STAND MANAGEMENT COOPERATIVE
ANNUAL REPORT
JANUARY-DECEMBER 2011
STAND MANAGEMENT COOPERATIVE
ANNUAL REPORT
JANUARY- DECEMBER 2011
Contents
Mission and Organization
2011 Highlights
Members and Policy Committee Representatives
Technical Advisory Committees
2011 Financial Support
Field Work and Database Report
Nutrition Project Progress Report
Silviculture Project Progress Report
Modeling Project Report
Wood Quality Project Progress Report
Technology Transfer
Publications and Reports
By-Laws
Meetings, Workshops, and Conferences
SMC Spring Policy Committee Meeting Minutes
SMC Fall Policy Committee Meeting Minutes
SMC Staff
1
2
3
6
7
8
13
24
32
35
36
39
39
46
53
53
60
68
MISSION AND ORGANIZATION
Mission
To provide a continuing source of high-quality information on the long-term effects of silvicultural treatments and
treatment regimes on stand and tree growth and development and on wood and product quality.
Organization
The SMC is composed of forest industry, state, provincial, and federal agencies, suppliers, and universities and other
institutions who commit resources and expertise to the mission. The voting Policy Committee, composed of duespaying members, controls policy with the goal of establishing the highest possible technical standards in carrying out its
mission. Technical Advisory Committees (TAC’s) in Silviculture, Nutrition, Wood Quality, and Modeling, comprised of
leading scientists, have been created to develop plans for research projects that are approved by the Policy Committee.
The SMC is headquartered at the School of Forest Resources, University of Washington, which provides administration
and staffing.
Policy Committee Chair
Dave Rumker
The Campbell Group
Vice Chair
Candace Cahill
Rayonier, USFR
Director
David Briggs
UW/SEFR
Field Crew, Database
B. Gonyea, B. Hasselberg,
R. Collier
Projects
Technical Advisory
Committees
Administrative Staff
M. O’Shea
Nutrition Project Leader, R.
Silviculture Project
Wood Quality Project
Modeling Project Leader,
Harrison
UW/SEFR
Leader, E. Turnblom
UW/SEFR
Leader, E. Lowell
USFS PNW Research Station
D. Marshall
2
Weyerhaeuser NR Co.
2011 HIGHLIGHTS
New Director
Dr. Gregg Ettl, Director, Center for Sustainable Forestry at Pack Forest was chosen to replace Dr. David Briggs as the
SMC Director when Dave retired in December 2011.
Budget
•
Cumulative SMC funding from all sources since 1985 reached $21.9 million of which 61% was member dues and
contracts, 20% external grants, and 19% institutional contributions - including measurement of installations in BC
by the BC Ministry of Forests.
•
Total 2011 income from all sources was $718,914, of which
 Member dues and contracts, $564,914, 96% full funding. In addition to the 2011 installments of $70k from
NSF for the UW Center for Advanced Forest Systems site, Rob Harrison received $24k supplemental from
NCASI for work at Fall River. All fieldwork was completed on time and the database was sent to all who
requested it.
 Corkery Family Chair, $60,000 for RA’s and summer field crew.
•
Student Support: $269,445
 UW Teaching Assistantships in support of SMC students = $269,445 equivalent paid to SMC graduate
students (5 students x $42,600 for 9 months + 26.5% (SMC overhead rate).
2010/11 Field Season Summary
•
Type I: 7 installations (70 plots) re-measured; 9 installations (15 plots) Thin Check
•
Type II: 2 installations (10 plots) re-measured
•
Type III: 9 installations (94 plots) re-measured; 3 installations (3 plots) thinned; 1 installation (6 plots) pruned; 2
installations (15 plots) measured for pruning
•
Type IV: 3 installations (66 plots) re-measured
•
Type V: 33 installations re-measured
•
Contracts: 3 Installations (31 plots) re-measured
•
Summer Field Crew
 Paul Footen, Jed Bryce, Gonzalo Thienel
 10 installations (110 plots) understory vegetation surveys, habitat assessment, sunscald assessment
Database
•
Updated database completed in June 2011. Contact Randy Collier for a copy, rcollier@u.washington.edu
Students
•
We enter the fall with 6 Masters and 4 PhD students
•
Graduated: Paul Footen (MS), Joy Liu (MS), Nick Vaughn (PhD)
3
1. Jed Bryce (MS, Turnblom)
 Research Assistant developing report summarizing SMC Type III installation breast height branch diameter
trajectories.
 Supported by TA and SMC
2. Kevin Ceder (PhD, Turnblom)
 Converted to PhD student after over eight years as research staff with the Rural Technology Initiative at the
UW College of Forest Resources with research focusing on developing dynamic models for understory
vegetation development in young, managed Douglas-fir and western hemlock forests.
 Supported by SMC and Corkery Family Chair; developing growth and yield performance summaries of Type III
installations
3. Jeff Comnick (PhD, Turnblom)
 Research Assistant developing LOGS style performance reports of SMC Type II installations.
 Supported by ONRC
4. Austin Himes (MS, Harrison)
 Working on SMC Type V sites. Also interested in the effects of fire on soil properties, which might be
developed as a project later.
 Supported by TA, USFS, and Corkery Chair
5. Erika Knight (MS Harrison)
 Fall River/Matlock/Molalla LTSP
 Supported by TA
6. Kim Littke (PhD, Harrison)
 Paired Tree Fertilization Trials. Sampled soils and installed & maintained moisture sensors the paired tree
installations.
 Supported by TA, AGENDA 2020, CAFS, and Corkery Family Chair
7. Nai Saetern (MS Briggs)
 Developing LOGS-style performance reports for the SMC Type I installations.
 Supported by TA, SMC, and Corkery Family Chair
8. Betsy Vance (MS Harrison)
 Working on the Type V
 Supported by TA, CAFS
4
Technology Transfer
•
13 articles in print, 4 others are in press, and 2 technical reports have been completed 1 accepted, 2
Master’s thesis
•
We now have 74 paired-tree fertilization installations
•
Updates of ORGANON and CONIFRS Models
•
SMC 2011 Spring Workshop - Performance of the SMC Type III Installations
http://www.ruraltech.org/video/2011/SMC_Workshop/index.asp
•
NSF Center for Advanced Forestry Systems Annual Meeting
•
SMC Strategic Planning Committee Meeting
•
SMC Modeling TAC Meeting
•
SMC Spring and Fall Policy Committee Meetings
•
Invited Presentations
 Update on Silviculture Research. Oregon/Washington State Joint State Conference
 Center for Intensive Plantation Forestry and Western Forestry and Conservation Association
5
SMC MEMBERS AND POLICY COMMITTEE REPRESENTATIVES
Land Managing Organizations
Bureau of Land Management
The Campbell Group
Cascade Timber Consulting
Forest Capital Partners
Green Diamond Resource Co.
Hampton Resource, Inc.
Hancock Forest Management
King County Department of Natural Resources
Lone Rock Timber Company
Longview Timberlands, LLC.
Olympic Resource Management
Oregon State Department of Forestry
Pacific Denkman
Plum Creek Timber Company
Port Blakely Tree Farms
Quinault Department of Natural Resources
Rayonier Forest Resources
Roseburg Resources
Stimson Lumber Company
TimberWest - Coast Timberlands
Washington State Department of Natural Resources
West Fork Timber Company
Weyerhaeuser NR Company
George McFadden
Dave Rumker
Bill Marshall
Bruce Ripley
Randall Greggs
Dennis Creel
Dean Stuck
Roberta King/Peggy Leonard
Chris Sexton
Andy Hopkins
Scott Holmen
Jeff Brandt
Allen Staringer
Conner Fristoe/Steve Wickham
Mike Mosman/Jeff Madsen
Jim Plampin
Candace Cahill
David Walters
Margaret Banks
John Mitchell
Scott McLeod
Gene McCaul/Scott Swanson
Greg Johnson
Analytic Organizations
Flewelling Biometrics Consultant
Mason, Bruce, & Girard
Jim Flewelling
Chuck Stiff
Suppliers
Agrotain
Dyno Nobel
Ben Thompson
Robert Handford
Institutions
B.C. Ministry of Forests, Research Branch
Canadian Wood Fibre Cente
Oregon State University
University of British Columbia
University of Washington
U.S. Forest Service PNW Research Station
Louise de Montigny
Cosmin Filipescu
Doug Maguire
Bruce Larson
Dave Briggs
Charley Peterson
6
TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEES
Modeling Project
Silviculture Project
Project Leader, David Marshall
Weyerhaeuser NR Company
David Briggs, University of Washington
Burt Dial, Hancock Forest Management
Jim Flewelling, Biometric Consultant
Sean Garber, Roseburg Resources
Dave Hamlin, Campbell Group
Greg Johnson, Weyerhaeuser NR Co.
Dave Lortz, Campbell Group
Doug Maguire, Oregon State University
Fred Martin, WDNR
John Paul McTague, Rayonier, USFR
Bob Meurisse, USFS, PNWRS
Erin Smith-Mateja, USFS
Eric Turnblom, University of Washington
Larry Wiechelman, Quinault Indian Nation
Project Leader, Eric Turnblom
University of Washington
David Briggs, University of Washington
Louise de Montigny, B.C. Ministry of Forests
Burt Dial, Hancock Forest Management
Alex Dobkowski, Weyerhaeuser NR Co.
Candace Cahill, Rayonier, USFR
Sean Garber, Roseburg Resources
Jeannette Griese, Bureau of Land Management
Randall Greggs, Green Diamond Resource Co.
Connie Harrington, USFS PNWRS
Rob Harrison, University of Washington
Denny Hill, Campbell Group
Keith Jayawickrama, NWTIC, OSU
Greg Johnson, Weyerhaeuser NR Co.
Scott Ketchum, Forest Capital partners, LLC
Eini Lowell, USFS PNWRS
Steve Loy, Green Diamond Resource Co.
Jeff Madsen, Port Blakely Tree Farms
Gene McCaul, West Fork Timber Co.
Dave Marshall, Weyerhaeuser NR Co.
Peter Marshall, UBC
Bryan Nelson, Lone Rock Timber Management
Mike Mosman, Port Blakely Tree Farms
Jim Plampin, Quinault Indian Nation
Jim Vander Ploeg, Hancock Forest Management
Doug Robin, Oregon Department of Forestry
Chris Sexton, Lone Rock Timber Management
Allen Staringer, Pilchuck Tree Farm
Wood Quality Project
Project Leader, Eini Lowell
USFS PNWRS
Neris Biciunas, Rayonier, USFR
Jeff Brandt, Oregon Department of Forestry
David Briggs, University of Washington
Brian Carbaugh, Campbell Group
Jeff DeBell, Washington DNR
Burt Dial, Hancock Forest Management
Cosmin Filipescu, Canadian Forest Service
Jim Flewelling, Consultant
Sean Garber, Roseburg Resources
Chris Sexton, Lone Rock Timber Co.
Jim Goudie, B.C. Ministry of Forests
Tod Haren, Oregon Department of Forestry
Connie Harrington, USFS PNWRS
Rob Harrison, University of Washington
Denny Hill, Campbell Group
Glenn Howe, Oregon State University
Barbara Lachenbruch, Oregon State University
Greg Johnson, Weyerhaeuser NR Co.
Ross Koppenaal, Canadian Forest Service
Jeff Madsen, Port Blakely Tree Farms
Doug Maguire, NWTIC, Oregon State University
Doug Mainwaring, Oregon State University
Louise de Montigny, B.C. Ministry of Forests
David Marshall, Weyerhaeuser NR Co.
George McFadden, Bureau of Land Management
Dave Rumker, Campbell Group
Eric Turnblom, University of Washington
Steve Wickham, Plum Creek Timber Co.
Nutrition Project
Project Leader, Rob Harrison
University of Washington
David Briggs, University of Washington
Louise de Montigny, B.C. Ministry of Forests
Sean Garber, Roseburg Resources
Barbara Gartner, Oregon State University
Randall Greggs, Green Diamond Res. Co.
Denny Hill, Campbell Group
Scott Holub, Weyerhaeuser NR Company
Greg Johnson, Weyerhaeuser NR Company
Steve Loy, Green Diamond Resource Co.
Jeff Madsen, Port Blakely Tree Farms LP
Doug Maguire, Oregon State University
Bryan Nelson, Lone Rock Timber Management
Brian Sharer, Hancock Forest Management
Eric Turnblom, University of Washington
Steve Wickham, Plum Creek Timber Co.
7
2011 BUDGET
FINANCE COMMITTEE
David Briggs, SMC Director; George McFadden, BLM, Conner Fristoe, Plum Creek Timber Co; Randall Greggs
Green Diamond Resource Co.; Greg Johnson, Weyerhaeuser NR Co.; Jeff Madsen, Port Blakely Tree Farms; Gene
McCaul, West Fork Timber Co.; Scott McLeod, Washington DNR; Megan O’Shea, SMC; Dean Stuck, Hancock
Forest Management; Dave Walters, Roseburg Resources
FUNDING FORMULA
2011 dues were calculated from the following formula approved fall 2004; started in 2006
If acres > 100,000
dues = $12,274 + $0.035675 Acres
If acres ≤ 100,000
dues = $ 6,137 + $0.035675 Acres
Dues cap = $79,517
INCOME (TABLE 1)
Member Dues & Contracts ($566,873, 48.3 % of total financial support, Figure 1)
• Member dues were at 95% of full funding, $564,916 total
• Less $2,500 in-kind credit
• BLM paid full dues but is split with “dues” shown equal to that of the largest other member with the remaining
balance recorded under special contract income.
• Special contract income was $4,459 the balance of BLM dues.
External Research Grants ($94,000, 8.0% of total financial support, Figure 1)
•
Funding from external grants support graduate students and some SMC staff time thereby producing savings in
the SMC budget.
Institutional Funding ($186,407, 15.8% of total financial support, Figure 1)
• The BC Ministry of Forests Research Branch contributed $25,000 to support measurement and treatment costs
associated with SMC Installations in BC. Other institutional members provided the equivalent of about $161,407
in the form of salaries of scientists, facilities, and administrative support.
UW Teaching Assistances ($269,445, 27.9% of financial support, Figure 1)
•
University of Washington student support through TA’s, Harrison and Turnblom
8
Table 1: Income
Table 1. 2011 Financial Support
Cooperator
Amount
% dec
Formula dues:
Bureau of Land Management
$
75,541
6%
Campbell Group
$
23,781
5%
Cascade Timber Consulting
$
16,541
5%
Forest Capital Partners
$
16,386
5%
Green Diamond.Resource Co.
$
21,590
5%
Hampton Affiliates
$
9,050
5%
Hancock Forest Management
$
29,721
5%
International Forestry Consultants, Inc
$
7,234
5%
Lone Rock Timber Company
$
15,818
5%
Longview Timberlands LLC
$
33,839
5%
Olympic Res. Mgt/Pope Res.
$
17,698
5%
Oregon Dept. Forestry
$
27,517
27%
Pacific Denkman
$
6,339
5%
Plum Creek Timber Co.
$
26,294
5%
Port Blakely Tree Farms
$
16,523
5%
Quinault Dept. Nat. Res
$
7,968
5%
Rayonier Forest Resources
$
23,353
5%
Renewable Resources, LLC
$
8,020
5%
Roseburg Resources.
$
21,726
5%
TimberWest-Coast Timberlands
$
34,726
5%
Stimson Lumber
$
17,523
5%
Washington Dept. Nat.Res.
$
24,581
50%
West Fork Timber Co. LLC
$
7,606
5%
Weyerhaeuser NR Co.
$
75,541
5%
Total
$
564,914
10%
Member Contracts, Grants, Adjustments.
$
Subtotal
$
Less in-kind credits
$
Net Cash Contributions
$
4,459
569,373
48.3%
(2,500)
566,873
Institutional Contributions
B.C. Ministry of Forests
$
25,000
Oregon State University
$
10,000
University of Washington
$
131,407
USFS PNW Research Station
$
20,000
Subtotal
$
186,407
15.8%
External Funds (Grants & UW)
$
423,445
35.9%
TOTAL
$
9
1,179,225
100.0%
Figure 1: Sources of 2011 SMC Funds
Sources of SMC Funds
UW TA
Institutions
15.8%
Member Dues
External Grants
8.0%
27.9%
48.3%
Table 2: 2011 SMC External Grants and UW Student Support
Table 2: Money Received in 2011
Source
Amount
Period
PI
Non-UW
NCASI
$24,000
2011
Harrison
CAFS
$70,000
2011
Harrison, Briggs
Subtotal
$94,000
UW
Corkery Family Chair
$60,000
2011
Briggs
UWTA
$269,445
2011
Harrison, Turnblom
Subtotal
$329,455
Total
$423,445
10
Figure 2: Total Funding Since 1985
•
Vote at the fall 2010 meeting was to achieve an ending 2011 balance of $20,000; the actual ending balance was
$16,522.
•
Operating funds, including the 2010 balance, were $632,032 compared to $591,738 in 2010.
•
Salaries and benefits, 61% of available funds (Figure 3), include the permanent SMC staff, hourly helpers and
occasional student support. Most of the salary expense along with a large share of travel and supplies supports
field measurement activities and the associated database management.
•
The salary and benefits shown are the net amount after charges to grants and the Precision Forestry
cooperative for work done by SMC staff.
•
A summer field crew was hired, with expenses split between the Corkery Family Foundation Chair, external
grants, the Precision Forestry Cooperative and the SMC.
11
Table 3: Balance Sheet
Table 3. 2011 BUDGET
INCOME
Amount
Formula Funding
Contracts
Subtotal
In-kind credits
Net Cash Contributions
2010 Ending Balance Forward
Total Funds Available
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
EXPENSES
Through Dec 2011
Salaries
Benefits
Travel
Equipment & supplies
Contract Services
Tuition
Subtotal
Indirect
Total Direct & Indirect
Research Contracts
Amount
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
300,193
75,780
68,620
7,012
27,397
14,485
493,489
122,021
615,509
-
47%
12%
11%
1%
4%
2%
78%
19%
97%
0%
Total Expenditures
$
615,509
97%
2011 Ending Balance
$
16,522
3%
Total Funds Available
$
632,032
%
564,914
4,459
569,373
(2,500)
566,873
65,159
632,032
%
Figure 3: 2011 SMC Expenditures
Use of Member Dues
Salaries & Benefits
Research Contracts
Operation Support
Balance
2.6%
37.9%
59.5%
0.0%
12
89%
1%
90%
0%
90%
10%
100%
100%
FIELD WORK AND DATABASE REPORTS
FIELD INSTALLATION DESCRIPTIONS
TYPE I
Established between 1986 and 1994 in juvenile (age 7-15) Douglas-fir and western hemlock
plantations with uniform stocking ranging from 300-680 stems per acre. Established before
the onset of substantial inter-tree competition. At establishment, some plots were
systematically thinned to 50% or 25% of the existing trees per acre. Seven plots constitute a
common core on all installations and are following pre-defined thinning regimes based on
Curtis’ relative density. At some installations counterparts to some of the core plots received
best tree rather systematic spacing and others have either pruning or fertilization treatment.
38 installations, of which 30 are Douglas-fir, 322 plots, and 8 are western hemlock, 56 plots.
TYPE II
Established between 1986 and 1991 in Douglas-fir plantations that were approaching
commercial thinning stage and considered to approximate the expected future condition of
the Type I installations. Five plots, one unthinned control and four following thinning regimes
based on Curtis’ relative density constitute the treatments. Originally 12 installations, 60 plots;
currently 4 installations, 20 plots.
TYPE III
Planted between 1985 and 2001 with the best current regeneration practices at 100, 200,
300, 440, 680, and 1210 stems per acre. Plantings were at least 3 acres per spacing to
provide experimental material for future research. A control measurement sample plot was
established in each spacing. In the three widest spacings additional plots were established to
create a matrix of density and pruning (pruned with unpruned “followers” with pruning to
either 50% live crown removal or pruned to 2.5 inch top) treatments. In the three dense
spacings a matrix of thinning treatments; early/light, early/heavy, late/light, late/heavy, and a
late one time, was established based on relative spacing. 47 installations; of which 38 are
Douglas-fir, 6 are western hemlock, and 3 with a 50/50 mix of Douglas-fir and western
hemlock. Collectively they have 564 plots.
Carryover
Planted in 1997-1999 on plots of the former Regional Forest Nutrition Research Program
after harvesting to assess if fertilization of the previous stand affects development of its
successor. 7 installations, 17 plots.
GGTIV
“Genetic Gain/Type IV” Planted in 2005 and 2006. A Douglas-fir genetic gain and spacing trial
collaboration with Northwest Tree Improvement Cooperative. Planting spacings are 7x7,
10x10, and 15x15. Genetic levels are elite, unimproved and intermediate stock. Vegetation
control levels are current practice and complete until crown closure. . Temperature and
precipitation gages and lysimeters at each installation. 6 installations, 132 plots in the Grays
Harbor breeding zone.
LTSP
“Long-term site productivity” Sites at Fall River, WA; Matlock, WA; Mollalla, OR. Collaboration
with USFS PNWRS, OSU, and companies.
Type V
Paired-tree study consisting of two treatments, 0 and 224 Kg N/ha to study effects on growth,
carbon, and wood quality. Stratified by parent material, vegetation zone, slope location. Each
installation has 20 tree pairs. Temperature and precipitation gages and lysimeters at each
installation. 73 installations installed, measured and fertilized. Two-year response for 60 of
the sites.
13
REGIONAL FOREST NUTRITION RESEARCH PROGRAM (RFNRP)
PHASE I
PHASE II
PHASE III
PHASE IV
PHASE V
Unthinned natural stands of Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Installations were
established in 1969-70, received as many as 4 fertilization treatments, and were
measured for 20 years. Completed in 1990. 117 installations, 702 plots.
Thinned natural stands of Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Installations were
established in 1971-72, received as many as 4 fertilization treatments, and were
measured for 20 years. Completed in 1992. 43 installations, 266 plots
Young thinned plantations of Douglas-fir and western hemlock, and low site
quality stands of Douglas-fir. Installations were established in 1975, received as
many as 4 fertilization treatments, and were measured for 20 years. Completed
in 1996. 29 installations, 234 plots
Pre-commercially thinned (300 trees/acre) plantations of Douglas-fir and western
hemlock, and Douglas-fir stands of naturally low stocking. Installations were
established in 1980, received as many as 4 fertilization treatments, and were
measured for 20 years Completed n 2000. 34 installations, 306 plots
Single-tree screening trials in young noble fir and Pacific silver fir stands;
established 1986-1988. One fertilizer application. Completed in 1991. 22
installations.
14
FIELD WORK
Field Crew Personnel: Bob Gonyea, Field Coordinator, Bert Hasselberg, Field Technician.
Table 1 indicates the number of times that plots on the different types of installations have been measured through the
11/12 field season.
Table1. Number of times that plots have been measured by installation type; through the 11/12 field season.
# of
1
1
Type I
2
Type II
Meas
# plots
%
1
2
2
# plots
Type III
%
# plots
%
1%
4
0
0%
3
0
0%
4
2
1%
6
5
25
7%
6
152
7
Carryover
# plots
3
%
GGTIV
# plots
2
%
3
Type V
# inst
%
1%
39
53%
16
5%
34
47%
17
5%
10%
19
5%
9
15%
48
15%
2
7%
40%
20
33%
65
21%
0
0%
98
26%
17
28%
99
32%
6
21%
8
76
20%
7
12%
22
7%
9
31%
9
18
5%
6
2%
9
31%
10
4
1%
1
1%
14
5%
3
10%
378
100%
60
100%
310
100%
29
100%
73
100%
132
100%
132
100%
11
12
Total
1. Number of full measurements at establishment and every 4th year thereafter
2. Number of full measurements at establishment, every 2 years until 30 ft in height, & every 4 years thereafter
3. Number of full measurements at establishment and annually thereafter
15
Table 2 summarizes the number of field installations and plots visited during the past three field seasons along with the
planned visits for the 2012/2013. In total, 21 installations (205 plots) received full measurement in the 2011-2012 field
season. Visits to installations for other work such as thinning trigger checks and thinning if needed, etc. brought the total
number of visits to 114 installations (283 plots). The plot counts do not include the tree pair plots within the Type V
installations).
Table 2. Field activity workload 09/10 through 11/12 and proposed plan for 12/13.
Installation
Activity
2009/2010
2010/2011
No.
No.
No.
Inst. Plots Inst.
Type I
No.
2011/2012
No.
Plots Inst.
No.
Plots
2012/2013
No.
No.
Inst. Plots
Full Measurement
8
75
12
163
7
71
9
87
Thin check
12
21
13
25
10
16
14
22
Thinned
7
9
6
13
1
6
2
10
2
10
Fertilized
Pruned
Stem analysis
Foliage samples
Type II
Full Measurement
Thin check
Thinned
Stem analysis
Type III
Full Measurement
9
78
6
57
9
104
6
65
Thin check
2
4
1
1
2
2
2
5
Thinned
2
4
2
2
Pruned measured
2
12
2
24
4
2
15
Pruned
2
11
Stem analysis
Carryover
Full Measurement
Type IV GGT Full Measurement
Type V
Contracts
5
14
3
66
3
66
3
66
3
66
Plot installation & Initial Meas.
28
a
11
a
Fertilized
28
a
11
a
Re-measurement
6
a
28
a
73
a
38
a
Foliage samples
6
b
28
b
28
b
11
b
Full Measurement
3
31
3
31
Full Measurement
57
250c
67
310c
94
282c
All activity
138
306c
114
375c
111
315c
New
Total
Notes:
a = individual trees; approx.20 tree pairs per installation
b = 6 control and 6 fertilized trees foliage sampled per installation
c = does not include Type V trees
16
56
62
93c
236c
SUMMER FIELD CREW
The crew consisting of graduate students Paul Footen, Jed Bryce, and Gonzalo Thienel measured
•
Type I: 4 installations (54 plots) for understory vegetation and habitat survey
•
Type III 6 installations (54 plots) for understory vegetation and habitat survey
•
Special survey of 6 plots at 2 Type III examined for sun scald and pitch moth
The salaries and expenses for the summer field crew students were paid by SMC, UW funds, primarily the Corkery
Family Chair, some of the staff time was paid through the NSF CAFS grant, and expenses for instrumentation were paid
by AGENDA 2020 and CAFS funds.
Installation
Type
# of Plots
Tasks
905
2
12
Habitat assessment, veg surveys
915
2
12
Habitat assessment, veg surveys, sun scald
922
2
6
Habitat assessment, veg surveys
930
2
6
Habitat assessment, veg surveys
931
2
8
Habitat assessment, veg surveys
932
2
12
Habitat assessment, veg surveys, sun scald
703
1
12
Habitat assessment, veg surveys
725
1
15
Habitat assessment, veg surveys
726
1
15
Habitat assessment, veg surveys
729
1
12
Habitat assessment, veg surveys
Total
10
110
DATABASE
Database Person: Randol Collier, Senior Computer Specialist
The 2011 version of SMC database was shipped in mid-June to all cooperators. This database contains information from
527 installations. Of these installations, there are 166 currently active – 147 Douglas fir, 13 western hemlock, and six
mixtures or other species. In total, these 527 installations contain 7,764 plots, which contain a total of 289,323 trees,
which have been measured 1,701,354 times.
The database also contains many other types of information as well. To name a few types, there is stem sectioning
information, soil information, nutrient analysis, vegetation and habitat sampling as well as photographs and maps.
17
National Science Foundation Industry-University Cooperative Research Centers
(I/UCRC) Center for Advanced Forest Systems (CAFS)
The UW proposal to join CAFS was approved in February 2009. We received $70,000 NSF/CAFS funding in 2009 and
again in 2010 and 2011. This level is contingent on the total amount of funding in each year from UW industry
supporters who wrote letters that they wished to join the UW CAFS site; the total support must exceed $300,000 for
UW to receive the $70,000 from NSF. In 2009 three projects were initiated and continued through 2010 with one
essentially finished. In 2010 three projects were initiated and continued through 2011 with two essentially finished.
CAFS 2009-2011 Research and Activities: This project has four components or sub-projects, all related to
improving understanding and methods to (1) measure and monitor the response of Douglas-fir to nitrogen fertilization,
(2) identify specific site characteristics that may predict Douglas-fir productivity and response, and (3)assess the effects
of fertilization on Douglas-fir wood properties through the use of nondestructive testing methods, and (4) develop
models for biomass growth (carbon storage) of Douglas-fir trees as affected by treatments and climate.
CONTINUING PROJECT
COMPONENT A: Response to Fertilization
Understanding Site-Specific Factors Affecting the Nutrient Demands and Response to Fertilizer by
Douglas-fir
INVESTIGATOR(S): UW Faculty (Rob Harrison, David Briggs, Eric Turnblom) OSU faculty (Doug
Maguire, Doug Mainwaring)
OBJECTIVES
(1) to evaluate the response of 15-25 year-old Douglas-fir stands to N fertilization within a given vegetation/geology
type.
(2) to predict potential response from site and stand variables such that forest managers would be able to focus scarce
fertilization resources into sites most likely to respond.
(3) to provide a field laboratory for additional work, (see components B and C).
Since 2007, 73 field installations have been created. Each installation has ~20 matched tree pairs, of which one is selected
to receive nitrogen fertilizer at 200 lb/ac. At each site we have measured trees and understory vegetation, have taken
soil samples and installed continuously recording rain, air and soil temperature and moisture recording equipment. Trees
are remeasured on a 2-year cycle. Foliage samples are being taken at the time of installation and at each
remeasurement. The attached file provides further description of the study and a summary of soil properties. Each
installation will be remeasured for at least 6 years. After the last measurement assessments will be made to determine
the effects of the treatment on wood density, wood stiffness, biomass, and carbon storage (Project Component C). The
study is being augmented with additional installations and tree pairs that will use fertilizer with the N-15 isotope, which
will facilitate detailed assessments of where the fertilizer goes in the system. A PhD student is analyzing the soil
properties from the installations as a basis for developing hypotheses as to how trees will respond to fertilization.
PROJECT BUDGET: 2009 -2011 allocation -$25k each year used for costs of field personnel and instrumentation to
set up installations.
18
PROGRESS: By combining CAFS funding with $25k/yr from AGENDA 2020, 73 paired tree fertilization trial
installations (Type V have been created with soil samples collected, temperature and precipitation gages and lysimeters
at 10cm and 50cm depth have been installed. One article has been submitted and two others are in preparation.
POTENTIAL MEMBER COMPANY BENEFITS: Forest projects companies are funding a major part of the cost
of this study. This study is the only significant forest fertilization study of the Stand Management Cooperative (SMC) for
over a decade. This study took about 15 years to design and approve, and is designed to meet the needs of SMC
members at reasonable costs. Part of the reluctance to invest in fertilization research in the Pacific Northwest has been
the scale of research needed to answer the really important question of site-specific response in a practical way. If this
tool is provided by the proposed study, it could revolutionize the use of N fertilizer in the entire Douglas-fir region by
removing the major barriers to use, namely, having an estimate of the potential for response at a particular site and
stand and being able to demonstrate that environmental problems can be avoided. Shifting actual forest fertilization to
the highest-responding sites in the region could give a much bigger "bang-for-the buck", including an estimated 50%
increase in productivity with the same amount of fertilizer currently applied by selecting highly responsive stands and
avoiding unresponsive ones.
DELIVERABLES LONG-TERM: The primary initial deliverables of this study were the creation of a network of
paired-plot fertilization studies as proposed above. This matrix of studies covers the major range of company-owned
production lands, as each site was selected based on company preference as well as fitting into the overall study plan. As
growth response is compared to site characteristics, we expect to be able to derive a model that can both be used on
its own, and potentially integrated into the major growth-and-yield models. Presentations have been and are currently
being made in several appropriate meetings, and we are working on a range of published papers from these studies. One
article from Component A has been submitted and two others are in preparation.
DELIVERABLES – ONE YEAR: Data from continued monitoring and growth of 73 main installations; journal article
on effects of climate and site properties on soil productivity in these ecosystems; installation of second year of 15N
sites.
•
Predicting Nitrogen Fertilizer Response in Douglas-fir Plantations. Stand Management Cooperative Fall Meeting,
September 2009.
•
Soil and Site Factors that may predict Nitrogen Fertilizer Response in Douglas-fir Plantations. Poster. Soil
Science Society of America Meeting, November 2009.
•
Predicting Nitrogen Fertilizer Response in Douglas-fir Plantations. Stand Management Cooperative Nutrition
Technical Advisory Committee Meeting, December 2009.
•
Paired Tree Study: Preliminary Results and Ongoing Research. Stand Management Cooperative Spring Meeting,
April 2010.
•
Understanding Site-Specific Factors Affecting the Nutrient Demands and Response to Fertilizer by Douglas-fir.
Center for Advanced Forestry Systems, Spring 2010.
•
Predicting Nitrogen Fertilizer Response in Douglas-fir Plantations. University of Washington Chinese Delegation
Meeting, Spring 2010.
•
Littke, Kim. 2010 Understanding how water and nitrogen contents affect Douglas-fir. Stand Management
Cooperative Spring Meeting, Olympia, WA.
19
COMPLETED PROJECTS
COMPONENT B: Remote Sensing of Productivity
PROJECT TITLE: Remote Sensing for Measuring and Monitoring the Response of Plantations to
Intensive Management
INVESTIGATOR(S): L. Monika Moskal (UW)
OBJECTIVES
(1) to assess inventory characteristics and leaf are index of intensively managed Douglas-fir plantations at the tree, stand,
and landscape scales.
The approach involves multitemporal monitoring at the ground level, with a terrestrial laser scanner through the
growing season, as well as fusion of the terrestrial scanning with aerial and satellite based (IceSAT/GLAS) lidar data.
Terrestial lidar is being collected on a monthly basis on a subsample of installations associated with Component A. Key
questions to be addressed are; can remote sensing measure total height, crown (length, width, leaf area index, diameter
and other forest inventory metrics? Can remote sensing detect differences due to fertilization treatments? A PhD
student has been sampling various trees and stands with various crown/canopy architectures to develop methods to
accurately measure leaf area index, a key indicator of productivity.
MEMBER COMPANY BENEFITS: Algorithms and protocols for collecting and analyzing terrestrial LiDAR data.
DELIVERABLES: Graduate Student Participants: Guang Zheng –PhD Dissertation entitled Terrestrial Laser Scanning
of Leaf Area will be completed in early 2011. Undergraduate Student Participants: Chris Vondrasek, Megan Davis,
Brendan Boyer.
Peer-reviewed Publications (Published):
Zheng G., Moskal L.M, 2009. Retrieving Leaf Area Index (LAI) Using Remote Sensing: Theories, Methods and Sensors.
Sensors, 9(4):2719-2745.
Moskal, L. M., T. Erdody, A. Kato, J. Richardson, G. Zheng and D. Briggs, 2009. Aerial and Terrestrial LiDAR
Applications in Precision Forestry, SilviLaser 2009 Peer reviewed Conference Proceedings, College Station, TX.
Publications
Zheng, G., and L.M. Moskal, submitted 2011, Spatial variability of terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) based leaf area index
(LAI). International Journal of Remote Sensing.
Zheng, G., L.M. Moskal and S-H. Kim, submitted 2011, Retrieval of effective leaf area index in heterogeneous forests
with a terrestrial laser scanner. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology.
Zheng G. and L. M. Moskal, 2008. Leaf Area Index (LAI) from Terrestrial LiDAR. Factsheet # 2. Remote Sensing and
Geospatial Application Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
Moskal, L.M., D. M. Styers and M. Halabisky, 2011. Monitoring Urban Forest Canopies Using Object-Based Image
Analysis and Public Domain Remotely Sensed Data. Remote Sensing Special Issue on Urban Remote Sensing, 3
(10); 2243-2262.
20
Moskal., L. M. and G. Zheng, 2008. Forest inventory and stem characterization from terrestrial LiDAR. Factsheet # 1.
Remote Sensing and Geospatial Application Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
Presentations:
•
Moskal, L.M., 2009. Canopy Characterization with Terrestrial LiDAR. LTER All Scientists Meeting Working
Group Session 2: Applications of LiDAR to Ecological Research YMCA Estes Park, CO.
•
Zheng, G. and L.M. Moskal, 2011. Combining Computational Geometry and Terrestrial Laser Scanner for
Quantifying Leaf Area Index and Canopy Structure at Forest Plot Level. Accepted to the American Association
of Geographers Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA, April 2011
•
Moskal, L.M., 2010, Toward Ecosystem Health and Services Monitoring with Aerial and Terrestrial LiDAR: The
Application of Leaf Area Index (LAI), LiDAR10 – International LiDAR Forum, Denver, CO, February, 2010.
•
Moskal, L. M., T. Erdody, A. Kato, J. Richardson, G. Zheng and D. Briggs, 2009. LiDAR Applications in Precision
Forestry, Puget Sound and Columbia Regions Fall Info Exchange, Vancouver, WA .
•
Zheng, G. and L. M. Moskal Determining LAI from terrestrial LiDAR. Puget Sound and Columbia Regions Fall
Info Exchange, Vancouver, WA.
•
Zheng, G. and L. M. Moskal Terrestrial LiDAR scanning for leaf area index. ASPRS Puget Sound Region Spring
Info Exchange, Seattle, WA, February 2009.
COMPONENT C: Effects of Fertilization on Wood Quality and Carbon Storage
PROJECT TITLE: Modeling the Effects of Intensive Plantation Silviculture on Wood Density and Stiffness
INVESTIGATOR(S): David Briggs, University of Washington, Eini Lowell, USFS PNW Research Station;
Cosmin Filipescu and Ross Koppenaal, Canadian Wood Fibre Cenre.
OBJECTIVES
(1) to evaluate the effect of the fertilization treatments (Component A) on wood stiffness and density, which can be
directly converted to carbon and energy content.
(2) to assess nondestructive testing tools (acoustic velocity, resistance, and near-infrared specroscopy)to provide low
cost rapid indirect measures of stiffness (acoustic velocity, density (resistance. NIR), and other wood properties (NIR) in
standing trees.
(3) to explore potential linkages with remote sensing (Component B).
Approach: This component will assess effects after six growing seasons following treatment. In the meantime, we have
completed collection of data from six Levels of Growing Stock study sites with a long treatment history to understand
the ability of NDT tools to estimate stiffness (Hitman ST-300, Pakopp Treesonic) and density (Resistograph F-400)of
wood in standing trees. We have also collected increment cores to compare density from x-ray densitometry with
resistance values and to assess utility of near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) to measure density and other properties. The
goal is to determine if these non-destructive testing technologies can provide estimates of stiffness, density and other
wood properties with less expense and faster turnaround than conventional laboratory approaches.
21
MEMBER COMPANY BENEFITS: Knowledge of how much volume (or biomass) inventory exists with a specific
range of size and wood property characteristics over space and time is becoming an important aspect of pre-harvest
decision support for silvicultural planning and monitoring, harvest scheduling, and marketing for traditional timber
products, carbon credits and bio-fuels on a forest estate. This project is aimed at providing wood property assessment
tools and models that can be routinely implemented to improve decision support systems.
DELIVERABLES: All field and laboratory work has been completed, compilation of the database and analyses are
underway, and it is anticipated that a publication manuscript will be submitted within the year.
•
Koppennall, Ross. 2010 Results of Acoustic Velocity Tests on Standing Trees on Levels of Growing Stock
(LOGS) Sites. Stand Management Cooperative Spring Meeting, Olympia, WA.
COMPONENT D: Effects of Fertilization on Wood Quality and Carbon Storage
PROJECT TITLE: Biomass growth and yield of intensively managed Coastal Douglas-fir plantations
INVESTIGATOR(S): D. Briggs, R. Harrison, E. Turnblom, Rapeepan Kantavichai (PhD student);
University of Washington, School of Forest Resources
OBJECTIVES: This project will build on the others to understand how treatments and climate affect the biomass
growth of Douglas-fir trees. Climate and x-ray densitometry data, at 5m intervals along sample tree stems has been
collected for 4 thinning trial sites. A PhD student is developing models of annual biomass increment of trees. Since 50%
of the biomass of the tree stem is carbon, these can also be thought of as models for carbon accumulation. This study is
viewed as a pilot program that will be extended to a wider transect over the range of Douglas-fir
MEMBER COMPANY BENEFITS: Markets for carbon sequestration and bioenergy offer new opportunities for
forest landowners to add value to their forestlands. However, current methods to obtain estimates of carbon and
energy, which are related to dry weight (biomass) rather than volume as in traditional log products or components of a
tree or stand, have been shown to produce large errors. These errors are a result of (1) old biomass equations that that
use allometry with only dbh or dbh and height or (2) use of a species average wood density to convert volume to dry
weight. Both methods ignore effects of age, silvicultural treatment, and site-specific factors (soil, temperature,
precipitation). Success of this study would provide improved predictions of biomass, carbon, and energy productivity of
trees in a stand, which will be for integrated planning for carbon, energy, and traditional log markets. The model will also
facilitate life-cycle assessment of the carbon and energy balance of alternative management regimes.
DELIVERABLES: All field data collection and x-ray densitometry done on prior studies. Biomass increments
calculated, all data integrated and basic model developed. Models to predict biomass, carbon, and energy production by
trees at the local level. Potential to integrate with growth and yield models to simulate development of biomass, carbon
and energy components of stands to assist in forest planning. Previously, wood density models for a Douglas-fir site
with plots that had received thinning and fertilization treatments were published; significant effects of silvicultural
treatments and local soil, temperature, precipitation, and water balance variables were found. A PhD student has
extended the modeling to 4 sites, each with 5 plots that are part of a thinning trial, The unique feature of this study is xray densitometer data from multiple points along the stem of each tree which permits calculation of annual biomass
(hence carbon storage) increment as well as growth ring density properties. PhD completed in December 2011, Journal
manuscript underway.
•
PRISM 2007. Climatological Normals, The PRISM Group, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
22
•
Daly, C., M. Halbleth, J.I. Smith, W.P. Gibson, M.K. Doggett, W.P. Taylog, J. Curtis, , P.P Pasteris. 2008
Physiographical-sensitive mapping of climatological temperature and precipitation across the conterminous
United States. International Journal of Climatology, published online in Wiley InterScience
(www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI:10.2002/joc.1688
•
Kantavichai, Rapeepan. 2010. Modeling Annual Biomass (Carbon) Increment Response to Thinning and Climate
at Four Coastal Douglas-fir Plantation Sites. Stand Management Cooperative Spring Meeting, Olympia, WA.
23
NUTRITION PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Project Leader: Rob Harrison, University of Washington
Graduate Students: Paul Footen (M.S. completed Winter, 2011; current Ph.D. student), Kim Littke (Ph.D), Austin Himes
(M.S.), Betsy Vance (M.S.) and Erika Knight (M.S.), University of Washington.
A copy of this report is available at http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/publications/SMC-Nutrition-2011.pdf
PROGRESS TO DATE
The major SMC-related work on nutrition completed in 2011 includes
1) final establishment (to 73 total current) of Type V Paired-Tree fertilization studies including preliminary analysis of
results, publication of a dissertation and a journal article by Kim Littke, and installation of an NSF-funded study of the
fate of N-15 fertilizer applications at 10 Type V sites
2) additional work on the Fall River/ Matlock/ Molalla research studies including publishing several papers, one
comparing nitrogen leaching at Fall River and Matlock, and characterizing current biomass at Fall River
3) continued work on the carryover study, including publication of a dissertation by Paul Footen
Type V Paired-Tree Fertilization Study Summary
OBJECTIVES: The primary objectives of this study are to evaluate the potential for response of 15-25 year-old stands
to N fertilization within a given vegetation/geology type. Secondary objectives include being able to predict potential
response from site and stand variables such that cooperators would be able to focus scarce fertilization resources into
sites most likely to respond. A third objective would be to acquire outside funding to expand the scope and usefulness
of the fertilization studies by providing a field laboratory for additional work. These studies have the potential to attract
already-funded graduate students and visiting faculty (in fact, they previously have, and currently are) further amplifying
the impact of the study.
METHODS: The design for installing fertilizer treatments are copied almost exactly from the design utilized by
Weyerhaeuser Company in similar research studies, as well as the CIPS fertilizer studies of Doug Maguire and Doug
Mainwaring. A copy of the establishment report for the CIPS study is available at:
http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/publications/MaguireFertilizationProject2007.pdf
Copying their installation design not only allows this study to utilized the combined earlier thought that went into
designing these studies, but also to greatly increase the coverage and "n" available when results of several studies are
combined.
STAND AND SITE SELECTION: SMC Type V installations are located across the major geologic parent
materials/soils and climate zones in the western Douglas-fir region of Oregon and Washington (Figure 1). Climate zone
24
and parent materials were used to stratify the land for sampling. A copy of the candidate area selection form is available
from: http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/publications/TypeV_SingleTreeFert.doc
With SMC cooperator input, we selected the strata with the most
land coverage selected by each cooperator ensuring that each
cooperator is included, but are also including minor strata that could
provide meaningful information about response diagnostics. A
portion of the stands were selected with attempts to include stands
near the endpoints of the range of elevation, precipitation, site index,
slope, etc. to allow interpolation of statistical models rather than
extrapolation. Position on slope (ridge, sideslope, toeslope) were
also considered when selecting sites, but it was difficult to find
toeslopes. Priority was given those stands that have not received
fertilization or thinning in the past 10 years. To date, all stands in the
study meet these criteria. Existing SMC and Swiss Needle Cast coop "Beyond Nitrogen" installations are also being considered as a
secondary part of this study, and indeed, additional work in CIPS
"Beyond Nitrogen" studies were funded as part of the Agenda 2020
study proposal along with the new SMC sites.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The experimental design (at an Figure 1. Distribution of current and pending installations in
the SMC Type V Paired-tree fertilization study as of December
“installation”) is a randomized complete block with two treatments and 2010. Red indicators are for glacial origin sites, green for
nominally 19-20 paired tree blocks at each location. The experimental unit sedimentary, and blue for volcanic origin sites.
consists of a 1/50th acre circular plot centered on a single subject tree.
Each block consists of two experimental units selected to make the paired tree block as uniform as possible, primarily
with respect to tree size, crown dimension, stocking in relation to surrounding trees, aspect, slope, soils, vegetation etc.
Even though these "blocks" will not be physically contiguous, the matching of similar trees will reduce variation, thereby
increasing the probability of detecting differences between treatments. The sampling unit is the single tree at the center
of the plot. There are about 19-10 paired tree blocks per location with two treatments for a total of 38-40 single tree
plots that are being established. One of the paired tree subplots is being randomly chosen to be fertilized.
Analysis is at the installation level and grouping by parent material types or other soil property choices for stratification
as well as by position on slope within parent material types. A small difference in response should be detectable by this
design.
A joint SMC/CIPS equipment proposal was selected for funding in the latest Agenda 2020 program, entitled “Agenda
2020 Management of PNW forest plantations: Additional site characterization and instrumentation for SMC/CIPS PairedTree Fertilization Projects”. Support for new research for the fertilization project is at $100K/year for 3 years. A copy
of the proposal is available at http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/publications/Agenda2020ProposalFinal.doc
Kim Littke, who is the full-time Ph.D. student working on the fertilization project, continues to secure all of her personal
support (stipend and tuition) from CFR scholarships and assistantships, which is a contribution of approximately $36,000
per year in terms of member dues plus overhead for 2008. We also received funding from the NSF CAFS (Center for
Advanced Forest Systems) of $20,000 for 2009-2010 and $32,000 in 2010-2011 to install and instrument additional sites.
Such funding will help us greatly to multiply the impact of SMC member contributions to the overall project.
25
A total of 71 Douglas-fir and 2 Ponderosa pine Paired Tree Installations have been installed through the end of 2010
(Figure 1). Details of sampling methods can be found in the 2009 SMC Nutrition report at:
http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/publications/SMC-Nutrition-2009.doc
Results so far indicate that there is an initial response to fertilization overall, though most of the responses are small.
Full response data for two year's growth (except for the 11 sites installed in winter2010/spring2011) should be available
at the end of the growing season (Fall, 2011) for most sites and three growing seasons for the six installed the first year
of the study. Foliar response data indicates that the crown is responding with increased needle size vs. nitrogen
concentration, which is a normal precursor to stem volume growth. Foliage will be sampled again at the end of this
growing season.
One article from Component A has been published, available at http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/publications/Littke-etal2011.pdf
Three papers were submitted as a dissertation, available at: http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/publications/LittkeKimDissertation-2012.pdf
Two-year fertilizer response has been examined in 60 of the 73 installations. Fertilizer response was examined using soil
parent materials in different states and provinces. British Columbia glacial and Washington and Oregon igneous
installations were found to have higher fertilizer volume response (>11%) than Washington glacial and Washington and
Oregon sedimentary installations (<7%). Lower winter and spring temperatures and high forest floor C:N ratios in
igneous and British Columbia glacial installations were indicative of low mineralization and plant available nitrogen, which
was ameliorated through fertilization on these installations.
Two non-linear modeling techniques, boosted regression trees and generalized additive models, were used to determine
the best biogeoclimatic predictors of fertilizer response in the first 60 installations. Boosted regression trees are a
combination of regression trees and machine learning. Generalized additive models are similar to generalized linear
models except that response curves are assigned by the model. Installations with less than 23 cm2 basal area mean
annual increments responded to fertilizer with basal area, height, and volume growth. Fertilizer basal area and volume
response was greatest on installations with high forest floor C:N ratios (>30), high under-canopy growing degree days
(>1400 degree days), low April temperatures (<8.5°C), high February precipitation (>200 mm), and high elevation (3001100 m). High forest floor C:N ratios indicate low mineralization and low plant available nitrogen. Growing degreedays, which were measured under the canopy on each installation with iButton hygrochrons, were greatest on
installations with warm climates and also on installations with sparse canopies. Fertilizer height and volume response
was greatest on installations with low February precipitation (<125 mm). The climate predictors represent the distinct
climates in regions that responded to fertilization.
NSF-funded N-15 portion of the Paired-tree Study
PROJECT DESCRIPTION: Previous research indicates that current uptake of fertilizer nitrogen is as low as 10-25%
in crop trees. Nitrogen that isn’t taken up by the trees is either distributed to other ecosystem components or lost
from the system via leaching or volatilization. This particular project is part of a larger effort examining the overall fate
of fertilizer nitrogen in forest plantations of commercially important timber species. This component of the study is to
examine Douglas-fir in the Pacific Northwest, specifically, to determine both the uptake of nitrogen as well its
environmental fate using enhanced fertilizers labeled with 0.5 atom % 15N applied at 224 kg/ha within a 100m2 area.
Primary objectives of the study include quantifying the amount of fertilizer taken up by the tree, how much fertilizer
26
nitrogen is tied up in other ecosystem components and how much is lost
from the system through volatilization or other gaseous loss. This study
will provide valuable insights into appropriate fertilizer investments that
will contribute to a better understanding of the uptake of fertilizer
nitrogen. It will also provide information on any potential negative
environmental impacts associated with fertilization.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: This study is a completely randomized
block design with a total of 10 installations, with each installation being
one block. Installations were established in the spring of 2011 and 2012
and were selected from a subset of the SMC’s Paired-tree study
representing the different parent materials of the Pacific Northwest
(Figure 2). Each installation is made up of five unfertilized, 2nd rotation
Douglas-fir trees between 14-24 years old with each tree being the
center of a 100m2 circular plot. Within each plot four target trees were
randomly selected to receive one of the four enhanced fertilizer
treatments (urea, polymer coated urea, urea+NBPT, monoammoinum
phosphate coated urea) and one tree was designated as the control.
Figure 2. Sites of installations examining the fate of applied
15
fertilizer nitrogen using N . Sites are a sub-set of SMC’s
Paired Tree Study and represent the diverse geology and
parent materials of the Pacific Northwest.
Prior to fertilization each installation was sampled to determine
background levels of δ15N in each of the ecosystem components. The
aboveground component includes foliage (taken from the top 1/3 of the
tree), branches, bark, and bole of the fertilized tree as well as any
competing woody and herbaceous plants within the plot. The
belowground component consists of the forest floor, roots (both coarse
and fine), and mineral soil sampled from 0-15cm, 15-30cm, 30-45cm, and
45-60cm.
Following fertilization, foliage is sampled at 4 and 6 weeks after fertilization and then every 6 weeks after that until the
end of the growing season. Final sampling occurs one year after fertilization and includes sampling of all of the ecosystem
components.
Volatilization is determined via loss tubes installed at each site. Tubes are fertilized with each of the four treatments with
a control included. Loss tubes are collected immediately following fertilization and then every two weeks after for a total
of six weeks. Once the last of the loss tubes is removed, a core is taken from the bottom of each tube to determine if
there is any leaching of fertilizer nitrogen below the rooting zone.
Results from the C, N, and δ15N analysis will be used to determine the contribution of fertilizer nitrogen to each
component pool. Total nitrogen uptake is determined for each installation by calculating the both the mass and
concentration of nitrogen found in each of the ecosystem components using the results from the C, N, and δ15N
analysis. Aboveground biomass of crop trees on the plot is estimated using species-specific allometric equations based
on DBH, which is measured for all trees larger than 3cm in diameter inside each plot. Coarse root biomass will be
estimated using species-specific allometric equations.
27
To date, sampling has been completed for the five sites installed in the spring of 2011 and the 2012 sites have been fully
installed and are currently being sampled. Additionally, collection of the loss tubes has been completed for these five
sites. All of these samples are currently being processed and prepared for analysis with the help of both graduate and
undergraduate students alike. Foliage will continue to be collected every six weeks throughout the remainder of the
growing season. Final sampling of all of the ecosystem components is scheduled to take place during the spring of 2013.
Preliminary results from the loss samples collected in 2011 have been received and will be analyzed over the summer of
2012. At the current schedule, we anticipate preliminary results for the one-year sampling from 2011 sites to become
available during the mid-to-late fall with analysis taking place during the fall and winter.
Fall River/Matlock/Molalla LTSP:
We now work on the Fall River, Matlock and Molalla LTSP's as an integrated project, with decisions on what to do at
each site aimed at maximizing the overall usefulness of the work. Work emphasis was actually shifted to Matlock and
Molalla because of loss of funding and need for timely work there in 2010, but refocused on Fall River for biomass and
soil characterization in 2011. NCASI has decided to renew the original $40K/year funding level (earlier cut to $24K) for
2011-2012 for the 15th continuous year of funding for this project.
At Fall River LTSP, we built the carbon pools for the entire second-growth stand before the site was harvested (Ares et
al. 2005) and sampled to 80 cm mineral soil depth across all sites. Re-sampling using similar methods should give us the
best estimate of the impact of various harvest methods on soil carbon (i.e. bole-only and total-tree+ with vegetation
control and bole-only harvest without vegetation control) available to-date for a period of 11 years since harvesting. We
changed the methodology slightly to sample at fixed depth, but this will still give a comparable value. The re-sampling of
Fall River soil has begun and preliminary results should be available by the end of summer 2012. Graduate student Erika
Knight will be writing her Master’s thesis on the results of the soil carbon and nitrogen with preparation of a manuscript
soon to follow.
Accomplishments related to Fall River work include:
Work from 2011 has been completed. We have published a special issue (Issue 1 in 2011) of the Journal Forest Science
entitled "Deep Soils". Rob Harrison, Tom Fox and Dan Richter were editors. The cover of this issue shows a profile of a
Boistfort series soil from the Fall River LTSP with C and N distribution with depth. Two of the eight articles in the
special issue include detailed information from the Fall River, Matlock and Molalla LTSPs, including "Initial Response of
Soil Carbon and Nitrogen to Harvest Intensity and Competing Vegetation Control in Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
Plantations of the Pacific Northwest" by Robert A. Slesak, Stephen H. Schoenholtz, Timothy B. Harrington, and Nathan
A. Meehan (Slesak et al. 2011), and Deep Soil Horizons: Contribution and Importance to Soil Carbon Pools and in
Assessing Whole-Ecosystem Response to Management and Global Change by Robert B. Harrison, Paul W. Footen, and
Brian D. Strahm (Harrison et al. 2011). Copies of the entire publication are available at:
http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/publications/DeepSoilsForestScience2011.pdf
Chapter 6 in "Maintaining Adequate Nutrient Supply -- Principles, Decision-Support Tools, and Best Management
Practices" by Robert B. Harrison, Douglas A. Maguire and Deborah Page-Dumroese, in Sam D. Angima and Thomas A.
Terry (eds) Best Management Practices for Maintaining Soil Productivity in the Douglas-fir Region. Oregon State
University extension manuscript EM9023, April 2011 was also completed. Copies of the entire manuscript are available
at: http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/20678/em9023.pdf
28
A compilation comparison of the Fall River, Matlock and Molalla 5-year growth results was recently published in Forest
Ecology and Management. The title of the paper is Five-year vegetation control effects on aboveground biomass and
nitrogen content and allocation in Douglas-fir plantations on three contrasting sites, and it is available at:
http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/publications/Devine-etal-2011.pdf
Figure 3 shows the most important graph from the journal article, showing the "low, medium and high" productivity of
Matlock, Molalla and Fall River LTSPs, and the major impact of vegetation control on growth of the plantation trees.
Measurements of current tree diameters and heights at the Fall River LTSP are being completed, and 26 trees have been
sampled, harvested and processed to provide estimates of biomass in the bole-only harvest with and without competing
vegetation control. Nutrient and carbon pools will also be estimated after analyses of the samples are made. Field and
lab work is currently being completed and we are preparing a journal article on methodology and results. A manuscript
titled “Estimating tree biomass, carbon, and nitrogen in an 11-year-old Douglas-fir plantation on a highly productive site”
has been prepared and will soon be published as a USFS station publication due to its length.
Figure 4 shows the basic results of the dry total biomass vs. stem D2H. There was essentially no difference between year
5 and year 11 biomass vs. D2H, so the data was combined.
Soil sampling has also been carried out at Fall River, and changes due to treatments and time will be compared to the
initial soil sampling done a the beginning of the study.
Carryover Effects of N-fertilization
Paul Footen finished his M.S. degree in 2010. He is publishing a journal article based on the growth of seedlings and
young trees from the carryover study as follows: "Long-term Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Productivity of
Subsequent Stands of Douglas-fir in the Pacific Northwest" in Forest Ecology and Management". An abstract of the paper
shows the significant long-term impact of N fertilization on the growth of the subsequent plantation:
"The carryover effects of N fertilization on five coastal Pacific Northwest Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.]
Franco) plantations were studied. ‘‘Carryover’’ is defined as the long-term impact of N fertilizer added to a previous
stand on the growth of a subsequent stand. Average height and diameter at 1.3 m above-ground (DBH) of 7-9-year-old
Douglas-fir trees and biomass and N-content of understory vegetation were assessed on paired control (untreated) and
urea-N-fertilized plots that had received cumulative additions of 810-1120 kg N/ha to a previous stand. Overall
productivity was significantly greater in the fertilized stands compared to the controls. In 2006, the last growth
measurement year, mean seedling height was 15% greater (p = 0.06) and mean DBH was 29% greater (p = 0.04) on
previously fertilized plots compared to control plots. Understory vegetation biomass of fertilized plots was 73% greater
(p = 0.005), and N-content was 97% greater (p = 0.004) compared to control plots. These results show that past N
fertilization markedly increased seedling growth in these plantations as well as biomass and N-content of understory
vegetation in a subsequent rotation. These findings suggest that N fertilization could potentially increase site productivity
of young Douglas-fir stands found on low quality sites in the Pacific Northwest 15–22 years after application by a
carryover effect. These plantations have not yet reached the age where marketable materials can be harvested from
them, and the growth of trees should be monitored over a longer time period before potential impacts on older stands,
if any, can be determined."
29
The "bottomline" results from the study showed significant increases in total height and DBH of young trees planted
after the previous fertilization was done, up to 20 years afterward.
Conclusions from the study include the following:
1) Repeated N fertilization of previous stands coupled with postharvest organic matter retention increased DBH by 29%
and total height by 15% for a new Douglas-fir plantation in the Pacific Northwest compared to an unfertilized control.
2) Biomass and N-content of understory vegetation increased by 73% and 93%, respectively in N-fertilized compared to
unfertilized stands.
3) The effects of repeated N fertilization may last much longer than previously understood when considering impacts of
that fertilization on young, replanted second growth stands instead of first rotation stands.
4) Increases in tree growth witnessed on carryover plots should continue to increase with time, meaning earlier first
commercial entry and harvest than on the paired controls.
The text of the entire article is available at: http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/publications/Footen-etal-2009.pdf
A copy of Paul's M.S. thesis is available at: http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/publications/FootenPaul-thesis-2011.pdf
New or initiated Publications / Theses / Reports in 2011
Devine, WD, TB Harrington, TA Terry, RB Harrison, RA Slesak, DH Peter, CA Harrington, CJ Shilling and SH
Schoenholtz. 2011. Five-year vegetation control effects on aboveground biomass and nitrogen content and
allocation in Douglas-fir plantations on three contrasting sites. For. Ecol. Mgt. 262:2187-2198.
Available at: http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/publications/Devine-etal-2011.pdf
Harrison, R.B., D.A. Maguire, and D. Page-Dumroese. 2011. Maintaining Adequate Nutrient Supply -- Principles, Decision
Support Tools, and Best Management Practices. Page 33-42 in S.D. Angima and T.A. Terry Best Management
Practices for Maintaining Soil productivity in the Douglas-fir Region. Oregon State University EM 9023.
Available at: http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/20678/em9023.pdf
Harrison, R.B., P.W. Footen and B.D. Strahm. 2011. Deep soil horizons: Contribution and importance to soil C pools
and in assessing whole-ecosystem response to management and global change. Forest Science 57:67-76.
Available at: http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/publications/Harrison-etal-2011.pdf
Lippke, B., E. Oneil, R. Harrison, K. Skog, L. Gustavsson, and R. Sathre. 2011. Life cycle impacts of forest management
and wood utilization on carbon mitigation: knowns and unknowns. Future Science: Carbon Management 2:303333.
Littke, KM, RB Harrison, DG Briggs and AR Grider. 2011. Understanding soil nutrients and characteristics in the Pacific
Northwest through parent material origin and soil nutrient regimes. Can. J. For. Res. 41:2001-2008.
Available at: http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/publications/Littke-etal-2011.pdf
Footen, Paul. 2011. The Effects of Previous Nitrogen Fertilization on Productivity and Nitrogen and Carbon Pools of
Subsequent Stands of Douglas-fir Forests in the Pacific Northwest. M.S. Thesis, University of Washington, 56
pages. Available at: http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/publications/FootenPaul-Thesis-2011.pdf
30
Figure 3. Aboveground biomass at age 5 after planting at the three PNW LTSP
studies
2
Figure 4. Biomass vs. D H relationships for Fall River trees.
31
SILVICULTURE PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Project Leader: Eric Turnblom, University of Washington
Graduate Students: Jed Bryce (M.S.), Kevin Ceder (Ph.D.), Jeff Comnick (Ph.D.), Nai Saetern (M.S.), Nick Vaughn (Ph.D.),
University of Washington
SMC Silviculture Project Leader Turnblom oversaw the SMC mission-driven data gathering and information syntheses
for the Silviculture Project in 2011. The 2011 growing season measurements included 12 Type I installations (78 plots),
two Type II installations (10 plots), 11 Type III installations (104 plots), three GGTIV installations (66 plots), and 32 Type
V installations. On 46 Type V installations, “competing trees” were measured on 40 1/50-acre plots surrounding the
paired-trees at each installation (1840 plots total). During the summer field season, understory vegetation and habitat
assessments were made at four Type I installations and six Type III installations that had been measured during the
previous winter. Installation maintenance was also performed during the summer on all installations needing it as
identified during the winter measurement season. Growing season 2011 maintenance included moving tags from
branches to stems and stapling them on the three GGTIV sites measured.
Silviculture Project TAC leader Turnblom led CAFS 2011 annual meeting attendees on a field tour through the “Left
Court” installation (605 owned by Port Blakeley). There, impacts of genetic gain, weed control, and spacing on growth
and survival were discussed.
Silviculture TAC Leader Turnblom presented a proposal to CAFS members at the fourth annual CAFS meeting in June
2011 in collaboration with David Briggs (UW), Keith Jayawickrama (OSU), Eini Lowell (USFS), and J. Brad St. Clair
(USFS) to assess wood quality in GGTIV installations at age nine years. The project received funding from CAFS for
2011. Turnblom also served on the guiding PhD committee for Rapeepan Kantavichai, chaired by Briggs. Ms.
Kantavichai examined the effects of climate and thinning on coastal Douglas-fir annual biomass growth at four Type II
sites, successfully defending her dissertation research in 2011. Further, Turnblom provided statistical and silvicultural
advice and instruction to SMC graduate students working on SMC Nutrition Project studies.
In collaboration with his PhD students and other faculty members, Turnblom generated grant proposals seeking funding
to further SMC Silviculture Project goals. Turnblom and Ceder wrote a successful proposal to receive McIntire-Stennis
funding for continuing work on the Type III analysis for the (SMC)2 Report (Silvicultural Manipulations Consequences in
Stand Management Cooperative installations). Turnblom contributed as co-PI on a proposal to assess biomass
accumulation in SMC Type I and II installations submitted to the Western Conifer Climate Change Consortium.
Yield Performance of SMC Type I, II, and III Installations
Progress continued on the “Silvicultural Manipulations Consequences in Stand Management Co-op installations” (or
“(SMC)2 Report”). The objectives of this project are to i) summarize how yield of Type I, II, III installations has been
developing in response to the treatment regimes, ii) to provide the results in “Levels of Growing Stock style” reports
format, and when resources become available, iii) to produce a web-based calculator that is useful for practicing forest
managers.
The first major results coming from this project focused on the Type III installations and were presented at the Type III
workshop led by Turnblom, Ceder, and Bryce conducted during the Spring 2011 Policy Committee meeting. PhD
Candidate Kevin Ceder presented results of Type III yield analyses and MS student Jed Bryce presented the results for
the analysis of Diameter of Largest Limb at Breast Height Jed Bryce,
32
(http://www.ruraltech.org/video/2011/SMC_Workshop/).
Nai Saetern continued to make progress on her MS Thesis, which is an analysis of Type I basic 7 treatment regimens; Jeff
Comnick continued his analysis of the Type II installations. Deliverables in the form of SMC Fact Sheets are expected by
4th quarter 2012; summary reports for each installation Type are expected to follow soon after. Preliminary results of
the Type I and II analyses were presented at the Fall 2011 Policy Committee meeting.
Understory / Overstory Vegetation Dynamics in Young, Managed Stands of
Western Washington and Oregon
In young, managed forests understory vegetation can comprise the bulk of the biomass and biodiversity stands, which
may be a benefit (habitat) or curse (competition with trees) depending on the objective. For management planning and
assessments, models can grow trees but there are very few models that look down to the understory, especially if
detailed vegetation cover information is needed when examining habitat or sustainability. Challenges of modeling
understory vegetation include the inherent dynamism and variability and, unlike trees, that cover will shrink as stands
develop.
The objectives of this study funded by NCASI are to i) develop overstory / understory predictive relationships in young,
managed Douglas-fir stands by major life form, eg., grass, fern, forb, shrub; by guild, eg., shade tolerance, leaf retention;
by species (nine most prevalent), and ii) develop dynamic models of vegetation change. Graduate student Kevin Ceder is
the main analyst on this project with results becoming a chapter in his PhD dissertation. Kevin attended the 2011
Western Mensurationists meeting in Banff, Alberta where he gave a presentation about this work titled “Gazing Down:
Understory Growth and Yield” (available at http://staff.washington.edu/thuja/Presentations/Ceder_Understory.pdf).
Sun Trees Detection from Ordinary (Tree List) Inventory Data
It has been conjectured that the top level or uppermost stratum may “drive” size / density relationships, hence stand
dynamics. Stand Density Management Diagrams (SDMDs) themselves were developed largely for use in quantifying and
encapsulating stand dynamics into a few variables for single canopy (single stratum, and by implication single cohort)
stands. However, the limiting size-density relationships upon which SDMDs are based may apply equally well to mixed
species stands possessing multiple strata, perhaps even multiple cohorts, especially in a light-limited environment such as
is found on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington. The objective of this study, funded by the USFS in collaboration with
the Olympic Experimental State Forest (OESF) and the Olympic Natural Resources Center (ONRC), University of
Washington is to test existing stratum-identification algorithms and either modify them or develop a new one as
necessary for use in this environment to identify objectively the individual strata in multi-strata (or multi-cohort) stands.
Graduate Student Assistant Nick Vaughn continued to work on this project in 2011. Major results were presented at
the Spring 2011 Policy Committee meeting.
Logging Residue Ratios Update
A collaboration with the USFS and ONRC to develop updated ratios. Forestry residues are a potential significant source
of biomass for energy production but the latest published residue ratios (tons / ha; tons / MBF) are based on old harvest
methods in stands atypical of those being harvested today. This study is updating data and developing new ratios for
Clallum, Grays Harbor, Jefferson, Kitsap, and Mason counties. A final report has been drafted and submitted to USFS
for publication as a GTR.
33
New or initiated Publications / Theses / Reports in 2011
Ceder, K. and E. Turnblom. (IN PREPARATION). Predicting understory vegetation cover in young, managed forests of
western Washington and Oregon. For. Ecol. & Mgt. vv:p – pp.
Ceder, K. and E. Turnblom. (IN PREPARATION). A set of dynamic models to predict understory vegetation cover
change in young, managed Douglas-fir and western hemlock forest of Washington and Oregon west of the
Cascade crest. For. Ecol. & Mgt. vv:p – pp.
Cross, J., E. Turnblom, J. Calhoun and G. Ettl. (Submitted 2011). Biomass production on the Olympic and Kitsap
peninsulas, Washington: Updated logging residue ratios, slash pile volume-to-weight ratios, and supply curves for
selected delivery centroids. USFS GTR PNW – nnn.
Turnblom, E.C. and N.R. Vaughn. (IN PREPARATION). Using stand density management diagrams for the development
of late-successional forests. For. Ecol. & Mgt. vv:p – pp.
Vaughn N.R., Moskal L.M., Turnblom E.C. (Submitted 2011) Tree Species Detection Accuracies Using Discrete Point
Lidar and Airborne Waveform Lidar. Remote Sensing, 4(2):377-403.
34
MODELING PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Project Leader: David Marshall, Weyerhaeuser Company NR
•
Facilitated FVS-ORGANON collaboration (BLM funded)
•
Participated in CIP Conifers-PNW model review
•
Held TAC meeting (August 25, 2011) in Vancouver, WA.
–
Reviewed CIPS N-Fertilization and Thinning proposals (in collaboration with SMC)
–
Discussed role of the Modeling TAC
Publications
Hann, D.W., A.A. Bluhm, D.E. Hibbs. 2011. Development and evaluation of the tree-level equations and their combined
stand-level behavior in the red alder plantation version of ORGANON. Department of Forest Engineering,
Resources, and Management, College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. Forest Biometrics
Research Paper 1. 127p. http://www.cof.orst.edu/cof/fr/research/organon/orgpubdl.htm
Hann, D.W. 2011. Revised volume and taper equations for six major conifer species in southwest Oregon. Department
of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management., Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Forest
Biometrics Research Paper 2. 14p. http://www.cof.orst.edu/cof/fr/research/organon/orgpubdl.htm
35
WOOD QUALITY PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT
Project Leader: Eini C. Lowell, USFS PNW Research Station
The Wood Quality TAC did not hold an official meeting in calendar year 2011. TAC members attended SMC Strategic
Plan Meetings, other TAC meetings, and the SMC Director Transition meeting.
Continuing Projects
A. PROJECT TITLE: Determining the effect of thinning, site quality and stand density on wood quality
using non-destructive testing to develop predictive models
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Eini Lowell (USFS PNWRS), Cosmin Filipesu, Ross Koppennaal, Al Mitchell, (BC
Wood Fibre Center), David Briggs (UW)
COLLABORATORS: USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station, Stand Management Cooperative
FUNDING: USFS PNW Research Station, $35,000 (field work, x-ray densitometry, NIR, salary); Canadian Forest
Service Wood Fibre Center (field work, analysis), UW NSF Center for Advanced Forest Systems, $20,000 (field work);
UW Precision Forestry Cooperative $7,500 (Resistograph)
PROGRESS: Data analysis is ongoing. Manuscript is in preparation.
B. PROJECT TITLE: Impact of Genetic Gain, Spacing, and Weed Control on Wood Stiffness, Density and
Knot Index in a large-plot trial of Coastal Douglas-fir
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Eric C. Turnblom & David Briggs (UW), Keith JS Jayawickrama & Terrance Z Ye
(OSU), J Bradley St Clair & Eini Lowell (USFS PNWRS)
COLLABORATORS: Stand Management Cooperative and Oregon State University
FUNDING: Center for Advanced Forestry Systems (CAFS)
PROGRESS: Funding has been secured for an additional year to pay for data collection in 2012 and 2013. Field
procedures have been established.
PRESENTATIONS:
Turnblom, E.C., Jayawickrama, K.J.S., Briggs, D.G., Lowell, E.C., and St. Clair, J.B. 2011.
Impact of Genetic Gain, Spacing, and Weed Control on Wood Stiffness, Density and Knot Index in a large-plot trial of
Coastal Douglas-fir. A presentation and poster given at the Fouth Annual Industrial Advisory Board Meeting of the
Center for Advanced Forestry Systems Annual meeting.
36
C. PROJECT TITLE: Non-destructive evaluation of wood quality in standing Douglas-fir trees and logs
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: David Briggs (UW), Eini Lowell (USFS PNWRS), Eric Turnblom (UW), Bruce
Lippke (UW RTI), Peter Carter (CHH Fibre-Gen, New Zealand)
COLLABORATORS: Robert J. Ross, Xiping Wang, USDA Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford
Pinchot Drive, Madison,WI. Dennis Dykstra, USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.
Glenn Howe, Marilyn Cherry, Vikas Vikram; Pacific Northwest Tree Improvement Research Cooperative, Oregon State
University, Department of Forest Science, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97330-5752 .The following members of
the SMC provided support for the Objective 1 portion of the study; Green Diamond Resource Company (timber,
harvesting, transportation), Port Blakely Tree Farms (timber, harvesting, transportation),Washington Department of
Natural Resources (timber, harvesting, transportation),Weyerhaeuser Company (timber, harvesting, transportation,
milling, x-ray densitometry). Olympic Resource Management, a member of both PNWTIRC and SMC provided support
(seed orchard, progeny trials, harvesting) for the Objective 2 portion of the study.
PROGRESS: Dr. C.L. Huang prepared a research note for the 2011 3rd Quarter SMC newsletter summarizing the
lumber results. The lumber manuscript is in preparation by Lowell, Huang, Briggs and Dykstra. Data analysis on the
veneer wood quality data and manuscript preparation continues through an ongoing Joint Venture Research Agreement
with the PNW Research Station and Dr. Christine Todoroki of SCION< New Zealand. Christine has been working with
the veneer images and data. X-ray data analysis will be in conjunction with SCION and funded by PNW Research
Station.
Publications
Todoroki, C.L., Lowell, E.C., Dykstra, D.P. and Briggs, D.G. 2012. Maps and models of density and stiffness within
individual Douglas-fir trees. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Sciences. 42:1-13.
Lowell, E.C., Todoroki, C.L., Dykstra. D.P. and Briggs, D.G. In preparation. Effect of thinning intensity on the stiffness of
Douglas-fir veneer. To be submitted to Forestry.
D. PROJECT TITLE: Agenda 2020 Management of PNW forest plantations: Additional site
characterization and instrumentation for SMC/CIPS Paired-Tree Fertilization Projects
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Rob Harrison (UW), Doug Maguire (OSU), Eini Lowell (USFS PNWRS), Dave
Briggs (UW), Doug Mainwaring (OSU), Eric Turnblom (UW), and Student Kim Littke (UW PhD).
PROGRESS: The wood quality work will be done at a later date. On-site sampling of wood density will be done
through measurements of acoustic velocity on standing (and possibly felled although no funding for this at the moment)
trees to estimate density of wood that has accrued since fertilization treatments.
Please see the Nutrition Project Progress Report for an update on this research.
37
Publications
Briggs, D.G., E.C.Turnblom,B.B. Bare. 2005. Non-destructive Methods and Process Capability Analysis to Assess
Conformance of Douglas-fir Stands to Customer Quality Specifications. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science
35(2/3):170-188 pp.
Cherry, M.L., Howe, G.T., Briggs, D., Cress, D.,Vikram,V. 2007. Genetic Variation in Wood Quality in a Clonal Douglasfir Seed Orchard. PNWETIRC Report 26. Pacific Northwest Tree Improvement Research Cooperative, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, OR. 11pp.
Cherry, M.L.,Vikram,V., Briggs,D., Cress, D., Howe, G.T. 2007.Genetic Variation in Direct and Indirect Measures of
Wood Stiffness in Coastal Douglas-fir. PNWTIRC Report 27. Pacific Northwest Tree Improvement Research
Cooperative, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 30 pp.
Briggs, D.G., G.Thienel, E.C.Turnblom, E. Lowell, D. Dykstra, R.J. Ross, X.Wang, and P. Carter. 2008. Influence of
Thinning on Acoustic Velocity of Douglas-fir Trees in Western Washington and Western Oregon. In: Proc. of the
15th International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of Wood, Sept. 10-12, Duluth, MN. Forest Products
Society, Madison, WI. 113-123 pp.
Cherry, M.L.,Vikram,V., Briggs, D., Cress, D., and Howe, G.T. 2008. Genetic Variation in Direct and Indirect Measures of
Wood Stiffness in Coastal Douglas-fir. Can. J. For. Res. 38: 2476-2486.
Thienel, Gonzalo 2008.“Nondestructive evaluation of wood stiffness in standing Douglas-fir trees in Western
Washington and Western Oregon” Masters Thesis, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington,
Seattle,WA. 125 pp.
Todoroki, C.L., E.C. Lowell, D.P. Dykstra. 2010. Automated Knot Detection on Douglas-fir Veneer Images Computers
in Engineering and Agriculture. 70(1): 163-171pp.
Langum, C.E., V. Yadama, and E.C. Lowell. 2009. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Young-growth Douglas-fir and
Western Hemlock from Western Washington. For. Prod. J. 59(11/ 12):37-47.
Publications Submitted:
Yadama,V.; Lowell, E.C.; and Langum, C. 201x. Characterization of Wood Strands from Young, Small-Diameter Trees.
Wood and Fiber Science
Accepted with revision and resubmitted:
Todoroki, C.L., Lowell, E.C., Dykstra, D.P. and Briggs, D.G. 201x. Colour maps and models of wood property
distributions within Douglas-fir trees. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Sciences.
38
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
A. MEETINGS, WORKSHOPS, LECTURES, FIELD TOURS, AND CONFERENCES
1. Strategic Planning Committee Meeting, Feb. 15 Olympia, WA
2. Spring Policy Committee Meeting, April 19-20, Vancouver WA
3. Modeling TAC August 25, Vancouver, WA
4. SMC Director Interview Meeting, August 25, Seattle, WA
5. NSF CAFS Annual Meeting, June 14, Seattle, WA
6. Fall Policy Committee Meeting, Sept. 20, Seattle, WA
B. PUBLICATIONS 2008-2011
SMC fact sheets, reports, proceedings, and journal articles produced over the last 4 years are listed in this section.
A * preceding the first author indicates a peer-reviewed publication. Many can be obtained from the SMC website; for
others contact the authors.
2008
Theses:
Hill, Andrew D. 2008 “Improving diameter growth prediction of Douglas-fir in Eastern Washington state, USA, by
incorporating temperature and precipitation”, PhD Dissertation, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA. 213 pp.
Thienel, Gonzalo 2008. “Nondestructive evaluation of wood stiffness in standing Douglas-fir trees in Western
Washington and Western Oregon” Masters Thesis, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle,
WA. 125 pp.
Publications
*Briggs, D.G. R. Kantavichai, E.C. Turnblom. 2008 Effect of precommercial thinning followed by a fertilization regime on
branch diameter in coastal Douglas-fir plantations. Can. J. For. Res. 38:1564-1575.
*Sucre, E.B., R.B. Harrison, E.C. Turnblom, D.G. Briggs. 2008. The use of various soil and site variables for estimating
growth response of Douglas-fir to multiple applications of urea and determining potential long-term effects on soil
properties. Can. J. For. Res. 38:1458-1469.
Briggs, D.G., G. Thienel, E.C. Turnblom, E. Lowell, D. Dykstra, R.J. Ross, X. Wang, and P. Carter. 2008. Influence of
thinning on acoustic velocity of Douglas-fir trees in Western Washington and Western Oregon. In: Proc. of the
15th International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of Wood, Sept. 10-12, Duluth, MN. Forest Products
Society, Madison, WI. pp. 113-123.
*Cherry, M.L., Vikram, V., Briggs, D., Cress, D., and Howe, G.T. 2008. Genetic variation in direct and indirect measures
of wood stiffness in coastal Douglas-fir. Can. J. For. Res. 38:2476-2486
39
Flewelling, J.W, D.D. Marshall 2008. Calibration and Modification for the Pacific Northwest of the New Zealand
Douglas-fir Growth Model. Gen. Tech. Rep 754. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Exp. Sta. , Portland, OR.
42pp.
*Strahm, B.D. and R.B. Harrison. 2008. Controls on the sorption, desorption and mineralization of low molecular weight
organic acids in variable-charge soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 72(6):1653-1664. Available at:
http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/publications/Strahm&Harrison-2008.pdf
*Flint, C.M., B.D. Strahm and A.B. Adams. 2008. Nitrogen leaching from Douglas-fir forests following urea fertilization. J.
Environ. Qual. 37:1781-1788. Available at: http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/publications/Flint-etal-2008.pdf
Briggs, D. 2008. Enhancing Forest Value Productivity Through Fiber Quality. Fiber Quality Gap Analysis Report to
National Council on Air & Stream Improvement. College of Forest Resources, University of Washington. Seattle,
WA. 15pp.
Briggs, D. 2008. Western Research Cooperatives. Fiber Quality Gap Analysis Report to National Council on Air &
Stream Improvement. College of Forest Resources, University of Washington. Seattle, WA. 14pp.
2009
Theses:
Kantavichai, R. 2009. Effects of Silviculture and Climate on Wood Specific Gravity of a 55 year-old Douglas-fir Stand in
Western Washington. Master’s Thesis. School of Forest Resources, Univ. of Washington. 62p.
Shyrock, B. 2009. The effects of urea fertilization on carbon sequestration in Douglas fir plantations of the coastal Pacific
Northwest. Master’s Thesis. School of Forest Resources, Univ. of Washington. 46p.
Publications:
Briggs, D. 2009. Research Cooperatives Serve the Forestry Community. Western Forester. 54(4):1-4.
Briggs, D. 2009. PFC Brings High Tech Tools to Forestry Sector. Western Forester. 54(4):10.
*Footen, P. W., Harrison, R. B., and B.D. Strahm., 2009. The long-term effects of nitrogen fertilization on understory
vegetation in Douglas-fir plantations in the Pacific Northwest. For. Ecol. & Mgt. 258(10):2194-2198. Available at:
http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/publications/Footen-etal-2009.pdf
*Strahm B. D., Harrison, R. B., Terry, T. A., Harrington, T. B., Adams, A. B., Footen, P. W., 2009. Changes in dissolved
organic matter with depth suggest the potential for postharvest organic matter retention to increase subsurface
soil carbon pools. For. Ecol. & Mgt., 258(10):2347-2352. Available at:
http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/publications/Strahm-etal-2009.pdf
*Harrison, R.B., T.A. Terry, C.W. Licata, B.L. Flaming, R. Meade, I.A. Guerrini, B.D. Strahm, D. Xue, A.B. Adams, M.R.
Lolley, A. Sidell, G.L. Waggoner, D. Briggs, E.C. Turnblom. 2009. Biomass and stand characteristics of a highlyproductive mixed Douglas-fir and western hemlock plantation in coastal Washington. Western Journal of Applied
Forestry 24(4):180-186. Available at: http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/publications/Harrison-etal-2009.pdf
40
*Slesak, R.A., S.H. Schoenholtz, T.B. Harrington, and B.D. Strahm. 2009. Dissolved carbon and nitrogen leaching
following logging-debris retention and competing-vegetation control in Douglas-fir plantations of western Oregon
and Washington. Can. J. For. Res. 39:1484-1497.
2010
*Briggs, D.G. 2010. Enhancing forest value productivity through fiber quality, J. of Forestry, 108(4):174-182.
*Kantavichai, R. D. G. Briggs, E. C. Turnblom 2010. Modeling effects of soil, climate, and silviculture on growth ring
specific gravity of Douglas-fir on a drought-prone site in Western Washington. Forest Ecology & Management.
259:1085-1092, doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.12.017.
*Kantavichai, R. D. G. Briggs, E. C. Turnblom 2010. Effect of Thinning, Biosolids, and Weather on Annual Ring Specific
Gravity and Carbon Accumulation of a 55 Year-old Douglas-fir Stand in Western Washington. Can. J. For. Res.
40(1):72-85.
*Todoroki, C.L., E.C. Lowell, D.P. Dykstra. 2010. Automated knot detection on Douglas-fir veneer images. Computers
in Engineering and Agriculture. 70(1): 163-171.
*Langum, C.E., V. Yadama, and E.C. Lowell. 2010. Physical and Mechanical properties of young-growth Douglas-fir and
western hemlock from western Washington. For. Prod. J. 59(11/112):37-47.
*Gould, P.J.; Marshall, D.D. 2010. Incorporation of genetic gain into growth projections of Douglas-fir using ORGANON
and the Forest Vegetation Simulator. Western J. of Applied Forestry 25(2):55-61.
*Weiskittel, A.R., D.A. Maguire, R. Monserud, G.P. Johnson. 2010. A hybrid model for intensively managed Douglas-fir
plantations in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Eur. J. For. Res. 129:325-338.
*Briggs, D.G., R. Kantavichai, E. C. Turnblom. 2010. Predicting the Diameter of the Largest Breast-height Region Branch
of Douglas-fir Trees in Thinned and Fertilized Plantations. For. Prod. J. 60(4):322-330.
*Vaughn, N.R., E.C. Turnblom, M.W. Ritchie. 2010. Bootstrap evaluation of a young Douglas-fir height growth model for
the Pacific Northwest. For. Sci. 56(6): 592-602.
Accepted
*Harrison, R.B., P.W. Footen and B.D. Strahm. (accepted). Deep soil horizons: Contribution and importance to soil C
pools and in assessing whole-ecosystem response to management and global change. Forest Science.
Todoroki, C.L., Lowell, E.C., Dykstra, D.P. and Briggs, D.G.. Colour maps and models of wood property distributions
within Douglas-fir trees. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Sciences.
41
2011
Theses:
Footen, P.W., 2011. The effects of previous nitrogen fertilization on productivity and soil nitrogen and carbon pools of
subsequent stands of Douglas-fir forests in the Pacific Northwest. MS Thesis. School of forest Resources,
University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 54 pp.
Vaughn, N. 2011. Decomposing waveform lidar for individual tree species identification. PhD Dissertation. School of
forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. 160 pp.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/62102632/Decomposing-Waveform-Lidar-for-Individual-Tree-Species-Identification
Publications:
*Vikram, Vikas, Marilyn L. Cherry, David Briggs, Daniel W. Cress, Robert Evans, and Glenn T. Howe (accepted 2010).
Stiffness of Douglas-fir Lumber: Effects of Wood Properties and Genetics. Can. J. For. Res. 41 1160-1173 (2011).
Vaughn, N.R., E.C. Turnblom, M.W. Ritchie. 2010. Bootstrap evaluation of a young Douglas-fir height growth model for
the Pacific Northwest. For. Sci. 56(6):592-601.
Harrison, R.B., P.W. Footen and B.D. Strahm. 2011. Deep soil horizons: Contribution and importance to soil C pools
and in assessing whole-ecosystem response to management and global change. Forest Science 57(1):67-76.
Available at: http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/publications/Harrison-etal-2011.pdf
Harrison, R.B., D.A. Maguire, and D. Page-Dumroese. 2011. Maintaining Adequate Nutrient Supply -- Principles, Decision
Support Tools, and Best Management Practices. Page 33-42 in S.D. Angima and T.A. Terry Best Management
Practices for Maintaining Soil productivity in the Douglas-fir Region. Oregon State University EM 9023.
Available at: http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/20678/em9023.pdf
Briggs, D.G. Wood quality: growing quantity vs quality value. Intensive Silviculture of Planted Douglas-fir Forests: in
Proc. Opportunities for Increased Productivity. Sponsored by Center for Intensive Plantation Forestry and
Western Forestry and Conservation Association, Feb 15, 2011, Portland, OR p77-117.
Vikram, Vikas, Marilyn L. Cherry, David Briggs, Daniel W. Cress, Robert Evans, and Glenn T. Howe 2011. Stiffness of
Douglas-fir Lumber: Effects of Wood Properties and Genetics. Can. J. For. Res. 41:1160-1173.
Lippke, B., E. Oneil, R. Harrison, K. Skog, L. Gustavsson, and R. Sathre. 2011. Life cycle impacts of forest
management and wood utilization on carbon mitigation: knowns and unknowns. Future Science: Carbon
Management 2:303-333. Available at: http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/publications/Lippke-etal-2011.pdf
Littke, K.M., Harrison, R.B., Briggs, D.G., and Grider, A.R., Understanding soil nutrients and characteristics in the Pacific
Northwest through parent material origin and soil nutrient regimes. Can. J. For. Res. Accepted.
Yadama,V.; Lowell, E.C.; and Langum, C. Characterization of wood strands from young, small-diameter trees. Wood and
Fiber Science. Accepted.
Devine, WD; TB Harrington; TA Terry; RB Harrison; RA Slesak; DH Peter; CA Harrington; CJ Shilling; SH Schoenholtz.
Five-year vegetation control effects on aboveground biomass and nitrogen content and allocation in Douglas-fir
plantations on three contrasting sites. For. Ecol. Mgt. 262:2187-2198. Available at:
http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/publications/Devine-etal-2011.pdf
42
In-review
Hill, Andrew, E.C. Turnblom. Improving modeled predictions of short-term Douglas-fir growth in eastern Washington,
USA by incorporating local weather information. Forest Science.
Hill, Andrew, E.C. Turnblom. Using local short-term weather and long-term climate information to improve periodic
diameter growth prediction for Douglas-fir growing in pure and mixed stands in eastern Washington USA
Canadian Journal of Forest Research.
Todoroki, C.L., Lowell, E.C., Dykstra, D.P. and Briggs, D.G Response of thinning treatments on Douglas-fir veneer
stiffness. NZ J. For. Sci.
*Vaughn N.R., Moskal L.M., Turnblom E.C. Tree Species Detection Accuracies Using Discrete Point Lidar and Airborne
Waveform Lidar. Remote Sensing 4(2):377-403.
Cross, J., E. Turnblom, J. Calhoun and G. Ettl. Biomass production on the Olympic and Kitsap peninsulas, Washington:
Updated logging residue ratios, slash pile volume-to-weight ratios, and supply curves for selected delivery
centroids. USFS GTR PNW.
In Preparation
Ceder, K. and E. Turnblom. Predicting understory vegetation cover in young, managed forests of western Washington
and Oregon. For. Ecol. & Mgt.
Ceder, K. and E. Turnblom. A set of dynamic models to predict understory vegetation cover change in young, managed
Douglas-fir and western hemlock forest of Washington and Oregon west of the Cascade crest. For. Ecol. & Mgt.
Turnblom, E.C. and N.R. Vaughn. Using stand density management diagrams for the development of late-successional
forests. For. Ecol. & Mgt.
Shryock, Benjamin, Robert Harrison, David Briggs The effects of urea fertilization on carbon sequestration in Douglas-fir
plantations of the coastal Pacific Northwest.
Devine, Warren, P.W. Footen, R.B. Harrison, T.A. Terry, C.A. Harrington, S.M. Holub. The effects of vegetation control
on nitrogen content and biomass of an 11-year-old bole-only Douglas-fir forest on a high productivity site.
Footen, P.W., R.B. Harrison, D. Zabowski, D.G. Briggs. Long-term effects of nitrogen fertilization on above ground
productivity and soil nutrients of Douglas-fir forest in the Pacific Northwest.
Lowell, E.C., Todoroki, C.L., Dykstra. D.P. and Briggs, D.G. Effect of thinning intensity on the stiffness of Douglas-fir
veneer. To be submitted to Forestry.
C. TECHNICAL REPORTS, WORKING PAPERS, ETC.
Briggs, D. G., N. R. Vaughn 2011. Life Cycle Assessment of Forest Carbon Balance of Silvicultural Regimes of Douglas-fir
and Loblolly Pine. National Council on Air and Stream Improvement. 51pp.
43
Hann, D.W., A. Bluhm, and D.E. Hibbs. 2011. Development and evaluation of the tree-level equations and their
combined stand-level behavior in the red alder plantation version of ORGANON. Department of Forest
Engineering, Resources, and Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 127p.
Harrison, R.B., D.A. Maguire, and D. Page-Dumroese. 2011. Maintaining Adequate Nutrient Supply -- Principles, Decision
Support Tools, and Best Management Practices. Page 33-42 in S.D. Angima and T.A. Terry Best Management
Practices for Maintaining Soil productivity in the Douglas-fir Region. Oregon State University EM 9023.
D. CONFERENCES, SYMPOSIA, WORKSHOPS
Presentations:
Planted Douglas-fir Forests: Opportunities for Increased Productivity. Sponsored by Center for Intensive Plantation
Forestry and Western Forestry and Conservation Association, Feb 15, 2011, Portland, OR.
Briggs, D.G. 2011 . Update on Silviculture Research. Oregon/Washington State Joint State Conference. Keeping Forest
Lands in Forests. “Improving Timber Resource Values through Forest Production” May 12, 2011, Portland, OR.
Littke, K.M. Harrison, R. B., and Briggs, D.G. Understanding site-specific factors affecting the nutrient demands and
response to fertilizer by Douglas-fir. 2011 CAFS Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA.
Harrison, R. B.., Footen, P., and Briggs, D.G. Fall River Long-term site productivity study. 2011 CAFS Annual Meeting.
Seattle, WA.
Harrison, R.B, K. Littke, A. Himes, P. Footen, D. Briggs, T. Terry, C. Harrington, T. Harrington, W. Devine, S. Holub, S.
H. Schoenholtz, R.Slesak, Bioenergy production and soil sustainability in the Pacific Northwest. Soil Science Society
of America Ann. Mtg. San Antonio TX.
Footen, P., W. Devine, B. D. Strahm., R. B. Harrison1, T. Terry, T. Harrington, Nitrogen Leaching Following WholeTree and Bole-Only Harvests on Two Contrasting Pacific Northwest Sites. Soil Science Society of America Ann.
Mtg. San Antonio TX.
Himes, A. The Fate and Efficiency of Four Urea Fertilizers In Managed Douglas-Fir Stands of Western Oregon and
Washington Soil Science Society of America Ann. Mtg. San Antonio TX.
June 13-16. Hosted NSF I/UCRC Center for Advanced Forest Research Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA.
Turnblom, E.C., Jayawickrama, K.J.S., Briggs, D.G., Lowell, E.C., and St. Clair, J.B. 2011. Impact of Genetic Gain, Spacing,
and Weed Control on Wood Stiffness, Density and Knot Index in a large-plot trial of Coastal Douglas-fir. A
presentation and poster given at the Fouth Annual Industrial Advisory Board Meeting of the Center for Advanced
Forestry Systems Annual meeting.
B. Posters:
Devine, W.D., P.W. Footen, R.B. Harrison, B.D. Strahm, T.A. Terry, T.B. Harrington. Nitrogen leaching following wholetree and bole-only harvests on two contrasting Pacific Northwest sites. SSSA October 16-19, San Antonio, TX.
44
SOFTWARE
1. Sidell, A., R.B. Harrison. 2000. Productivity Management “Toolbox”
http://depts.washington.edu/nitrogen/http://www.cfr.washington.edu/research.smc/treelab/Website/TreeLab_ho
me.htm
2. Gehringer, K., E.C. Turnblom. 2001. Tree List Generator Software & Manual:
http://depts.washington.edu/silvproj/tlghome [download requires password available from Silviculture Project
Leader Eric C. Turnblom]Haukaas, J. 2006. Young Tree List Generation Database System, available in CD,
beta test version, contact Eric Turnblom for a copy at 206-543-2762
3. Pittman, S., E.C. Turnblom. 2001. Treelab Software & Manual
http://www.cfr.washington.edu/research.smc/treelab/Website/TreeLab_home.htm
4. Haukaas, J. 2008. Tree List Generator: Graphical User Interface. http://depts.washington.edu/silvproj/tlghome/
5. SMC ORGANON and associated DLL’s are available on the ORGANON web site:
http://www.cof.orst.edu/cof/fr/research/organon/
6. CONIFERS is available from the USFS web site:
http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/programs/ecology_of_western_forests/projects/conifers/
CD’S
(CONTACT THE SMC FOR COPIES 206-543-5355)
1. 2004 RFNRP Publications
2. Alder Symposium “Red Alder: A state of knowledge” streaming video
3. SMC 20th Anniversary streaming video
45
BY-LAWS OF THE STAND MANAGEMENT COOPERATIVE
First Adopted: April 22, 2003
Most recent amendment: Sept. 18, 2007
ARTICLE I: Name
The name of this organization shall be the Stand Management Cooperative (SMC).
ARTICLE II: Mission
The Mission of the SMC is ‘To provide a continuing source of high-quality data and information on the longterm effects of silvicultural treatments and treatment regimes on stand and tree growth and development and
on wood and product quality.”
ARTICLE III: Scope and Limitations
The territorial coverage of the programs and activities of the SMC consists of forested lands west of the
Cascades in Oregon and Washington, northern California, and coastal British Columbia.
ARTICLE IV: Location and Contact
1. The SMC headquarters are located in the College of Forest Resources, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA.
2. Contact with the SMC headquarters can be made via
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Web
Telephone
FAX
Email:
Staff:
(www.standmgt.org)
206-543-9744 or 206-543-1581
206-685-3091
Director: David Briggs (dbriggs@u.washington.edu)
Megan O’Shea (moshea@u.washington.edu)
ARTICLE V: Membership Categories
1. Land Managing Organizations
a. Public agencies and private companies that manage forest land provide funds to support the
mission and provide land and operational support for field research sites.
b. A Memorandum of Agreement governs the relationship between the Land Managing
Organization members and the SMC. Each member agrees to terms presented in the
renewable annual Memorandum of Agreement. An example is presented in ANNEX A.
c. Organizations wishing to join the SMC as a Land Managing Organization member do so through
a written request to the Director. The application is presented to the Policy Committee at it’s
next meeting for approval.
46
2. Analytic Organizations
a. Organizations that utilize information gathered through SMC research and stored in its database
for the purpose of producing and marketing information, products and service.
b. A Memorandum of Agreement governs the relationship between the Analytic Organization
members and the SMC. Each member agrees to terms presented in the renewable annual
Memorandum of Agreement. An example is presented in ANNEX B.
c. Organizations wishing to join the SMC as an Analytic Organization member do so through a
written request to the Director. The application is presented to the Policy Committee at it’s next
meeting for approval.
3. Institutional Organizations
a. Universities, research laboratories, and trade associations are Institutional members that
provide scientist time, laboratory and office space and other services to the SMC. Also research
grants from external sources leveraging SMC investments in field sites may be received by
these institutions or provided by them.
b. Organizations wishing to join the SMC as an Institutional member do so through a written
request to the Director. The application is presented to the Policy Committee at it’s next meeting
for approval.
4. Supplier Organizations
a. Organizations that provide materials and supplies to the SMC or its members may become a
Supplier member.
b. Organizations wishing to join the SMC as a Supplier member do so through a written request to
the Director. The application is presented to the Policy Committee at its next meeting for
approval.
ARTICLE VI: Fees & Continuing Membership
Dues and fees are established by the Policy Committee.
1. Land Managing Organizations
Annual dues are calculated by a funding formula established by the Policy Committee. Membership is
retained through payment of assessed dues.
2. Analytic, Institutional, and Supplier Organizations
Annual dues are not assessed. Continuing membership is maintained through an annual vote by
the Policy Committee based on active participation and contribution to the SMC mission.
ARTICLE VII: Voting and Representation
1. Organizations under ARTICLE V, paragraphs 1, 2 and 3, are voting members of the SMC Policy
Committee.
2. Each such voting organization designates one individual as its representative on the Policy Committee
and has a single vote.
ARTICLE VIII: Receipt of SMC Database, Research Tools and Services
1. Each Land Managing Organization member receives
a. an annual updated version of the complete SMC database.
47
b. copies of the SMC Annual Report and Quarterly Newsletter.
c. one free printed copy of research papers and technical reports with a discount for additional
printed copies (electronic copies are free from the SMC website).
d. unlimited access to SMC staff for questions and technical support “as available” in consideration
of their institutional obligations.
2. Each Analytical Organization member receives
a. An annual updated version of the complete SMC database.
b. copies of the SMC Annual Report and Quarterly Newsletter.
c. one free printed copy of research papers and technical reports with a discount for additional
printed copies (electronic copies are free from the SMC website).
d. unlimited access to SMC staff for questions and technical support “as available” in consideration
of their institutional obligations.
3. Each Institutional and Supplier Organization member receives
a. copies of the SMC Annual Report and Quarterly Newsletter.
b. one free printed copy of research papers and technical reports with a discount for additional
printed copies (electronic copies are free from the SMC website).
4. All recipients of any portion of the SMC database must comply with the SMC Database Policy (ANNEX
C).
ARTICLE IX: Management
1. The management policies and operations of the SMC shall be vested in a Policy Committee as defined
in Article VII.
2. A Director, appointed by the Dean of the College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, and
approved by the Policy Committee, will be responsible for operational management of the SMC. A
review of the Director’s performance may be initiated by the Dean every 5 years per University of
Washington policy or at any time per request from the Chair of the Policy Committee. Enaction of a
review and appointment of the review committee membership are at the discretion of the Dean.
ARTICLE X: Election
1. The term of the Chair of the Policy Committee is 2 years. At the end of the term, which is a Fall
Meeting, the current Vice-Chair will become Chair effective 30 days after the date of that meeting.
2. At this same Fall Policy Committee meeting, a new Vice-Chair is elected and will serve 2 years as ViceChair followed by 2 years as Chair.
3. All elections and resolutions, unless specifically provided for, shall require a majority vote of the
members in attendance.
4. Fifty percent of the members shall constitute a quorum at any annual or special meeting of the SMC for
the transaction of business. Proxy votes submitted to the Director or Chair of the Policy Committee
shall be included in achieving a quorum.
ARTICLE XI: Powers and Duties of the Policy Committee
1. The Policy Committee defines the dues structure of the SMC and approves annual budgets prepared
by the Director.
2. The Policy Committee approves all research activities utilizing funds obtained through the dues
assessments.
3. The Policy Committee elects a Chair and Vice-Chair.
48
4. The Policy Committee consults with the Dean of the College of Forest Resources in appointing the
Director and any subsequent reviews and consults with the Dean and Director in appointing Technical
Advisory Committee leaders and hiring staff.
ARTICLE XII: Meetings
1. Policy Committee. The SMC shall have two meetings of the Policy Committee each year; one in April
(Spring Meeting) and one in September (Fall Meeting) at a specific date and location determined by the
Policy Committee. Special meetings may be called at the discretion of the Policy Committee. Notices of
meetings shall be sent to all members at least 2 weeks prior to the meeting. Such notice will be sent to
the last known address of the member as it appears in the membership database.
2. Technical Advisory Committees. TAC’s shall meet on dates and places as determined by the appropriate TAC
Project Leader. Notices of meetings shall be sent to all members at least 2 weeks prior to the meeting. Such
notice will be sent to the last known address of the member as it appears in the membership database.
ARTICLE XIII: Technical Advisory Committees
Each Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) is headed by a Project Leader approved by the Policy Committee.
TAC’s provide technical review and advice to the Policy Committee on field activities and research projects
being conducted by SMC staff or affiliated scientists. The need for, definition of, and effectiveness of TAC’s will
be reviewed by the Policy Committee every 2 years.
ARTICLE XIV: Duties of Officers
1. The duties of the Chair of the Policy Committee shall be to preside at the regular and special meetings
of the SMC.
2. The Vice-Chair shall perform the duties of the Chair in the absence of the Chair and such other duties
as may be delegated by the Policy Committee.
3. The Director shall be responsible for all operations of the SMC, supervision of employees and students.
He/she reports to both the Chair of the Policy Committee and to the Dean, College of Forest
Resources, University of Washington.
ARTICLE XV: Property
The real property of the SMC shall be in the custody and at the disposal of the Dean of the College of Forest
Resources, University of Washington for reallocation to other uses at the College. Each member of the SMC
own the data collected from its land holdings. The University of Washington acts as an agent for SMC
member data for the purposes of collecting and storing said data. The University of Washington shall be the
sole licensor for SMC databases, research tools and other SMC services.
ARTICLE XVI: Conduct of Meetings
The meetings shall be conducted under the rules of procedure contained in M.A. DeVries (1998) The New
Robert’s Rules of Order, 2nd Ed. Signet, NY. When a conflict of interest arises, the member will be recused
from voting.
ARTICLE XVII: Vacancies
1. Any vacancy in the Office of Chair of the Policy Committee shall be filled immediately by the Vice-Chair.
2. Any vacancy in the Office of Vice-Chair shall be filled by nominations and vote at the next regular Policy
Committee meeting.
49
ARTICLE XVIII: Amendments
The By-laws of the SMC may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the full membership at any regular or special
meeting provided notice of such amendment shall have been sent to all members by the Director at least two
weeks prior to such meeting.
ANNEX A
MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN LAND MANAGING ORGANIZATION COOPERATORS
AND THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON IN THE STAND MANAGEMENT COOPERATIVE (copy available
upon request)
ANNEX B
MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN ANALYTIC ORGANIZATION COOPERATORS AND THE
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON IN THE STAND MANAGEMENT COOPERATIVE (copy available upon
request)
ANNEX C
STAND MANAGEMENT COOPERATIVE DATA & PUBLICATION POLICY
I. Data & Database
A. Definition
Data are defined as any measurements of stands, trees, or products (a) developed by the SMC research
program or (b) shared with the SMC and another organization and for which the SMC has direct responsibility.
The Database is defined as all data resulting from efforts of the integrated program, the Regional Forest
Nutrition Research Project (RFNRP), and the Stand Management Cooperative; for policy matters no distinction
will be made among these three sources of data.
B. Data & Database Rules
1. All organizations, member or non-member, have access to data from installations on their own land at
any time.
2. Upon request, each SMC member receives a CD copy of the annually updated database. Updates
are generally available at mid-year. Costs of special requests to SMC staff for retrieving, analyzing,
reporting, and/or transmitting data will be borne by the Cooperator requesting the data.
3.
SMC members have access to all data collected from SMC-supported studies under the condition
that the data will not be released to non-member organizations with the exception that a member may
temporarily share data with confidentially bound assigns for the sole purpose of having analyses
performed for the benefit of the SMC member with the assign allowed to make no further use of the
data or analyses.
50
4. It is recognized that certain individuals and organizations who are not SMC members may desire
access to the SMC database for research or other purposes without joining. Requests for data in
these situations will be treated on a case-by-case basis. The individual or organization will submit to
the SMC Director a written proposal request outlining the analysis planned, plans for use and/or
publication of results, and the specific data requested. The proposer must agree to (a) share results
of their analyses with the SMC and (b) to provide a review draft of any related publication. The
Director will present the request to the Policy Committee for approval. Upon approval, a formal
agreement, including a Licensing Agreement and appropriate fees, will be negotiated by the SMC and
the proposing entity through the University of Washington Office of Software and Copyright Ventures.
5. Data shared with the SMC by other organizations will not be available to any other member or nonmember organization without the express permission of the sharing organization. Data shared with
the SMC are to be used for accomplishment of SMC goals, and only results and summaries from
analyses are to be published. Shared data will be considered as proprietary information and the
designated analyst(s) will take every precaution to ensure confidentiality.
6. Requests for data by Institutional Members are made only through the Institution’s representative on
the Policy Committee. This same representative is responsible for making sure that all users within
the Institution: (1) are aware of the proprietary nature of the SMC Database; (2) obtain the data
directly from the Institutional representative; (3) do not pass any part of the database to any other
party within or outside of the Institution; and (4) secure written permission from the SMC Director to
proceed with any analyses. Requests for permission include specific objectives, data required,
analysis approach, and intended authors of all planned reports and manuscripts.
II. Publications, Software, Models and Other Works
7. Final reports and manuscripts, software, and presentations based partly or entirely on the SMC
Database are submitted for approval to the SMC Director before authors submit them to journals or
other outlets, in order to check for the following items: (1) acknowledgement of the SMC; (2) coauthorship acceptable to the SMC, including associated UW staff and faculty; and (3) absence of
excessive overlap with publications planned by other parties.
8. SMC members are encouraged to share results from their analyses involving use of SMC data. Any
publications or products resulting from the use of SMC data must credit that fact.
9. Analyses and software derived in whole or in part on SMC data may not be shared with non-SMC
members except when placed in the public domain.
10. Results of analyses, software, or models based on the SMC database produced by UW faculty, staff,
students, and designated analysts appearing in peer-reviewed journals, theses, symposium
proceedings, and other media are owned by the University of Washington and administered by the
Cooperative Director. SMC members will receive copies of these works. These works may be
copyrighted by the UW, the authors, or the publishing entity.
11. Non-UW members may also develop and publish analyses, software, or models based on the SMC
database. Copyright, if any, established on any such works remains under the ownership and control
of their respective authors (or assignees).
12. SMC members and non-members wishing to use or distribute copyrighted materials must obtain
appropriate permissions from the copyright owner(s).
51
13. The SMC data used in the development of any copyrighted or un-copyrighted works remains the
property of the University of Washington and subject to the distribution rules in Section I.
Changes and exceptions to this Policy must be approved by the Policy Committee.
52
MINUTES OF MEETINGS
STAND MANAGEMENT COOPERATIVE SPRING MEETING
APRIL 19-20, 2011
GIFFORD PINCHOT NATIONAL FOREST HEADQUARTERS
ATTENDEES
Agrotain International, Ben Thompson; BC Ministry of Forest, Louise de Montigny; Bureau of Land Management,
Jeannette Griese, George McFadden; Campbell Group, Dave Hamlin, Dave Rumker; Canadian Wood Fiber Centre,
Cosmin Filipescu, Ross Koppenaal; Cascde Timber Consulting, Bill Marshall; Consultant, Jim Flewelling, C.L. Huang;
Forest Capital, Mark McKelvie, Bruce Ripley; Green Diamond Company, Randall Greggs, Steve Loy; Hancock Forest
Management, Dean Stuck, Andy Hiegel, Brent Keller, Justin Wojtalewicz; Lone Rock Timber Co., Chris Sexton; Mason,
Bruce & Girard, Chuck Stiff; Olympic Resource Management, Scott Holmen; Oregon Dept. of Forestry, Todd Haren;
Plum Creek Timber Co., Steve Wickhman, Steve Gravelle, Mic Holmes; Port Blakely Tree Farms LP., Mike Warjone, Jeff
Madsen, OSU, Doug Maguire; Quinault Indian Nation, John Mitchell, Jim Plampin; Rayonier Forest Resources, Candace
Cahill, John McTague, Mike Oppenheimer, Bailin Zhou; Roseburg Forest Products, Sean Garber, Mark Wall, David
Walters; Shaw, Mel Scott; Stimson Lumber Co., Margaret Banks; UW SFR, Dave Birggs, Jed Bryce, Kevin Ceder, Bob
Gonyea, Bert Hasselberg, Tom Hinckley, Matt McLaughlin, Megan O’Shea, Eric Turnblom; USFS PNW RS, Eini Lowell,
Connie Harrington; WA DNR, Scott McLeod; West Fork Timber Co., Gene McCaul, Scott Swanson; Weyerhaeuser
Company NR, Scott Holub, Greg Johnson and Dave Marshall
The meeting, at the Gifford Pinchot National Forest Headquarters in Vancouver, WA. began at 9:30 with the agenda in
Appendix A; There were 59 attendees from 27 organizations. Policy Committee Chair Dave Rumker opened the meeting,
welcomed the attendees and commented on the importance of this meeting as the starting point of a search for a new
Director given the announced retirement of David Briggs at the end of December 2011.
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Dave Briggs reviewed 2010/11 accomplishments. A few highlights:
•
Cumulative 1985-2011 funding of the SMC from landowner member dues, external grants, and institutional
members has reached $21.7 million.
•
13 articles in print, 1 accepted, 1 Master’s thesis
•
We now have 74 paired-tree fertilization installations
•
We have 5 PhD and 4 Masters (1 graduated) students
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Nominating Committee
According to the SMC by-laws a Policy Committee Chair is succeeded by the Vice Chair at the Fall meeting every 2 years
and when this transition occurs, the Nominating Committee, composed of the current Chair, Vice-Chair and past Chairs
nominates one or more individuals for Vice Chair for vote. In the past, the Nominating Committee is activated at the
53
Spring meeting of the transition year. 2011 is the year when current Chair, Dave Rumker, would be succeeded by the
Vice Chair, Jeff Madsen. When Director Briggs brought up this issue, two points were made. First, many felt that, given
the Director’s retirement and related succession activities being led by the current Chair, it would be unwise to change
Chairs in the middle of this process. Second, Jeff Madsen indicated that he will retire in mid 2012. After some discussion
Dave Rumker volunteered to remain Chair for another year to ensure continuity while the Director succession issue is
being resolved. With Jeff stepping down, there is a need to nominate one or more individuals to replace him as Vice
Chair and become Chair when Dave Rumker completes his extra year in 2012.
BUDGET
The 2010 budget, with dues set at 80% of full funding and 4 others at lower mandated levels, ended with a balance of
$43,986. This exceeded a target of $20,000 set at the Fall 2009 meeting. This excess was achieved through a desire to
keep the balance as large as possible as we did not know if the 20% reduction for 2010 would continue or change to
some other amount and was accomplished primarily by the fact that our database programmer, John Haukaas, was laid
off in mid-2009 and has not been replaced. At the Fall 2010 meeting the dues level was reset to 95% of full funding
although state agencies remained at their lower mandated levels. The 2011 budget with dues set at 95% of full funding
for 2010 is on track to meet the $20,000 target set for the end of the year. The situation for 2012 was briefly discussed
to provide guidance to the SMC Finance Committee. It was decided that we would develop 2012 budgets continuing the
2011 (95%) level and with a return to the 100% full funding level. It was noted that it is unlikely that the state agencies
will be able to change from their current reduced levels.
STRATEGIC PLAN
The process that was developed in 2010 by the SMC Technology Transfer Committee to solicit proposed ideas for
technology transfer projects, the set of proposals received, and the preference tally obtained at the Fall 2010 Policy
Committee meeting were reviewed. It was noted that this resulted in focusing resources on the top project, to complete
development of performance reports for the Type I, II, and III installations, which resulted in the workshop on Type III
performance during the afternoon.
At this time, we need to repeat the process to solicit and flesh out new proposals, refine any on the list that were not
selected as the top priority in 2010, and repeat the discussion and prioritization process at the Fall 2011 meeting.
Director Briggs will send the proposal form and the current list of proposals to solicit new technology transfer ideas and
needs of members.
WOOD QUALITY PROJECT REPORT: Eini Lowell, Project Leader
NDT Study. In 2004, the SMC collaborated with PNWTIRC to obtain an AGENDA 2020 grant that would develop models
on use of acoustic tools to evaluate wood stiffness along the tree to log to product (lumber or veneer) chain. In 2005, we
collaborated with the Pacific Northwest Tree Improvement Research Cooperative at OSU to perform this evaluation in a
Douglas-fir progeny trial. Analyses for this phase of the study have been completed and publications are now in print. In
2006/7, the second phase of the study focused on four SMC Type II installations which are thinning trials with 5 plots
each. On each plot all trees were measured with a TreeSonic acoustic tool and based on the distribution of acoustic
values a stratified sample of 12 trees were selected with 6 to be processed into veneer and 6 into lumber. This recovery
54
study produced many data components from which analyses and publications are emerging. One aspect of analysis is
those trees chosen for veneer conversion for which each log has a high level of veneer recovery. This has allowed
Christine Todoroki, with SCION to rewind the veneer into its original position within the log and product radial maps and
models of veneer properties such as stiffness and density by bolt location in the trees. At this time, one publication is in
print, a second in review, and a third in preparation. Work is also underway on the trees chosen for lumber conversion.
C.L. Huang, now an Affiliate Associate Professor at the UW is analyzing the properties of lumber by installation, plot, and
log position. He gave a presentation, available on the SMC website, summarizing findings to date. Disks obtained at the
stump and top of each 16 ft sawlog and 17 ft peeler from all of the sample trees. Both whole disk and x-ray
densitometer, done by Weyerhaeuser, data was collected from each disk. UW PhD student Rapeepan Kantavichai is
using disk data to model wood density and biomass increment as affected by ring age, treatment (thinning), and local
climate and soil information.
LOGS Study. This study is a collaboration of the USFS PNW Research Station, Canadian Forest Service Wood Fibre
Centre, the Precision Forestry Cooperative and the SMC. The objective is to determine the effect of thinning, site quality
and stand density on wood quality using non-destructive testing to develop predictive models of stiffness, density and
other wood properties. The Sample consists of five LOGS Installations (135 trees/installation); three treatments (light
thinning, heavy thinning and unthinned); three plots per treatment and 15 trees per plot. ST300 acoustic velocity,
Resistograph data and increment core sample collection has been completed. Increment cores were sent to USFS
Southern Research Station for x-ray densitometry and near-infrared spectroscopy. We now have all data and some
analyses are completed. Cosmin Filipescu and Ross Koppenal, scientists with the wood Fibre Centre, gave a presentation,
available on the SMC website, on the acoustic velocity results.
TAC Meeting. Eini indicated that she would be scheduling a Wood Quality TAC Meeting and asked that those who are
interested in being on the TAC contact her (elowell@fs.fed.us)
MODELING PROJECT REPORT: Dave Marshall, Modeling Project Leader
Model Updates: A collaboration to integrate ORGANON into the FVS interface is just getting underway. It will include
SMC-ORGANON and the new red alder model with the expectation that testing will commence in late summer 2011.
ORGANON 9.0 which includes the alder model has been released and was presented at the Growth Model User’s Group
meeting. ORGANON 9.1, with new taper equations, is now available. Dave Hann has retired, the dynamic link source
code will be made available, and ORGANON will be maintained by CIPS in the future. Model contact information
•
•
•
CONIFERS
•
•
Contact: Martin Ritchie (mritchie@fs.fed.us)
http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/programs/ecology_of_western_forests/projects/conifers/
•
•
Contact: Erin Smith-Mateja (eesmith@fs.fed.us)
http://www.fs.fed.us/fmsc/
•
•
Contact: David Hann (david.hann@oregonstate.edu)
http://www.cof.orst.edu/cof/fr/research/organon/
FVS
ORGANON
55
TAC Meeting: A TAC meeting will be scheduled in the summer of 2011 to define the Modeling TAC role under CAFS,
biomass, biofuels, carbon and climate initiatives and to identify and prioritize potential needs and projects..
NUTRITION PROJECT REPORT: Rob Harrison, Nutrition Project Leader
David Briggs reported for Rob who was attending another meeting
Carryover Study: Paul Footen has completed his Masters thesis “The effects of previous nitrogen fertilization on
productivity and soil nitrogen and carbon pools of subsequent stands of Douglas-fir forests in the Pacific Northwest”. A
few highlights of Paul’s thesis were presented and Paul is developing journal articles and a summary of his thesis will be
in an upcoming SMC Newsletter.
Paired Tree Fertilization and N15 Study: We presently have 74 paired tree sites. PhD student Kim Littke has submitted
one manuscript and has another in preparation. Masters student Austin Himes is working on the NFS funded N15 isotope
aspects of this study. Fertilizer formulated with the isotope has been delivered and is being applied; it will permit
accurate tracking of the applied N throughout the system. Anew MS student, Sara Maher, will start in Fall 2011.
Fall River, Matlock, and Mollalla Long-term site productivity studies: The February 2011 Forest Science is a Special
Issue entitled "Deep Soils" with Fall River Boistfort soil on cover and two papers use Fall River/Matlock/Molalla LTSP
results. http://Soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/publications/DeepSoilsForestScience2011.pdf . Warren Devine produced a
manuscript submitted to Canadian Journal of Forest Research Predicting 5-year vegetation control effects on
aboveground biomass and nitrogen distribution of planted Douglas-fir on three sites". Paul Footen has just completed
sampling at Fall river to develop new biomass equations for Fall River which will become a journal article submission.
Future work will focus on determining soil C levels at Fall River.
"Maintaining Adequate Nutrient Supply -- Principles, Decision-Support Tools, and Best Management Practices" by
Robert B. Harrison, Douglas A. Maguire and Deborah Page-Dumroese, Chapter 6 in Sam D. Angima and Thomas A. Terry
(eds) Best Management Practices for Maintaining Soil Productivity in the Douglas-fir Region. Oregon State University
extension manuscript EM9023, April 2011.
SILVICULTURE PROJECT REPORT: Eric Turnblom, Silvicuture Project Leader
2010/11 Field Season A total of 72 installations (301 plots) will have been visited which includes 5 Type I installations
(40 plots) in B.C. measured by BCMOF. This includes GGTIV and Type V discussed below.
GGTIV Installations: Measurement of 601, 602, 603 (22 plots each, 66 plots total) planted in 2005 received 3rd
measurement. Presently, almost 50% of the plots have 90% of trees over breast height. Included now is a new sinuosity
measure developed by NWTIC. While we have discontinued competing vegetation control, fence maintenance
continuing
Paired Tree (Type V) Installations. Presently 74 have been installed. Full measurement of 28 installations (1200+ trees);
6 measured by the SMC crew for BCMOF.
56
Summer 2011 Plan: A summer field crew has been hired and will visit all fully measured Type III installations and a
subset of Type I installations that were measured in the 10/11 dormant season to obtain understory vegetation and
habitat measurements
Type I, II, III Performance Reports. Voted the highest priority Technology Transfer projects at the Fall 2010 Policy
committee meeting, we have graduate students working on each; Masters student Nai Saetern on the Type I’s, PhD
student Jeff Comnick on the Type II’s, and PhD student Kevin Ceder on the Type III’s. Masters student Jed Bryce is
assessing the branch diameter data collected on the Type III’s with the SMC breast-height branch diameter protocol. The
students are making great progress and the results of the Type III performance analyses are the basis for the afternoon
workshop. We anticipate additional workshops in the future. Planned deliverables include streaming videos of
workshops that will be posted on the SMC website, an on-line calculator tool that will allow users to generate tables,
graphics, and EXCEL files that they can tailor to their needs, and SMC Technical Reports and Fact Sheets. Additional
products will include articles for peer-reviewed journals.
Vegetation Composition and Succession in Managed, Coastal Douglas-fir Ecosystems. Sponsored by NCASI, Western
Wildlife Program PhD student Kevin Ceder. The objectives of this study are: (1) To develop overstory / understory
predictive relationships in young, managed Douglas-fir stands by major life form, eg., grass, fern, forb, shrub; by guild,
eg., shade tolerance, leaf retention; and by species, nine most prevalent. The final draft of predictive models is nearly
complete. (2) To develop dynamic models of vegetation change; a draft report nearing completion. (3) To benchmark
the developed relationships against a small, independent vegetation data set. (4) To test extrapolative power of the
models by comparing to observed data from differently treated stands (thinned and pruned) not used in model building.
Sun-Tree Identification in Tree Lists of Multi-Strata Stands. Sponsored by USFS, cooperating with OESF / ONRC.
Conjecture: top level or uppermost stratum may “drive” size / density relationships, hence stand dynamics. Algorithms
for identification of this upper stratum have been compared.
Logging residue ratios A collaboration with the USFS and ONRC to develop updated ratios. Forestry residues are a
potential significant source of biomass for energy production but the latest published residue ratios (tons / ha; tons /
MBF) are based on old harvest methods in stands atypical of those being harvested today. This study is updating data
and developing new ratios for Clallum, Grays Harbor, Jefferson, Kitsap, and Mason counties. A draft final report is near
completion.
57
TECHNICAL SESSION
Workshop: Performance of the SMC Type III Installations
The Type III installations are designed planting density trials at 100, 200, 300, 440, 680, and 1210 stems per acre to study
the effects of no further management and the use of thinning and pruning.Tthey were planted between 1985 and 2001
with the regeneration practices used at that time. Plantings were in blocks of at least 3 acres per spacing. In each spacing
block a control measurement sample plot was established that would receive not further treatment In the three dense
spacings an additional plot for a thinning regime based on relative spacing was established. In the three widest spacings
an additional plot for a pruning regime was established. The purpose of the workshop was to present a summary of the
performance of the Type III installations at their present stage of development to answer the questions “What is the
growth, yield, and quality of Douglas-fir stands planted at different spacings and what is the effect of thinning and
pruning?”. The entire program was captured on streaming video and is available at:
http://www.ruraltech.org/video/2011/SMC_Workshop/index.asp
APPENDIX A
STAND MANAGEMENT COOPERATIVE SPRING MEETING
Gifford Pinchot National Forest Headquarters, April 19-20, 2011
April 19
8:30
9:00
9:10
9:20
9:40
9:55
10:10
10:30
10:50
11:10
11:40
12:00
1:00
1:00
1:40
2:20
2:50
3:10
3:40
4:10
5:00
AGENDA
Coffee & Rolls
Welcome & Introductions: Dave Rumker, Policy Committee Chair; David Briggs, Director
 Accomplishments & Plans for 2011
 NSF I/UCRC CAFS meeting, June 13-16. Seattle, WA
 SMC Fall Meeting  September 20-21
 Other Meetings, Conferences, & Workshops
Wood Quality TAC Report – Eini Lowell, Wood Quality Project Leader
Sources of Wood Quality Variation - Log Acoustic Velocity and Lumber Value.
- C.L Huang
LOGS - wood quality - update, Cosmin Filipescu, Fibre Centre, Canadian Forest Service
Break
Modeling TAC Report – Dave Marshall, Modeling Project Leader
Nutrition TAC Report – Rob Harrison, Nutrition Project Leader
Silviculture TAC Report “Soil C Change in Pacific Northwest Coastal Douglas-fir Forests: Change Detection Following Harvest Establishment Report” Scott Holub, Silviculture Research Scientist, Weyerhaeuser NR Co.
Lunch
Workshop: SMC Type III Installation Performance: Yield and quality in young, Douglas-fir plantations as
affected by spacing, thinning, & pruning-Moderator: David Briggs
Rationale, objectives, design of Type III installations and their limitations- Eric Turnblom, Silviculture Project
Leader
Yield in young, Douglas-fir plantations as affected by a wide range of planting densities – Kevin Ceder, PhDc
Planting density effects on branch (knot) size in young, Douglas-fir plantations – Jed Bryce, MS student &
David Briggs, SMC Director
Break
How does thinning or pruning affect yield in young, Douglas-fir plantations – Kevin Ceder, PhDc
On-line calculator: Possible framework, prototype ideas, information needs – Eric Turnblom, Kevin Ceder,
Jed Bryce, David Briggs
Fill out and turn in feedback forms; topic suggestions for future workshops
Adjourn
58
April 20
8:00
8:30
9:00
9:20
9:40
12:00
STAND MANAGEMENT COOPERATIVE SPRING MEETING cont.
SMC Business Meeting
Coffee & rolls
Budget Status & Outlook David Briggs
SMC Strategic Plan, Project Priorities, New Initiatives, etc. David Briggs
Nominating Committee-next Policy Committee Vice-Chair David Briggs
SMC Director Succession and Related Issues Tom Hinckley, Acting Director UW School of Forest Resources,
Dave Rumker, Chair SMC Policy Committee
Adjourn
Workshop: Performance of the SMC Type III Installations
What is the growth, yield and quality of Douglas-fir stands planted at different spacings and what is the effect of thinning
and pruning?
The Stand Management Cooperative designed planting density trials 100, 200, 300, 440, 680, and 1210 stems per acre to
study the effects of no further management and the sue of thinning and pruning. Designated the “Type III Installations”
among the suites of SMC trials, they were planted between 1985 and 2001 with the best current regeneration practices.
Plantings were at least 3 acres per spacing. A control measurement sample plot was established in each spacing. . In the
three dense spacings a matrix of thinning treatments; early/light, early/heavy, late/light, late/heavy, and a late one time,
was established based on relative spacing. In the three widest spacings additional plots were established to create a
matrix of density and pruning (pruned with unpruned “followers” with pruning to either 50% live crown removal or
pruned to 2.5 inch top) treatments. In total there are 47 Type III installations in western Oregon, Washington and coastal
BC of which 38 are Douglas-fir, 6 are western hemlock, and 3 with a 50/50 mix of Douglas-fir and western hemlock.
Collectively they have 564 plots.
This workshop will provide forest managers with results on how growth, yield and quality of these installations have
developed with or without subsequent thinning or pruning. The objective is to provide information and tools they can
use to assist in making management decisions. The workshop proceedings will be captured on streaming video and
placed on the SMC website so attendees and others can re
59
STAND MANAGEMENT COOPERATIVE FALL MEETING
SEPTEMBER 20, 2011
HOTEL DECA, SEATTLE, WA 20, 2011
ATTENDEES
Agrotain, Ben Thompson; Bureau of Land Management, George McFadden, Jeannette Griese; The Campbell Group,
Dave Hamlin; Forest Capital Partners, Mark McKelvie; Green Diamond Resource Company, Randall Greggs, Steve Loy;
Hampton Resources, Dennis Creel; Hancock Forest Management, Dean Stuck, Jim Vander Ploeg, Todd Kurtz; Mason,
Bruce, & Girard, Chuck Stiff; Murray Pacific/West Fork Timber CO, Gene McCaul; Oregon State University, Doug
Mainwaring; Plum Creek Timber Co., Steve Gravelle; Port Blakely Tree Farms LP, Jeff Madsen; Rayonier Forest
Resources, Candace Cahill, Mark Hebert; Roseburg Forest Products, Dave Walters; University of Washington, Dave
Briggs, Isabel Rodriguez Abad, Rob Harrison, Megan O’Shea, Eric Turnblom; USFS PNW RS, Eini Lowell; WA DNR, Scott
McLeod; Weyerhaeuser Company, Greg Johnson, Dave Marshall.
The meeting was held at the Deca Hotel in Seattle, WA with 29 representatives from 18 members, see Appendix B for
Agenda. The meeting was different from past fall meetings in that it was focused on business items so there were no
presentations by researchers and no second day field trip. Director David Briggs opened the meeting and introduced Dr.
Isabel Rodriguz-Abad, Assistant Professor in the School of Building Engineering at the Polytechnic University of Valencia,
Spain. Dr. Abad will be a Visiting Assistant Professor at the UW with a focus on leaning about nondestructive testing
methods used in the PNW forest sector and is eager to establish contacts.
D. Briggs then summarized accomplishments to date for 2011:
•
Total funding since 1985 reached $21.9 million; 61% member dues, 20% external grants, and 19% contributions
by institutional members - including measurement of installations in BC by the BC Ministry of Forests.
•
In addition to the 2011 $70k from NSF for the UW Center for Advanced Forest Systems site, Rob Harrison
received $24k supplemental from NCASI for work at Fall River
•
Funding for SMC graduate students through the Corkery Family Chair and Teaching Assistantships is about
$295k. We enter the fall with 6 Masters and 4 PhD students.
•
Paul Footen completed his Masters and Nick Vaughn completed his PhD.
•
All fieldwork was completed on time and the database was sent to all who requested it.
•
4 articles have appeared, 4 others are in press, and 2 technical reports have been completed.
The Nominating Committee, composed of the current and active past Policy Committee Chairs developed a slate of
candidates (Candace Cahill and Dean Stuck) to become Chair of the Policy Committee when Dave Rumker’s term ends in
2012; this person will act as Vice-Chair during the interim since Jeff Madsen who has been Vice-Chair is retiring. Dean
Stuck was elected to become the next Policy Committee Chair. The Nominating Committee also developed a slate of
candidates (Candace Cahill, Scott McLeod, and Dean Stuck) to become the subsequent Vice-Chair of the Policy
Committee with Candace Cahill being elected.
60
The 2011 budget was reviewed and is currently projected to meet the goal of having $20k to carry forward into 2012. A
forecast assuming a return to full dues levels was reviewed and a motion (Jeff Madsen, seconded by Gene McCaul) to
pass it was accepted unanimously. Many thanks to the SMC Finance Committee (Conner Fristoe, Randall Greggs, Greg
Johnson, Jeff Madsen, Gene McCaul, Scott McLeod, Dean Stuck, Dave Walters and David Briggs and Megan O’Shea) for
their work on the budget.
Silviculture Project Report: Project Leader Eric Turnblom
•
The schedule for the 2011-2012 field season (Table 1. page 62) and accomplishments by the summer field crew
(Table 2. page 65).
•
The performance reports for the Type I (Multiple Regression Inference of Yield for Douglas-fir Plantations in the
Pacific Northwest, MS student Nai Saetern), Type II (PhD student Jeff Comnick), and Type III (PhD student Kevin
Ceder) are nearing completion and Jeff is working on the prototype on-line calculator that will allow members to
generate a variety of reports and graphics based on the equations developed for these installation type. Some
preliminary results for each installation type were presented and discussed.
•
Discussed the proposed CAFS project that would initiate assessment of wood quality attributes (acoustic
velocity, wood density knots) of the GGTIV installations, a collaboration between the SMC, NWTIC and PNW
Research Station. The GGTIV’s planted in February 2005 would be measured after the 2012 growing season with
measurement of those planted in February 2006 occurring after the 2013 growing season. The objectives are to
determine differences in these attributes at this early age, to establish the beginning of a time sequence of
these measurements to determine how well properties at a given age can be predicted from measurements at
an earlier age, and to develop models of how these properties change with age.
•
The overstory/understory vegetation composition and succession of managed coastal Douglas-fir study,
sponsored by NCASI’s Western Wildlife Group, has been completed with an article submitted to Forest Ecology
and Management. Kevin Ceder is continuing work, with McIntire-Stennis funding, with this data with the aim of
developing dynamic models of overstory/understory relationships.
•
The “sun-tree” identification in tree lists of multi-strata stands, with PhD student Nick Vaughn and sponsored by
the USFS, has been completed and a manuscript is in review. This study is examining the hypothesis that the
uppermost stratum of trees, called “sun trees” drive the size / density relationships and associated stand
dynamics in multi-strata stands.
•
The logging residues biomass/bioenergy study, sponsored by the USFS with the objective of replacing outdated
ratio estimates such as volume or weight of residues per MBF harvested, per acre, etc. is in review and will be
published as a USFS General Technical Report.
61
TABLE 1: 2011/2012 FIELD WORK SCHEDULE
Type I
Inst.
Date
Measured
Inst. Name
Ostrander
Job
Full Measurement
Plot 1, not likely Plot 3, not likely
East Twin
RD check plot 1, 3
Full Measurement
Plot 6, not likely
B & U Plantation
RD check plot 6
Full Measurement
Plot 5, likely
707
Rupert Mainline
RD check plot 5
Full Measurement
708
718
Copper Creek
Roaring River
RD check plots 7, 9
RD check plot 4,5
Plot 7, unlikely Plot 9, unlikely
Plot 4, likely Plot 5, unlikely
720
Horton
RD check plot 3
Plot 3, not likely
RD check plots 3,7
Plot 3, likely Plot 7, likely
Full Measurement
RD check plots 5, 7
Plot 5, likely Plot 7, likely
704
705
706
722
734
735
736
739
Silver Creek
Mainline
Upper Canada
Creek
Rayonier Sort
Yard
Twin Peaks
Silver Panther II
Status
Full Measurement
RD check plot 4
Full Measurement
RD check plot 2, 7
Comments
Plot 4, likely
Plot 2, likely Plot 7, unlikely
Type II
Inst.
804
Inst. Name
Chehalis Lake
Job
Full Measurement
810
J2Nanimo
Full Measurement
Date
Measured
62
Status
Comments
Type III
Inst.
Inst. Name
Job
901
913
Lincoln Creek
Nimpkish
914
Lewisburg Saddle
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
thin plot 9
Full Measurement
916
917
919
920
Bobo's Bench
Cultus Lake
Brittain Creek #1
Brittain Creek #2
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
921
925
926
Brittain Creek #3
Pleasant 2
R.F. Sale
943
South Shaw
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
Measure plots 1,2
3,7,8,9,11
thin plot 11
Measure plots 1,2
3,7,8,9,13,14,15
Type IV
Inst. #
Inst. 603
Inst. 604
Inst. 605
Type V
Inst. #
Date
Measured
Status
Comments
Check plot 13, unlikely
Genetic Gain x Spacing x Weed Control
Installation Name
Boxcar
Left Court
Wynoochie
Job Discription
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
Date
Measured
Status
Comments
Date
Measured
Status
Comments
Paired Tree Fertilization
Installation Name
Job Discription
821
821
Adna 1 (flat)
Adna 2 (slope)
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
822
823
Arrowhead Lake
Oppiet Rd
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
824
Cherry Valley 1
(flat)
Full Measurement
825
826
Cherry Valley 2
(slope)
Cherry Valley
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
857
858
Tiger Lake
Duckabush
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
63
Type V
Inst. #
859
Paired Tree Fertilization cont.
Installation Name
Lake Aldwell
Job Discription
Full Measurement
860
861
862
863
Disco Bay
Electron
Buckley
Oil City
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
864
865
866
867
Hoquim Road
Battleground
Cougar
McClellan Mt.
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
Mitchell Hill
Newaukam Creek
Echo Glen 2
Mineral 2
Tilton River West
Morgan Creek
Old River Road
Tilton River East
Wood Road
Les Smith
Black Rock 2
Mitchell Creek
East Humptulips 2
Upper Rock Creek
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
Full Measurement
Date
Measured
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Status
Comments
TABLE 2 SUMMER FIELD CREW WORK
Crew Members: Paul Footen, Jed Bryce, Gonzalo Thienel
Installation
Type
# of Plots
Tasks
905
2
12
Habitat assessment, veg surveys
915
2
12
Habitat assessment, veg surveys, sun scald
922
2
6
Habitat assessment, veg surveys
930
2
6
Habitat assessment, veg surveys
931
2
8
Habitat assessment, veg surveys
932
2
12
Habitat assessment, veg surveys, sun scald
703
1
12
Habitat assessment, veg surveys
725
1
15
Habitat assessment, veg surveys
726
1
15
Habitat assessment, veg surveys
729
1
12
Habitat assessment, veg surveys
Total
10
110
Modeling Project Report: Project Leader Dave Marshall
•
•
•
•
Reviewed past accomplishments of the Modeling Project starting with the 1996 completion of SMC
ORGANON in collaboration with OSU to the recent development of a red alder model in ORGANON
(NOTE: the SMC developed the database that supported the alder model development) and current
activity of interface ORGANON with FVS.
Participated in a review of Conifers-PNW which was funded by AGENDA 2020 and the SMC.
Announced that with the retirement of David Hann, ORGANON source code is now available and
that ORGANON is now under CIPS.
Held a TAC meeting in August to review proposals for CIPS – SMC collaboration on improving models
for (1) N-fertilization response and (2) thinning response both of which were supported by the TAC.
It was also proposed that the SMC facilitate a meeting of regional coops to discuss ways to improve
collaboration and modeling, data, and technology transfer.
Nutrition Project Report: Project Leader Rob Harrison
•
The carryover study was created in the late 1990’s by when former Regional Forest Nutrition
Research Project installations were harvested and the control and fertilized plots were reestablished to monitor development and growth of understory vegetation and trees of the
replanted stand. Paul Footen completed his Masters thesis finding significant differences in dbh,
total height and understory biomass between the previously fertilized vs the control plots. These will
continue to be monitored in the future. This study is somewhat limited by the small number of these
installations and the fact that the original RFNRP stands were of natural origin. It was noted that eh
SMC had nine Type I installations which contain a spacing x fertilization design. These have all
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•
•
•
completed their fertilization cycle (200 lb N/ac at establishment and every 4 years thereafter until
1000lb/ac was achieved. These could form the basis for a future carryover study.
The paired tree (Type V installation) study now has 73 installations. PhD student Kim Littke has
installed temperature and precipitation recorder and lysimeters on them and completed soil
sampling. She has manuscripts submitted to the Soil Science Society of America journal and to
Forest Science and is starting analyses of the first set of growth response data.
The paired tree/15N study, funded through NSF in collaboration with 3 other CAFS members, is now
underway. The 15N fertilizer has been received and applied. MS student Austin Himes is working on
this aspect of the paired tree study which, through the 15N isotope, will allow accurate tracking of
the applied fertilizer through the system.
The Fall River/Matlock/Molalla long-term site productivity study. Funding from NCASI, historically
$40k/yr, except $24k last year, is restored to $40k (see new grant funding elsewhere in the
newsletter) for a total of $616k since the study started. Study is featured in 2 papers and the cover
of the February 2009 Forest Science special issue on deep soils. Articles submitted to Canadian
Journal of Forest Research and to Forest Ecology and Management plus a Chapter in OSU Extension
publication: “Maintaining Management Practices for Maintaining soil Productivity in the Douglas-fir
Region”. Paul Footen is developing a paper on biomass equations for the Fall River site. Planned
future work is to determining soil carbon levels at Fall River.
Wood Quality Project Report: Project Leader Eini Lowell
•
•
•
•
Levels of Growing Stock (LOGS) acoustic, resistance, x-ray densitometry, and near infrared
spectroscopy wood quality measurements. Field data collection completed in 2010 and analyses are
underway for four publications. There will be a presentation at the 2012 IUFRO All Division 5
Conference.
AGENDA 2020 tree to product acoustic study. The work with PNWTIRC, conducted in 2005 on
progeny trials produced 2 PNWTIRC reports and two articles in the CJFR. The work of trees sampled
from 4 SMC Type II installations done in 2006/2007 led to an article on the lumber component of
the study in the 2008 Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of
Wood. Two other articles on the veneer component with Christine Todoroki (SCION) are in review
and additional analyses are in early development. C.L. Huang, now an Affiliate Associate Professor at
UW, has greatly assisted with compiling and editing the database and provided an analysis of the
lumber data, which was presented at the SMC Spring meeting and in a subsequent article in the
Newsletter.
The paired-tree fertilization study was created with a wood quality component. Discussions
concerning details are ongoing in the Wood Quality TAC.
The proposal to NSF CAFS to implement wood quality studies in the Genetic Gain-Type IV
installations was already covered in the Silviculture Project report.
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APPENDIX B
STAND MANAGEMENT COOPERATIVE FALL MEETING
Hotel Deca, 4507 Brooklyn Ave, Seattle WA. Seattle, WA.
September 20, 2011
8:00
8:30
8:40
8:50
9:05
9:15
9:30
9:50
10:10
10:30
10:50
11:15
12:15
1:15
2:15
2:45
3:10
4:00
AGENDA
BUSINESS MEETING
Registration. Coffee & Rolls
Welcome & Introductions
2011 Accomplishments, Announcements, etc.
David Briggs
Election of Next Policy Committee Chair and Vice-Chair
Nominating Committee
2011 Budget Status
Finance Committee
2012 Budget Projection and Dues Vote
Finance Committee
Silviculture Project Report
Eric Turnblom
BREAK
Modeling Project Report
David Marshall
Wood Quality Project Report
Eini Lowell
Nutrition Project Report
Rob Harrison
Director candidate presentation, Q & A
LUNCH
Summary of 8/30 interviews, discussion & vote on next Director
Director Search Committee
SMC Organization, Strategic Plan, & By-Laws Review
David Briggs
BREAK
Summary & discussion of Strategic Plan feedback
Randall Greggs
Adjourn
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STAND MANAGEMENT COOPERATIVE STAFF
University of Washington, Seattle:
David Briggs, SMC Director
Randy Collier, Senior Computer Specialist
Bob Gonyea, Field Coordinator
Rob Harrison, Nutrition Project Leader
Bert Hasselberg, Field Technician
Megan O’Shea, Administrative Specialist
Eric Turnblom, Silviculture Project Leader
William Bizak, Hourly field assistant
B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria:
Louise de Montigny, B.C. Research Forester
PNW Research Station, Portland:
Eini Lowell, Wood Quality Project Leader
Weyerhaeuser NR Company,
Federal Way
Dave Marshall, Modeling Project Leader
Graduate Students:
Jed Bryce, MS
Kevin Ceder, PhD
Jeff Comnick PhD
Paul Footen, MS
Austin Himes, MS
Erika Knight, MS
Kim Littke, PhD
Nai Saetern, MS
Betsy Vance, MS
Nick Vaughn, PhD
Stand Management Cooperative
School of Forest Resources
Box 352100
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington 98195
Phone: 206-543-9744 FAX: 206-685-0790
Web: http://www.standmgt.org
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