e r a g e d e p t h and a v e r a g e t h a lw e g
d e p t h w e re g r e a t e r i n t h i s a l t e r e d s e c t i o n t h a n i n t h e a l t e r e d s e c t i o n s o f
t h e m o u n t a i n and lo w e r meadow z o n e s .
I n n a t u r a l s t r e a m c o n d i t i o n s , t h e t h a l w e g t e n d s t o w a n d e r b a c k and
f o r t h a c ro s s th e c h a n n e l, even in s t r a i g h t r e a c h e s .
The r e l a t i v e d e g r e e
o f w a n d e r in g i s i n d i c a t e d by t h e r a t i o o f t h a l w e g l e n g t h t o m ean down
v a lle y d ista n c e .
T h i s r a t i o f o r a l t e r e d s e c t i o n s a v e r a g e d 1 .0 9 ( r a n g e 1 .0 8
t o 1 . 1 2 ) , com pared t o 1 .4 6 ( 1 . 1 8 t o 1 .6 6 )
f o r th e u n a lte re d s e c tio n s .
C h a n n e l a l i g n m e n t and b a n k s t a b i l i z a t i o n w i t h r i p r a p p r e v e n t e d t h e t h a l w e g
f ro m f o l l o w i n g a s i n u o u s c o u r s e i n t h e a l t e r e d s e c t i o n s .
shown by t h e l a c k o f p o o l - r i f f l e p e r i o d i c i t y
in th e a lte re d s e c tio n s.
(sp acin g of s u c c e s s iv e r i f f l e s )
T he p e r i o d i c i t y o f r i f f l e s
s e c t i o n s r a n g e d fro m 4 . 1 t o 7 . 8 w i d t h s ( F i g u r e 6 A ).
a n d L a n g b e in (1966) t h e s p a c i n g o f s u c c e s s i v e r i f f l e s
in th e u n a lte re d
A c c o r d in g t o L e o p o ld
i s o r d in a r ily in th e
m a g n i t u d e o f f ro m 5 t o 7 t i m e s t h e a v e r a g e s t r e a m w i d t h .
m o u n tain s e c t i o n s
(a ll riffle )
T h is is f u r th e r
t h e r e was no p e r i o d i c i t y
In th e a lte r e d •
( F i g u r e 6 B ) , and i n
A UNALTERED
B. ALTERED WITHOUT STRUCTURES
C ALTERED WITH STRUCTURES
FEET
F i g u r e 6:
B o tto m p r o f i l e s a l o n g t h e t h a l w e g o f t h r e e s t r e a m s e c t i o n s , showing t h e p o o l - r i f f l e
p e r i o d i c i t y : A. U n a l t e r e d , B . A l t e r e d w i t h o u t s t r u c t u r e s , and C. A l t e r e d w i t h
s tru c tu re s .
-16 th e a lte re d
w id th s.
lo w e r meadow s e c t i o n , r i f f l e s w e r e s p a c e d a t a n a v e r a g e o f 9 .3
Thh W olf C r e e k Canyon s e c t i o n , a l t h o u g h a l t e r e d , h a d a p e r i o d i c i t y
of r i f f l e s
n e a r 4 .4 tim es th e w id th , c o rre s p o n d in g to th e s p a c in g of th e
d e fle cto rs
(F ig u re 6C ).
The e x t e n t o f w a t e r - t y p e s i s shown f o r e a c h s e c t i o n i n T a b l e 4 and
f o r e a c h zone i n F i g u r e 7 .
T h e Canyon C r e e k and h e a d w a t e r s e c t i o n s b o t h
p o s s e s s e d l a r g e am o u n ts o f s h a l l o w - f a s t w i t h l i m i t e d a m o u n ts o f d e e p - s l o w
and d e e p - f a s t w a t e r .
illu s tra te s
The. i n c r e a s e o f s l o w e r w a t e r - t y p e s i n t h e meadow,
t h e i n c r e a s e d s t a b i l i t y a n d p o o l d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h i s z o n e .
U n a l t e r e d s e c t i o n s o f t h e m o u n t a i n an d lo w e r meadow z o n e s w e r e combined
b e cay.se o f t h e i r s i m i l a r i t y .
A l t e r e d s e c t i o n s o f t h e ' m o u n t a i n zone
c o n s i s t e d o f .86 p e r c e n t s h a l l o w - f a s t w a t e r w i t h no d e e p - s l o w a s compared
t o 49 and 14 p e r c e n t ,_ r e s p e c t i v e l y , f o r t h e u n a l t e r e d s e c t i o n s .
The
a l t e r e d s e c t i o n o f t h e lo w e r meadow a p p e a r s t o b e somewhat t r a n s i t i o n a l ,
w i t h a g r e a t e r d e g r e e o f s h a l l o w - s l o w and a s l i g h t i n c r e a s e i n d e e p - s l o w
and d e e p - f a s t w a t e r .
U n a l t e r e d s e c t i o n s h a d a. g r e a t e r d e g r e e o f i n t e r -
s p e r s i o n o f t y p e s a s i n d i c a t e d by t h e p o o l - r i f f l e p e r i o d i c i t y .
I
S c o u r i n g a c t i o n b e lo w e a c h d e f l e c t o r i n t h e W olf C r e e k Canyon
s e c t i o n r e s u l t e d i n a g r e a t e r amount o f d e e p w a t e r t h a n i n t h e a l t e r e d
s e c t i o n s o f t h e m o u n t a i n and lo w e r meadow z o n e s (17%, 1%,, a n d 4%, r e s p e c t ­
iv e ly )..
M easured p h y s ic a l c o n d itio n s i n d i c a t e d t h a t th e s t r u c t u r e s r e n d ­
e r e d t h e s t r e a m m ore l i k e t h e u n a l t e r e d s e c t i o n s .
Cover was t h e o n ly f a c t ­
o r w h ic h r e m a in e d u n im p ro v e d ( T a b l e 4 ) .
The am ount o f c o v e r p e r a c r e o f s t r e a m was g r e a t e s t i n t h e meadow zone
(T a b le 4 ) .
D i s t i n c t d i f f e r e n c e s o c c u r r e d b e tw e e n t h e u n a l t e r e d and a l t e r e d
E NT
TOTAL
17
CANYON
CREEK
HEADWATER
M EADOW
UNALTERED
MOUNT­
A IN
LOWER
AND
A L TE R E D
ALTERED
M OUNTAIN
L O W ER
MEADOW
F ig u re 7
DEEP-SLOW
DEEP-FAST
SHALLOW-SLOW
SHALLOW-FAST
P e r c e n t o f w a t e r - t y p e s i n e a c h zone
MEADOW
WOLF
CREEK
CANYON
I
■ -18s e c t i o n s o f t h e m o u n t a i n and lo w e r meadow z o n e s .
U n a l t e r e d s e c t i o n s h a d 81
p e r c e n t m ore c o v e r - t h a n t h e a l t e r e d m o u n t a i n s e c t i o n s and 44 p e r c e n t more
than th e a lt e r e d
lo w e r meadow s e c t i o n .
The lo w e r meadow a l t e r a t i o n a p p e a r s
t o b e t r a n s i t i o n a l i n c o v e r a l s o , w i t h 67 p e r c e n t m ore c o v e r t h a n t h e
a l t e r e d s e c t i o n s of th e m o u n ta in zone.
The W olf C re e k Canyon s e c t i o n was
e x t r e m e l y p o o r i n c o v e r , p o s s e s s i n g 67 t o 9 5 ' p e r c e n t ' l e s s t h a n o t h e r
a lte re d a re a s .
F is h P o p u la tio n s
P o p u la tio n .E s tim a te s .
F i s h p o p u l a t i o n s w e re c e n s u s e d i n 1965 and 1966
b u t a n a l y s e s w e re l i m i t e d t o 1966 d a t a ( T a b l e 5 ) , s i n c e a l l p h y s i c a l
m e a s u r e m e n ts w e r e made i n 1966.
t o t a l m arked r e c a p t u r e s
t h a n i n 1965.
A l s o , t h e r a t i o o f t o t a l m ark e d f i s h t o
( r a t e o f e f f i c i e n c y ) was 12 p e r c e n t b e t t e r i n 1966
Lower a v e r a g e s t r e a m f lo w s i n 1966 p r o b a b l y a c c o u n t e d f o r
th e in cre ase d e ff ic ie n c y .
P o p u l a t i o n e s t i m a t e s f o r e a c h s e c t i o n f o r 1965
w e r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e o f 1966 b u t w i t h l e s s d e g r e e o f c o n f i d e n c e .
T he p o p u l a t i o n o f Canyon C r e e k was p r e d o m i n a n t l y r a i n b o w t r o u t ,
w h ic h c o m p r i s e d 75 and 66 p e r c e n t o f . t h e t o t a l n u m b er-an d w e i g h t , r e s p e c t ­
iv ely .
Over 65 p e r c e p t o f a l l t r o u t w e re l e s s t h a n . -8.0 i n c h e s l o n g .
B ro o k t r o u t w ere p r e d o m i n a n t i n s e c t i o n I ( h e a d w a t e r z o n e ) , m aking
up 49 and 57 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n by number and w e i g h t ,
re sp e c tiv e ly .
R ainbow t r o u t made up 46 p e r c e n t by number b u t o n l y 27 p e r ­
c e n t by w e i g h t .
The meadow p o p u l a t i o n t e n d s to w a rd brow n t r o u t p r e d o m i n a n c e .
The
t h r e e t r o u t s p e c i e s w e r e a b o u t n u m e r i c a l l y e q u a l i n s e c t i o n 2 (brown-
E s t i m a t e d f i s h p o p u l a t i o n s f o r 11 s e c t i o n s , 1966, e x p r e s s e d a s number p e r a c r e w i t h
po u n d s p e r a c r e i n p a r e n t h e s e s - .
( C o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l s a t 95% l e v e l ) .
S p e c ie s
IA
I.
2
3
hy
5
61/
7 -
OO
.1C
T a b le 5:'
9
i 0y
Brown t r o u t
22
(14)
37
(2 8 )
247
(115)
514
(1 4 9 )
76
(3 0 )
355
(157)
74
(3 9 )
289
(153)
333
(9 3 )
387
64
(9 9 ) (1 4 )
R ainbow t r o u t
257 ■ 396
(4 5 )
(4 2 )
253
(5 0 )
295
(51)
35
(8 )
208
(5 7 )
78
(1 8 )
315
(7 0 )
123
(17)
271 298'
(5 3 ) (3 6 )
414
(9 6 )
232
(3 4 )
142
(1 8 )
8'
(2)
. 11
(4)
8
(I)
15
(3)
28
(6)
—
--
39
(45)
I
(2)
--
17
(2 6 )
281
(3 4 5 )
~-
145
(150)
““
“-
42
(3 1 )
—
—
'
B rook t r o u t
67
(9)
W h ite fish
L o n g n o se s u c k e r
—
--
I
(3)
W h ite s u c k e r
--
—
--
T o ta l tro u t
C o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l (_)
346
69
(6 5 )
847
159
(1 6 9 )
T o ta l n o n -tro u t
C onfid en ce i n t e r v a l ( i )
I
(3 )
"
G rand t o t a l
I / A ltere d s e c tio n s
732
79
(199)
346
(6 5 )
847
(1 6 9 )
■ 733
(2 0 1 )
31 .
(5 2 )
255
(3 8 3 )
33
(4 2 )
-
9
(11)
951
121
(2 1 8 )
119
36
(4 0 )
574
103
(2 1 8 )
353
98
(4 3 2 )
I
(2)
295
86
(4 4 6 )
1304 ■ 120
(6 5 0 )
(4 2 )
869
(66 4 )
160
24
(5 8 )
"
160
(5 8 )
619
123
(2 2 6 )
484
59
(116)
204
42
(207)
823
(4 3 3 )
10
(2)
5
.(I)
10
(8 )
--
668 367'
99
86
(154) (51)
10
5
C
484
(116)
S
)
678 , 366
(162) (51)
-.20 t r o u t 34%, r a i n b o w t r o u t 34%, and b r o o k t r o u t 32%), b u t brow n t r o u t com­
p r i s e d 58 p e r c e n t o f t b e w e i g h t and r a i n b o w t r o u t 35 p e r c e n t .
n o n - t r o u t s p e c i m e n , a l o n g n o s e s u c k e r , was c o l l e c t e d .
Only one
In s e c t i o n 3,
t r o u t made up 73 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l number w i t h brown t r o u t p r e d o m i ­
n a n t (6 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e t r o u t and 40 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n ) .
The n o n - t r o u t s p e c i e s d o m in a te d by w e i g h t w i t h l o n g n o s e s u c k e r s c o n t r i b ­
u t i n g 53 p e r c e n t o f , t h e t o t a l .
B rook t r o u t , w h i t e f i s h , and w h i t e
s u c k e r s made up a p p r o x i m a t e l y 16 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l number and w e i g h t .
A d i f f e r e n c e i n f i s h p o p u l a t i o n s o c c u r r e d b e tw e e n t h e u n a l t e r e d and
a l t e r e d s e c t i o n s of t h e m o u n ta in zone.
N o n - t r o u t s p e c i e s w e re a lm o s t
c o m p l e t e l y a b s e n t fro m t h e a l t e r e d s e c t i o n s , b u t made up 30 and 58 p e r ­
c e n t o f t h e t o t a l number and w e i g h t , r e s p e c t i v e l y , i n t h e u n a l t e r e d
se ctio n s.
The number and w e i g h t o f brow n t r o u t and r a i n b o w t r o u t wore
a b o u t 78 p e r c e n t g r e a t e r i n t h e u n a l t e r e d s e c t i o n s .
D iffe re n c e s in th e
number o f t r o u t o c c u r r i n g b e tw e e n t h e u n a l t e r e d and a l t e r e d s e c t i o n s
w ere n o t r e s t r i c t e d
t o an y one s i z e - g r o u p ( T a b l e 6 ) .
C onfid en ce l im it s
showed a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e a t t h e 95% .l e v e l f o r t r o u t o r t o t a l
p o p u l a t i o n num bers b e tw e e n t h e u n a l t e r e d and a l t e r e d s e c t i o n s »
P o p u l a t i o n d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n t h e u n a l t e r e d and a l t e r e d s e c t i o n s
o f t h e lo w e r meadow z o n e w e re n o t a s p r o n o u n c e d .
Brown t r o u t p r e d o m i n a t e d
i n b p t h s e c t i o n s , b e i n g 14 and 6 p e r c e n t g r e a t e r by number and w e i g h t ,
re sp e c tiv e ly ,
in th e u n a lte re d s e c tio n .
A g r e a t e r d i f f e r e n c e was o b v io u s
i n t h e number and w e i g h t o f r a i n b o w t r o u t , b e i n g 55 and 68 p e r c e n t g r e a t e r ,
re sp e c tiv e ly ,
in th e u n a lte re d s e c tio n .
.The lo w e r meadow a l t e r a t i o n was- c o n s i d e r e d t r a n s i t i o n a l , s i n c e brown
T a b l e 6:
A v e ra g e brown and r a i n b o w t r o u t p o p u l a t i o n s f o r t h e m a j o r z o n e s , e x p r e s s e d a s numbers
and pounds p e r a c r e .
Zone
S ize
Group
S p e c ie s
4 .0 -7 .9
8 .0 -1 1 .9
1 2 .0 -1 5 .9
1 6 .0 -p lu s
Brown t r o u t
T o t a l brown t r o u t
C o n fid en ce i n t e r v a l
T o t a l w eig h t
R ainbow t r o u t
4 .0 -7 .9
8 .0 -1 1 .9
1 2 .0 -1 5 .9
1 6 .0 -p lu s
T o t a l rain b o w t r o u t
C onfid en ce i n t e r v a l
T o t a l w eig h t
G rand t o t a l
C o n fid en ce i n t e r v a l
T o t a l w eig h t
■
Meadow
U n a lte red A lte re d
M o u n ta in M o u n ta i n
A ltered
U n a lte red
W olf Greek
Lower Meadow Lower Meadow Canyon
184
147
59
8
107
120
. 92
9
26
29 .
16
3
179
126
28
-
398
3 6 7 -4 2 9
133
328
277-379
155
' 74
5 9 -89
35 ■
333
2 9 6 -3 7 0
93
178
84
16
2
171
54
29
2
39
15
4
“
102
21
280
2 4 1-319
51
256
203-309
64
58
47-69
13
678
6 0 8-748
184
584
4 8 0 -6 8 8
219
132
106-158
48
226
129
29
3
51. '
10
2
I
387
339-435
99
64
35-93
14
213
35
23
-
273
25
123
111-135
17
271
229-313
53
298
245-351
36 •
456
4 0 7 -5 0 5
HO
658
568-748
152
362
280-444
50
-
-
"
-
-
-
/
-2 2 t r o u t and r a i n b o w t r o u t w e re 79 and 53 p e r c e n t m ore n u m e ro u s , r e s p e c t i v e l y ,
th a n i n th e m o u n ta in a l t e r e d s e c t i o n s .
C o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l s f o r com bined
brown t r o u t and r a i n b o w t r o u t p o p u l a t i o n e s t i m a t e s show a n o v e r - l a p
b e tw e e n t h e meadow, u n a l t e r e d m o u n t a i n , and u n a l t e r e d lo w e r meadow s e c t i o n s .
No o v e r - l a p was e v i d e n t b e tw e e n t h e e s t i m a t e d p o p u l a t i o n s o f t h e u n a l t e r e d
and a l t e r e d s e c t i o n s o f t h e lo w e r meadow z o n e ( T a b l e 6 ) .
Rainbow t r o u t w e re p r e d o m i n a n t i n t h e W olf C r e e k Canyon s e c t i o n ,
c o n t r i b u t i n g 81 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l num ber.
T o ta l t r o u t of t h i s a lt e r e d
s e c t i o n w e re 62 and 4 p e r c e n t g r e a t e r by number and w e i g h t , r e s p e c t i v e l y ,
t h a n i n t h e m o u n t a i n a l t e r a t i o n s ; b u t 25 and 55 p e r c e n t l e s s , r e s p e c t ­
i v e l y , t h a n i n t h e lo w e r meadow a l t e r a t i o n .
Age and G r o w t h .
Brown t r o u t and r a i n b o w t r o u t w e re 16 p e r c e n t l e s s
a b u n d a n t n u m e r i c a l l y b u t 14 p e r c e n t g r e a t e r by w e i g h t i n t h e m o u n ta in
z o n e t h a n i n t h e meadow z o n e .
A v e ra g e c a l c u l a t e d t o t a l l e t i g t h s o f b o t h
s p e c i e s fro m t h e two z o n e s i n d i c a t e d v e r y s i m i l a r g r o w th r a t e s
(T ab le 7 ) .
H e n c e , t h e g r e a t e r w e i g h t i n t h e m o u n t a i n z o n e was due t o m ore l a r g e f i s h ,
r a t h e r th a n a f a s t e r g row th r a t e .
T h e r e was a l s o no i n d i c a t i o n o f d i f ­
f e r e n t i a l g r o w th b e tw e e n u n a l t e r e d a n d ' a l t e r e d s e c t i o n s o f t h e m o u n ta in
z o n e f o r brow n t r o u t o r r a i n b o w t r o u t .
G rand a v e r a g e c a l c u l a t e d l e n g t h s f o r t h e f i r s t t h r e e a n n u l i w e re l e s s
t h a n t h o s e r e p o r t e d by B is h o p ( 1 9 5 5 ) .
B ishop a d ju s te d th e c a l c u l a t e d
l e n g t h s a t e a c h a n n u l u s by u s i n g i n t e r c e p t s o f r e g r e s s i o n l i n e s a s t h e z e r o
p o i n t s o f t h e nom ograph.
in te rc e p t.
(
F o r t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , z e r o was u s e d a s t h e :V
T a b l e 7:
A v e ra g e c a l c u l a t e d t o t a l l e n g t h a t e a c h a n n u l u s f o r brown and r a i n b o w t r o u t fro m t h e
meadow and m o u n t a i n z o n e s „
Brown T r o u t
'
L e n g th a t A n n u lu s
Zone
Age
Group
~
No.
_
—
2
"3 .
L e n g th a t A n n u lu s
i
4
5
'
. No.
31
75
_
2
3
3 .1
2 .9
2 .8
2 .6
6 .8
5 .7
5 .2
8 .5
8 .4
1 0 .9
2.9
6.2
8 .5
1 0 .9
2. 9
2 .9
2 .9
6 .6
6 .5
5 .6
9 .5
9 .1
1 2 .1
I .
4
3 .5
3 .4
3 .5
3 .2
2 .8
7 .3
7 .7
6 .9
. 5 .9
1 1 .1
1 0 .6
9 .7
1 3 .5
1 2 .9
1 5 .5
3 .4
7 .3
1 0 .8
1 3 .5
1 5 .5
72
3 .4
3 .5
95
3 .6
99
29
3 .4
4 . 2.7.
7 .8
7 .7
6 .8
5 .9
1 1 .0
1 0 .7
- 1 0 .0
.1 3 .8
1 3 .6
1 7 .3
A verage
3 .5
7 .6
1 0 .9
1 3 .7
1 7 .3
2 .9
6 .4
9.4
1 2 .1
G rand A v e ra g e
3 .4
7 .4
1 0 .9
1 3 .6
1 6 .5
2 .9
6 .3
9 .0
1 1 .6
B i s h o p (1955)
3 .8
7 .7
1 1 .1
1 3 .7
1 6 .5
3 .5
6 .6
9 .4
1 1 .8
Meadow ■
72
5
I
R ainbow T r o u t
I
TI
83
37
18
.7
in ::
IV
V
A verage
M o u n ta in
-
I
H
in
. IV
V
.
.58
7
75
5873
15
I
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3 .0
LO
I
DISCUSSION
E s t i m a t e d s t a n d i n g c r o p s o f t r o u t r a n g i n g fro m 40 t o 226 pounds p e r
a c r e i n t h e 11 s e c t i o n s a r e c o m p a r a b l e t o t h o s e r e p o r t e d by o t h e r s .
M cFadden and C o o p e r (1 9 6 2 ) r e p o r t e d s t a n d i n g c r o p s r a n g i n g f ro m 60 t o 137
po u n d s p e r a c r e f o r t h r e e h a r d - w a t e r s t r e a m s i n P e n n s y l v a n i a .
In T rout
C r e e k , M o n ta n a , W ipperm an (19 6 3 ) fo u n d a n a v e r a g e s t a n d i n g c r o p o f 210
\
'
po u n d s p e r a c r e (67 t o 340 pounds p e r a c r e ) .
N i c h o l l s (1 9 5 8 ) r e p o r t e d
t o t a l s t a n d i n g c r o p s i n s e v e r a l A u s t r a l i a n s t r e a m s r a n g i n g fro m 3 t o 186
po u n d s p e r a c r e .
T r o u t p o p u l a t i o n s i n Rock C r e e k , M ontana w e r e e s t i m a t e d
a t 121 po u n d s p e r a c r e f o r a d i s t u r b e d s e c t i o n and 155 po u n d s p e r a c r e f o r
an u n d is tu r b e d s e c t i o n (G underson, 1966).
The a v e r a g e s t a n d i n g c r o p s o f t r o u t i n L i t t l e P r i c k l e y P e a r C re e k
w e r e much h i g h e r t h a n t h e a v e r a g e o f 56 po u n d s p e r a c r e r e p o r t e d by
S t e f a n i c h (1 9 5 2 ) f o r t h e W olf C r e e k Canyon z o n e .
H ow ever, h i s v a l u e s a r e
t o t a l num bers o f f i s h c a p t u r e d i n 600 f o o t s e c t i o n s u s i n g a 2 4 0 - v o l t
a l t e r n a t i n g c u rr e n t sh o c k er, r a th e r th an p o p u la tio n e s tim a te s .
I f s a m p lin g
e f f i c i e n c y f o r t h e two s t u d i e s was s i m i l a r , S t e f a n i c h 1s s t a n d i n g c r o p s
w ould b e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 25 p e r c e n t g r e a t e r t h a n t h o s e r e p o r t e d , ' basei} on
p o p u latio n e s tim a te s .
A e r i a l p h o t o s t a k e n p r i o r . t o I n t e r s t a t e Highway
c o n s t r u c t i o n and f i e l d maps s u g g e s t t h a t a t l e a s t some o f h i s s e c t i o n s
w ere i n an a l t e r e d - s t a t e . '
,To e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t s o f h a b i t a t a l t e r a t i o n s on t h e f i s h p o p ;
u I a t i o n , e s t i m a t e d s t a n d i n g crop's o f t r o u t w e r e p r o j e c t e d t o t h e t o t a l
s t r e a m f o r e a c h zone f ro m t h e c o n f l u e n c e ' o f Canyon C r e e k t o W olf C r e e k .
-2 5 T r o u t i n t h e meadow z o n e num bered 1 1 ,1 0 0 and w e ig h e d 2 ,7 5 0 pounds (210
po u n d s p e r a c r e ) .
The m o u n t a i n zone s u p p o r t e d . 8 ,6 0 0 t r o u t and 3 ,2 0 0
p o u n d s (1 7 5 po u n d s p e r a c r e ) .
A l t e r a t i o n s i n t h i s zone p r o b a b l y a c c o u n t
ed f o r a l o s s o f 2 ,3 0 0 f i s h w i t h a t o t a l w e i g h t o f 900 p o u n d s .
A to ta l
o f 2 ,9 0 0 f i s h a n d 700 p o u n d s w e r e p r e s e n t i n t h e lo w e r meadow z o n e .
P r o b a b l e l o s s e s fro m a l t e r a t i o n s h e r e a m ounted t o 600 f i s h w e i g h in g 100
pounds.
The W olf C r e e k Canyon zone m a i n t a i n e d a s t a n d i n g c r o p o f 7 ,8 0 0
f i s h and 2 ,8 0 0 p o u n d s .
B ased on p o p u l a t i o n e s t i m a t e s m o d i f i e d fro m
S t e f a n i c h 's t o t a l num bers, th e a l t e r a t i o n s p rp b a b ly r e s u l t e d
i n an i n ­
c r e a s e o f 1 ,0 0 0 t r o u t , b u t a l o s s o f 700 p o u n d s .
The p r o b a b l e l o s s f o r t h e t o t a l s t r e a m t h r o u g h c h a n n e l a l t e r a t i o n
am ounted t o 2 ,9 0 0 f i s h w e i g h in g 1 ,7 0 0 p o u n d s .
A lo s s of lv4 m ile s of
n a t u r a l c h a n n e l r e s u l t e d i n a n a d d i t i o n a l l o s s o f 1 ,8 0 0 f i s h and 500
pounds.
T o t a l l o s s e s r e p r e s e n t a 12 and 19 p e r c e n t d e c r e a s e i n number
and w e i g h t , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
The r o c k d e f l e c t o r s i n t h e W.olf C r e e k Canyon s e c t i o n r e s u l t e d i n
p h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s n e a r l y com parable t o u n a lt e r e d s e c t i o n s , ex cep t
fo r v e g e ta tiv e cover.
S in ce th e a l t e r a t i o n s a re r e c e n t,
th e f i s h pop­
u l a t i o n may n o t h a v e s t a b i l i z e d t o i t s p o t e n t i a l , a s i n d i c a t e d by t h e
p re p o n d e ra n ce of sm a ll rain b o w t r o u t .
•.
x
■
I n t i m e , w i t h t h e im provem ent o f
'
v e g e t a t i v e c o v e r , t h e p o p u l a t i o n s may i n c r e a s e t o a l e v e l b e t t e r t h a n
o th er a lte re d s e c tio n s .
X
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3 1762 10013641 3
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