THE FORMATION OF RESIN CANALS
IN THE WOOD OP DOUGLAS-FIR AS
INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENT
by
JOHN WILLIAM BRUCE WAGG
A THESIS
submitted to
OREGON STATE COLLEGE
In partIal fulfillment of
the requirements for the
degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
June 1948
APPROVED;
Signature redacted for privacy.
rofoosor ot
xoduots
C
rge of Maier
Signature redacted for privacy.
f
ood Products
Signature redacted for
privacy.
Chairman of School Graduoto Committee
Signature redacted for privacy.
duate School
CONTENPS
Preface
Objectives..........a......*....
. ...a..
Acknowledgements
aft
.... * .. ###
Introduction
Origin of the Coniferales.. .. .... ....am. ...
Origin of resin canals in the Coniferalen
Origin of the families of the Coniferales.... a
Origin of the genera of the Pinaosae.........
Formation of resin canals within the Were
10
12
14
the Coniferales....*....... a a a a a a a a. a a a a a a a17
Genus Pinus............
Genus
0023140
************
041=8
G. *s
w**
Original Work.....
eta,
Description of specimen
***
Group L
Sample L-8-1....
Sample L-0-2....... ***
Sample 1/4-2.
************
Sample
Sample
ample 10.8.04.
0**
.........*..
... ....
Sample
Sample
a*
0****** ***
Sample L-S-5........***.
$3
Group N
Sample N-0.4..
Sample N-00.
Sample
Sample N-0-4.........
Experimental procedure.........
154
.......
00**
34
**** .........
001141etion of data......
Naasurement of annual ring widths
Determination of number of vertical
........... ....a a * 56
resin
Determination of number of horizontal
resin canals...,.
Presentation of data....
Cross seetiona.........
Increment au
36
**0 a a ********
II)
Rola ionship of number of
vertical resin canals to
increment
Relationship of number of
vertical resin canals per
square centimeter to
increment
...a a a a . 3
Relationship of number or
vertical rosin canals to a
?anenttsl section
elationship of number of
horizontal resin canals
age
9
Analyst. of data
9A
Cross section
3
Relationship of increment to age.
Relationship of number of vertica
resin canals to incroment... 40
Relationship of number of
vertical resin canals per
square centimeter to
39A
41
increment
Relationship of number of
vertical resin canals to age 41
42
Miscellaneous observations
44
Tangential section
Relationship of number of
horizontal resin canals to
ags.......
Sall I
SUMMArY*************40,41
Recommendations for Pura,'
Bibliography........
**0111111111aa.
* 4/4a
.410 14a a a
a.** alIaaa Oa la
79
102
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figures
Geological tree of the Gymnospermao..
Prontisp
Geological distribution of selected plant groups
Geological distribution of Coniforales........
3A. Geological distribution of Coniferales
Olasitication of geological eras...............
4
25
2
Graphs
Relationship of increment to age. .
roup L
Sample L-8-1.. .......
upM
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample
45
45
4
4$
L -0 -2.«. a Oa* a a a a ***a** a
10444***************00
L-0-4.
L-5-4..
4
48
49
a*** **a** **, a a*
L-8-4A..**** aaaaaava asa
a* a a a*
L-0-5... .......
.......
L-5-5... aa a** ** **00
f** *Oa.*** ****************
Sample M-0-1.
**** a
Sample N-0-2..
Sample N-0-3.
52
***
Relationship of number of vertic
in canals
increment *******
*****************
5-1 Group L..
le.
Sample
22.
Sample
17,
5
51
54***
Sample M-0-4.
3-2 Group
Group L.. ************
15. Sample
50
50
51
.................
Sample L-8-2..... ....................
Sample L-0-3.....
Sample L-0-4..... ..........
40,
S. a * a **
55
5
55
55
58
(IV)
Page
23. Sample L-0Group it.
27*
28,
Sample
60
6
*
Ms.0.1....
61
61
61
4
Semple M-0-3.... .......,
Sample M-0-4....
........
so
Relationship of number of vertical rae
square centimeter to incremnt...................
85A
8.14, Group
8-2A Group
Group L. .
58A
Summery
858
16A. Sample D-0-2...
18A. Semple L-0-5...
20A. Sample L-S-4...
.........................
........................
24A. Sample
56A
56A
57A
60A
Group M
25A. Sample M-0-1...
26A. Sample Y-0-2..
Relationship of number of vertieal resin canals to
Group
L..........................
29, Sample. .10.041.........................
30.
31
Sample
L-S-2..................,
Sample L-0-3.....
Sample L-0 -4....,
33. Sample L41-4.....
3smp1e 104-4A...
0
0 *I. alp
V
.................
Sample L -0-5A....
L-0-5.....
Group
57.
38.
40.
Sample M-0 -1.....
Semple M-0-2.....
Sample M 0-3
Sample M0-4.
.....................
ship of number of hortsontal resin canals to
Group
41
Group
es
es
64
65
es
6$
666
67
6/
68
68
6
41
SitinPle
.
42. Sample
6
6
APPENDIX
Relationship of increment to age........
Group L
109
102
03
Sample L-3-1....
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample L-0-4.....
Sample L-5-4....
Sample L-S-4A...
Sample L-0-8.
.. 106
06
108
109
110
111
.1.166.0
Sample 10.0-5A.
Group M
112
Sample L-S-5.....
113
aaa
.
Sample M-0-1...
Sample 14-041.....
Sample M-045...
ii
Sample M...0-4.
Relationship of number of verti
...
increment.
120
20/3
201)
1201)
Sample L'-S-1.
/e L-0-2..........
Sample
le L-0-3........
121
122
123
124
128
Sample L-0-4....
Sample L-8-4.......
Sample L-8-4A.
Sample L-0-5...
Group M
120
.. 120
8-2
Group L..
4
114
11
Sample L-0-8A.
Sample L 8...
Sample M 0-1.........
Sample M 0-2..........
Sample M
3......
Sample M-0-4.......
******
28
127
128
129
130
130
131
132
133
Rolla onship of number of vertical rosin canals Vim
square centimeter to inersmant..... ............
8-1A Group
Group 1/4..........,000,0400.0.....00114,0
aa
18A. Sample L-0-2.....
Sample L-0-3.....
ROA. Sample L-S-4.....
21A. Sample L-8-4A....
WA. Sample L-0-5A.... 04140114000,11,0406041,0,04
24A. Sample L-8-5..... 41brO11050*004050550044
Group Moo40*010*00010.*0000***o**0400***0
Group L.........
S
25A.
56A.
Sample
Sample
Relationship of number of vertical rosin canals to
age...***0*.**05.00***0040000***001,0**00
Group
L.............,.....................
29. Sample L.E.l .......................**
30.
Sample L.0-8...
ass
simple
32. Sample L.P.0-5...
30
Sample L-0-4... .............. ...4 0004o, 138
34. Semple L-0-4...4
139.
35. Sample L-8-4A.,................ 140
36. Sample L-0-5........ mows,. 141
37. Sample 10.0.4A...................000,40 14*
38. Sample L-8-5...
144
Group M
44 a0010******0011,504-0.00a00.41001400004 144
59. Sample 11.4-1......
.................... 144
40. Sample W0444***01*****/*****400***ow5*, 145
41. Sample M-03...... .........,............ 14
42. Sample /1-0-4...................... 147
onship of numb. r of horisontal resin, canals to
0040,7111104105
Group
................................* 148
43. Sample L-044. Sample Y-0-
Group
148.
150
150
SN-$
01,* ..c$P
$(501.
t*:e&
MOND
Ginkgoales
Qi.\*
--
o
1,ev .001,
Ibx)
5):(' c,e
eNY4P1.0456V°00$
1$:0 Vo.
Voe'-e0'
V)' :?/"'
1
Cordaitailes
Figure 1
Coniferales
Geological Tree of Gymnosperms°
0199'
lopA*
THE FORMATION OF RESIN CANALS IN THE WOOD
OF DOUGLAS-FIR AS I4FLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENT
PREFACE
4Th je ott
yea
The anatomical variability of Pseudotsuga taxifolia
(Poir.) Britt. has been recognized for a long time. The
fact that the foliage exhibits different chars, teristice
when grown in different localities, has ld to the estabft
lishment of two subspecies of Douglas-fir in North America.
This same variability led to the naming of several species
from the one North American species when it was introduced
into EuroRe (74).
Consequently, itwas not surprising to learn that the
two North American subspecific forms of Douglas...fir differ
in their resistance to penetration of oil soluble
atives, such as coal tar creosote.
preserv**
The factors affecting penetration may be divided
into two classes. Firstly, the nature of the preservative; and secondly, the physical and chemical structure
C the wood. The structure of the wood varies with each
species and within each species as influenced by
environment.
Many of the aspects of the problem of preservative
r atment of wood have been studied and references may be
obtained from the bibliography. In the specific instance
of Douglas-fir; Griffin (61* 62), Stone (167) and West
(187) have studied the bordered pits; Harkom (68)
se
56)* MacLean (101)* Soarth (150* 151, 152)* Teesdale
(174)* Tiomann (178) have contributed to the knowledge
of the treatment of the species with preservatives.
lo establish the importance of the inconsistency
th which Douglas-fir receives preservatives* a letter
written by A. J. Robinson* Supervisory Inspector of the
Great Northern Railway is quoted.
no have been using Inland larch* pins,
and Inland or Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir*
track cross ties for a long period of time;
as well as pressure treating the *oods for more
than forty years.
e have had no trouble in treating larch
and pine with creosote or with a mixture of
creosote and petroleum oil* neither have we
had trouble treating Coast Douglaa-fir with
creosote or the mixture. With aeeond-growth
Douglas-fir and Inland fir* we fopnd that it
was impossible to get either a net retention of
seven to eight pounds of oil per cubic foot of
timber or more than a skin penetration of oil
in the wood. :However* with water soluble salt*
such as zinc chloride* zinc chromate* etc.*
we were able to get the necessary toxicity
together with sufficiently deep penetration.
The salt treated ties check and broom and
unless placed in locations where conditions
are not severe* they will not give the life
expectancy desired. If given a secondary
treatment with two to three pounds of petroleum
oil* the ties give service eomparable to the
oil treated ties. However* this increases the
cost.
We have adopted the Northern Pacificte
practice of oil treatment of Inland fir cross
t es -a practice they have been following for
many years. This consists of an equal mixture
of creosote and petroleum oil used with the
Lowry process. Ties, treated by the empty
cell or Lowry process, average about four pounds
final retention with a penetration of oil from
ten to fifty one...hundredths inches and averag
ing little more than twentrofive one-hundredths
inches in depth.
The tie timber, used for preservation,
in all...seasoned as we have found that results
are much worse by artificial seasoning or by
boiling under vacuum as in the Boulton process.
i:ot only have we found that this epecies is
most refractory to pressure treatment, but that
it is also resistent to decay and outside attack.
The lesser oil penetration and poundage is not
necessarily a deterent, but that the Inland fir
ties give good life in traok--better than
twenty year average life.
We have had ',otter success in treating
Inland fir piles and poles--due to their round
condition which allows treatment of the entire
sapwood.
In treating the Coast Douglas-fir of
course, the story is different. We get very
good results--especially when we boil under a
vacuum or Boulton process instead of air seasonin the wood first."
Among the many factors that might affect penetrability,
a difference in resin canal forma ion was one deemed worthy
knowledge of resin production
of inveetigaticn. The ba
and resin canal formation is attributable to the Germans:
Fabricius (44), Franck (47), F
(48), hannig
(66), Hanstein 67), Mayr (105) Munch (114, 115), and
Wiesner (189)4 Specific studies of resin canals in North
American conifers have concerned the Canadians; Barman
(14, 17), Hart (71) and Thomson 177)*
The writer, in this thesis, has initiated
veatigation of some of the aspects of resin canal to
in Douglas-lir. From the cross seat on of the
distribution and numbers of resin canals has been et
n Douglas-fir from the Pacific Coast, Rocky Mountains
and intermediate points in the Cascade Mountains. The
variations, in resin canal formation, that have been
observed are correlated s nearly as possible with environ**
ments
Since resin canals form a system within several
coniferous genera, it seemed adviseable to learn some
the baste facts concerning them. The introduction of
this thesis includes a discussion of the geologleal origin
of the system of resin canals together with the development of the order Coniferalea and its component families.
This background information shows that biological material
cannot remain resistant to change, in structure or in
function, but follows an orderly pattern of evolution.
Douglas-fir, having been separated by taxonomists
into two distiret subspecies on the basis of foliar
characteristics, can be further divided into many ecolog cal
types which oorrespond to the present s e classifications
as used for Douglas-fir. Spilsbury (159) has distinguished
five site typos in the coastal form on the basis of plant
tudy of past evolutionary trends in the
indicators.
development of resin canals, combined with their existence
in the present ecological types will aid in understanding
their behavior.
Although no ecologic.lanatomieal studies of Doug la
fir have been noted in the literature, parallel studies
concerning other species can be found. To cite exa pleat
Forsaith (49) compared anatomically, lowland and alpine
forms of birch, alder and rhododendron. Harlow (69)
6
study of white cedar. Biologic factors, other than
such as insects have been studied by Bailey (6)
Harper (M).
It is not within he scope of this thesis to establish
laws of resin canal formation In Douglas-fir. Such an
attempt would find no greater (mitt() than nature, horse
However, trends in resin canal formation can be pointed
out which upon further investigation can be more solidly
established, but cannot be mathematically formulated as
an eternal truth.
The writer will show differences in the formation
of resin canals in the different ecological types
Douglasi.fir
comparison will be made between seconds.
growth and o d-growth trees. Also, a correlation will be
made between the early growth of old-growth tree
the growth characteristic of sec
growth tress
reference to the occurrence of resin canals.
A comparison wIll be made between the horisont
resin canals as found
Douglas-fir of the Pacific Gout
and those found in Hoe
Mountain Douglas*fir.
The writer wishes to express his gratitude to *13
those who have contributed in some way to the develop-
ment of this tbests. There are many persons to whom
credit cannot be given at this time, for they are
tributaries are to the river, he sources of impo
but diffuse ideas.
To Dr. P. B. Proctor, whose enthusiasm Initiated the
k on this thesis, I am greatly indebted. To Professor
B. Grantham* I extend sincere thanks for hi. patienee
and encouragement in the preparation of the manusoript.
West, I give my thanks for their
To Arm G. Barnes and W
kind assistance.
TRODUCTION
There has been since he beginning of time, a continue]
change in living material in response to a changing
environment. It is natural to expect that the modern
Pseudotsugg axifolia (Pair.) Britton, which extends
several biotic provinces (132), will show variations
structure due to the different environmental influences.
The present range of PaeudotsufQ1 taxifolia extends ove
two major blot c provinces. The coastal form, Pseudotsuga
taxifolia viridis (Schwer.) Aschersi and Otebn. occurs
in the moist coniferous forest biome whereas the inter
form Patudoteuga tax foils glauca ( ayr.) Sudw. occurs
in the western part of the northern coniferous forest bio
Each biome is characterized by distinct floral and faunal
omponen s brought about by different climatic condition*.
Origin o the Coniferales
The order Coniferalea first began its differentiation
from the order Cordaltales in the Lower Carboniferous
(Table 2) followed by the order Ginkgoales in the Upper
Carboniferous. This sequence of development is not without
dispute for Penhallow(150, p. 154-.161) considers the orders
Ccniferales Ginkgoales, and Cordaitales of common origin
in the Cycadifiltoes.
For the purpose of this paper, a dispute as to their
exact origin is of no importance, since the element
time of origin remains nearly the same. The initial
differentiation of the order Coniferales from the earlier
plant groups took place in very ancient times.
It is well to remember that the entire group of
flowering plants has developed since the Jurassic and tbat
the order Ginkgoales have arisen become abundant, and
declined to a single living species since the Carboniferous
period. S nce Douglas*fir grows under variable climatic
conditions and forme a component of as many different
ecological communities, it is continually changing (mph*
logically and physiologically to meet new environments
Similarly, the early members of the conifers developed
from their parent stock as new climatic conditions *rose
in early geological times. Among the many systems within
the tree the system of resin canals has undergone eve-,
lutionery changes. The phylogeny of the order Coniferele
which forms a background of development for the conifer*,
will aid in the interpretation of the system of resin
canals as found in Douglas-fir from the Pacific Coast
and the Rocky Mountains,
10
Origin of Resin Canals in the Coniferales
The order Coniferal 0 (Table 2) which includes
Douglas-fir and other important softwood species originated
In the Lower Carboniferous stage. The system of resin
canals* known from the ancestral stock of the Conifers
can be traced through foss 1 forme early into the history
of this order. The evidence presented here cannot hops
to unfold the whole story of the Coniferales* but sufficient
fossil material has been discovered to express certain
tendencies in the development of resin canals.
Vertical resin canals were the first type to be observed In the fossil woods of the genera Araucerioxylon
(154) and Paracupressinoxylon (77) taken from Middle
Jurassic strata. These canals occur in tangential series.
The fossil species fkityoxylon dacotense (150*
6)
the Upper Jurassic exhibits only vertical canals which
re found scattered throughout the section.
The genus Protoiaceoxylon (59, 166* 154# 41) from
the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous shows a scattered
istribution of resin canals RS well as an arrangement
f the vertical canals in tangential series. This arrange
msnt is similar to the modern Keteleeria (9* 154),
Pseudotsubia# Picas, and Larix. The last three have
Won a system of horizontal resin canals.
The Tertiary genus Pintas (5 ) shows * similar t
tial grouping of vertical canals. Sequoia 1angsdorfit
(130 p* 226) and Sequoia penhallowit (130, p. 228) of
this same age show the same characteristic. Snob a system
of vertical canals can be induced in a modern species,
Sequoia, gloralvalb by injury.
The first evidence of a horizontal system of cane
has been found in the species ,Pityoxylon aldertoni (160)
of the Tertiary and usual penhallowtt (130, p. 228)
of the Miocene of the same period. Penhallow says, IR*
contain resin canals in the case ot injury, which take
their origin from similar vertical canale running in the
without
The present Sequoia mpervirene
wood.
horizontal resin canals.
prom this scattered evidence it would seem that the
resin canals in the order Ooniferales have, their origin
in the ancestors of the family Araucacems (Table S),
although the preaent representatives of this family are
without ducts. The family Cupressaceae is another falai
that has lost the primative system of resin canals.
Pollowin.g into the Tertiary, resin canals persisted
he family Pinaceae and in the early members of the
family Taxodiaceae. The modern members of the Taxodieeeme
are without resin canals, except for Sequoia, which prorn
duces hem as a response to stimuli. Resin canals remain
1
as an acttvelr changing system in he living representatives
of the family Finaceee and possese their moat complete
form in the genus
. Here they are found scattered
hroushout the annual rInjs, singlely and in tangential
groups.
Resin canals are first known from Coniferous
of the Jurassic period. The knowledge of resin mos
that has been obtained from fossils can be supplemented
by observation of the morphology of present day conifers.
The two paths of approach aid in a basic' understanding
of the evolutionary tendencies of the sistea of resin
canals.
rig in of h Families of the Oonit.rales
To further elaborate on
of resin canals, it will
ution of the *Tette
essary to trace their
development through the ()rid r. The several developmental
that have been proposed for the order Coniferales,
ill be considered in the order of their importance to
the present problem.
Jeffrey (81, p. 3l7-356) considers the ancestors of
the modern family Fiascoes to be the most ancient of the
order Coniferales. In early Mesozoic times the family
Araucariaceas developed from this ancestral stock and
schemes
13
flourished throughout the later periods of this era.
The
families Podocarpacese and Taxaceae developed prior to the
family Araucariaceae, which was followed by the families
Cupressacoae and Taxodiaceaso Resin canals developed
in the order between the time of origin of the families
Podooarpaceae and Taxaceao and the family Araucariacease
It had been shown proveously that earliest resin canals
are known from the woods araucarlaceous of the Jurassic)*
Penhallow (150, p. 154-161) believes the family
Pinaceae to be the most recent of the order Coniferales
arising from ancestral forms of the family Taxaceaei The
family Arauoariacese is considered as a distinct branch
of the order Cordaitales which has a common origin with
the order Coniferales,
Anderson (5) on the basis of cytological methods,
believes the Taxaceae to be the oldest family and the
Podocarpaceae to be a branch of the Taxacese Re considers
that the remaining familiee originated in the order:
Taxodiaceae, Pinaceae and Cupressaceae.
Boureau (21), basing his studies of the evolution on
cotyledons, arrives at the following sequence of develop
ment: Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, and Taxa-die-ern
Each developmental series expressed by the various
authors has been applied to their ilt.-Aloular broblems
is not enough that a developmental series will apply
a single system within an order at the present time.
14
The true sequence of evolution will fit all developmental
tendencies within the Coniferales, not only those of the
present time, but also those of geologic time. That new
systems are being built out of old systems to eet new
conditions must be taken into consideration. Subsequen 1
some systems within a plant are Wang built up and other*
broken down at the same time..
Considering this twofold meaning of evolution, it
is less difficult to understand the presence of an elaborate
system of resin canal. in he genus P nus and the nearly
entire lack of such a system in the genus Able*. Both
e members of the family Pinacess.
Origin of the Genera of the Pinwales*
Since the family Pinacese is the only living group
the order Coniferales to possess normal resin canals,
the resin canal system will be used as a basis for the
development of the genera.
Penhallow (130) places the genera In the following
series on the basis of resin canal and resin cyst develop.'
ment. Abiee is considered the moat primitive and is
followed by pug*, Pseudotsup, Larix, Picea, and Ping"
The living members of the family eivaceue are divided
into two distinct groups. Firstly, those that do no
produce resin canals "normally", and secondly, those that
us consider the first
have "normal" resin canals.
group, represented by the Abies-Taug,a. affiliation, which
resin canals. In Abies "traumat
do not have "no
resin canals appear only upon application of stimuli and in
Tsuga resin cysts appear in the plaee of canals. From table
5 it will be seen that Tsuga has differentiated in Qua er*
nary times and is the younger of the affiliation.
The genus Pinua and all other genera producing resin
anala normally belong to the sesend group. Pinup is
cognized as the oldest living genus of the P naceae.
has the most elaborate system of resin canals. In
order of their antiquity the remainder of the group can
be arranged as follows* .040. Pieeee. Pp ntilptsupeo and
Lari*.
the formation of restn canals in
it would *
the Finaceas is a primitive characteristic and that the
most recently differentiated
present tendency among
genera. as Picea, LILA*, nd PseudotsumA is the abolition
of the system. Furthermore he resin canals can be
considered an actively changing system, which in prelim
day forms such as Floe Lar *4 and Aseudotelig*, mani
themselves with great variation n distribution, omber
and size. Resin canals produced in ;hese gentra could be
considered to be a response to stimuli, and typically
"tziaumatioe,
If all of the resincancle of ,fteudotauga, are a result
of stimuli, and not a natural system within the tree, then
the environment which results in different site types
could also exert different stimuli upon tho resin canal
formation within the tree. For example, insects may be
considered a stimuli in ths production of rosin canals by
a tree. A tree reduced in vigor through several successive
years of insect attack produces an abnormal number of resin
canals in the wood during the early stages of he intes
tation at which time the tree still remains vigorous
(8, 70
To project this hypothesis further, sits type
ult of stimuli, mainly climate, therefore each
type will exert different stimuli on members of i
community. Douglas fir growing in many site types will be
subject to many different stimuli, subsequently it is
logical to expect the system of resin canals to vary
accordingly.
On the basis of this discussion, it is suggested
that the trend in Douglas-fir is towards eventual abolution
of resin canals and the systems of resin canals now inherent
in the species could be considered to be raumat
in nature.
Formation of *sin Canals Within the Gnsra
I the Coniforales
It has been shown in the foregoing sections that the
resin canals in the Coniferales are of ancient origin
indicated by ossil woods as far batik as the Jurassic.
Their manifestation in present species has followed, with
the exception of the Genus Pinus, a reductionary tre
Thus, it could be expected that a great variation will be
found between species and also within a species. The
*tors bringing about these variations are many and
nterrelated. In the following sections mention will be
made ot a few factors that more or less directly influence
the numbers and arrangement of resin canals within a
pecies
This author's work has been concerned wit
variations in numbers and occurrence of both the vertical
and borisontal resin canals in Douglas-dlr. A review
of literature on the subject is presented covering research
studies that have been made on species of the genera
Pinus
icea, Sequoia, and Ts a.
Research concerning the formation of resin
nals in
the genus Pinus has been stImulated by the naval stores
industry which is dependent upon resin production by t
inem.
Winch (114) working with Pius sy vestr s in Oermany
rmulated the two following equations concerning the
distribution of vertical resin canals:
4b
3
40b 4. 50
The first equation represents the formation of sin canals
in a centimeter of annual ring, measured in a tangential
direction, in which s s the number of resin canals in a
centimeter of annual ring* Subsequent yo b a the width
ot annual ring. The second equation represents the number
of resin canals (d) found in a square centimeter of cross
section* From equation 1, it may be stated that as the
width of annual thcrement increases th. number of resin
canals increases in a straight line relationship. By
equation 2, as the annual increment becomes smaller and
the number of annual rings, required to make one centimeter
of ring width, increases; the number of resin canals found
within a square centimeter of the cross section increases.
The factors atf'ecting the distribution of resin canals,
according to Minch (114) are the age of the tree, side of
the trunk, formation of the crown, and type of growth.
Bannan (17) in referring to he effect of wounding on
the production of resin canals in Pinus observes that
they are not produced in the tangential series as found
in Larix and Picea but were scattered evenly about the
annual ring. It is pointed out that wounding causes an
crease in the number of resin canals even in the par
he annual ring opposite the wound.
Gerry (85) working with Pinus paluatri and rindiu
cariba observed stniilarily that the wounds caused by
chipping in turpentining resulted in an increased number
of canals. The increase in numbers of resin canals
occurred in the suceeeding years of growth. The increase
in resin canals was not only concentrated in the region
of the wounds but was also manifested in the renisindeP
of the ring.
14) after studying the resin ansle in Lartx
lariotna believes that the vertical canals are of tritumatio
origin. The following points are made in the summary of
n
his work.
Seedlings growing in protected locations are lmost
lacking in resin canals whereas those shoving evidence of
injury have a larger number of resin canals. The canals
are correlated with the wounde
20
In the branches of young and old trees* the greatest
number of canals was observed in the vigorously growing
wounded trees.
The rate of growth is of importance in the
of resin canals but plays no part in their development
initiation.
The tangential series of canals found in the vicinity
of wounds (traumatic5 resin canals) thin out as the
distance from the wound increases until they assume a
scattered arrangement similar to that known as the nor=
resin canal formation in Larix.
Resin canals may be very abundant in older trees but
in some instances they cannot be directly related to wounds.
These may be produced by physiological disturbances to the
cambium which are not extensive enough to produce injury.
Physiological factors include the pressure produced
or by the cambium and the apical meristems.
At wounds* with the exception of fros rings resin
canals occur in various degrees of abundance.
In white spruce* Picaa canadensis* Thomson ONO
notes that wounding causes an increase in the number of
resin canals. Furthermore* he concludes that the vigor
of growth arid the amount of food supply are not the inttis
tins factors tn resin canal formation.
The resin c nal* in the stem wood of Pico* are ma
up of a series of resin cysts which are separated by
the evolution
parenchyma tissue. Penhallow (150)
the family Pinaceae on the development of resiniferous
tissue. He concludes that the scattered resin cells of the
genus Abies precedes the development of resin cysts come
to the genus Tsuga. A grouping together of the resin
cysts in vertical columns has given rise to the type of
resin canal found in the genus Picea. From this typo ha
developed the long tubular, uncontracted canals characteristic of the genus Pinus.
As in Larix the first few years of growth may be
entirely lacking in resin canals. This is true when the
young tree was grown in a protected location. Exposure to
injury produces resin canals at an earlier age and in
greater abundance.
"When the canals are present in he
secondary tissues, we have never failed to find
connected with them either direct evidence of
Injury, or a false annual ring, or both." (176)
The resin canals of Picea are concluded to be of
raumatic origin caused by irritation of or injury to the
cambium. Restricting the term "traumatic" to those canals
appearing in tangential series and hmnormaiC to thee
occurring in a scattered arrangement overlooks the true
rigin of these canals. The scattered arrangement, as
merely the ends or the traumatic series that have
22
thinned out as the istance from the nitiati
ull
increases.
The tangential series of resin canals can be, in the
Young tree, directly associated with individual wound
In the older trees there is a great overlapping among the
responses to successive injuries. Resin canals produced
as a result of one injury overlap those series produced
by preceding injuries. Obviously the relationship between
resin canal formation and injury becomes obscure as the
resin canals assume a more regular distribution. Benettivity appears to increase with age resulting in a greater
abundance of resin canals in the outer wood of old trees,
Genwo atsvak
he present species of the genus pijittoll produce
vertical resin semis only in response to injury.
fossil forme of Lesaa...a. had a regular system of resin canals
Sequoia sempervirens (11) differs from Sequoia idisajatts
(11) in that it forms only vertical resin canals in cambial
response to injury whereas S sigantes forms both vertical
and horizontal resin canals.
"It is significant, however, that in
certain parts of the range of the redwood,
the crowns of the trees growing in exposed
situations are injured each year by severe storms
which occur at specific periods during the growing season' The stems of such trees frequently
form areaa or rinds of resin canals in a large
proportion of the successively formed growth
layers." 11)
Genus .,Tpua
The resin cysts of ,Tsuga are closely allied to the
resin canals of Picas (Penhallow 130) and are worthy of
mention at this point. Bannan (15) concludes that roe
cysts are produced as a result of cambial injury. The
rate of growth of both branches and stem is not the initi
sting factor in resin cyst formation* However, the wide
annual rings produce more resin cysts in response to
injury than do the narrow annual rings.
Pre-Devon. Devonian Carbonif.
L I 111.1U, iL. I IU
Permian
Triassic
Jurassic
L
13IKIR
LI MIU
U
1
Thallophyta
1
I
I
:
Charophyte,
Bryophyte'I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
T
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
"
I
I
I
.
Pteridospermae,
i
I
I
1
I
i
Cordaitales
.
1
I
A
I.
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
'
Middle;
I
I
I
I
I
-
L
III
I
Coniferales
aaytoniale;
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
,
I Ginkgdaleal
I
.
III
1Cy0ad0phyta
ae
c; r
Upper; B: Bunter; K: Keuper;
Lower;
Miocene; P.: Pliocene. Revised from Seward (155).
Figure 2
I
I
III
?
I
1
I'
I
I
I
'
i
I
,
0
I
FiliCalt4 1
'
Equisetales
I
Gymnospermae
I
'I
I
I
Angiospermae
El
1 LyCopodisiles bierbaceous)'
I
I
U
IL
quatern.
Tertiary
i
IRholdophycalceeei
Pteridoph ta Psilophytales
Lycopoidia1es(Arborescen4
Pteridosperm phyte'
1
Dasycladaceae
I
I
I
t
Cretac.
I
-
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
=
ocene;Oligocene;
Geological Distribution of Selected Plant Groups
Notes
Coniferales
Position
Uncertain
Carbonif.
L
I
L
I
U
Triassic Jurassic
Cretaci
bIK
L
Dicranophyllum
1
I
Araucariaceae
U
Permian
I
I
Gomphostrobus
Ullmania
V ialchia
I
1
1
I
I
I
Araucarites
I
I
R
I
I
I
I
u
I
Cupressaceae
Pithyanthus
I
-1Pityospermum
Voltzia
I
Taxaceae
Podocarpaceae
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I.
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
1
1
I
I
I
1
t
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
1
Podozamites
I
I
I
Araucarioxylon
I
I
I
1
1
1
r---, ,
'Pagiophyllum
I
Blachyphyllum
I
I
I
I
i
I
I
1
1
Dammarites
n u..
%iddrigtoniana
Chamaecyparis
Cupressinoxylon
kupressus
1
II
Araucaria
I
I
I
1
.
I
.
I
I
1
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1%1ddringtonitesi
1
1
I
I
Palissya
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
i
I
I
Vvoodworthla
I
I
U
I
I
1
I
M IU
L
Tertiary cOatern.
h 0/MIF
gtachyb_axils
E--
1
Athrotaxites
Taxoxylon
I
I
1
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Juniperus
iThujal
1
iLibocedrus
I
I
I
Taxus
I
I
I
1
III
Tiorl'eyla
Podocarpus
1111
L=Lower; =Upper; = Bunter; = euper; R= R aetic; rt: Middle; E= Eocene; 0= Oligocene; to
M= Miocene; P= Pliocene. After numerous authors.
Figure 3 Geological Distribution of the Coniferales
Notes
Coniferales
Pinaceae
Carbonif.
L
1
U
Permian
L
4uatern.,
Tertiary
Triassic ,Jurassic I Cretac.
L
U
131 K 1R L1 111U
Abletites
Finites
E101/41P
1
I
I
I
III
1
I
1
!Pinus
,Cedru;
1
1
Picea
Abies
.,
1
I
I
Taxodiaceae
iDse'udotsuga
I
I
II
1
I
I
Sequoites
,
Athrotaxis
7,
-
Larix
Tsua
I
1
:
I
Athrotaxopsis
I
Ionlepis
I
1
,
1
I
Pseudoyinitzia
Ii
:
Taxodioxylon
I
1
r--,
r--1111
Sequoia
Cyparissidium
.
1
1
'Taxodium
1.
I
1
1
1
'!Glyptostrobus
I
L= Lower; U= Upper; 13= Bunter; K= Keuper; R= Rhaetic; M= Middle; E= ocene;
M= Miocene; P= Pliocene. After numerous authors.
Figure 3A Geological Distribution of the Coniferales
I
_
I
1___
=Oligocene;
PIURi 4
0
BSI
ATION OW ONO 0
Bra
Period
nosoic
ornery
Tertiary
Present
Post-Gleoial
Glacial
Iowa
Mioceae
Oligooene
000110
Mesa solo
Ore toceoas
41
ass
Upper Cretsteeous
Loner Cretaceous
Upper Jarecialc
kiddie Jaraseic
Loser Jareasie
Bhaetio
Kemper
Banter
Palaeozoic)
Permian
Upper Permian
Loser Permian
Oarboni for out
Upper Carboni for
Devonian
Upper Devonian
Middle Devonian
Loser Devonian
Silar an
Ordovician
Cambial%
Pre-Oambian
Pre-Oamb an
Eta
Loaer Oarbonifer as
Algontian
Archaean
28
ORIGINAL WORK
As an initial step in this work, samples of Douglas
fir were collected from various areas of Oregon that
represented different ecological communities. These were
supplemented with samples of Rocky Mountain Dougles f r
supplied through the courtesy of the United
States Forest service.
from Montana
Description of Specimens
The samples are divided into two groups based on
climatological characteristics of the area in which they
were collected. Areas with prolonged periods of freesing
temperatures accompanied by snow are designated as
mountain areas. The Rocky Mountains as well as the
higher Cascade and Siskiyou Mountains of Oregon are in
eluded in this group. The mountain areas are comparable
to the Canadian zone of Merriam or the coniferous forest
biome (132). Areas of moderate temperatures, without
prolonged periods of snow, are designated as lowland areas.
The area west of the Cascades in Oregon, which is comparable
o the transition sane of Merriam or the moist coniferous
forest biome (132) is placed in the lowland group. The
samples are designated as lowland and mountain forms by he
letters fLt and 'MI respectively.
29
The eamples are classified as to old growth and second
growth trees by the letters '01 and
respectively. Each
group is numbered consecutively. All specimens collected
the Same area are numbered the saris but may be separated
om each other by an alphabetical suffix added to the
numeral, or by the second-growth or old-growth designation.
or exanple sample L-&-4A is from a lowland second
growth tree from the fourth area of collection.
It is
separated from other second-growth samples in the same
area by he suffix A.
All of the samples collected included a section of
the stem taken at stump height, complete from pith to
cambium.
Each sample represents the average growth
conditions of the particular stem as judged by inspection
the cross section.
P170uP
Sample
Location: Mapleton, Lane County, Oregon
Elevation: 300$
'Age: 20 years
Stump diameter: 20" inside bark
Sample
Location: C. D. Johnson Loggina Operation
Siletz, Lincoln County, Oregon
Assoeiationss This was an almost pure unseeu.
aged stand of Douglas-fir mixed with the
occasional tree of pugs% tallmalka
and Picea sitahensiss
Soil; Deep and well drained
Exposures
40 degree west slope
Elevations 800'
Ages 396 years
Stump diameters
ON
inside bark
ample L -3-2
Locations Sam. as Sample L-0*2
Associations: Same as Sample L
Soil: Deep and well drained
Exposures
40 degree southwest s o
Elevations 500'
Age: 81 years
Stump diameters
28" inside bark
Sample. L 0-3
Location: Astoria Watershed, Clatsop Cots
Oregon
Elevation:
Age: 620 year
Stump diameters
168" approximately
aajLapli L-0.4
on: Willamette National onset; Soutb
Santiam Pass, Linn County, Oregon
Associations: The stand is predominently
uneven-aged Douglas-fir with an occasional
Thuja plicate and Tauga hetsrophylla. The
ground cover was a mixture of Polys ichum
munitum and Gaulther a shallop,.
Soil: Moderately deep and well drained
Exposure:
30 degree south slop.
Elevation: 2500'
Age: 252 years
Stuwp diameters 25a inside bark
SemPle L-q 4
Location: Same as L*04
Associations: Same as D-0-4
Soil: Moderately deep and well drained
Exposure* 30 degree south elope
Elevation: 2500f
Age: 64 years
Stump 'diameter
le inside bark
Location: Same as
32
Associations: Same as 0.0-4
oil:
11,oderfttely deep and well drained
Exposures
30 degree south slope
Elevation: 25001
Age: 69 years
ump diameter:
inside bark
-0-5
Location: Siskiyou Nations Forest south..
west of O'Brien, Josephine County, Oregon
Associations: Douglas-fir is found in scattered
Sample
association with Piriva j1reyi,
lambertiana, and Llbocedrus decurrense
stand is uneven-aged..tial...cus sp
Arctostaphylos app., and Vmbellular
The
californica are of scrubby nature and enter
only into the understory of the forest
Soils Thin, rocky, and dry
Exposure:
10 degree southwest slope
Elevation: 30001
Age: 248 years
Stump diameter:
25" inside bark
amill LO" 5A
Locations Same as 10.0.45
35
Associations: sante as le.0-5
Soil: Thin, rocky, and dry
Exposure: 10 degree so thwes slope
Elevation: 3000'
Age: 221 years
Stump dtimeters 14 insido bark
ample
Location: Saule as -0-5
Associations: Same as -0-5
Thin, rocky, and dry
Exposure: 10 degree soutbeet slope
21evation: 3000f,
Soi
Ages71
inside bark
Stump diameter:
Group
Sample M
Location: Section 2
M.
T6 12 N., Re 25 We,
Howard Creek, Missoula, Montana
Associations: Douglas-fir mixel with Larix
occidentalis; site class IV.
Elevation: 41001
Age: 313 gears
ump diameters
3"
naide bark
ample M-0R.
Location: Section 4, T. 13
Mitouer Gulch, Missoula Mon an*
P.
Associations; DoIALlaf-fir mixed with La
site class IV*
occident 1
Elevation: 50004
Age: 262 years
Stump diameter 119" inside bark
&amr4le M-0-3
Location: Mt, Jefterson, $etfsreou County,
Orecon
Associat on: Douglas f r was
owing in an
uneven-aged stand mixed with Tauga helF4
Rhylla, Thuja plicate, Ablea amabilia
and Chamecyparia nootkatenals. Gault
ahallon and Rhododendron mecrophYllum formed
a scrubby ground cover*
Soil: Thin and rocky
30 degree northwest slope
Exposure
Elevation: 45001
Age; 394 years
Stump diameter:
40" inside bark
ample M-0-4
Location: Rogue River National °rest; Lake
the Woods, Tlanistb County, Oregon
Aes etlons: Pure a and of decadent Douglas..
fir
Soil; Shallows rocky
Exposure:
5 degree southeast slope
Eitivstlon 45001
605 years
Stump dInmeter: 424 in8tde bark
A
Experimental
eedure
Collection of Data
One cross-,seetional surface of the sample was poUched
with various grades of sandpaper until the annual rings
were distinct. The surface of the sample was then heated
with an ordinary bowl type electric heater until the resin
oozed from the canals. A thin section, suitable for use
on a microscope stage, was sawn, by means of a band saw,
from
he polished øith.
Yeasurement o Anpual Rtn Widths:
By use of d s.
eating and compound micro o es, measurements were made
to one one thousandth of a millimeter. The width of sac
annual r /16 vas neasured along A given radius selected
to represent the averaLe rata f growth for the sample.
The equipment used d pendel upon the rate of growth of the
sample
De erm nation of 'ber of Vertical Resin Can
The
count of resin canals was mile on a strip five millimeters
in width, marked on the cross section and extending from
the pith to the mbi-,111 The otr o waa laid out along
same radius on whloh Ant:, with meksl,rements were made.
Ts
number of resin canals in that portion of each annual r rig
lling within this strip was tabulated.
Determination of Number of Horizontal Resin Carnal
At ten year Intervals starting with the tenth annual
ring as countek, from the pith and continuing to the c,mbium,
the number of horizontal resin canals in a given area was
determined.
These counts were made from mounted sections,
ten microns in thieknesa, °et by means of a slide mierotome,
from the tanentil face of the spr ngwood portion of every
tenth annual rin. The tangential sections, one..quarter
of an inch square, were ut from material adjacent to the
art* studied on the cross section. To insure that a UAI
a is used in all instances, the slide was partially
masked off by the use '" black elide binding material with
a circular opening
square millimeters, In area
punched in the center of it, and placed directly over the
section. The area represents the largest usable portion,
throughout the series of slides, due to the variations in
the s xe of the mounted specimens. The caption of graphs
and tables referring to this section are designated,
Horlsontal Resin Canals. 'Unless designated i
the graphs and tables
r to the studies dieli
vertical resin canals,
ntation of Att
flats on increment, for &eh sample,
was tabulated by ten-year intervals. The average value
for each decade was plotted and a smooth curve fitted by
graphical methods. The increment curves which illustrate
the growth of each sample, serve as a basis for comparison
of the resin canal formation by the samples. Graphs 1 to 1
were plotted from data presented in tables 1 to 14 in the
Increment Curve:1st
appendix.
Relationship
NUmber of Vertical 1esin 0 nalq
The annual rings, for each saiple, were divided
into Increment classes according to width. The limits Of
Increment,:
38
each las were
millimeter, g. 1.6-2.0.
The
v
value for each increment class was determined. After the
number of resin canals for each increment class was
tabulated the average number of resin canals for each
This data will be found in tables
to 28 in the appendix. When the results were plotted
(Graphs 15-28) a straight line was fitted and adjusted to
class was determined*
the Ceta by graphical methods. The values are weighted
by a number corresponding to the respective number of
observations. The data are summarised for the lowland and
mountain groups in tables 8-1 and 8-2 respectively, in
the appendix. Prom this data, graphs 8.-1 and 2 were
plotted. Not all of the data, for the individual samples,
has been graphically illustrated. Since the graphs which
correspond to the tables bear the same numbers a
tables, blanks occur in the graph numbering system.
Increment of greater width than 5.0 millimeters was
considered in the preparation of the graphs, since this
occurs In the early development of the tree and shows
great variability as will be pointed out in a later dle
cussion.
Vertical es in CanF14
Relationship of Number
pquare, Centimeter to Increment: The information presented
in the foregoing section, on the relationship of the number
of resin canals to increment, was converted to an area
38A
relationship. The relatianMp of the number ot res.
canals per square centimeter a determined by the
following equation:
Resin canals per sq.
The average increment (1) and the average number of resin
canals (c) for each increment class for each sample was
obtained from tables 15 to 28 in the appendix. Since the
number of resin canals was counted in a five millimeter
tangential strip, the increment is multiplied by five to
determine the area in each increment class that wee
observed. There are one hundred square millimeters in
square centimeter. Tables 15A to 2e* represent he data
collected for the individual samples. Data for some of
the Individual samples was plotted (Graphs 15A..28*) and a
smooth curve fitted by graphical methods. The plotted
points are weighted by the number of observations.
The data for the lowland and mountain groups are
summarized in tables 3-1A and 5-2A in the appendix. Prom
this data, graphs 5-1A and 8-2A are drawn The tables and
graphs are separated from those pertaining to the relationship of the number of reein canals to increment by the
suffix A added to the number.
39
Relationship of Number of Vertical Resin Cornelis,
hats A graph showing the relationship of the number
vertical resin canals to ago was plotted from cumulative
data over twenty-year periods. Par the sample L-S-1,
the data was plotted for each year due to the very rapid
growth and young age of the sample. The data presented
in tables 29 to 42 in the appendix was plotted and a
smooth curve adjusted by graphical method. GraPhis
29 to 42 illustrate this data.
angential Section
Relationship If Numbs
or sontal Resin ana s 12,
AEI: The numbers of resin canals were counted only in
each tenth annual ring (the 5th, 15th, etc.) as reprosentative of each decade of the tree's growt
Prom the
data presented in tables 43 and 44 in the appendixgraphs
41 and 42 were drawn by graphical methods. The number of
resin canals resulting from the experimental sampling are
ative values measured on 55 square millimeter areas
purposes of comparison.
Analysis
Data
Cross Section
Relationkhlg or Increment
Douglas
r gr
he Pacific Coast ehowe a very rapid rate of initial
growth which reaches a peak at about 15 years of age
(Graphs 1-7). This is followed by a rapid decline which
begins to level off at about 100 years. During the remain-
der of he tree's life, there are many lesser peak periods
of growth, but the general tendency is toward slower
growth. This cyclic growth is illustrated by samples
0-2 L-0-5 and to a lesser extol./ L-0-4 (Graphs 2,
Sample L-S-1 (Graph 1) shows a maximum rate of le
millimeters radial growth in one year. This is the fastest
growing sample that was studied. The mountain forms of
Douglas-fir produce their maximum increment between the
ages of 15 and 50 years (Graphs 11 13). The rate of growth
does not taper off as quickly *S in the coastal forms, but
is relatively slower throughout the entire life of the tree.
The later years of growth express the same cyclic character
as In the coastal form, but there Is less difference
between the high and low portions of the cycle. Theme
increment curves, based on the rate of growth for the
samples, are used as a basis for comparing resin
formation.
40
Relationship of Number of Vertical Resin
Increment: The number of vertical resin canals forms a
straight line relationship with increment (Graphs 15-28
nstances this straight line relationship is not
evident from the plotted points until the relative weights
In some
are considered. As the rate of growth increases, the
number of resin canals also increases.
The number of resin canals not only forms a s raight
line relationship with the width of increment, but is also
related to the maximum rate of growth. That is, trees
showing a rapid rate of initial growth also show the pros
duction of a greater number of resin Canals than those
exhibiting a slower rate of initial growth. To compare a
sample of coastal Douglas-fir, L-0-2, (Graph 16)with
sample of mountain Douglas-fir, M-0-3 raph 27) a
relationship of nine to four i.e found between the number
of resin canals. Sample L-0-2 indicated a maximum
increment of 11.0 millimeters (Graph e) and M-0.4
a maximum increment of 4.5 millimeters (Graph 13
Sample L-0-2 Graph 16) forms a relationship to
sample L-0-3 (Graph 18) on the basis of the number of resin
canals of nine to seven. Sample L-0-2 (Graph 2) showed a
maximum increment of 11.0 millimeters whereas sample L-0-3
(Graph 4) showed a maximum of 10.5 millimeters.
Sample M-0-5 Graph 27), with a maximum increment of
4.8 millimeters (Graph 1),
a ratio in the number of
41
esin canals of five to three with sampla -0-2 (Graph 28)
which has a maximum increment of 2.1 millimeters Graph 12
The lowland form of Do 1Ps-ftr (Graph 3-1) shows_
five times as many resin canals per unit width of increment
as the mountain form (Graph 3-2).
Relationship of umber of Vertical Resin Canals P
layirl Centimeter to Increment: The number of vertical
resin canals per squat', centimeter decreaaes as the rats of
growth increases for both tha lowland and mountain forms of
Douglas-fir.
A lowland old-growth sample
-2 (Graph 18A) and *
lowland second grow sample L-3-5 Graph 24A average
three times as many resin canals per unit area in the 14
iweter annual radial incrementdass than in the 2.0
or cleat:. The mountain samples M-0-1 and W-0-2
(G
25A and 284) average six times as many resin anal*
in the 1.D millimeter annual radial increment class hen
in the 2.0 millimeter increment class.
The lowland form of Douglas-fir (Graph 3-IA) produce
In the material studied, three times as many resi
per unit aril,* as the mountain form (Graph 3-2A)
Relationship of Number of Vertical Resin Canal'
Asl: The coastal form of Douglas-fir (Graphs 29-38) 'howl
a greater production of resin canals during the first one
hundred years of the tree's life than during the following
years. ThIs increase in number of resin canals during the
early life of the tree la to be expected if the number of
re n canals forms a straight line relationship with width
of increment since the reatest increment occurs during
this period.
The peak for resin canal formation does not coincide
with the peak period of increment, but usually occurs some
years later. This could be related to vigor, even if Was
two peaks do not directly coincide
nee the tree
sins
vigorous throughout this period.
The mountain form of Douglas -fir Graphs
-40 shows
an increase in the number of resin canals as the tree
matures.
Semple M-0-4
Graph 40) produced 18 times a.
it did at the ass
resin canals at the age of 380 years
of 60 years. Similar to the coastal form, the mountain
form Graphs 38 and 39) indicates a minor peak in resin
canal format on at the same time the coastal form produce
its greatest number of resin canals
0 years
Miecellaneoue Observations: During the fir
of growth, the coastal form of Douglas-fir shows a great
variability in the number of resin canals produced. Sample
L-S-1 with a maximum increment of 18 millimeters (Graph 1),
and sample L-0-3 with a maximum increment of 10.5 mini'.
m* ere (Graph 4), show opposite trends in resin canal
production during this period. Sample L-8-1, (Table 29)
has an average of 1.35 resin canals formed during each of
the first 20 year's growth, whereas sample L-0-3 (Table 32)
4
no resin canals during the first 20 years and an
during each of the following 20-year
average of 1
periods. The cause toa, this great variation in the number
of resin canals might possibly be due to a physiological
irritation of the cambium. That is, the rapidity of grow
created sufficient pressure between the cambium and outer
bark, before the bark could fissure and relieve the pressure,
to irrita to he cambium sufficiently to produce a giester
number of resin canals.
Probable self initiation of resin canals was observed
in sample L-0-3. The outer margin of the trunk was fluted.
In the wood in the undulating portions of the circumference
are numerous tangential rows of resin canals. At these
points the rate of growth is very slow. The faster-growing
wood or tbs ridge. in the circumference 1. practically void
of any resin canals. This might be due to the pressure of
be bark being forced by the rapidly expanding ridges into
he undulatione, thus creating more pressure than would
have normally occurred if the circumference bad been au-.
metrical. This mi ht cause on crease In the number of
resin canals.
Tang nti 1 Se
Relat onshia of Number of Horizontal Resin Ca
Ts relationship of the number of horizontal resin
canals to age (Grap1s41-42) woo inadequately studied to
produce satisfactory results. Indications are, however,
that both the lowland and mountain forms produce a larger
number of horizontal canals during the first fifty years
of growth which corresponds with the maximum period of
growth Graphs 2 and 12).
Emliiiiimmosom NEIN
tO
ft
!1
t
1/-4 t14
net; rips
.0...11
I-4
0
;}41114,
0)
GO
P
+
.
enl,L
i1
--man:09w
1111111011HHIMMIENEINEki42914111111111111MIUMIHNEINIMINCER
02
EINE MEMMEMEMMM MMEMMMIMIM
a)
::t
LO
,e4
0
1--1
0
c-4
co
,C
0
03
4-3
r-i
;
lb 35 55 75 95 115 135 155 175 195 2
Age**
Graph 2 Sample L-0-2 Relationship of Increment to Age
0
V
=
l1
-
:
I
.
4
,
I
-
I_
,
.17.-
t
-'
t
4
:
t
t
1
I
-
tt
'
;
f
r
t
1
l'
,
1
'
1
.
,
'
.
f
I
1
1
;
'
t
h
,
'
I
/
/I ;
II
tit.
1
i
t.,
, t
I
+I
tlt .
ft'
t
/ tt r
1
t
,1 i
l'';
I
1
t
I
1
,
-
II
,
t
r
I.,
t 1:
t
;
t:
,
t,
r
i
1
,
1
,
'
t
It
I
I
1
;
+'
Mil
4,
,
'
"
,
i
1
r
,
'
I
t
i
1
4
1
I
,
1
'
1
I
1
1
,
;
1t
t
.,
1
1
+
't
,
1
1111
1
i
1
,
I
'`f
I
1
,
1
I
t
.+1'
1t
I
:
1
1
1
1
t
l'
t,'I+
t
Ill
;II It
t
t ,,
1
I'
I
;
1
+
1
I
It
+t
t
I
1
'
I
'
,
,
iit
I
1
;1
I
11
t
i
=
o
L--
in
t--
0
(i)
io
CDs
.
Li)
tr)
a)
0
s41
ti)
"44
Q
tr)
Li)
CO
C)
1
t
:t° t
t
1
;
i.
'
'
1
i
0,Ill
;
4-,
,;
4
1
1
t
-;
11
41'`I
1
i
;
:
it ll
it
;ill
;
.:
1
h
;
/t
'44
4
,
-,-t-
I ti
t
1
.1.:I
t,
tt-
'
l'i-
r-t
,
r,
t
i
1-,.
,
1-t_ciii
1
'
r;
1-1_:
1
=1
1-',.
f.,_--fj,
itrttl
I
t:_-_,1
:i4r-14
i
T
4:-4-
0
,N1
0
r-i
to
,-4
0
...
,
)-..
'''-,
1
--f'
;,,I
tz
.4
ca
ta iii a)
Lo
ol
°.'
z s' ts)
ill t°,\i
-P
t.
tl.
1
,
-1-*
s:
II
L--
,--i
0
E
q)
74
c)
Z
H
0
p,
r-1
C4
c3
Fi
ri
.
r)
al
F
1)
u)
(1):
1-40
(,N2
w4
cDa)
r..,,'
":-
L:
r-i 4 a)
.--4.-4
It:',,I)
,
a)
!Lc)
-.1
3-1
+,
0
:I
r-4
L\1
I.'t-
i
r,,r-t.
-,11:
,.
P) 412J :CI
,t f. I t; L0
1
0
IT 14T. iff . I a)
.1,1---:1:1t-".-:It''I)
-iI 1 i
It,r_1;
* It;It_-_::
1
I
m Reammmiu
t ,I, 4Lto m
t
,+
tr
tt
Tr
t
'"
t 4,4-11,-.121
1,..;
r '
lii
1
tr)
*
I
2
**
.r-1
71,.
r
0+1-4,,-;-;',t-i~,1-4,-4
,-
: {,,1_,,t; ..1' ,4-«il
i r-
r
11'
J 1 I+ li I
1
,t
t, .,;-,t .t.,= t 4;,1 14
1-
iiiiti4
44
'
1111111111Millffigi .B.111,
offilmimmmillis
;
,
: 't
'
14
11111-1
;trillion , i
ill..0................
t
I
1;4 4 4
1-
t;t
ill'
1
,
hi
4:
1- t
' 11 1I+;
t tf
0
A
0
tl li]t
,
' 'IRM11111111111110:11111111PRIM
A
Offilliffiliiiiiiiiiillkilliiih'iniiiiMiti
.=
-1
.
1,I
' Iii
i'T t+Ittl:
_
t I
i *4
;_,
t
tif
t Itt14
1I
I; ;f
;
,111
41
1
,
1
I
I Hit 'tlf
111
,
I i
/ /I"
i/ "II i
:
111111111111111111,1111, IIIIII;+
0 ;
-;- It
I
1,
I;
1 1;
;
ti'' I-YI
,
t;
1;
it
'
'' +
: '
t
.4
,.....agifitii.
illilff:
11/111111
it I '
ittt "11 i
ApiimmE111111111111111Ibillt:' igillill
,
'
..isdig ,
;
.
ititt
1
t`
i
1'41 i4'
t1
HI I', '
tr,,f1
1
PP
iimiummaimmill11111111=111111111111
lt
.
,,1 ,
1111111.1111111111111 1111111111111111111111111.11111
Elm immiliii mmimmi
iimmui
,
t
I
1
...,ludigimiumimmi, r
Ir
.
4
t
milimil.....m.m ............mimmommonlimmii
mmii.....11111111111111111111It 111i111111111
111111111111111.111111111111111111111111111.1111111111E1111111111111111111111111111111111111141111111111
1110111
I
/
=
I i ,
iT
i ,
E.2.--_-'4-111"lialleriii timmiinimii,
MOWEIN1111111111u1
to
CC)
------r- w.----wa761-1FT-Innigni...._..
0
a.)
4,4 U81.119./ OUT.
C)
M1111111111.111111111111---,
0
r-I
95 115 135 155 175 195 215 235 255 275 295 315 335 355375 395 4
AE8**
Graph 4 Sarnple L-0-3 Relationship of Increment to Age
15
35
55
75
4%
49
10.5
10.0
9.5
9.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
Graph 5
15
35
55
75
Sample L-0-4
95 115 135 155 175 195 215 235 2
Relationship of Increment to Age
.
1i
ph
land .IA :
U)
,,t,
0
.
t4)
LI )
a
c
:
1
.atiltill
+
1
Lo
1-.Tii
n
111111111111111114in
MEMO u,
1.0
A
0
'
0
CI
.-1. u 97..0 G a 3 ui
V)
r-i
1.1)
r-i
0
0
I..)
Nifilifil iimmi Es
'inn
k ;4/; H-4 "" "TIM!
IIMS: ;Iii.......
IIIPMIMilignMINNI11111111i11111101111111111111ffi .-4
wi:rl '''''1:.lymi..
1 28....101.1.
:
V'
u)
0
q.U 9W 9,/ OUT
10
H
0
o
a)
51
3.5 NUM 1:111:11uniniattimisammaingasEstatilmo
:22222..ir=225.1.
...... IMO
....
..
...........
......
Mee
.
.
.
........
.....211.11:xmoussmantimpffil tut
a .....
.......
- ....
22:24:-...-.22. - ........
......... -..-...-...............
.....
.........
...........
.... .
......... MI=
..........
=arm:cam:4
.... ....... =7,
.........
nizFezmzE - ........
........
::. .
- ........
a:
2,222:22.22::
..... :::=
...........
........
; L......
::::::::.
.....n: ....-
1.
OD
m.....ri ausib.shir..-miesiiiiiimiiiii:,..m! i
..
1=2:11::::1-1:::21::::::::::::::::?-:q-i- -=2--:--: ..... 122. ..
=2:::::=2-:::::::2:1=:= !
?=:::::::::F.E.47::::::::::::!::: 1::=2:14:141-::=:---=2.22E1d=2:22:--22=:12:::::::::=:::::
UM.../T
40...........:=Ii
u........,Em
EilisiE.:.:261-.
:::====!1::::::.-cp-aramignipLIMMITM
Ea:HZ .
M:.:Vii........ RM.. r
11:=21=0::
.0
Mts..
:::..; _LIAt.:";::.".....=::::
......:::=::=:=1..---.=::::::1;x:mater.g.==x-:.=1:::.::
0..
0.
OM .........
.....
'""Ltinntlr. MI= .........
=
.....
.........
4::::::=-=0:-"............................... ........ ir7.::::::ri
-IL:1:7E4,12:5351236.1-- ....... -1-4:
...............
.5
=B1:::::ERE::::::EME
........
mo ........ ........ es.
-- ......... -.............
EN ........
......... -=3-::::.--.22":2'-:71-2::13:1:36
=I
......=
.........
.....
M ......... MTM"""
=wee
...I
_cli"- ....::::::::::::lias..1111:2..... ...21;:21.:M..-=EF.174111.
V
d:-,--77::_17-11,ILIME
:liklfiLliESEF:515::
=MI
222:=2-=222;:-.----:::::-::MMr
::::::BEIF:==
...
:=.*-4:311:23.-.BEREESEMT:a22:27-: ..-... geom.*. =:::::---"---=::=2::=2
2::::::::2E::::=::::.::::EHEIME::
...........
m ........
-B.
:nu :
-.0-.r.. -......3.-...
15
0
55 75
35
95
35 1 5 17
5
..........
Age"
Graph
R Sample I-O-
Relationship of Increment to A:e
1
2.5
N41
V
f
I
1
1.0
1
II
Ii
-4
11
15
0
35
4,...6)
5
Graph 9 Sample I-0-5A
as
Relationship of Increment to Ace
......
.............................. =::
.....
---"":"...--71;r11=--
iLrfUUJi
=up-w--221--.
C.)
*.r.riPartanIIIIHREL
1.0
0 .
.........
...
.. .. ; ... : .
cur rum:I-Mu:al:ran= .... ....-...
.....
=OS
1111==:...arr.:===rjrip ram:- .:var
:1
111111
111111111!JIT !
ENDO
.......
me.. !NMI!.
JIM 410.00 ........
g 1.5
1E
,
11111
* in mu.
I
** in years
HIPP.
15
......
..................
............. - ........
.......
0
4.
35
55
75
Grapt 10 3amp1e L-S-5
,
5
Age"
2
Lelationship of Increment to A:e
52
-r IiTI
* in mm.
4.5
In years
,
3.5
11111
)
111111111111
All/111111k
1.5
IMMIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIII11111111111111111
Wir111111111111111111111 IIMI111
1.0
0.5
0
/1111111P1111111111111
IMRE
13
35
55
75
95 115 135 155 175 195 215 235 255
Age**
rah 11 Sample 1-0-1 Relationship of Increment to Age
'II
MIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII1111011111111111
4.0
IIIII11111111011111E
111111111111111 1111101
3.3 IIMEMMEIMME1111
IIIMIENE
111111111111111111111111111111101111
II
MINIMEIMIIIIMIIIII
1111111111
11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
1111.111111111111111111111111111
111111111111
1111111111111111111111
IMINIIIIIIIIIII
NM
INAMINIIIIIIIMI111111
111111101
IFILKERMIEHIWI
III
MENIIIIII
MI
111
MI
IMO=
11111E11
El=
IMI
f
ME
111111E2SUNIIII
IN IMIPILiii=5111
NI
IMBEL IHIMENIkirialellull
1.0 1111111/162162.11111.1111111 1111
/111/1111
fillIMIMMII
NM
0
i
all15 =EMMEN
55 75 ,o 115
Z
Jraph 12 Samle
'
i
: III
iSo i5 1b 21b MAN
2b 2
Age**
',.elationshin of Increment to Ace
t
It
il
tt
f 11,1
I TM
11i
;r1
1
1
'
I
lif;
,
4
01111 tH t7-1t4;71;14 IIIIT
IP
',
I-i
I
6.°
ii,
Elli III xhi
;
;i1
0{ 4,1
;
liL,Ht'
itrr
° :HEIM ''
[ ti
I
.
I
ii
l,
'
,
i
II
11_1i'
rt;
'
1
,
1:
1
4>
0
,
cu
F-4
0
HL'
,'7
I, t.I1
110
t
I lr liffirm!/ , 4i,
1
Iti
1
It
Itt1
0 1111E1
I! ill 11111111111111
1
t.
111111 IN
,
i
t
ii
i
4; i
It
i
;
III'
41
1
4;
.1
Itil
'
t
11
{
;
AIE=
'4
',,I
-rif
tii, it
IIIEII
Li
1
'
'1
1
4t11
1
1
It'
I
I
it
I
1
1
,
ti
t
i i:
tt_
fill
4
Hummut, 1
': l'Ir,, .1
i
'
t
11
011111 REIM I IMINIMMOIMINtHE 111011015111111111 kit
2.0 11U1
1 11 111114 1011111INHIHMHOOMMOSHIHOHIMH MEM 1 I
i
; 9 1;4 7 i'T
t/1.
I,
, I'
i
'
11
'
1 r 1,1 ,;,
r
1
1,-1 ,11
l'''
' l'
Iiiiiihniiirdraigifir
'
IHNHIMI
I
ti
HHHIHOHMHHIMPIHP
: NW 1
rdin
aramommobhohn
,
MIMI P111 EN sris:::
N
0
i
tt
4
it;
inffiffilLhindir:::::11::.
..
Mir I IIIHHHHHOHNHPTDiii
t
1
1
;
1
..1111illuffiiiiiirlii..
-
,
I
T__;:i
It
i_r_., ,
'`
gip
Oki
1
ii
HIMH II
1
111111111111011111
t
I01
1 ".
11
i
:
411"
i
K :est Inet els rli...:1 .
I -Immo rip :um :nig:mil
I
oni:n..11.1pgruN Mud uit:::
listirehpii
11_1 1+1 i
Mairmdliidilp
1
;j-4-1
I 1E1E104
williqiimilipliiiilligipl.
di . , ilhilhillmill!ftpip:
t
kid :: ::
": 1pt.Eirraiiieffil
limum Edam!
......... man
1
!
9Prs
i
HIF 1111111111111111bmill110P11"
mi lipiripilipni liti ingeniii g
01191!h 011110PH111110111111101111111111MHINOPHIEHHIP1...m u n- ...
Mit.....,.
/117111:118 1:11 1111:11inier:ra:tisibm="*.:
,.. :
LI h. ss :11:11xii.IF=r4
1 ' Q I Roil omilmilliimill illtimoommiimiloNnioninifiimoimellik:24millaulimmutirile i
ailr-13§1 ..,. anriniliCilipliiiiiiiitrairSIMMEN MI
1 illiffilIMM111121110C11:10.9niritulisignam
lira 0 zrt6::1:::1-Ir:-------_... ...-sr r. 1911:710Firriliglihd
----.14-ir::
i Lr .. . C MINUIUM sug......viminuelli
S
I
1
:
:
i a- iiM Ir.di; ill 111111Plaig-iiilitiiiiMilann--Itsell.P.A.Ipsli.#11114114.111Lipkillia:::::ni deimishar.-
2
... ... cm:
!
d .....
:
li
AS
le. IR ffil P riiiiiiilli ! 1":.
i:=I-3 ii IQ id1111111111111111 1111111iii1OMMIMENdiriki Inn ..tii.... ...:Iu0:1 2 1
PIPPO HINIMMElkli Did ! jerkiiiillinami.
'"
"4";I:P.P.1U !"jiiiihrdikiliiiiiiirtil-hilhilitiliriiiiiiiIIIIP
:" 414:ieli--Einggipurippg wiggly
lir 111j= :IL I-1'4
C
smitiividem
M.:6
- iMMP
fili_1`
Effilliiiihil
1-Itt RENO I- IHHHOHIEHHii
1[!
14. /I
0 IN 1
,t,if
1
1i
I
i' '1
ill'
f
li illi t
..i
T;n:,,,i'li.t
4-A. in ye9rs
-1 In' -
' !'
;r AIM -.
1111112mAls 1011144 T.LI
I
It
t
t l'Ail
lot .11 Intl',
; r
ilt 19
19
1
. 11,1:hi:no'
I,.
iiiltil
t
IMMO
111111111111111111il 1
0
rt
1
t
I
I° '1111111.1
M
ININONIMMIt i
ti
11 '
Lit
'
14
i
IL
;
Till '''-'17-1,- it
F
1
il IMIEMBIEN,
i7tt' komiimallorn
1
1
11
.
,
1111-i i
1
4
i
'
:,
:
,
' 1
-,-,--
li
t
1'11
;9: ilf
4
4
/I
1
H
!ftl
it i
4_,
'7;
;14
i
'-'-' r r lh: 7 1
titt
-
44--
Hit , :-. HOM r i
11
3.5 I111111,'
--Ii
-,--i't-t---1-1Htil
IHMIIMEH
1110111111111111
1 t!
ITT'
Hii
i
Ltid-11;
,
-1-
I HIM
4.5 OEM llhIllIllhIIIId H
4.0
Lii,i ILlit'i Ti/14, :4!!
I
1
{
i 14
lini IN III 111
,
i'
I
rnt
g
5 raulazirmi,
E -:3.41.Vil . 1.1f
MI'
1;1
I-71-1
Si.%
MI IlVii 11
z.211 mg! ass
IIMILiffil
-r
711:
pan
2
:::
:!...
Mt
:
:
mu.N.:...Milliklie:1111011:EHM13.9111:ilkiguniO41111:11.:.:Aollp.i::::: ::: - ;ye.
1:23:::111121G:s...:
51 --: Mil
- :Le".
- Wig-....
75 95 115 135 155 175 195 215 235 255 275 295 315 335 355 375 395 415 435 455 475
12".
=rqnh 14 Sample 1-0-4
Age**
Relationship of Increment to 7e
ab,
*
0
3'0 0'1 3'1 0'3
"' 02
Liduao T-s dnoao 1 dIgsuoiquIGH
Ug.
0'0
jo
*quek.i.ladoui
aoqualm Jo
ulsell siuuso
oq quomeaoui
Lc:
:::= 1 rammaronzracsur.::::.:::=::::.:::::msumni orrammus=
Ilya - ::::::::!===nimar.mromincampcvgr-loprari= =::= 31 Z1:1131:113:
r
1333:337:333311
50 ;HE
::::=:=1:::::::::=. - -:::=.
An=
=z, : .00
:::===: =: =
----
mu:mu=
1:11
reinii=s=
q_11014.E.2%hat Ihraiipnr.E71
_wpm: rag
11101 m
crarmr.:::=
mom"
.. .
.121118dIEHMhiElailidilian -.11SMEIMPARIII!LBLWl
Jam..
mums
mural ....
.
.....
:11110111191111Milie
..
dIIMMMIWEEMOMMIMI
MMIMME.11 litihdOMITHEI
'" ' PIHTIMEFE1116114::121115iiiq
idlitnr7:41EMAS:
ii1;119113:31111MP
l'a-=:*-=::*.7.4-parmanifiFigilimmthelliall-,
opp:
' mu! ..
m 11N
na:k3:11..16.11111112111-471:116111-4161111:1121..- .-
imp
1
11:1110111111011011111111111211ffilliMINIONIEVII-JIMOINITAiimilm IMMIMUMMIMMMU
- k :-1;
: lam.
AMIMMIMIIMIMINI
-r 3
1 1.7
r
"..1
333R.
1-: , &MA ,i3.,*
+
IIM - risimpow"
IHEILYRIMMINIMIIIIIIMEMESIMANMEHM:11111111111rdiffiii9iiniiiiiiLdifilidiPl:
20
-r.
=1
PirtiiRPRIEBORLinrall
30
NIET
lifig411HEI
WINO
...... --..-..... :Ism! .. ...
a
":"1:45.HPPiEli
;:=
C:::=::= =NNW
=:010.:Failfir: F.111=
IMF
E111111EillEi EIPIME
OINO
40
: rp.
-1;111111111MP-i-d-"_-44
11113=33..3
Z133...
Mill
:" MIMIMOMMIMEMIMMH74- 'Main IMMLIIBIPMidoliriblIMIMMdlilfiMplififfilitirsiMINNIF
IMRE
- - - HIMIMMIEOM 'Kr DIMM1111111MHIP.3
.. ..
, m-sz
.
'
: ; ....
;*I
' t '' Air
.
+
4.1+
1.
*-
,
4 4 riermi", .1* tl..grpl:
-- ,
' IIHMMIAMOMMMMMIIMNIMMI
ow ,
.0
+
I
4
.1111hj . ,' 3 1,21
+
i
-ir
+
.
4
r---1
. .-.
. . 1 l'
a... ,.._..
, ,
,
..-: 1.1
4.-
+
+4,-.
I." ;. 1 MMUMIMININIMMIL - t ++' MIIIIMMIMMIMINIMIIIIII- ill."
111M11111111111 NIBLIMIMEMIEll MEV- . , t tt + t - ,:'* tr...2--1.
1
i
,
10
.
mmonmentilis
IMII iliMIF.MMIMIMMIMIMIBMIMMIMMIMIMIIMMOMMISIBIM
r;i:"; 1!' IIIIIRENNILt:
--"mirimmErilili,... '
' IMIMMIMMMMMILERIMINIMISMNIMP1111.11111
==
. 311
,
C
-
:'"7....
,
4I:
-
:gamma
rep, 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4,5 5,0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0
Increment*
Graph S-1A Group L Relationship of Number of Resin Canals Per Square Centimeter
to Incroment
to
spituuD U9j Jo aoquing
TEM
I
ti
is
.; MBE!
1111111111111111111111110111M
11111111I:RMMIMMENIIIIM11111111011101111111111111111111111111
1H
ibi
mu
qr"
Lm
111111111111111101111111111311111111011111111 HMI
111111111111111MMI11011111111111lli
1111111111111011111i1111111111110111111101
1111111111110111111111111111111111
111111111111111111101111111111111 11111111111111111111111P.111111111111111111
1111111111111111111111111111111111110111101111111111110111111111111111111.E10111
11! !11I!1i11 1111111
1111110
H1111
1111111111111111111111111111111111111110011111111101
I 11111
.11111111M11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 IMM1111111111111 EMIR
111111111111111111111111111MIMI111111111II11I111 tIIiItHih11tliu1llh11 11111111
1111111011111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111IIIM11111111111111111111Tiiiiiiiiiiii
01111111111111111011E111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111!:iq111llifiliiiiiiiii
.11111MILHE1111111111111111111111111111111111101111Prill1111111111111111111111111
101111111111111111111111E11111111111111111111111IPAHM11IIIIIIMPHIPIPPI
1111111111111111111111111111M11111111111111HIPA1111111111111111111111iMilm...
CV
0
U3 uiooli Jo 'OR
0
iiM1111111011111111111111111111111111111111111111111111Milliiimmil
bs aod
tr.
r4
4-t- WA.: I :1 ILI
ism:::
..... :
=iiii.Lgi IIIMN IiiPlil 111 H IF to
- :3-1-It
4: I.13:::" '''''''' Pliii!SiiiihiFA: .sii=---
r"
I
:Ii::
ow
Digillilid
IN iii::::::=
-.. E C.:
1
1
:2 Itallt Z g=°:
Allffill :2=:....
IIPHRliliflh:
..2....
1. al'Pr
T ' .11
.:. II PI
Ifflomm.111 J11111111111011lliiiliVilliiiiiiiiiiIIIIL.'" iiiiik '----. EiNi111111- 4 -4,
Wirlitiiffiliilli 7trAP.111111:1 MIN iiiiini011111111111111111111111i
0, 1 . r sAJI t
.: Hi r: '
.
2I
1!: Tnaiiii=3:111:.-..--= 41 E i ....1100.1:1111:1111111111111114VPIlli
lilillilIP
:
le as: 41 IN millP
iiirm...ilEr=-.=.%-s...-Eir=. Es
-ns.":8=°11"ies=1::1:11.73...CdPillitlq Mill Ilk 111111-111111111:11111r.411111111111MPAPPP
1
illUirdiqildningill
MINIMBIBIAIIIHKOMPirdritillrIl.
LIN 2 :1.i:.il
In
qi:E:="5":1'r12:4.° 251 - Firlirlir
::::
11:=Es......
iiii.i.:EE'E----1.--.E.S.--1
742r _FITrillmauligrill
an qll
. IffifinilMiliMUHRII IMI thiliEd......P
a:, 21
sza-r.1.-:
4: :ins.
:::==--::::===== E.E
B.-diFiii :. "
.1:Hri-=:: r.. cv
pp : XF.V.I...i: .iii "Ilim=1: =
i... ........ .. 2.:Ii6' a o
:::::::::E.7::::: s SiTindiffil MiSiffilE
:::..._.,.........................
...... ... Hilling
. gall llh IF Iii :4,: mu d'' ICHILIMIMINERIEL le
r sr.nihniril
.:e-o... :
2'.."11L11 hi!
miLimullioadiraril iiiiii!!!-m
Mgac...1111 h;
:=:thic:s:::::..W.:::=
2= :=::::Iiiis:Ii:::=--: r.
M.V.13ill:sciaini-3! s co
"I
- - 1.-.4
,..1....di:
-111114iiiiiiLiff id31111101i1 ;Ji: .F 11111h6s
i ME
==.2==`"--r-Arta 1=====a1 =tirliii I 11161116111EM
3 is 1 unsusi :..s..s..-
ii t
'493 li L7,,
C:11_01. liffigillial 110110111111 iiiiillitli rjrnrs
=:.-r===-:=L;i==.3--LI
::=::!=aaq.-=..hr. tilLiEFEFL.
glir.,.:.=.1:WIE=Ismaise: L:
I
OS IMMO
MO
Ma
1
INIIMIMMIMMIMIn
.
- - :::::iii::=ssi:::: ..... :
0t4)
I
......HEE ..::.!:
:.-ins ...MI
........ .......
cv
Mg
'
...1.1 li..711,1!
.
0
... Me..:::.....
110M
.
IIIMMIO WM. V'
r
--
MElliE :3:=::::=
..._.....___
12'92::::::::::==i:"=:::11:11:
.M1111!
- -
=s:::::
"J=iii:Lhir"
"7:eE=""1111411Mi li
aDu'
0
cH
oF1
El .0
E Q,
I.-
c.) .0
1.9 ,-I4., ric0
ir. 0
(IS OS
OS CS
01
r-I
H0
0
to
a)
H
o
gi O)
=1::::11111!9!---:1=5 CD
illi
IMBE
11;1Al- 'I nli
Pr
!_l: s'AE=ImillikilirlalIMIElliiii
:.M111 il r -i :,:t 0 F-I
ENFilli
IFN t
i%.11111411i'n'
--illitmilgnal.;6 :11111;ilmipints
im9p1.. .:Yr.1.2 11;
IiiEarartrar-r-ser:-.11.--C)
4-'
:2 F.:::::::.
i::!.
:3:2 EMI- .1 ":Fir- ; OH
- =1==2 1111:LEFIEHE ".-1:1:51iiiiiiiliiiii :::: ,iii5
HiP-21::: -..12::
iiii -sr.tiPealliii i 11111==iiii. ,t. g 4izv9
:TM WI PIrr=1111"Wrff ii .""*" ' s.=@riEiligglii102hard NIT; plir.:11.1 ligiiiiiiii ti IAMBI_ BO
Firillif ouPl= 11:4 OramilLEiiiilliegir ra!!! !!! .: Iiiiinl Ailmilimunei 111113111111ff 0111111111U1 dill.
il_WEIP1=1 PM:Him H g .E% 0
- -111,1110111110 qii
P.Alliiii 1 iii:-.=
unsia
..:
11:7NEWaNii
18%...1.412
iouBilmilauppiiiii
Jrami ragftguifimmommil I
1 ism : mu.
. stm._.-.. _--`i
:Nis
3-- 3:. .:::::::::=
F.I:
11113::== .1.1'1"-- 1.1r.-_-Nimag'W.11111.1,1111_MhIlir: ralq Illid111111100iliillill tilliffillilliNPI iii Or
1
eir_ms......1.:=.:.:
1111111MillOVP.:::1 ..n l'il="3-74u1:1.111""m
- T.12Efillirli
::01:14: :demi:: -:::: LE:::. Pi
1: M Pi 1111111111111
-71 -Milgicili:
irarau
1111 liPM:81.... :: :.= EN 2.iiMEWIERI hirliglfiRiiiiiii ii.
1111
m Ph 111111110111111 iiiiiiiiIIIMPIEIFII: i :i'l =!--W==:".".:::::r.' 2""2
Pal.
:.:ierirs -.114ffariiii::.
'i.
I .:::
tiP"
Lin ihilliti:=Fig.E-:::.
:us sr: illi
.3111a211:4A IP- ONE Merl 4PFi"
--
i :::13
=1: Ur
:= =E1=1,1:: :r--
B.....0.1 1001=
MMINOM
.-- =---
111
wilimunipi......1
Nilo:: ill ir-IPPPPPriiiIiiiiini!=.11erz :Alm
1 lid= F..-.Esers _2.--mill:wir
. -. -...1..="..r.-s.rziiiikPli
I nnisr,qmp:
Ts ips..... 77.-a."-=iiii im-...---== =::a1..::::=....il
.prab---.;2 ipap
_s_._z:r-:_-._!i:EL-'.::"r-"
.: ... ..____
""-='..47-------...iig":1--"--:=2:::: ---..-....10.10-1=-"L' r:::-.:::::::N. fib Rs :Amp ....... .3- . i.it:21111101.011:hillsErll
. ihdolh: :.:. : .ril.:-..........,==.:"
jiii .. silM E:1==== ====11 ....."Ii:IREUITMEE:i 14::
::=
.:::: hi 1.1:-IT r.r:Vv_ liff-triciiiissid i '
MU ...... -:::=Musesis ills:::!.:.....5sd
=2:22:::::= "".'1101.."
.-
2 .....
=
----= -- ...... 2.1:::=mne::::::::m
to
fa pm 80 UT 9O1 Jo ,zeqtaniq
0
11111 IVA 771:
si::::::: : i :- : :-. Is . . :: :
----ern: ::!:
= ......
MM.
...... 2:2==itzza.1 1
-2== r--...... ==::::
:::::::13ii:MiniiiipiiMiiiir:
.11,
miljEllyril illif
==="21.miliii.Vistr.. ....w.=E: .....
.... .11pernminuilii ........1 ,,F.,...viiii hi g: 1iglitip,--&-tri
:::I
H1
r_....::
::iiill::!:0!::::::ilniiil
UEaV1:2422.i:
`rar
ia .! leilmitlei:ppillini
mir.a.,16,6,... dd. ..LI__.-.=
= .
;
RI = ....
::::=:::=:=:HE:::::ilitrailiFi
LT31.:*: EH- .--F.4.3 Ei
WEN
--r.--::::
.44
.2 415
=r3.zaisl ......-......2
7.
miEHiiiii-=_-_ ===.:= ==== = ...
0
LO
=::
........... .....
MO. 111
OMB.* MONO
......
mew.
=1:=8::
mows
.0=
eV"'
=I
r.: .. ..
MOMS
...............
...... ****
1=1= .
.... ..
.....
LI
ma:: woe. *sae".
..
::::::: ..............................................
cla
Number of hesin,Canals
-1-
,
*
VI.
-MIL
IIIIINih MIMI
e
k-'
ct
F-6 Z
i
1
i
'
iniiiiliiiiiihiPil
f,M
Mffialill
Illilk11111111-
,
1
I.,
Ifflainin1281111.1111 +I
,
t ROC 1111111N1
illinliillit 1 t*
it
1111111'T
1
11
I
6-"
a-,
Tritt
,
1
tr
r ""=:'_ i 1:
I Ii
i"
Mt +
,-413L11
,
1 11111111111H111111111111111111111411111111
'
'0,. ; 111111111111111111iVA1111111111111111111111
_11111111N1D-11122:1111111111111111Thtt
t,t,'
cn't"
.tt
+
oriii
,
111111111111111M11
P111111111'
1J I1111111!1111I110l
Ill
1111 IL 111111911111111111,
1110101111111
1
,
1 irk Ei;;;;WifilliiiffillillibiliEll 'LOIN
i' 1111111111111 IL': -
H'
`
rililli'l
co11111Millmili11111111111111
0
0
0
cr
ct 1
,i Z
0_,_:
-
4' *0 l'.
g c.24,1
4s. 4111 I ", t
t
lici
'1:$ Z
cr p..
4tf t
C)
'- " 5
1ft'
d
04 111111111
6 111111-11111111111:' -:
'
so11111111111ELIOnillliiiii1111111111111111111111.111111.11H111111
mi '11111111111:211111111I1lilt.:11111 11111111111111111kili1111- till
i .............1.....
11111E43
iii es Firm
g'hillardil iiliii"I
.
a)
illIlilii
i--1 1-. ci) 01
CD
,
6 iiiiiiiii11P-MiEgilEbsiii:difillinll
0 co a> co
5
1
la: Huai zr
Ts
1MM:oil ..=h1111r
di hIlirdisliiiimm:mitut
:
is
N
usrissisiiii
t
.
I s-Far
1-11111 P1111 - 11111Elimilm`. ,IIIIMI
i
.111.".1Mg=rii.1=11:11ruir
0 0 6 .h
rt- z .-$
CD
1
N)
0 0-''
()
I
1-, P1111111111§1111.111N11111111111111111111111111111111. t.
cal
I
t-4
cp
' C I)
_
5
u)
t°
iiiiiiiiiiiiwim
i
:.
c v. t :1111111iffilllillimilibiilileiii.4.01111k, i ' t'tt 'II-. Mil
,
4 '4t, it
. MI
,
s I
c-P
.1:-smosiissias
1 '1111111Namr
r`"911111111111111F
I
i._..i_.
REI:1411111Hii
1\,
Number of Resin Canals
t.
.
0
....041
00110
"'WHIM
mem .
.
*
t
t..
.`a '
WOOS
1muIllIlliiillnhirnllmll
"":211123:722211
5 0 glif;;;,...irpipimirmNIM' nnorrambitomill hui
12.
2!
t
t
t
tt tit 't
122
r
mralr
:j
iffl ral
HI
lilt
,
it,
CA
'1
'II itli It :
.' II:
rat:
11
23
21
111231:::Eip
79.11.1fil
I 5:.
331
I'P"'112:
"
r ...........
mkt'
b
2
Dtts.6
.......
:111111111111111C1 'Itt t
-t.t till
:1
41111
.
Mill
41 Rinumtafflairgiur"Tra
2* a! 011 11:1
3::222:3
-. .- ,..
Mil
Ill
4
iiia
3
1:s: sii
N1111111111111111111111
spe.4=2921REMMUNIOR
!!!floimidi.
,
.
.3
r 11-minami
' :12111FAMMI 2 IIIMMILIMIMIM
2'
***
2
Rh
pi ii1=9:111
1111111111/1111191111111111111111111
111111111111111
, OEM hili1P:
F,Jant:
MN,
7,0
1
in maiLiris
immiummit
t:
4
40
mu
liP311-INIP
.
. ilit11911q*:411111filM1011.
23
ir1111-4'111111011 pr 134111:113911Erahi
Migginit
211=7.11'111
frusuu uranouria
:ME M
"
4'. 1,
:1
1.111111M
so
11111ll
iii:7ii
:HMI.'
f
it
3.3313:.
... ........
":"
*************
*** :::* * :": *
"
** ** ** ** ******
......
!ssiimmmitistawnsimukiiHm :
1.
,llunreEFLF-mmilmirismiimfil.--:i
: * :::::::: *** numilliF!
. rit in mair.Eii: iiiiik-RiMialbi * Mug
...
.......... 7..j-Tisu
' 1511111M151131dIMI ti 3: :-:i Ah:::!:
..... .......
I
JIM! Ill_MHIMMIMMilitillilf liMiliihm.. 3:3p,g:iii
..1
1
3
3
2
r.,2
1
:
.tii . L . iiiimr '11 ', 1111111filh,111111111N111.11.-1111111.01111111 IA ...1 . ill **************** iiiilliiiiiiiii ********** " 3i3
i
:EP: it INF ,Ananinn
merramuzim
:to
:ma:mum:a' iii:
lardslan IiiiiiigibsiMidisliiiblsiihns . n UN :Bo I. ************** " ::::::::i
1.
n
tT:
i"
- n:... ..... lliiiiiiii:i iblilli :
s
2:2* *1 ** ,rd it! t 111111114.'
2o
: .
.
33
tit; rl :it; ::'
1
,
I
2
2
2
::,:11,ill1,1111111111HTEI
L
'
11111111111MMIL
:
114ga
3:3 33:,
ilmoil
if
.,041'11.11.,.111,2,144,9! **
n:!*
********
iin
Himmg:
T:= ****************
. .... ....
HIM!
-gm
orm"-
it
..1111111111guiiiii:J2===!!!....
2
":E:2411:Ei
*****
00
moose 00
0-0
2
I
11:
***** :2: :::::
lutliii EMP.::bmiEnr--:-:- =-..........
::::: ........ : i::::SPLUMSIoRaizle:::::
.............
iiii MIG: :i guljUlifilililin.r.----=:::=::: . ::::::::::-:.:=:::=:::= ::::::::::::: = ...r. ... i ... 3111HIL:liirr:21:15
0
S.
"Nympom =
:am :Hums:urn..
.EFE:: m:;:rdiariumnEHE.-..::E
rroh,
ht
=-. .....
........ 1:::.
111111 :.!
*
..
::::::::::
* in nun .
Ea
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0
Increment*
Graph la Sarple L-0-3 Relationship of Number of Resin Canals Per Square Centimeter
to Increment
.
es,j
'.*I3
5
I.
1:.: 113m::
...
8113
::..
-I
-11
1::::
.22.2
.1 I
hop
.
I
513
1
011111PPOHHIPP11111011111111grAHHOHNOITIONHIPIHOHBOHNHHHHINHOHHhill4110111r"1111110
"IMIIIIIIIIMMIIIIMINIIIMMIMMMEM1011111011111111111101111MMIIMMEMIIMIMMIHEIMIMMIRMINNEEMM
=
:-:::::::
iiiii::
I
iiiiii1=1
....iiiiiiiIi1i1ii3illiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii1111111111111111111111111111111i11111111111111111111111111111P1111
to.o
11
:
I
:1 Ps
u
M
1
MOMIIMMIMMIMOMMIMMIMMIIIMM
OMB
.
.IIIIIII
il"
iiii
ii
HA I 1Ioh111IiE
1
i 11"...1i111*
i
111111111 11111111111/111 11111111111111.
11111 ::101111111111111i1111111111111111$11i114111111111111111
81
ii HUHU iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiii 0111::::11111111iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii IITINIThp
:
M.
Mill I' IIIIMIMMO11111!IMINEIMI1M16:01111111111111111111111111111MMIIIIIMINOMMIll
1.8.3131111111:118
i
:
I
1
:1
ammo
=
d
lied.:
11111116 suall111111111111111111111:iiiilliiiiiii:111111111111111111111111111111i11111111111111111M11111111ifillild
1
1
1.
31
:
:
:
I
:14:idigniiiiliiiiiiPPHIMililliiiiiiiiiiiiiPHIPMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiliPPiiiiiiMiliqiiiiliaMigle
1:1 .:Pi
upuli 11
::ffi:Jr:s
113
.
! . .. . . 12 .. 13
1.1 111i13/2 21.2. ....
1: if .1 . .2! 1..
:
1
1:113Sillr" .22:111 1 3
: i
1111 ....
1111:1
::
11:11311111111TipliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiIIIIIIIIIIIIIiile1111:11111114111111111111111illi
1:1:41
111iiiiiiiiiiiIiii.11
lin
ri
::
..... hhIdEirlininNIMHOOPhu
2
TIoppommllommimilmmpomilmmiiiimploiiiiliphiqiqqa!
unuillLI
! .::!.:
8
8.."3
... Wm11!
. .1. I
II r 111111
1111111111111131'
mumppe
1111111111111111/1111116111111111111111111111111111111111111111111IIIIIIIAM111111111111111111111iiiiiIIII1IIIIIIIIII'
'
"
i
. : .c.. Hul
1.1 1 1111r1111 111. Milli Willi! I i 4
111 hilliutil h
ir 13ilin pf 111MIMI
in81111111111111Milliff11111111111111.14.111..1111111111111iiiiriiiiii11 111111111111:1611111111111411:1111 2i imihrilPhliiihuueL1
1
1
11
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
13
1
3
3
8
IniruPB111.114%.shilaildh::P."-ssard.wesimehillisiLIMINIMMLhadidisidnadrliddiinininiinii
Hell
111
1:11111111111111111111f11111111!1111
:1111.1111ffillsipplifillMilliff101113:111311111111i1Iliplilassemslii11011M1/1W1ii;11
..
ii:!!!.
.....i hasiiiiii!iiiiiii 10!!!!!!!!iiiiii1
.4 ri"
a 1.. :::::::14'..
.8.4...i
1
!!!;;:: ..:1""11111111111111i
Mil
ig
I
:
U
1
1
:
'TIMM:0111i 1:11 %OAP
:I..:
:
i
go
i
1
:1:..
......1.sslisaf:
IhI I!! I! I d
::::
:
May! II:04
211:1,51::::
::
3!h
3::
O. O0 2... S
i
:04. i.. a
:
IhII
...::.
1
".33
s
!
s
31
:gm
:::::!!!!:
:
I
So
djunduRHINIEPP:
...
i
11:1
13138 33118 11131
MINA ......
1m1
:
1
3
Ass...
1
1
1
11
1
111
1.1
1 SP
!
:.
31
1
U.
Sig
2
1:
S111
lit
11
.....
1
SI
1
1 SZ
:
1
:
:
0
9.0 O'T QT
Lidsao 6T
t
1.
'3
*
UT 0MM
:
g'3 0'2 2'2
GIdwn t-o-a OTtiguoI4uteU Jo
O'g 9°9 0'9
*quemeaoul,
aociwnN
ueuJo
99
O'L
°L.
0'8 g°8 0'6 9'6
stutleD o4 weweaoui
O'CI
co
59
:
OM
1111.111ffininn
.......
11111Effinn-
Minnffinin
MEE=
MEM=
MinintnEnnalffin
DEM=
INIESEINIEffinnEE--E
=NOM
MEM'irElinn___Militinffinnlinennffiffin
20 nin=a11311MEMOIMMERNMENIffinnanni
Ennienk 11,11ffinInalenffinnEEMEnnin
ffignianik. IMIMMIJOEVAITMIEnnal
Man MEMINDIUMMINIERVE
;19 - ENE
3 0 5_111.
C.
m
cra
i0
En
t-EnffinnEntl-=
nlinnEnnirminffinn
nEnnEnmilikialinnAnnffinanmffin"
ffWEEEffigiENNWEENartigffsEERWEE:Eiti.
-
---
- --
- --
1
......
mm
MillninffinEnn=nrAFRIMEMEMEM---7-7-4:7: ... TT!
=:= mum= nummr.r.= W..
=mu
P
=RE * in mm.
M.= =: ...
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5
Increrent*
n,rnph 2CA SarDle L-S-4 Relationship of Nunber of Resin
Canals Per Square Centlreter to Increment
60
.....
1.4..-:...
gi.---.7EL-mmr......k=iiiul...r.l......
::::::::::::: =
mim
HIEFFIF:Pal-"...-40'
:
1111:1111111111111:111001111111iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimr
=mmlomm.sammilsommini.01111MIMMINMESOMMOONMeaMMIND
:::::: =:::=-......r.....,............12................-...............
----NW
Hayjapripinr.;::=::...plaprz:::====::=::: 21:r!=2:::=::=::=:::::::::::: - :::::: - ::-........-..........========== =:=:::::::::::==:= ::::::::::::: = :::::: -47.""12
4n
3
H
..:===:::=:=:::::::=:::::::=====:::===:::=--:=:::-:E=:::-::::
marrommagEsmaga:::=:::::::::::==.=:::2:::91==:::=--
:=::::::::::::"=;:=2:1====SELYNERISEMPHI=FISIIIHREFI:: :::: ; : ! : :"2::::::=2":"
..ER=val::-.:=:=.-r.=:::::::::::=:::=::::::::::::
==:Eguranz:nramancr-... ::::::::
- ow01:::==":7"-*
...1=hr.=:=Lurig=LEMEEM:::::=:=2:1=1:r"112: .......-....:.........==..-.._-_...._
::::::
.4=1:::=1-::.-::-=5
nram...r....-W.
=:::=- -- -=::=:::
::=:::..r-.M.: .1:11Lm::::.-.......-r:=:::,-.........--------------__........=:-...
......--.
=::::::::===:::::====m.:==::==== =
s...............o...............Im..m..................
as
::::::::.:--2:::r-22===.:::=::=Tanya..--=:::::=
Z
r-4
O)
a)
2
Ir.
c«,
:::::: Ma
::=-::E.::::::
:::::: =a--..r.=--.::::::immummpim:-.0,::Em=1; ::=;:rizojr.F.E..;:::::.::::::::: - := ::::::::::
:::::::::::::
..t.jusz....a........-...-..............---....
-.....:::-==:=::::::::=:::::::::::::::m%-::=:=:==:::::::::---:::::: :::::::::::::- ::::::
:::= ::=:::
-:===:-:::era---=:-..:==::::.....--..-:
:=::--:-:--y::-r -::===::::
=::::.-...------ ....====;,..........-...-...-=..---cm :::::::::: - :::::: ....--- -:
r....-- ----... :::::::::
mr--..-=...................
Wasw...."=---" 03:M.--32--F17.:::21EFF.EF:2::.:.-"RE--:::- "-.:.--".:"=""iii..ii-liz'
::::::
--- - :::::::dm,::::::
11.r.==..--...... j........;........m...--..-n-==;... :: .-mrxe=1
un- :::::: ....::-:
1=1.
cr
c
E
1
r'"
se=n-- m
...:,-.6.--.::-.....::-......-nra:::-.......::=:::-.::=:: :Ir.a :: ..=::::=====
Immo
.3:=:4-3::::-=::::. -..r...-:::1:=:===:-..::::=:::-...-.::-........
:::::::::: - :::: ... -
-Hu == VAI:
.......
........
:::::
1=911:::Ferailirrare'..":riffrgri"!7700 .........................
474=1:21=4.32:T=1:50
......
W..21....:====...":1`...====.Z.Ir."=1111=:
..LXrap.E.....laard-li==
12*"."="..,
.....;OP"..........................................'
S
'
....-araww....-===.--:.--
Q
=moommoanINGIO8=141110r1uMar :11 .... wanintirrEnsamm:
=======liesimsameamems=======aseam=ases114
.7=="==nr.71:::::::r:;:rre'lira:=::
ASIVEITOLISMTETEMB" BERSIEEMEISIMMEMEMBISIMETISIMEi .......... r
10
31 35
Increment;.
4.1.}.....1111001=
IMO
OP
OD
C;raoh 22-Sample L-0-5
111
Relationship of Number of Resin
Canals to Increment
mmil,0
Naliele*Oall
momesa
wan=
3
HEE:r=11:=:::=
SEMI
11111
niVanamour
....:::
= =:: =
1==r'.
=a= =
awmaluirlimb
MESS
0.000SOOS
SIMMS
000.00:O0000.00.
ME
M.
OM
====
....
.....
OM.
=1
=U.=
.2--.....
- =AMU=
0.MM.
« .::
=:::= =61
oeswe mos
=a
ammo
........ rm,
nrIna
........
11111, =IMO.
=C=
nrjr.,
000
==110,
........
....
"..""'""
......
MN/ ...a...MINIUM
-
HEIM =:: =::===.1....
WM IMO,.
=
...
...
,.. ........
==::: :::=:::rre:
=WM= :::::==::=
:::=:: * in
.:242:::=
iIbIlar=
0
I.
:==:::::
41,
na,
Increment*
.raotn. 23 Sample L - 0 -5A
mm.
M.O.. r/wI
:MIITE
t
1
Miii
.
liammodimEMMIMEM MEMMEMMMEMM
MMEMMEM. M
.
,JidigsmodEMMEMMEMMEMMEMMEMMEMMEMMMEMMEMMEM M
MEIrmNIMMEMMEMMEMM MMEMPMM 1011 MMEMMEMMEM MMME
W4mil
liniMMMEMMEMMEMMEMMEMMEMMEMEMMEMMEMMEMM M
AptimAMMEMMEMMEMMEMMEMMEMMEMMEMMEMEMMEMMEMMEM
AAEMMEMMEMMEMMEMMEMMEMMEMM MMEMMEMMEMMEMM
mummossm WEEMMEMEMEEMEMMEMEMMEMEMMEMEMEME
lraMMEMMMEMMEMMEMMM mmonsommmEssimmummEmEms
ImammussmassmammunimammumummEmmemsmemmEmsmsm
ilmommommiummssmommoommEmssmsmnsmsmilmommommomm
ImminissmssmommEmsmommommommommmummommommEm
sminummminummEmssmmommmummuommommEmmEssmm
-nmsmumsnmsnammEmmemmEnsmammEnsmssmnsmsmaimm
AIMEE MEMEMEMEMMEMEMEMEMMEMEMEMENEMMEMMEMEN
'EMMEMEMEMEMMEMEMEMEMMEMENEMMEMEMMEMEMMEMME
MEMMEMENEMMEMEMEMEMMEMMMMMUMMMEIMMMMIEMMOIMM
MEIMMMEIMMMMMIMMMMMEIMMMMMIMMMEIMMIMMMOIMMMEIMMM
MMMMIEMMMRIMEIMMMMMMIMMMIMMEIMMMINIMMIUMMMWAMM
WIMMMEAMMIMAMMMMMMMMMUMMMIIMMMMMMMMMMMMMEMMIN
171MMMMINNIMMMINMIMMMMMMMMUMMMMMMMMMMMOIRWMMIMM
--MMIEMMIEMMIMMIIMMMEIMMMMMMIMMIMMMEMMMMMIWAIMIMMIIMM
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmimmmmmmmimmumeammimmmmm
MMMMIMMIEMMMMMMMMIIIMMMMEIMMEMWMWMMMEMEMMEM
-mmimmommommEssmsmommEmsmpommummEmmommmmumn
o
MEMEMEMEMEMEMEMEMEMMEM2mOMMOMMOMMEMMEMMEEM
MiiiiMEMEMMEMMEMEMEMMEMEMEMEME
MOMMENNwEemmm"
mammommEmilliimmommissmsmssms
Essommismsms
0
tr)
aeqaul;queu e.zunbg aod Gioutrjuj jo auquin
c/1
V
C.)
ct
co
5
1-4
001mu00hmo1Ho0illiiIMMIIIIMM111101111111111111111111111111111111111111
.
musimmumn
*cn IMMUMIMAIIMEMM1011111111111111111111111111 0111 11011111Mill
.MINIIIIIMUIMIIIIIIIMM1111111111111111M11111111MIMMMill
FA. 0
z
C°
mAto ERNE
0
"mummmiumm
"IMEMEINIMA
CY'
0,
Cn
0
cfr3
f".1
)
1\1
*cy?
CTI
/111
iIH10 11 01110111 011111111 11111
MIIIMMIHrintrin.
No. Resin Canals
C)
Cr)
to
0011111MEMIN
;J,
No, Eesin Canals
0
simmonnir
KM EMIL
1111101011011* 'NEM
mm
I
PROPP,.
Cn
Cl'
1111111MEMIN
INIMMIEMIE
HifilUlilil
1111111EMEMIN
1111111EIMMI1
=NENE
MEIMENII
1111101010111111
1-43
0
cA
4: tk.
a
0011111111011111011
CD
11 0
1-4
CO
CD
CD
co
IMIMEMMOMMIllr
iNfl11fluI01111Uflhh1
IlIflIHiHmhi
MINIMMIENIE
MINIENIMEN
MINIMENMIIN
11111MME
11111111111111MMI
IMINMEMEIN
1101IIMMUMM
IIMMIMIMMI"
M EINEM=
MMIIIMINI
0
M 'MENEM
MAI MOM
ANIMISM.
NM
MIIM
MENEM
0
11kIMMIMMOMI
d NIEMEN
111N MENEM!
d
Oflht
1001001011
EMMEN=
a
MIN MEM 0.AH
MENNEN
MMH
Hci-Z0
11111111111111ME
EMMEN cf" 0 '.;0 MENNEN
*cy,
c,
to
0
01
*,
CDltt
-0)
CD
0
41
gi -4 70 IMMIMIMINIMIIMIMMMIMMUMMIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIHN
u) a
11111010ffiallifill
0' 0
H
.....
111M1111111MIMMIMMIIMEM 11111111111111
MI10111111
MMIIMV.111111iiiiMMUMMIIIIIIMMIIMMIMIIIMI111111111111111111111
101111111111110111MINIMII1IIMIII1IIIIMPIHM11111111111111111111111111110
1111111111111111111MbilliiiiiiiiiIIIIIIIIIIIMMIMM11111111111111111111111111111
1-'
t\D '""4111111111:A11111 11111110111111111111111MMIMMIIMIMHIMMI 11111
°
0
0,0e. 6
C,.
g
PT
C4
7.
No. Resin Canals
.111D bs aed eiuuttp uceaH Jo .oti
,Lt
.2'"t
IMELIMEMINE
ill115111111111MMIE
g
IIIMMIHMENNOM
,t
MIME
MIME
Oman
MIR
IMMO
........
.11.1111
:mum:
1.11:1=2
aaaeNIMIN.
somimme.aa
2
Ia
=MEI OSINIMIL.ON:
=MM.
41.8.8
.........
.......
=:=11::2=1::::IX:=1en===
.=
WITIrd
E
INO WO =IMO _INIM IMMO SIMS WIN
=BO.
Orisirw747.01..1Inza
MI
.--.... ........
MOWN=
SOW
llamas
.........
rZi
SEEMEEEMEEE:=-E=""IEE:-.T11
-.......110-0
MOM Meaa
===::
:cm=
EEIr.=
............
.41
=.52
E
EELEFE..=.1:-.=E-=.Er.-E-9:111:111
.....S.V...1111111747111111Mibr
0.1110111
-
werd69:::=:=::::==69==.4
Lisa"
rIMMININIMOJ=Z1
21=:=Ilgeallrat="...1=1:2=ranrarghCr".1041===......
1
===moommrso
msalow
M111711MIOIMMIelmor
"...ma
1111161
1
enamels
ammo
SEE -5111....m......1=SIP.-SEE.:E4,E.E.:...-23=F-E...=-
=wwevrassmssra
WOO.
...:::"."" .
........
,,z=.=...=:,.......,,,,.,_,......I,........................
:::::«:. =1=
"=...
===.2...z..=,. 2..:::::::==rms.........................
0
:::: :::!=:::::::::::::
.........
....11:::ror=a1611ZI:=6111==."="'
reammasmur.......w...m..........
MIMS
"
* in mm...
am ......
:-:-Eir-111-1112Hir-:::: ===.7.----
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5
Increment*
Graph #28 Sample F-0-4 Relatl_onshio of Number of Resin
Canals to Increment
0
03
Ot
09
08 001 03T
tT
T
**053V
63 errAwBS 3-0-U dTtiguoT4BIGH' Jo aisqwnN Jo uTsoll sTouso o; e3v
_
:
..ail.1111.
Milpt111111111111111111111111111111111
MEN
ele
1111
.211:11smitetlim
et.
plowe
.
03
Ot
09
UNIERMiliiiiifflii
,
u=Liali,1.7.gir.?,:,:i
IIP.95!!!..!!!!URII
lienuopm
arimMem:9:::'S
ElEr1=123RIEffii:Effili
1
MU
5
217-121=B:r.--.::Miltz..-'"3:ii!=.. !MEE
3!
s.
:
:
Ei
r.
:
11:
Meozookilemodif nowliiiiibff
Lemcrgre 1
==.11.35
pH
lin :midi: met lem Human geed ems 111111111111
i
mr..--
''''''' Lo117="'"'" r= ani=i;E:.- iMI.
i
mar-omirem-Lsels--- =se= nrai==:::::::
and =
EMI!: 311
wet
:-.::
..:
INRI.4.FiLi!!!Eiff
...!
_
zd
1
T
fit
,t Ll
4
-_
1!I-
-: -
Neiliiiiiiiii=
-Am
7
-
I
=1:6:11:33
-
-4
:
erg BEN
min
ozaemots
1.
IV=
_,
r
REers,=.7,4=1:9
08 001 03t Ott 091 081 033'003 Ot3 093 083 002 032
tideao 02 eIdiun g-S-1
**41,21,
dp-IsuoT4Ert9ll Jo aegtunN Jo uTsou
siouso
64
Olf
El
** uT laapoS.
0t2 692 082 00t 03t
co
urir rii
st.reo.S.
numumpti
u %LI
..... upiiiihmenum
.
i
.
** in years
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
Age**
Ar,e**
GrapY 33 Sample L-S-4
Graph 34 Sample LS-4A
Relationship of Number of F.esin . anais to Ac,e
100
c-,
Lo
..
1F-111-1
:Li
`111111.1.1F1
+
I'
ir
II
I
lerettir flitt HITIF 7711:111 Mi 1 !IILI
--iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinlimaliiiMillidliiii1111111101111111111111Miliii
- Iii 7' : r91PRIN:i. 1 0111111Millirdi MilliiiMMIUMMIIIIIIIHIPP
hi" b :...
F., : i
I ii
HillinilliiMIIMM1110111111.CillibilEIMME10101111111111111
°UM.. I
0 :Ho
CT: op
11..
0 In..
° 0"
c
iJCD.;°
u,
P
}..., ,t.
'(-)
t-4
0
Ci)
+
;
Is
SiBilli; i B `.1. ail ii *
illumq
Al.E1.1.: A.
muss ,. - alai ''
:,...
i1
.
mhl-
igiskoglithrgiormilisimi-MilfsE,
1
'911 FJPINIE1111411111111111111111111111101.1.11.111.7 f
-Emommillnffillifillailtil Ear at'
--. mn. ; t 1 .
1111[1111111111Eimui l.a 1.1
JO,
:
t
11111111M1112111111ramillii
.4149.=:*
c,)
F-4
Ii611 simr_Ahipimmotiummlipirdo
itit ). Eqiz...
:s .tars a:
,
.
c'.
I
+4
to
Number of Resin Canals
"...
2
WOOMO
1
1
i i
1
III
i
siiillhIIIhiIIll
11 li qi eui .
1
iiIna 1 :Sae iIIiiiiiihil iihh11 il
1
I
pdi
in
:
22 2
:: Impit,hpai
11:011 Hi
7::::::qpitf liflibil:
,
,41
1
Mil
1..ere
141:.... gg disi. : 2 2 e
:1111111Iiiill:11111111P11211:111111111111111111111
ionne Timm.
21
1
'22:11MMS""" lh" 'gin.: lkih
313:1:::: 22plifireeEilii"::"
Hu ...
a
Hr. ::: ...a
to pp
op
MI! SD "1
co
g
:::.! ..8.1.'.:9111111111MIMIMINIPiiiiiiiiliffililliliMi1111111
5. ....:..... ::::11. .! 11.
'I; NM ''''4
mu
11111 *
4' 2:21.:S.is
F
p
:::: sin :moll :is
air bradi Evan MU'.
' 1 l'ii
i
.0hii
93
mid
INEH:Ta Bili
111111111PHOPOMPildiaki
hil.on.mn I
pp 1111PitiMIHMi-I*
..
INfiliiiillnling!-.110111111111ll
111.1
.,
t
p 17_
:a:
se!
sing :
He I OF !gib!
4% 'RAF
..1
III !".11I1
A
)ffliirrEreilli
ihirALErirtERMI Efasapp
sew,===.
SB :BMI
:::Em
\.)
0
t\D
0-
;:!.:.!: I Mini ' "ff.ififfilldifilalkinlini, digh111111111111:Lhhh & ° C.
Mii Willitt li 111522 u
. , :um:a- ::::_1::;
"s:reis u
'.. 'IliailOPP'fild111144:: inilliiiiiiihidIMM111111111ifill:Milid :, r-;:. 7. t
ii
Iiiii
..111111111111110111101111111,111.!
4111111 11134.t.
oparip.....mpladiromigripp"....:
i .iii
:9IL:,.:
:111e4
Alifillihmil.illa
ra,
.0
IgiuMBIUMMIlliiiiiiiiiiilli
EllillailiiktElliiiiIIIIIINWEINiil
n: 1
sill II' .9
0
0)=n:
0
1
iiic10
-i)
1111
....
Ptirdili1111111111111111111111101
3"::::::Pill::""ightilliiiiiilliit"
q-espli. tringimmersp .g. 1
:
inill
r p:h himitrillhifSir Pi 141
Ow
t--..
' ' -- g1:221"1" I1
mil
II :
ii
a)
idlimmilii 111..,111:1- mar 'PRIM :
Ini
d
it If
00
- ';'
cach Y
)--i
z0 s,
C)
'
MilibilialiMill1111114ITIMINPRIIIMPihin111111MEIll
°111101MEMENIORIMPEOBEHEINIMMINIE
1.1
tv
Lumber of Resin Canals
t
2
..i3
tl'" 114
t
.
P.
.
t
os
:14
.sii
I
1-
immillimmummul
i
1":::3:isi
.1i
3
:::13.
111111101111111111111111111111111111111111111111MEHREMERNiiiiiiiiiiiETTIEnd: ...... .. r6
Br:
AnittibliiiME:
.....
11112!
.
1!
...........
.....
......
........
r
.. ......... ««
«
gig 1.11;11 41111 lin: LIP
3
333::::
=....
.
rzraimuni=insiiiMPI:
E
1:2
46
10;AM: in
21
ur. gni inidumilms:
1 nal inimisnimum
E.: n ram wimp
ii:lushon.033
isrmrsifinzineipm =Iv
....
.
.......
am.
............
....... ONO:
......ra
O.OMMAm .......
r"....
..::
...-......._ ...... ._
....aranamsnursur netenn .:22: tettlatiltfiiiiffilliiiniiiniii*NIMEMOOli:=3:=3=
:is
migireagivw,lli
liFT=E1111:0.;
...........
... ............... .. : .....
=4
M
20
0
40
60
80 100 120 140 160 '
4,
8
.......
A
Ago**
of Resin Canals to Age
Sample
Y-0-1
Relationship
of
Number
Graph 37
.
4
-
t
1..«.-.'t+ Ir." fit
r I ""
*
"
'11'1A
1111101111111irriiii
1111
riollimomm
a'
;
-t,r
1111111111111
.
..1111111E1111111111
T-1 .an
sysitransitante les - '
ipi istioccuccniculassirraccur.c.=:IM:.--..--.Mwar==
luswevapsov:: remEssminIumr=ems:
me Ls.
-11111111MESII
":111= 111111111111111r011111110111-11111-111111111
WIFIEMITNIF : 11-411miii LAMM'
/hi 11. .1 - :
...
...ISM MOM
TTT1 ".1 "BlIONMEHIPAIALVEMIIHNIrra="11111111111 KEN .... ..............................................................................
MIEN
,;
tt '
N-L1
spompt.
.
limn wannsimmipmmaips:pirammumsignscEsra sp=nE nr. ;mew
LM! liirciMiiiiileiRIBIEHIMENE-OlirrEselli
hiEtir.7.11::::rs.....
I 7:11.11
1221111HE=O Ai
---
..... 01101=011=
331EISSI:=04
0
20
40
60
mar-
80 100 20 140 160 160 200 220 240 260 280 300
Age**
Graph 38
.....
....
.....
alisamo=simm.m HET--
Sample M-0-2
....... AINAM.
n years
-
20 30 3.1
Relationship of number of Resin Canals to Age
S
2
1
rttli
JIIIIOIOt
1112.1""
f
UUMNILA:
110110MilitilliffilliDpintrir
unomorr imomiwo maim'
-Poymoipm
2bC 280 300 320 340 361 3:o .00
80 100 120 140 160 180 201 22 2
Age**
Graph 39 Sample N-0-3 Relationship of Number of hesin Canals to Age
20
0
40
CO
tit
ill "1'
tl't
It I.
'"'t
1-1-tt
11
Ill
I
1, I
t+1-
nEnignirid.MenaffinAllia
ri
t
;sun ;r
its'
11P11111111111
"Agippiorffliv.
111011
.1
:a
':1111-
990" osidempi
mim- givvehzirdi
"
it
11111
lifitOh1llllhIllhIOI HIif1HhIll
"
wi
111111111111011F :laud
.
mingi
;117:311."-sr
i 111,11631:1_,Ism
JAINEMEigilkinligilliWERFEETES!!!!!!!! -1111 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
-iiiiiiiii
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 36 3
r'Irr:1111"11-213:117!"
44211
":1;11:=-
d1 "nmmd-jdr14
`0415:.
tffilials'++
60
Graph 40
Age**
Sample M,0-4 Relationship of Number of Resin Canals to Age
Co
III°
-: 0
HMEINI)- 11 :MEE IIL°
IMEHMENIMORM ill' `74
iiiir
*
0
0
CO
- JR 1+
-driTali H
=0
am tc,
u.........
- ILmar.: i'l
-:irat
- 0
wino
it, am, a)
ERIMPIIIIMN ME 0 gm
'
..........
11 Ui
Min
'RI% .71
.: a :1
E masubs.dramp
Ma . : ria alsuggi.,..--ra::
el - 4 LIT:: 0
Ilig ffiff:ginibli P
a
-nun: 0
tali r4
= P: i I i B i 0
iffla,:::::reattrallaiiii RPRO!,.11;m: r-+
sunii.Ohiii
Iiiiipliniunjus
11
"S." illinit
69
frUMMY
This thesis is divided into two parts.
first i
t library study concerning the evolution of the Gymnosper.,
with reference to the development of the system of
sin canals which servos as background material for the
original work or the second portion of the thesis.
Douglas-fir is divided into two subspecies which
over two biotic provinces of North America. Thee. are
Pseudotsugik taxifolia
from the humid belt of the
Pacific, Coast and Pseudotsuga
ifoflaAlauca. from the
Rocky Mountain region.
It had been previously shown that be woods of the
two subspecies differ in their resistance to penetration of
oil soluble preservatives. The net retention of oil by
the Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir is considerably less than
hat for the coastal subspecies. In this thesis it was
considered desirable to study the variation in the
formation of resin canals within the two subspecies,
it might help to explain the variabilities of Dougla
to the reception of preservatives.
The origin of the Coniferales is discussed along with
he origin of the resin canals in the order. The order
origineted in early Carboniferous times from the order
Cordsitsless
Vertical resin canals are known from the fossil
woods
71
the Middle Jurassic and horizontal resin canals fr
ash l woods of the Tertiary.
The development of resin canals is traced through the
evolution of the families of the Coniferales. Resin canals
occur in the forth American species of the Pinaceae
sporadically in the family Taxodianeae and are lackin
the famIlies Cupressaceae and Taxaceae.
The evolution of the genera of the family
aoeae
has been based on occurrence of resiniferoue tissue which
serves to place the genera in a developmental series. The
anatomical structure of the genera has been correlated
with the occurrence of the genera as fossils. Both of
t the Pinaceae are divisable
these methods indicate
into two groups depending upon the presence or Absence
a true system of resin canals. These might be called the
Ahies-Tsuga affiliation which do not have resin canals,
and the Pinus-Pseudotsuga-Larix affiliation which has a
system of resin canals.
The literature concerning the formation of resin
canals within the Coniferales is reviewed. This includes
a discussion of the genera Pins, Larix, Pioeas ,Seclucia,
and Tsuga. Prom thin it is concluded that a normal system
of resin canals is found only in the genus Pinus and that
those found in the other genera of the order must be
considered traumatic In origin.
The original work of the thesis pertains to
72
nation of resin canals in the different ecological types
f Douglas-fir The specimens have been divided into
lowland an mountain form for ease of comparison. Information pertaining to each sample is tabulated undar the
description of the sample. A discussion of the exper men-.
tal procedures including t
llection of data
sample and the analysis of data, is given.
From the material studied he following trends have
been observed:
1. owland Douglas-fir reachea its maximum rate of
growth at about 15 years while the mountain Douglas-fir
reaches a maximum rate of growth after 15 years. The rate
of growth for lowland Douglas-fir is greater than that of
mountain Douglas-fir.
The number of vertical resIn canals increases
width of increment increases for both the lowland
and mountain forms of Douglas-fir, The increase- in
number of resin canals forms a otreIght line relati
with increment. In corresponding increment classes, five
times as many resin canals were Observed in the lowland
Douglas
as in mountain Douglas-fir.
3
number of resin canals per square centimeter
dacrase
the rate of growth increases for both the
lowland and mountain forms of Douglas-fir. In the ma
studied it was Observed that lowland Douglas-fir has
nearly tbrsa times as many resin canals per square
centimeter
mountain Douglas
4. The greatest number o
canals occur in
owland Douglas-fir shortly after the maximum rate of
increment has occurred.
5
fteond-growth lowland Douglas-fir and the ear
development of old growth trees shows considerable
variability in the numbers of resin canals produced. The
greatest difference would be noticed in he wood during
the first 20 years of growth. During thi
nod the
numbers of resin canals may be excessively sma
excessively large.
6
The horizontal resin canals are many times more
numerous than the vertical resin canals. Upon further
study, they may show the same relationship with. increment
and age as do the vertical resin canals.
7. Doug as fir growing at the higher elevation
shows a peak in resin canal production about maturity.
This peak in no manner corresponds with increased vigor
of the tree as expressed by an increase in increment
(Graphs 37-40). This seems to indicate that the tree
increases in sensitivity resulting In an increase
canal formation as it matures.
hesin canals have followed a pattern of reduction in
the present-day conifers and a persistent as a complete
system only in the genus Pinua. Tt seems from the
foregoing discussion, that within Douglas-fir the
are ikewise decreasing, the mountain torn having fewer
ban the coastal form. Resin canals are known as a
complete system in the parent stock of the conifers.
They developed in geological periods of temperate and
uniform climate as known by their presence in fossil
species of early conifers. Since their origin in the
Carboniferous, the species of conifers have modified
themselves in adaptation to severe climates. The resin
canals in Douglas-fir are present in greater numbers in
the coastal form growing under climatical conditions more
nearly resembling those of the parent stock in the early
geological periods. Thus, in he case of mountain Douglasfir, the number of resin canals has been greatly reduced
due to increased extremes in climate. The increase in
numbers, which is observed near maturity, may be dependent upon the application of stimuli for its
regeneration. The stimuli may be in the form of en
ice and cold that is characteristic of the higher slava.tions; and
be tree ages, the cambium may become more
susceptible to damage by these factors. This would seem
o indicate that the reduction in rate of growth of
mountain Douglas-fir could only be indirectly responsible
for the initial reduction in the number of resin canals,
In other words, a reduction in annual mean temperature of
a region causes a reduction in annual incrprent which
epondingly causes a reduction In nuaber of resin
s in each increment class.
Sample -0-4 with i
arm growth
(crap1z 14)
etabliehes somewhat 0 a constant on which
the sensitivity of the tree can be compared with a
peak of resin canal formation occurs at the age of 365
years which is nearly 100 years later than the
rate of growth After the peak for' resin canal pro
duct on has been reached be numbers decrease rapidly.
This would again indicate
vigor is not the
initiating factor in resin canal formation but that
responsible for their production after imuli have been
applied. As the vigor of the tree wanes, the few years
of growt preceding death may almost lack resin canals.
8. No increase in the number of resin canals was
nd in the vicinity of pitch rings. Pitch rings occur
in the stem of a tree many years after he annual rings
st.,,ch it occurs have beenformed; then, no increase in
the number of resin canals can be-expected in the vicinity
of pitch rings due to the action of the pitch ring itself.
If pitch ring occurs in the annual ring of restricted
growth, a fewer number of resin canals might be expected.
However, if the reduction of growth le due to biological
te such as insects, this may activate be cambium into
be production of a greater number of r'eetn canals
RBOOMMENDATIO
FOR FURTEER STUDY
This thesis has briefly surveyed the formation of
resin canals in Douglas-fir growing in different ecological
oosmiunittee, Certain trends in the distribution of resin
canals have been pointed out. Additional work Is needed,
however, to substantiate these results.
Since it is the writer's belief that the rosin canals
in Douglas-fir are of traumatic origin, then the factors
which cause their formation should be studied. An under-
standing of the factors that initiate the production of
resin canals will aid in he interpretation of their
occurrence in the wood from trees growing under different
conditions. Mechanical factors which cause wounding of
the tree such as eat faces, may result in increasing the
numbers of resin canals. Climatological factors as snow
and ice damage, sun scald and wind break may act similarly.
Biological factors as insect damage, both defoliation and
direct
bial injury, indicate as though they may be
factore eontributing o an increase in the number of resin
canals. Physiological factors, as excessively rapid growth,
may irritate he cambium sufficiently to produce a greater
number o
resin canals.
A more exhaustive study of he higher elevation forma
should be made in order to establish conclusively that a
reductio in the number of resin canals can be correlated
higher elevations nd more severe temperature
tion s.
A complete study of the horizontal resin canals
essary to establish their pattern of distribution.
Also, to determine whether the horizontal resin canals,
like the Jurertioai resin canals, can be directly related
to wounds.
A atudl of the nature of resin canals in refire
size, continuity and freedom from extraneous material would
aid in determining the valve of the system as a conductor
of preserving liquids. In a coastal sample, the resin
canals were observed to be smaller than the accompanying
spring irod traechids. The vertical resin canals of the
mountain form appear smaller in diameter than those of the
coastal form. In the mountain form he resin canals
contain considerable resin that would hinder their value
conductors of preservatives.
A complete study of the resin canals originating in
he vicinity of 4 wound would aid in the correlation of
the vertical and horizontal systems. Such a study might
be made on xylem tissue which in a part of the early
growth
the trees Further knowledge of the interrelationship of the two systeme would aid to
ablish
heir value as conductors of preservatives.
A complete tem analysts should be made to d
if the resin canals in all parts of the trunk follow ths
same pattern of distribution aa tho3e found in the wood
at stump height.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Allen*
S. Rmbryogeny and development of the ap ca
of paeudotsuga.
early
enym
I.
ertilisation and
Amer. J. Bat. 45 ( )g S6S*67Y
Oct1946.
Al
The origin of the mIcrosporegium in
Pseudotsuga. Bull. Torrey bet Cl. 73 ($):
5417-.556, November 1946.
Allen, G
mar
Embryogeny and development of tbe apical
S
toms of Pseudotsuga.
ii.
Late embryogeny
J. Bat. 34 (2)1 7579, February 1947.
Alien,
, S. Bmbryogeny and development of be apical
III Alma point of
apical meristems. Amer.Bat. 54 (4):
stoma of Pseudotsugok.
Ande
210, April 1947.
B. Cytology in its relation to taxonomy.
Bt. Review 3(7): 355450, July l97.
Bailey, I, W. The structure of wood in the Pineae.
Gas.
42: 474.66
1909.
Anatomioal cha acte in the eviution
Bailey,
Pinus. Amer. Naturalist 44: 2640293 1910.
Bailey, I. W. The spruce tmdworm blocoenose. I Frost
rings as indicators of the chronology of specific
bi logical events Boot. Gee. 60: 93-101, 1925
5
The cambium and its derivative tissues.
VII. Problems In identifying wood of mososolo
74 I.
Coniferae. Ann. Bot 47t 145.157, 1933
The evolutionary history of the foliar
ray in the wood of Dicotyledons and its phylogenetio
significanco. Ann. Bat. 26$ 648.461 July 1912
y 1. W and Paull* A. P. The cambium and its
derivative tissues. TX Structural vartabtit
10. Bailey, I. W.
in the redwood, Sequoia sempervirens and Its
significance in the tdenttftcatton of fossil Woodo.
j. Am. Arb 151 255..254, 19
Boker, R T. A research on the pines of Au
Technical eduostion series Bo 16.
Applegate Oullick. 458 pagers. Sydney, 1910.
0. M. A contribution to the paleobotany of the
eocono of Texas. Bull Agri*. Noah. Coll Tex.
Ser. 4 2 (5) 1 172, ay 1931
Factors influencing the distributi
of vertical resin canals in the wood of the larch,
Ban an
Larix laricinia (Du Rol) Koch. Trans. Royal Soc.
Canada. Ser. 3# Sec. 5 27t 205..2170 1953.
Bannon, M. W. Vigor of growth and traumatic rosin
t development in the hemlock, Tolls*, amtliBELE
Carr. Trans. Royal Soc. Canada. or 3,
5
27: 197..201, 1933.
16.
Origin and eha * er of xylem re
gymnosperms. Bot Gas. 961 260281* December 1934.
Sannan,. K. W.
n* M. W.
Vertical resin ducts in the secondary
wood of the Abletineao.
New Phytolosist 55
11046* February 1936.
Observations on the distribution o
xylem-ray tissues in Conifers. Ann. Sot. 1 (4):
an M. W
717.726, October 1937.
oorn* E. S. and Bailey* I. W. The occurrence of
C.dru in the auriferous gravels of Californi
Amer. J. Sot. 25s 641-647* 1938.
BelIer, Alfrons. Uhtersuchugen Aber die Lebendharsung
der Miler. Forstwiss. Zbl. 3(10): 2 7°23
1941.
Bouresu, E. L'ontgenie des plantules des pinacies
at ass rapport* avec la phylovinie. Annales die
Science* Waturelless
1 (1), 14.219.
May 1939.
ou eau* E. L acceleration basifuge de l'appareil
conducteur des gymnosperms* sea consequences
pour lour ontogeny and phylogeny. Comp
Acad. Sol. 212 (26)1 164.4166* 1941.
23. Brem, M Anatomical method for determin
he spruce and the larch. Bull. Internat. Acad.
Polon. Set. Letters. Sir. B. 1 (3)s 103-111, 3
Brown
H. P. and Pans no A. J. Identification of the
commercial timbers of the United States., McGrawill Book Co. New York, 1934.
The classification of Coniferales.
Trans* Iii. Sta. Acad. Set. 25: 112..113, 1953,
ComPredon, 3. itude des proprif;ts physiques et
Buchholz,
4'
T.
miloaniques de queIque bois exotiques.
II.
bola de cadre. (Cedrus atlantica). Ann. ie.
For. 2: 181-217, 1934,
Chaney, R. W. and Mason, H. L. A
stocene flora
from Santa Cruz Island, California.Carnegie
Inst. Wash. alb. No 416.(1) i
28.
October 1930,
ha yo R W. Mason,
ad Webber, I B.
A
Pleistocene flora from the asphalt deposits
CerPenteria, California. Carnegie Inst. lash.
Pub* No 415 (5): 4579, March 1933.
Chang, C. Y. Resin cells In pine. Bull. Chinese Be
pc. 11 (1): 387S9ø,1956!
k list of the native and naturalized trees of the
United States, ineluding Alaska. U.S.D.A. Forest
Service. 525 pp., April 1944.
sler, M. A. The medullary ray of Cod . Bo
Gas,
3874..396
1915.
York.
New
Co* Book
introduction
An
MoOrav*Hill
B. L.
Daniels,
my
Mao
an*
and
1925.
plant to
J.
A.
Eames
40.
1
255.259,
Zit Bot. denselben. in Harass des
Entstenmg die und Weisstanne der Harabshalter
Histolog Zur L. Dippel,
II. Conifers.. der
e
194 January
526 No. Pub.
Wash,
Inst. Carnegie Paleobotany. to Contributions
up The H. L. Daugherty,
Arizona of flora Is
1 Co.London, and Arnold &Iwo/4
Ginkgoacea including Coniferae
Edition.
Da
of handbook A B A. Jackson, and 1. re,
46611.1
Chicago
1910.
Press. Chloago of Univ. The gymnosperms. of
Chamberlain and M J. Coulter,
Morphia
1890 Danzig pp., 151
Bornstinbatims. Baltiachen der Monographie H. Conwents
1933 112, 561 Woods Tropical woods,
of Glossary Anatomists:
describtnl/ in used
Wood of Assoc* Internat. nomenclature. on Committee 34.
1248pp., 2i. Nos Document House
1941
U.S.D.A.
o yearbook
agriculture.
man and mate 1
di
3
193 December
5154.316,
(Os
18
wood.
J.
pro and structure th,
The
84
Edar,
On protool coxv1 n )o)Inseni (Schrooter)
a mosozoic coniferous wood. Ann. Bot. 39: 1-7,
He
1925.
Erickson, H. D. et al. Perme*bility of woods to
liquids and factors affecting he rate of flow.
Minn, Agri* Exp. Sta, Teeh. Bull 122: 1-42, 1957.
Erickson, H. D. The flow of liquid through radial
resin canals. J. For. 36 (4)1 417.42
April 19381
Fabricius, L. Natururssonsehaftl ehe Grundlagen der
Kiefernharznutzung. Forstwi s. zta. 421 1574459,
1920.
46*
Penske, H. Rt Device for measuring increment borings.
J. For. 25: 540...541, 1925.
Soc. do lUst.
Rgvision du genre
Flous,
t. Toulouse. Bull. 71: 33-.164, 1937.
Fran k, Annfried. Ubor die Harzbildung in Holz
Rinde der Koniferen. Sot. Arch. 3: 173-184, 192
Fr.yIWisaling,A. 'her die Entstehung von Harztaschen.
Schweiz. Z. Forstw 93 (4/I )s 101*106, 1942.
Forsaith, C. 0. Anatomical reduction in some alpine
plants. Ecology. 1 (2): 124 135, April 1920.
Douglas fir * a study of
pacific coast and reeky mountain forms.
Frothingham,
H.
tr.S.D.A. Forest Service. 0. 100, Yaehington 1909.
301 Landesanst.
1909. 516-532,
geol. preuss. Jb. Tertilra.
rheinischn den Braunkohlenazer iiber W. Gothan,
1910, 1-46, 451 Handl. Akad. Vetensk. svenaka K.
Spitsbergen. von Rolzreste fossilen Die
1917. April 7834.784, 62s Gazette. Age Railway
W. no
Got
fir.
Douglas. treating in penetration Greater 0.1,44. Goss,
1912. ,
Phyto1ogist.11: New
sImPervirena. Sequoi* in traeheids Ray M. Gordon,
Bull
Teaks.
57..
1931 (262), U.S.D.A.
chipping. lower through oleoresin
of production the in Improvement Eloise. rry,
1922. Auguat pp., 46 (1064):
A D
S
production. Oleoresin Eloise. Gerry,
1915. January (1048).
Scions,. studies. measurement Fibre Eloise. Gerry,
1881. 2794430, 2: 6. Ser. Vegetal..
Biologie et Botanique Nat*, Soc. Ann. tiger.
la a racine la
do passage
is sur
Reoherthes
-40
paper (4):
1
R. Otirard,
7 number
Toulouse. for* Lab Trav.
abie." lee chez
feuilles caducitedea
g. Gaussen,
La
1913. 201-236, 4s Tokyo. Agric.
Coil. J.
Nodelbadme. japanisoher der Raises
Studien U. Fujicka, 61.
des Bau anatomiecen den
ber
85
Griffin G. J. On bordered pits in Douglas-firs a
study of the position of the torus in mountain
and lowland specimens in relation to creosote
3. For. 17 (7): 813-822, November
penetration*
1919.
fan,
Further notes on the positIon of the
G. 3.
tori in bordered pits in relation to penetration
Ootober
X. For* 22(6):
of preservatives.
1924.
Ift14
P.
Critical identification of the wood of
Indian pines.
Indian Forester.
$9: 409+415, 1913.
Resin canals In seedling Conifers*
Hanes, C. S.
J. Linn, Soc. Bot. 471 613..636, 1927,
Hannibal, H. A pliocene flora from he coast ranges
of California*
Bull.. Torr. Botp Club* 38(7):
329-342, July 1911.
nnnig, Re
Mitersuchungen Aber die Harsbildu
Koniferennedeln.
Hanstein, J
Z. sot. 143 385.421, 1922.
Ober die Organs der Hare- und
Schleimabsonderung in den
Laubknospen.
Ztge 26:697, 1868.
kom, 3. F,
Creosote treatment of Doug as fir
Canada, Dept. Int. Forest Service. C. (26)
Harlow W. M. Effect of site on the growth and
structure of white cedar,
Ecology. 8
Thuja
4)1 453-470, 192
occidentalls*
DefO1istioJ its effect upon
and structure of the wood of Loris. Ann
A. G.
27s 621642, October 1913.
Hart, N. C. The origin of resin canals in
Thesis University of Toronto* 1916.
g T. Anatomie der Coniferen. Bot. Ztg.
1846.
Hartig, H. Doppelriüg. ale Paige von SpItfrost.
For
urre. Zeitschr. (4)1 1-.0 1895.
Henry, A. and lood, M. The Douglas ttrsa a botanical
and sylvicultursa description of the various
psaiss of Pseudotsuga. Proc. Royal Irish Load
35:1920.
to american woods. Tropical Woods.
Hess
1942.
tracheids in the Ooni
Holds
Bet.
66-64, January 1913.
Ho den, H. Contributions to the anatomy of aasoso
conifers. No. 1. Jurassic coniferous woods
from Yorkshire. Ann. Bot. 27s 535-545, 1913.
Jeffrøy,R. C. The comparative anatomy and phylogeny
Goo.
f the Oon feral's. Pt. 1. The g nus Sequoia
1. Boston Boo. Jt. ILtat,441-469* 1905.
Jeffrey, E. C. A fossil sequoia from the Sierra Nevada,
Gas. 58s 521-332*
80.
E. C. The comparatt
anatomy and morpholog
of ths Coniferales. 11. The Abietineae. Mew.
Soc. Nat. Hist. 6 (1): 1-37, anuary 1905
a
Jeffrey, I. C. The anatomy of oody plants.,
University of Chicago Pree. Chicago, October
1917.
478p.
Jeffrey, E. C. Resin canals in the evolution of
conifers. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sc..11: 101-10
vember 1925.
Jeffrey, E. C. and Chrysler, M.. On cretaceous
Ritoxyla. Bot. Gas. 42: l8, 1906.
Johnston, H. W. and Mass, 0. Penetration studies.
The path of liquid penetration in jack pine.
Can. J. Res. 3 (1): 140-173, July 1930.
Joa., W. S. The structure of the timbers of so
880
common genera of coniferous trees
For. 1-23, 1912,
Jost, L. b r Gef:sabucken. Z. Bot
Quar
161-215 1942.
alnans, A. and Lupins, R. Technical properties of
Latvian coniferous ttzaber (Pinua allvestris
picea excels Link, and Lori& europaesiDlc.) with
p For
relation to conditions of growth.
18 (2)1 310-311, December 1939.
88.
Kent, A. R. Veitches manual of the Conifer**.
London, 1900.
enhols, R. Effect of environmental factors on the
wood structure of lodgepole pine, Pi nus colt9r f
2 (2): 554..579, 1951.
Loudon. Ecology.
90. Kirsch, H. S. The origin and development of resin
canals in the Conifers.. Trans Royal Soc. 044.
Sec. 4. 5: 43-109, 1911.
Xleoburg, A. Die Narkstrahlen der Ooniferen. Bet*
Ztg. 451 673-.686 689.697 709..714, 721 729,
1885*
92.
Xnowlton, F. H A eatal
canosoio plants of NOrth America. V. II Oee
Survey. Bull 696. 1,-813, 1919.
93,
fty, L. Anatomic des Noises Yon Pinus eilvestrip.
Berlin 1684.
oilman% F
Teobnologie des
zes. Berlin,
764p.
Kratsel, R. Die Bedeutung der Anatomic lebender und
fossiler alum tar die Phylogenis der Konifern*
NSturw. Wschr.
16 (NO
5050411, 1917
sagne, M. itude morphologique anatomique
9
systimatique du genera Pies*. Tray* Lab. for.
Toulouse. v014, 1954.
Lawrence, W R. The preparation of bet
Mimeograph,
bibliographies. Oregon S dita caleg
November 1916.
91p.
98. Lees
N.
For
th. E. 116 Douglas fir fibres.
Quart. 14 (2)1 671-696. December 1916*
[41 method of counting the rosin canals
*xylem.] Zhu ns1 Inst. No Wan« 51:
ova.
1 0.184. 1940*
Vicellar structure
tracheld real
certain woods in relation to morpbog..n.tic.
and mechanical factors. New Phytologist. 36 (6):
C.
432-466. December 1936.
101«
MacLien, 3, D. Factors limiting the absorption
preservative in coast Douglas fir timbers.
Wood Prose
102.
Maclilian, W. B
20): 53..68, May 1942.
A øtudy in the comparat
of trachoids of rod spru
wn under frO
23 (1):
suppressed conditions.
ry 1926.
Fleistoceno flora of
Mason.
th
toma3aa
formation. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No
416 (4): 81-179. October 1934*
Masters, K. T. Comparative morphology. anatomy
Linn. Soc.
history of the Conifers'.
Not.
Rein
*hung und Vertetlung do*
liscretions-,-Organo dor Fichts und arehe
Bina megleichandi.anatomische Studio. Bot. 241
56, 86 9 117-121, 148..153,
20: 23-25,
183-10, 213-219, 246-23, 278...283 308..310,
18840
106. MoElhanney, T. A.
and Ferry, T. S. Some commercial
softwoods of British Columbia* Canada Dept
107
Int* For. Service Bull. 78, 1927*
Malhanney, T. A. et al. Canadian woods, their
For*
properties and uses. Canada Dept. In
108*
Service. 3ttawa, 1935* 345p.
Mall, C. D. The length of tracheids in the wood of
aone-bearin trees. Paper Trade 1. Page 52,
June 1911.
109*
Mell
Determination of the quality of locality
419by fiber length of wood. Por. Quart
D.
422, 1910*
0. Metcalfe, C. R. The wood structure of Fokieql
bakinali and certain related Coniferae. Kew*
Bull. Misc. Inf. (8): 537.-351, April 1922*
Meyer, J. E. Ray volumes of the commercial woods of
the United States and their significance.
For. 20 (4)s 337-351, April 1922
Mitchell, Z. N. The detailed structure of the s
wood of the two sequoias* J. For. 34 (11):
988-993, 1936.
115. Moon, D. G. Development of naval stores
pu
oo
supplies from the Ptnua mercus of northern
Sumatra. Paper Trade 3. 114 (16): 186.489,
19420
Nsturwissensoiart1icb, Grundlagen der
Kiefernharznutsung. Arbeit. Biol. Roichsanstalt
Land u. Porstw. 10: 1.40, 1919.
115. Anch, E. Sur Anatomic der Rarsgango von Pinua
eilv stria. Sot. Arch* 41 195-200, 1923.
115. Munger,T, To Second remasurmnent of pormanent
1140
Muneh, E
sample plots of Douglas fir on the west slops
the Cascades in Oregon. J. For 181 853.8380
1920*
Mye
J.
Ths structure and atren8th of four North
American woods as influenced by range, habitat,
and position in the tree* N. Y. S. Cell: for.
Tech. Pub. 31, 1950.
Orr, M. Y. The leaf anatomy of Pçcioosipu. Trans:
Proc. Dot, Soc. Edinburgh. 34 (1): 1-54, 1944
PAtbury, S. B. A pleistocena flora from San Bruno,
San Mateo County, California. Carnegie Inst.
Wash. Pub, No. 415 (2): 25*44 November 1932*
Patton, R. T. Anatomy of Australian coniferous timbers.
Proc. Royal Soc. Victoria. 40, 1927.
Pearson, P S and Brown B. . Commercial timbers
of India Vol. 2. Calcutta, 1932: 501p.
Petrco, A. S. Anatomy of the xylem of Peeudolar$
Bet. Gaze
95 (4): 667-'677, June 1034.
Peirce, A. S. Anatomical interrelationships of the
Taxodiaceae. Tropical Woods. (46): 1-15, June
1936.
Overgrowth of stumps of conifer**
Canadian Field Naturalist. 81-87, May 1921.
124*
Pemberton, C. C.
125'
Penhallow, D. P. The generic characters of the North
American Taxaceae and Coniferae. Memoires et C.
R de is Soc. Royale du Canada. Ser. 2, vol*
126.
Sec. 4# 33-571 1896*
Penhallow, D. P. Notes on the North American species
of Dadoxylon, with speoial reference to typo
material in the col:Laotians of the Peter Redpath
museum, Koala College. Trans. Royal Soo
Vol. 6, See. 4# 51*98# May 1900*
127*
Can*
Notes on oretaceous and tertiary
Sec. 4, 514,
plants of Canada. Sim 2 Vol
Penhallow* D. P.
92, May 1902.
128.
P nhallov, D. P. Notes on textiary plants* TraM.
Royal Soc. Can. Ser. 2 Vol. 9 Sec. 4# 35.46,
May 1903*
129*
Ponhsflow, D.
Anatomy of the North American
Coniferales together with certain oxot o spec as
from Japan and AAstralasia. Amer. Naturalist
500 1904.
130. Pe
now, D.P.A manual of the North American
Boston, 1907.
Die weitere Entwicklung der KiefOrn
Gymnosperms.
sobek
Ginn and Company.
Hartsnut ungeteekn k. wiener Aug.l Forst-"41
Jagdstg. 58: 279-2810 285-287, 291-292, 1920,
tingill, 0. Si Jr. A laboratory and field manna
of ornithology. Burgess Pub. Co. Minneapolis,
Minnesota.
133.
Ips, E. W.
ovement of pit membrane in
with special reference to
preservative treatment. For. 3. Soc. Foreetere
Gt. Brit.
109-120$ December 1933.
The identification of coniferous
154. Phillips, E. W.
woods by their microscopic structure. J. Li
ooniferoue
c. Bo t. 52 (345): 259-320 April 194
M. Y. and Luxford,R. P. Structure
occurrence and properties of compression wood
U. B. D. A. Tech. Bull. 5460 Jam ry 1937,
136. Prichard, R. P. and Bailey W. I. Significance
of certain variations in the an* amical structure
of wood. For. Quart. 14 (4): 662-670,
December 1916.
7.
Prince, 3. B. Stem-wood in the gymnos
University of New Brunswick.
96.
. Read, C. B. Pinoxylon dakotense Knowlton tram the
cretaceous of the Black Hills. Bot. Oa
173-187
Record, S J
1982.
Significance of resinous tr
Bet. Gas. 56: 61..67 1918.
3 3. Iden fication of the economic
140,
f the United States. New York, 1919,
.41. Record, S J. Identification of the timbers of
tern:
North America.
New York
1954,
ay to american woods. roptca1
: 10-15, 1c144.
Woods.
145. Randle, B.
Stillwell S.T C. Chaplin, C.
Bryan, J. Cosgrove, J. R. Buchanan
and Wilson, W. R. The timber of home
142.
Record, 8
Douglas fir. Dept. Sot. Ind. Research.
Prod. Research. Bull. 10, August 1951. 45p.
144. Rendle, 8, J. Growth and structure of wood. Gt.
Brit. Dept. Sol. Ind. Research, For. Prod.
Research, 1957.
148. Rhoads, A. S. The formation and pathological
146
147
Ru
anatomy of frost rings in conifers injured by
late frosts. U. S. D. A. Bull 1151, 1925.
Zur Kenntis des Holz's, tueonderh.tt
ow, R
t Zbl 8 (15): 29-40,
des Coniferenholzes.
0-68, 95-109 134-144, 166-174 1885.
and Sax,
3.Cromosone number and
orphology In the conifers. J. Am. Arb.
.14
957-963, 1?33.
and Sax, H L Chromosone number an
morphology in the conifre, J. Arn. Mb.
(4): 356- 75, 1935.
Sax, K, and Beal, J.M.Chromosones of the
Mn.3. Mb, 14: 255-258, 1954.
Oy adales.
50. Scarth G. . Structure of wood and its pen.-
trab lity,
Paper Trade 3« Tech. Sec.
55-58, 1928.
ca th,
Penetrability and porosity of wood.
el. Cong. 5: 3895-5901, 1935
Proc.
152, Scarth, G. W. Structure of wood and its pens..
trabili y
McGill Univ. Pub. Ser. 2, No.57
Montrea
153.
Sobenstrom, S. U. A study of the length of
tracheida in western hemlock. Thesis Univ.
of Washington, 1955.
ward, A C Catalogue of th memo:sole
the department of geology, British museum
Jurassic flora. II
The
Massie and oolitic tioras
of England. London, 1904.
155, Seward, A. C. Plant life through the ages.
Cambridge University Press. London, 1931« 601P
156. $haw, 0. R. The genus inus. Pub. Am. Arb«
1914.
3.57.Shope, P. P. Stem and leaf tructure of aspen
different altitudes in Colorado.
14: 116-1
Stith, G. M.
1927.
Overton, J. B. Gilbert,
Denniston R. r. _ryan 0. S. and Ails
A textbook of general botony. MacMillan Co.
Vow York, 1935.
Spilsbuy, R. B. and Elmith D. S. ?or:1st site trim./
of the Pacific Vorthwest. B. C. For. Servieo,
Tech. Pub. T. 30, 1947. 46p.
Stamm, A. J. The capillary structure of softwoods.
J. Agr. Research. 58 1): 25-67, January 3.9
Steinbock H. Ube? den anatomischen Btu des
Markkorpers einiger Coniferen-Holzer. Osterr.
Bot. natal?. 75: 65-84 1926.
162.
Sterling, C. Organization of the shoot of Pieudlage,
Structure of the
taxifolia (Lamb.) Britt
shoot apex. Amer. J. Bdt 55 (9): 742-760, 1946.
165. Sterling, C Or anisation of the shoot of Pswadotsug*,
taxifolia (Lamb.) Britt. II. Vascularisatien.
1G4,
Amer. J. Bat. 54 (5): 272-280, May 1957.
Sterling, C. Solereid formation in the shoots
pseudotsuRa taxifolia. Amer. J. Dot. 34
45-52, 1947,
6
1.1
We
Canadian Douglas
, its mechanical
and physical properties. Caned* Forestry Branch.
Bull. 60 1918. 84p.
166. Stone H. Adventitious nature of the so-called
medullary rays. Cambridge University. School,
of Forestry. England, 1920.
167* Stone, C. D. A study on the bordered pits of D
the
fir with reference to the permeability
wood to liquids. Thesis University
Washington
1939.
72p.
St* s* Marie C. Catalogue of be misosoie plant/
in the British museum. The prat:meows flora.
11. Lower greeneand (aptian) plants of Britain.
London* 1915.
A key to be genera of the eommon
Trine. Ill. Aced. 9: 65-66,A 1 1947.
170. Sudwortb, 0. B. Check list of the forest trees of
the United States, their names and ranges. U. S.
Stover, E. L
D. A. Misc. Cir. 92, 192?. 295p.
rland, J. R. Johnston, H. W Yass 0. Further
investigation of the penetration of liquids into
wood
172.
Can. J. esearch. 10 (1)
Swains, 3. M. Craighead,
on the spruce budworm
Dept. Agr. Tech.
December 1824.
91p.
72, 1934.
W. Studies
a funifarana
37. Now Series,
0
Tang, Y. Anatomical s udice and identification of
Chinese softwoods. Bull. Pan. Nem. Inst. Biol
4 (7), 1933.
Teesdale, C. U. Relative resistance of various
conifers to injection with creosote.
D. A. B
101
U.
1914. 44.
d All no A. E. Do he Able limas
extend to the carboniferous Bot, Gas.
339-344, April 1912.
Thompson, R. B. and Sifton H B. Resin canals in
Thompson, R
the Canadian spruce (Picea canadenols (M111.)
S.P.); an anatomical study especially in
relation to traumatic effects and theiz bearing
Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London,
Ser. B. 214; 65-111 November 1925.
on phylogeny.
177.
Thompson, W.
origin of the ray trachelds in
he Coniferaes Bet. Gas. 50 (2); 101.416,
August 1910.
78. Tiemann, R. D. Ths physical structure of wood in
relation to its permeability by preservin
fluids Amer. Ry. En Maintenance Way.
1201 559.475, 1910.
179. Tj., 0.
The role of wood anatomy in PhYlogonY.
In; symposium on paleobotantoal Taxonomy.
Midland Naturalist, 5bz 362-3
January 1
11.
100
no. Torrey, R. B
The oanparativo anatomy snd phylogeny
of the Coniferales. II/. Mesozoic and tertiary
Mem. Bost. Soo. Net. Hist* 6 2)
106 April 19
woods.
410i
n Tiehem, P. Recherches our la entrie d
structure des plantee vasculatres. Ann.
Net., Bot. Ser. 5, Vol. 13, 1171.
moire sur lee canaux s6crgteurs
Tieghem, P
des plante
An1
c
Nat. Bot. Ser. 5.
16
183.
Van Te'hem, P. Sur is r6seau au -endodermique de
Is racine. Bull. Soc. Bot. Pr. 34: 2 1, 1887.
Tieghem P. Structure at affinials des Abi...os
des oners lea plus voisins. Bull Soc. Bat. Pr.
38
185.
96-201, 1872.
1891.
Sur is structure primaire at lea
affinit6s des pins. J. de Bet., Paris. 6
,
F. St.rcturo of comerclal woods in
relation to he injection of preservatives.
Van Tieghem, P.
8: 156-187, 1912.
W. I. Structural variations in he closing
membranes of pit-pairs in several coniferous
woods. Thesis University of Washing.on*
rec. Amer. Vlood Pres. Assoc.
187.
l. Wiesehuegel, E. G. Diagnostic characteristics of Os
xylem of North American Ablest.
;55-70 1932.
Gt. Oaz. 48 (1):
Wiesner,
.1'
flber
die Entstehung des Harz.
Inneren der Pflanzensellen. Akad WI
Sitsber. 52: 118-130. Part 2, 1866.
Weistein, A. I. Summary of literature relating to
the volume, distribution and effects of me
IT. For.
rays in wood.
Wright, 3, 0.
4: 915..925, 1926.
Pit-closing membrane in the wood of
the lower gymnosperms
Trans. Royal Soo* Can.
Vol, 26, Sex'. 3, Sec* 5: 63.i.95, 1928.
I egenspeck, Von H.
Die Nadeln,
der erwachsenen
Keimenden Koniferen und die Phylogenie dieser
Klass*, eine phylogenstisch-anatomische Studie*
Bot. Arch.
193*
Zollikofer, O.
26(3/4)
fiber
1929.
die Endigung der
den Blittsrn einigor Pinusartem.
Bot.
1 (3)
1917.
nge in
g*
1.02
zag 1.
L-S.-1 RELATIONSHIP OF
BA
INCREMENT TO AGE
a Limits,
Average
10
20
5
15
Age*
0
11
Average Grow
Increment**
Age
9.83a
14.1371
TABLE IA
L-S
RELATIONSHIP OF
INCRMAIENT TO AGE
Average Growth
Increment**
1.75
3.55
'7.25
8.65
3.0
11
12
13
14
15
16
3.7
a
3.9
20
* Age in y.s
I crement
10.43
9.95
11.65
15.15
1.5.00
15.00
15.25
16.55
1E400
113.00
11.65
16.50
1355
11.00
12.15
10.05
TA1LE 2
SAMPLE 10.0.48 RELATIONSHIP OF
'NOMMEN TO AGE
G1 es Limits
Age*
0-10
1 - 20
2 - 30
31 - 40
41 ... 50
51-0
61 - 70
71 * 80
81-90
1 -.100
101 -110
111 -120
121 -130
131 -140
141 ..150
151 -.160
161 -170
171 -180
181 -190
191 -200
201 -210
211 -220
221 ...250
231 -240
241 -250
251 -260
261 -270
271 -280
281 -.290
291 .-300
501 -310
311
321
320
530
331 -840
341 -350
551 -360
361 -370
371 -380
Avora5
Ago
5
15
25
35
45
65
65
76
85
95
105
US
125
135
145
155
166
175
185
195
205
215
225
235
245
255
265
275
285
295
305
315
325
355
545
355
365
575
Average Growth
Increment
10.315
11.049
8.884
.6441
4469
5.161
1.614
2.787
2.172
2.238
1
1
1.475.
'1.686
1.882
lags
1.962
1.341
1.377
1.299
.906
.897
*612
.855
.96$
0838
.819
.716
*44
*765
.797
.716
.459
459
,567
1.211
1.045
.897
TABLE 2
Limits
o
Average
Age*
Age
581 ...590
38
395
391 -400
* Age In ye re
** Increment in millimete
Average Growth
Increment
1.108
1.871
105
TAM
3
2 RiLATIONSHLk OF
REMENT TO AGE
Class Limits
Average
Age*
0-
11 -,
21 -,
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
31 41 51 61 71 - SO
* Age in years
** Increment in rnt11Iitee
Age
5
16
25
35
45
55
65
75
Average Growth
Increment**
6431
80330
'44007
5.321
3.601
3.505
2.204
2.918
4.1
0
.04111
144)
04
S
0
10
19 49 10
cst co net so so Q
ot v3 0
oa
r4 r4 10 CID tO
10 10
I *
r4 r-4 r4 r4 r4
V) IQ IQ
411 113 1.0 40 10 143 10 IC/ 10 IA 41.3 ta 10
r4
114 40
Di 02 Oa Oa
11:1 10
ea
r4 r4
tr4 CO 40
24111428
r4
10 40 40 40 1fil-0 19, gl 40 40 40 44:1 142
r40,11014114)40rsCOCbOr404011440t-00060r4C121e)14111040C024141Q111, 4-101191110c419
r4 r4 e-4 r4 r4 r4 ri 01 041 01 01 Ok 01 041 Oa 07 615 In 40 tf? IQ 110
ICI 40
r4 r4 r4 r4
to) 4.1
r4 r4 r4 r4 r4 r4 r4 r4 r4 r4 r-i
OC/ '01e
44)
OA 03 04 V) 1,3 tr3 14)
r4 r4 r4 r4 r4
tO
ri 11)
r4 r4 r4 r4
441 a0 tO
LN. a3 01 0 r4 4:41
14) te2 44) 1f)
LV 01 Oa 0/ 04 20 V)
10 111 LO
r4 r4 r4 r4 r4 Ca 02 Ca 4)11 01 0.1
000 000000000000004000000000
0000000000
r4
tt)
CO 01 0 c-1 N 1141 41 la CO 1". CO 01 0 r4
r4 011
.111if It
r4 r4 r4 r4 r-10-9 r4 r4 r4 r4 Ca Ca 02
14) 141 110. 441 tu. CO 01 0 r4 Oa 10 44P tO (.0 L's, CO 0/ 0 r-1
r4 r4 r4 r4 r-I r-1 r4 r4 r4 r4 r4 r4 r4
r4
107
TkiiLE
ass Llmite
Continued)
Average
Age*
371 - 380
381 - 390
391 - 400
401 - 410
411 - 420
421 - 430
431 - 440
441 - 450
451 - 460
461 - 470
471 - 480
481 - 490
491
501 - 510
511 - 520
521 - 530
531 - 540
541 - 550
551 - 560
561 - 570
571 - 580
581 - 590
00
591
601 - 610
611 - 620
* Age in years
*Increment in mi11imeties
Age
375
385
395
405
415
425
435
445
455
485
475
485
495
505
515
525
535
545
555
568
575
585
595
605
615
AvernFe Growth
Increment**
1.490
.960
1.143
1.511
1.421
.4,768
1.228
1.352
.772
.690
848
.676
.572
.545
.789
.841
.621
.765
655
.600
.565
.455
.579
255
.179
SAMPLE L-0-4 RELATIONSHIP OP
INCREMENT TO AGE
Class Limits
Average
A6a*
0
11
21 .-.
51
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
41
81
61
71
81
91
101
90
100
110
111
120
121 - 130
131 - 140
141 - 150
151 - 160
161
171
181
191
201
211
221
231
Age
5
15
25
55
45
55
65
75
85
95
5,980
4.497
2.939
1.780
1.648
1.429
1.625
1.417
*884
115
125
136
145
.966
.720
.607
156
165
175
185
195
205
215
225
240
236
246
* Age in years
** increment in millimeters
7:313
9.016
105
170
180
190
200
210
220
241 im- 250
Average Growth
Increment**
796
.679
.557
.432
.445
.261
.20
4207
.189
.274
*261
109
TABLE
'SAMPLE L..5-4 RELATIONSHIP OF
INCREMENT TO AGE
Class Limits
Age*
0
AveraLs
A ea
10
11 - 20
21 - 50
31
41
40
50
1 - 60
61 - 70
* age In years
** Increnent in ni
5
$
228
252
918
35
21,066
45
55
65
meters
Averace Growth
Increment**
2.176
10959
1.483
110
RELATIONFAIF OF
BEMENT TO AGE
class Limits
Average
Age*
0- 0
- 20
2 - 30
31 - 40
41 - 50
51.160
61 - 70
Age in years
** Increment in millimeters
5
16
25
35
5
Average Growth
Increment**
2.914
4.216
4.060
4.407
2.925
3.690
3.730
TABLE
SAMPLE 1$00-5 RELATIONSHIP OF
INCREMENT TO AGE
C18s Limits
Age*
I2
Average
Age
0.3.0
45
55
66
solos
30
71-80
75
81 - 90
1 -100
101 0110
111 -120
121 -160
131 -140
141 -150
151 -160
161 -170
171 0160
/81 0190
191 -200
201 -210
211 0220
221 -250
231 -240
241 "250
Increment**
.973
1.020
2.062
2.965
5.189
5
15
25
35
- 20
31 - 40
41 - 50
51 - 60
61 - 70
Average Growth
65
96
105
115
125
136
146
156
168
176
165
195
205
215
2
Age in years
Increment in 0111imeter0
Rom
2.006
1.306
1.061
1.802
1.478
1 230
.897
643
.74a
973
.761
475
.630
*648
71
.391
19
*199
TABLE 9
SAM?
10.0.4A RELATIONSHIP OF
OREMENT TO AtIE
Class Limits
Age*
Average
Age
0 - 10
11
20
215O
140'
41 - 50
51
60
617O
71 - 80
81 - 90
91 -100
101 -110
111 -120
121 -.130
131 .440
141 -150
151 -160
161 -170
171 -180
181 .490
191 200
201 210
211
0
Age In piare
creme:At in mill meters
25
35
45
55
65
7
85
95
105
115
125
145
155
165
175
185
195
205
215
Average Growth
Increment**
10
TIO28ItII 01
61112LE
T TO AGZ
ea LiLte
Average
Age
0
II
21
31
41
10
20
30
40
60
1 - 60
61
70
* Age in years
** Increment In milljjreters
5
5
6
65
Average
r 'nth
Increment
114
TAB
TIO
T TO A.GE
Limits
Average
Age
Afr3e*
o
11.v
21 241 -
10
20
30
5
15
25
40
36
61- '70
71- 80
81- 90
66
51.0
50
60
91 - 100
101 - 110
120
111
121 - 130
151 - 140
141 - 150
151 - 160
161 - 170
171
181
180
190
191 - 200
201 - 210
211 - 220
221 - 230
231 - 240
241 - 250
251 - 260
261
270
271 - 21,0
281 - 290
291 - 300
301 - 310
*_Age in years
'Increment in milli e ers
45
5
75
86
95
105
115
125
155
145
166
165
176
185
195
205
216
225
235
245
255
265
275
285
295
506
P
Average Grgizth
Increment
.670
1.217
1.766
2.316
2.496
2.211
1.227
1.529
1.116
1.259
1.015
1.359
.924
*770
.747
.684
438
.684
3
.450
«427
.594
.452
.445
.378
92
.319
.279
'351
.506
US
TABLE 12
VI-0-2 RELATIONS/ill) 01
INORE103ET TO 'GE
Class Limits
Average
A8
0-
41-
60
61181-
70
51-
9
101
111
121
60
80
90
00
110
120
131 - 140
141 - 150
151 - 160
161 - 170
171 - 180
181 - 190
191 - 200
201
211
221
Age
Inerement`*
3.
2.5o8
1.401
10
11 - 20
21- 30
31 - 40
210
231 - 240
241 - 250
251 - 260
Age in years
meet n millimeters
Averagergvith
25
35
45
5
75
6
105
115
125
135
145
155
165
175
186
195
206
215
245
255
1.409
1.042
1.350
1.207
1.286
1.103
1.473
1.060
1.011
.874
1.012
.526
.684
.823
.666
673
*640
.33?
24
.387
.449
.243
18
20
SU:Ka X-
07
AGE
114C
e Lmita
Av rag* Sr
Inarommt
Aele
0
10
130
31 - 40
60
1 - 60
61
TO
81
91
101
100
110
1- 80
90
111 - 120
121
130
131 - 140
141 - 160
161 - 160
161 - 170
171 - 180
181
190
191 - 200
201 - 210
211 - 220
221 - 230
231 - 240
241 - 260
251 - 260
261 - 270
271 - 280
281 - 290
291 - 300
30
310
311 - 320
521 - 330
331 - 340
1 - 350
361 - 360
561 - 370
5
16
26
Sb
46
5
65
75
85
96
106
115
125
145
155
166
175
186
195
205
216
225
235
245
255
265
275
286
295
30
315
525
335
345
$56
565
80
2.150
2.829
4.103
4.255
3.738
3.010
2.907
3.138
2.163
2.214
2.090
1.787
1.711
1.449
1.504
1.502
1.481
1.120
.675
.116
.802
.89/
69
.666
540
.459
.418
23
.477
.365
.270
.667
.544
.616
.613
.464
117
TABLE 13 (Continmed)
0 ass Limits
Age
371 - 380
381 - 390
*_Age In years
*glne ement in mIllImete
Average
Age
375
385
Average Gr
Increment
.406
66
TABLE 14
SALI2LS
e Ltmite
021-
31
41 51
10
20
30
4
50
60
70
80
90
61 71
81 93. - 100
101 - 110
111 - 120
3.23.
130
131 - 140
141 - 150
151. - 160
161 - 170
171 - 180
181 - 190
191 - 200
201 - 210
211 - 220
223. - 230
231 -- 240
241 251 - 260
261 - 270
271 - 280
283.
Average
Age
Age
1
-.4 RELATIONSHIP
INCRNT TO AE
290
291 - ZOO
801 - 310
311 - 320
321 - 330
331 - 340
341 - 350
351. - 360
361 - 370
371 - 380
581 - 390
6
3.6
Average Gr wt
Iaoreseat *
.588
.33.9
25
3
.373
.651
.735
56
65
+001
45
86
95
3.06
115
125
135
146
165
165
176
185
195
246
215
225
235
245
255
265
276
285
295
305
315
326
335
345
355
265
375
386
.500
578
1.024
1.129
.787
.851
1$
.766
.720
.83
.975
1.020
.915
.966
.892
.993
1.657
1.490
1.289
1.236
1.550
1.444
1.437
1.500
1.272
1.563.
1.165
1.239
«965
1.138
.891
.824
310
TABLR 14 ( ontInaed)
Class Limits
Age
Average
Z91 - 400
401 - 410.
411 - 420
421 - 430
451 - 440
441 - 450
451 - 46J
461 - 470
471 - 480
461 - 490
491 - 600
501 - 610
611 - 520
521 - 530
531 * 840
541 - 550
551 - 560
561 - 570
571
580.
/581 - 590
591 - 600
601 - 610
395
405
415
426
435
445
466
466
475
485
495
506
515
625
.942
.941
.862
.670
.928
1.093
.869
.914
.961
.706
.659
848
556
565
575
.468
.604
.560
510
.319
A.
in years
q""Ineremant in millimeters
Age
56'
595
606
603
.551
.471
0531
.515
0
TABLE 5.4
GROUP L RELATIONSHIP OF NUMBER
OF RESIN CANALS TO INCREMENT
Clue Lialte
Growth Increment*
0.0 .
0.6 1.1
1.6 2./
2.6 5.1 3.6 4.1 4.6
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.6
3.0
3.6
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.6
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.1 - 7.5
7.6
8.0
8.1
8.5
8.6 - 9.0
5.1
5.6 6.1
5.6
9.1 9.6 . 10.0
10.1 - 10.5
10.6 - 11.0
11.1
11.5
11.6 - 12.0
12.1 . 12.5
12.6 - 13.0
13.1 13.5
13.6 . 14.0
14.1
14.6
15.1
14.5
15.0
16.5
Increment in
Avg. No. of Number
Average of
owth Tncrrnent EeIn Canal.* Observation'
0.412
0.813
1.515
1.763
2.333
2,822
3.311
3.862
4.338
4.845
5.372
5.878
6.275
6.826
7.336
7.863
8.395
8.816
9.312
9.795
10.550
0
11.278
11.726
12.345
12.783
0
13.968
0
0
15,588
1 1nsters
0.978
0.906
1.169
1.452
1.287
1.481
1.759
1.476
1.596
0.935
1.862
1.000
1.444
2.166
2.375
0,500
1.285
5.428
2.500
0
0.500
0
0.878
3.000
0
0
0
0
379
485
269
241
114
03.
120A
GROUP L RELATIONSHIP OP
ER SQUARE CENT
MBER OP RESIN CANALS
R TO INCRE
Claes Limits
Average Growth
Inorement*
0.0 - 0.5
0.6 - 1.0
1 - 1.5
0.412
0.813
1.315
1.763
2.333
2.822
3.811
8.862
Growth Increment
6
2.0
3.0
3.5
4,0
4.8
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
1 . 2.5
6
3.1
3.6 4.1 4.6 5.1 5.6 6.1 ...
6.6 ..
7.1 7.6 *
8.1 8.6 9.1 ii. 9.5
9.6 - 10.0
10.1 10.5
10.6 . 11.0
11.1 - 11.5
11.6 - 12.0
12.1 - 12.5
12.6 - 13.0
13.1 - 13.5
13.6 .. 14.0
14.1 - 14.5
14.6-15.0
15.1
15.5
Increment In mll
**avid on 5 milliner
4.538
4.842
5.372
5.878
6.275
6.826
7,336
7.863
8.895
8,816
9.312
9,795
10.550
0
11.278
11.726
12.345
12.783
0
13.968
0
0
15.888
No
NT
of Mosta
5q. Cm.**
Nos
Canals in a Mom
47.475
22,287
18.073
16.471
11.033
10.498
10.625
7.643
7.358
3.862
5.815
3.402
6.602
6.346
6.474
14/1
2.879
12.513
5.369
379
4
269
241
114
0.947
0
8
0
0
6
0
1.551
0.484
0
0
0
0
0
0
81
79
6
52
31
1
9
6
6
4
7
7
4
a
a
0
1
0
0
1
tore
tangential width of annual ring
1205
TABLE 5.2
GROUP M RELAT
OP RESIN CANALS
Class Limits
'PM
0 INCREMUT
Average of
Avg. No.
owth Inerswent Rosin Cana
0.0 - 0.5
0.407
0.373
0.6 - 1.0
0.906
0.6471.1 - 1.5
1.317
0.609
1.6 - 2.0
1.784
0,581
2.1 - 2.5
2.274
0.375
2.6 - 5.0
2.817
0:233
3.1 - 3.5
3.330
0:772
3:6 - 4.0
3.842
1:769.
4.1 - 4.5
4.291
0.636
4:6 - 5.0
4.897
2.500
5.1 - 5.5
5.277
2000
noremsnt in mill motors
Growth Inoremstuto
0
551
496
241
117
48
0
22
2
120C
..2A
TAB
GROUP K RELAT
PER
Class Limits
Growth Increment
0.0 - 0.5
0.6 - 1.0
1.1 - 1.5
1.6 4° 2.0
2.1 - 2.5
2.6
3.3.
3.6
4.1
4.6
5.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
F NUMBER OF RESIN CA
WIER TO
Average
Or
Increment*
0.407
0.906
1.317
1.784
2.274
2.817
3.330
3.842
4.291
4.897
NCRERE
No. of Resin
No. co
Canals in a Observations
Sq. Cm.**
18.529
14.282
9.248
3.256
3.298
1.654
4.636
9.208
2.985
10.212
7,587
5.1 - 5.5
5.277
*Increment in itdllImet.rs
**Based on 5 millimeter ta *atilt width of
551
496
241
3.17
45
TABU 16
TIO
BIP OP MUMBER
£NALS TO INCili.kaiT
Clase Limits
Growth 1moremont
1.6
2.1
2.6
3.1
3.6
4.1
4.6
6.1
54 0
6.1
6.6
7.1
7.6
8.1
8.6
9.1
9.6
10.1.
104
31.6
12.1
12.6
ua
134
0.6
1.0
1.6
24
24
3.0
3.6
4.0
4.6
5.0
6.6
6.0
6.6
7.0
7.6
8.0
8.6
94
908
W4
104
114
U.S
124
12.6
134
154
144
144
14.6
/600
18.1
164
17.1
17.6
14.3.
ua
3.5.6
164
3.6.0
164
174
Ave.No. of Number of
Average of
Growth Increment Regan OwnA1A Observation.
0
0
0
1.750
0
0
0
3,580
0
0
0
0
0
0
7.250
0
0
8.660
0
9.960
10.240
11.000
0
11.660
12.160
0
15.660
0
0
1.5.000
6.200
0
16.620
0
0
17.825
174 1.8.0
* Increment in millimeters
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
o
0
0
000
0
0
13.000
75.000
14.000
0
4.000
13.000
0
22.000
0
0
16.500
15.600
0
29.600
0
0
32.750
0
0
1
0
2
1
0
1
1
0
a
a
TAM& 3.6
SAIPLE L+0+2 MATZO HIP OF
or RESIN CANALS 10 INOREUENT
A. No. of Number of
Avorago of
Class Limits
Growth Inoremont* Growth Increment Rosin Canals Obsorvations
0.0
0.5
0.6 + 1.0
1.1 + 1.5
1.6 + 2.0
2.1 + 2.5
2.6 + 3.0
3.1 + 3.5
3.6 + 4.0
4.1
4.5
4416 + 5.0
5.1 + 5.5
5.6 + 6.0
6.1 + 6.5
6.6 + 7.0
1.1 + 7.5
7.6 + 8.0
8.1 + 8.5
806 + 9.0
9.1 + 9.5
9,6 + 10.0
10.1 + 10.5
10.6 + 11.0
11,1 * 11.5
11.6
12.1
12.0
12.5
0.494
0.868,
1.570:
1.852
2.280
2.797
5.296
5.912
4.437
4.863
5.254
6.069
6.276:
6.754
7.297
8.070
8.346
8.898
9.243
9.726
10.416
10.719
11.314
11.726
12.345
12.708
12.6 * 13.0
Increment in mi li tors
1.440
.704
1.507
1.355
.568
1.583
.700
1.111
1.335
0
2.353
2.000
0
5.500
2.000
2.000
.555
4.500
0
2.000
.500
1.750
0
5.000
TABLE 16A
SAMPLE L-0-2 RZLATZONSEIP OF NUMBER OP RESIN cANALS
PER SQUARE CENTIMETER TO INCREMENT
cis* Limits
Growth Increment
0,0 0.6
1.1 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6
4.1 4.6
5.1 5.8 -
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5,0
5.5
6.0
6.1
6.5
6.6
7.0
7.1 ... 7.5
7.6
8.0
8.1
8.5
8.6
9.0
9.1
9.5
Average Growth No. or Resin
No.
Increment*
Canals in a Ob or,* ions
8q. Cm.**
0.494
0.868
1.370
1.856
2.280
2.797
3.296
3.912
4.437
4.865
5.254
6.069
6.276
6.754
7.297
8.070
8.346
8,898
9.243
9.726
10.416
10.719
11.314
11.72
12.345
12.708
9.6 - 10.0
10.1 - 10.5
10.6 - 11.0
11.1 - 11.5
11.8 - -12.0
12.1 - 12.5
12.6 - 13.0
* Increment in millimeters
60.320
16.960
22.000
14.630
3.230
11.320
4.250
5.680
6.000
0
8.880
6.590
0
16.280
5.480
4.060
.800
0
9.740
0
3.840
.930
3.090
0
4.860
0
**Based on 5 millimeter tangential width or annual
$5
114
5
59
19
10
9
6
6
S
3.
TABLE 17
SAMPLE
MATZO S HIP OF
OF RESIN CANALS TO INCREULET
Average of
Avg. No
Class Limits
Growth Increment* Growth Increment Rmain Canals
0.0 - 0.5
0.6 ii, 1.0
1.1 - 14t5
0
0
1.380
1.941
2.0
2.449
2.1
2.5
2.766
3.0
2.6
3.5
3.562
341 ...
5.6
4.0
3.760
4.414
4.5
4.1
4,9Q
4*6 - 5.0
5.434
5.1 gm. 5.5
5.854
5.6 - 6.0
6.161
6.1 - 6.5
* Increment in millimeter
1.6 ...
0
0
0
0471
1.625
2.125
1.
0.750
6,250
0.600
2.000
2.000
2.000
ber of
errationa
0
TABLE 8
SAMPLE
0-3 RELATIOisiSHIp 0
OF RESIN CANALS TO INCREMENT
Avg. No.
Average of
Class Limits
Growth Increment* Growth Increment Resin Cans Is 0
0 0 a0
0.6
.0.6 a. 1.0
1.1 a. 1.5
1.6
2.0
2.1 a. 2.6
2.6 a' 3.0
3.1 isa 305
3.6 aa 4.0
4.1 4.8
6.0
4.6
5.1
606
6.6 a. 6.0
6.1
6.6
6.6
760
7.1
706
8.0
7.6
8.1 aa 8.6
8.6 aa 9.0
9.1 a. 9.6
9.6 0. 1000
10.1 a. 10.6
10.6 a. 11.0
11.1 a. 11.6
U.S a. 1200
12.1 12.6
15.0
15.6
1506
14.0
14.1 1444
14.6 18.0
15.1 a. 1505
Inerement iii
1206
13.1
0.428
0.1776
1.374
1.844
2.313
2.862
3.296
3.835
4.293
4.840
5.404
8.886
6.457
6.921
7.311
7.794
8.665
0
0
9.667
10.370
0
11.175
12.933
0
15.968
0
15.688
litere
0.712
0.704
1.006
1.729
0.952
1.732
1.750
1.740
1467$
5.000
0.600
2.900
0
0.666
1.750
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
of
ations
120
72
74
$1
34
28
27
23
12
10
3
Ti
t4 0
TIONSHIP OP
PER SQUARE CENTIMETER 70 INCRE
Class Llmits
Growth Increment
0.0 - 0.5
0.6 - 1.0
1.1 - 1.5
1.6 - 2.0
2.1 - 2.5
2.6 - 5.0
3.1 - 5.5
5.6 - 4.0
4.1 4.5
4.6 - 5.0
6.1 - 5.5
5,6 . 6.0
6.1 6.5
6.6 - 7.0
7.1
7.5
$0. of
Average Growth No. of Resin
Canals in a Obe.rv.ttoas
Increment*
Sq. Om.
0.428
0.776
1.374
1.844
2.313
2.852
3.295
3.835
4.293
4.840
5.404
5.886
33.270
18,140
14.620
18.750
8.230
11.900
10.610
9.070
7.790
12.390
1.830
9.270
6.921
7.311
1.920
4.780
0
92
120
78
74
0
* Increment in millimeters
**Rased on 5 millimeter tangential width of annual r n
TABLE 19
L*0*4 RELATIONSHIP OF
Kft
RESIN CANALS TO INCREMENT
Avg. No. of amber of
Average of
Class Limits
Growth Increment* Growth Increment Resin Canals Observations
98
0.795
0.0 - 0.5
0.324.
54.
0.796
0.627
0.6 - 1.0
28.
1.107
1.349
1.5
1.1
24
0.750
1.765
2.0
1.6
1
0
2.140
2.1 * 2.5
2
0
2.760
.2.6
3.0
4
1.500
3.276
3.5
3.1
3
2.666
3.6 * 4.0
3.736
10
4.414.
1.000
4.1
4.5
2
0.500
4.794
4.6 * 5.0.
a
2.666
5.392
5.1 * 5.5
0
0
0
6.0
5.6
2
6.207
3.500
6.5
601
1
1.000
6.690
6.6 * 7.0
1
4.000
7.587
7.1
7.5
0
' 7.6 * 8410
7.794
5
2.666
8.392
8.1 * 8.5
6
8.802
6.353
8.6 * 9.0
2
0.500
9.381
9.1 * 9.5
0
9.898
9.6 * 10.0
2.000
1
10.416
10.1 * 10.5
0
0
10.6 * 11.0
0
11.313
11.1 11.5
Increment in mill me era
'
.
20
SAMPLE 10-5-4 RELATIONSHIP OF NUMBER
OP RESIN CANALS TO INCREMENT
0 ass Limits
Growth Incremen
0.0 - 0.5
0.6 1.0
1.1 - 1.5
1.6 - 2.0
2.1 - 2.5
2.6 - 3.0
3.1 - 5.5
546 - 4.0
*Increment in
Avg. No. of Number of
Avsrags of
Growth Increment Resin Canals Observation*
0
0.914
1.449
1.847
2467
2.840
3.465
3.851
0
0
1.625
1.923
2.154
1.600
1.375
1.666
13
It
21
21
Jr
SUOTVIAA09q0
0 'OIL
q4PIA
099'8
028*/,
098'11
008°81
08800
08r83
0
0
atiqoumpit
emTIIIIK
198.9
99,62
08*8
k9g°3
04,8*1
Mort
1,18"0
0
WINO 'be
*WOVIWOUI
is a; rosulto
u sou ;0 .01/ q4,4040 911a*Ay
uo palms*
4u*s*Aoui *
0*,
9*2
I*2
9°2
0°9 - 9°8
948 O*8
9*t
0*I
2.0
9'1
'VT
910
0.0
ammouX 14440J0
imporm *gm
INSKEOMX Oa* HEISMIKRO malls Wid
MOO KIM do nom AO dINSKOILVISH #4.9-7 RUM
YO8 RIRIAL
rag
ulna 21
5.4.4A RELATIONSHIP
CANALS TO
Average of
Glass. Melts
Growth Increment* Growth Inoreme
0.0 0.5
0.6 w 1.0
1.1 ... 1.5
1.6 6,- 2.0
2.1 2.5
2.6 3.0
3.1 5.5
3.6 4.0
461 * 4.5
4.6 * 500
5.1 5.5
5.6 6.0
*Increment in rdllime
0
0
0
0
2.369
2.837
3.487
3.97
4.294
4.819
5.277
5.829
s
Avg. No. of Numbs, of
Resin Canals Observations
0
0
3.000
0.833
3.235
0.923
1.750
1.375
2.400
6A
TA13LE 21A
SAMPLP L3-4A RELPTION3HIP OF NUMBER OF RESIN CANALS
PER SQUARE CENTTMETER TO TNCREMENT
Class Limits
Growth rnorament
Average Growt
Increment*
0.0 - 0.5
0.6 - 1.0
0
1,1 - 1.5
0
1.6 - 2.0
2.369
2.1 - 2.5
2.837
2.6 - 5.0
3.1 - 3.5
3.487
3.971
3.6 - 4.0
4.294
4.1 - 4.8
4.6 - 5.0
4.819
5.1 - 5.5
5.277
5.6 - 6.0
5. 9
*Increment in at11i.tera
*Based on 5 millimeter tangen
No. o
No. of Resin
Canals in a Observations
Sq. Om.
0
25.327
2.348
18.543
4.648
8.150
5.706
9.096
width of annual
a
13
13
TABLE 22
SAMPLE 14+0+5 RLLATIONSHIP OF NUMB
Oi RESIN CANALS TO INCREMENT
muiber of
Avg. No. of
Average of
nage Limits
Growth Xnerement* Growth Xnerement Resin Canals Observations
0.0 +
0.6 +
1.1 +
1.6 +
2.1
2.6 +
3.1
3.8 +
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
5.0
3.5
4.0
4.1 - 4.5
4.6 + 5.0
5.1
5.5
Inez* nsnt in
0.407
0.762
1.303
1.831
2.374
2.788
3.277
3.965
4.100-
0.785
0.951
0.978
1.538
1.500
2.000
3.500
4.000
5.315
2.000
0
11inst
0
0
TABLE 25
AMPLE Le.0-3A REI4TIorskiIP OF
MEER
OF RESIN CANALS TO INGREMEMT
Avg. Mo. of ilmmber of
Average of
owth Increment Resin Canals Obscristion*
1.302
0.395
0.0 ... 0.5
(Log . 1.0
1 396
0.617
1.171
1,281
1.1 1.3
2.161
1.743
1.6 '0 2.0
4.000
2.230
2.1 2.6
* Increment In millimeters
Class ',mite
rowth Increment*
SA
TA
3A
SAMPLE 10.0-5A RELATIONSHIP OP NUM
PER :WARE CENTIMETER TO I
IN CANALS
No. of
Average Growth No. of Resin
Canals
in
a
Observations
Increment*
Growth Inorement
Sq. Cm.**
Class Limits
0.0
0.5
0,6 - 1.0
1.1 - 1.5
1.6 - 2.0
2.1 - 2.5
0.393
0.817
1.281
1.743
2.230
55.080
34.149
18,280
25,025
35.874
78
96
55
Li
2
* Inorement in mi tasters
**Based on 5 millimeter tangential width of annual ring
TABLE 24
SAMPLE
S.45 RILLATIOASHIP
OF RLSIN CANALS TO IC
Class Limits
Growth Increment,
0.0
0.5
0.6 - 1.0'
1.1
1.5
1.6 - 2.0'
2.1 - 2.5.
41. Increment in
Avg. No. of Number of
Average of
owth Incremen Resin Canals Observations
0.256
0.686
1.277
1.764
2.279
llimeters
0.875
1.166
1.454
1.116
0./00
21
12
?ASVE 24A
SAMPLE
5 IELATIOW3RXP OF NUMBER OF RESIN CANALS
SQUARI4 CENTIMETER TO INCREMENT
Class Limits
Growth Increment
0.0 - 0.5
0.6 - 1.0
1.1 - 1.5
1.6 - 2.0
2.1 - 2.5
No. o
Averap Growth No. of Resin
Canals in a Observations
Increment*
Sq. Cm.**
0.236
0.6
1.277
1.764
2.279
Increment in millimeters
Based on 5 millimeter tango
81.010
28,930
22,700
12.650
6.140
21
12
11
1
10
of annual ring
MIS 25
AMPLE 11..1..1 RELATIONSHIP OF NUMBER
OF RESIN CALAIS TO INCREMENT
Avg. No. of amber of
Average of
Class Limits
Growth Incrment* Growth Increment Resin Canals Observation'
139
0.391
0.0 0.5
0.395
0.845
0.6 100
0.012
1.5
0.012
1.330
1.787
0.002
1.6 2.0
2.361
0
2.1 2.5'
2.800
3.0
206
0,014
3.1 3.5
3.285
0
Increment in Mistr*
180A
TABLE 25A
8AMPL1 M.O1 EZLMXO18IIIP OP NU
PER 30A
Limits
RR OP RESIN CANALS
CENTIMETER TO INCREMENT
Average Oowth No. of Resin
Increment*
Canal in *
SQ. Cm.**
0.0
0.5
0.6 - 1.0
1.1 - 1.5
1.6 - 2.0
2.1 - 2.5
2.6
0.391
0.845
1.330
1.787
2.361
2.800
Z.285
of
ations
20.200
,284
.180
.002
0
.010
12
7
3.0
1
51 3.5
0
* inerement in mill metere
**Based on 6 millimeter tangential width of annual r ni
TABLE 26
SAMPLE K"0'2 RELATIONSHIP OF =UR
OF RRSIN CANALS TO INCRENRNT
Avg. RO. of Nimbler of
Average of
Class Limits
Growth ncrenonte Growth Increment Resin Canals Observation*
105
0.378
0.352
0.0 m 0.8
76
0.845
0.307
0.6 m 1.0
58
0.258
1.305
1.1.m 1.8
13
0.376
1.8 m 2.0
1.753
9
0.333
2.255
2.1 m 2.5
0
0
2.6 m 3.0
3.1 m 3.5
3.555
1.000
Increment in millimeters
TABLE 26A
SAMPLE M.O..2 RELATIONSHIP OF NUMBER OF RE31N CANALS
PEi SQUARE CENTIMETER TO INCREMENT
Class Limits
Growth Increment
0.0
0.5
0.6 - 1.0
1.1 - 1.5
1.6 - 2.0
2.1 - 2.5
2.6 - 3.0
3.1 - 3.5
Average Growth No. of Resin
Canals in a
Increment*
Sq. Cm.**
0.378
0.845
1.305
1.753
2.255
0
3.555
Increment 5n millimeters
18.800
7.300
4.000
4.280
10. 0
Oarvation*
105
7
5
2.900
0
5.600
*Based on 5 millimeter tangential width of annual ring
TABIJ 27
SAMPL
'O.3 RELATIONSHIP OF NUMB=
OF RESIN CANALS TO INCREMENT
Average of
Avg. NO. of Number of
Class Limits
Growth Ineremont* Growth Inoreme t Resin Canals Observations
144
0.542
0.0 * 0.5
0.436
1.026
0.6 * 1.0
0.809
1.097
4
1.425
1.1 * 1.6
39
0.846
1.829
1.6 20
23
0.347
2.258
2.1 * 2.5
0.260
2.823
2.6 * 5.0
0.800
20
5.1 * 3.5
3.521
3.842
1.768
3.6 * 4.0
0.636
4.291
4.1 * 4.5
446 * 5.0
4.897
WOO
8.277
2,000
5.1 * 5.5
ors
Increment in mill
TABLE 28
SAMPLE M.,0-4 RELATIONSHIP OF NUMBER
OP RESIN CANALS TO INCREMENT
Class Limits
Growth Inorems t
0.0
066
1.1
1.6
2.1
068
1.0
14
2.0
2.6
Avg. NO. of Atmber of
Average of
Growth Incasement Resin Canals Observations
0.414
0,975
1,281
1.732
2.263
increment in aillirneters
0.220
0.812
0.747
0.741
1.760
163
256
111
31
4
TABLE
IO
SAMPLE L-1
HIP Of
ATUIVAR OF RBSIN CABALS TO AGE
rags Numb
Average
Oleos
Rosin Canals
1649
Age
Ag
0-2O
10
TABLE 29A
0 8 IP OP
OF R$IN OAIALS TO AGE
ambit
Average
of Resin Cana
0
0
0
4
31
6
13
5
16
215
10
11
16
16
28
26
39
44
22
14
20
are
12
135
TABLE, 30
L-0-2 RELATIONSHIP OP
OP RESIN uilAIS TO AGE
Oleos Lit
Age
Age
0- 20
21- 40
41- 60
61-
Average
80
81 - 100
101 - 120
121 - 140
141 - 160
161 - 180
181 - 200
201 - 220
221 - 240
241 - 260
261 - 280
281 - 300
1 - 520
321 - 540
1 - 560
361 - 380
381 - 400
In years
10
0
50
70
90
110
130
150
170
190
210
SO
250
270
290
310
30
350
370
390
Average Snabor
of RosinCanals
1.00
1.66
0.76
1.00
1.20
3.36
0.80
1.45
1.40
0.80
1.10
1.30
0.80
0.46
0.60
0.80
1.86
1.26
0.76
0.76
3.86
TABLE 51
SAMPLE L-3-2 RELATIONSBIP OP
ALWBER OP RESIN
Class Lrnite
A846
0- 20
40
21 41 - 60
80
81 - 100
6l'
Ago in xoare
A.NALS TU AGE
Average
iitfe
10
30
50
70
90
sorago
amber
of Resin Canals
1.80
2.10
1.76
1.15
1.37
13?
1142 L-0-5 RLAflO::I2 01
R OP RLSIN
Average Umber
0 ape I4mlts
of Iteeln Canals
Age
0-
161 - 180
181 - 200
201 - 220
221 - 240
241 - 260
261 - 280
281 - sop
301 - 520
321
$40
$41 - 560
361 - 380
sel - 400
401 - 420
421 - 440
441 4. 460
461
481
50
0
20
21 - 40
41- 60
61 - 80
81 - 100
101 - 120
121 - 140
141 - 160
400
500
520
621 - 540
541 - 560
561 - 680
581 - 600
601 - 6
*Ale in er
AMLb TO AG.8
70
0
1.1.0
130
150
170
190
210
230
250
270
290
$10
330
350
570
590
410
450
450
470
490
510
530
560
570
590
610
1.15
2.17
2.72
1.-40
1.52
.85
1.15
1.45
1.96
1.56
1.00
1.22
1.87
1.60
1.02
1,70
1,70
1.16
.85
.g0
0k5
.50
.60
.56
.72
.8?
142
1
.2
t
090
08,0
98'0
990
99'0
90°1
oeo
99'0
060
093
023
013
061
Oh/
091
021
Ott
0
Oh
09
OT
42te3
oe
08°1
steuso wool/ ;cs
getterog theze.iir
limpet in oily*
038
O0
091
091
Ott
to3
t8t
TtI
131
Oat - tot
001 - 19
08
09
Ot
00
-t19
3
0
efiy
FT Nino
o9gze4y
.9"f0 II
2
RE 40
t-0-1
7.711tVZ
139
RAKPLE 14-54 RSLATIONSHIF OF
NUMUR OP R28111 CANALS TO AGE
Class 14mits
Age
0-20
21 - 40
41 - 60
61 - 80
*Age in years
Average
Ail
10
50
bD
TO
Average Number
et Resin Canals
1.46
2.56
2.36
2.00
Siang
NUMBER
5-4A RELATIONSEI2 OP
RESIN CANALS TO AGE
Average
Average Xamber
Age
of Reath Canals
10
2.00
1.60
1.08
1.77
SO
50
TO
141
TABLL 36
SAUPLE L-0-5
RELATION81i12 OF
XJ1.13,2 Oi 11-XAN CAUalk
Class Limits
A.ge
0-
21-
41 61 -
81
101
121
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
141 - 160
161 - 180
181 - 200
201 - 220
221 - 240
Age In yeare
Average
Age
10
30
50
70
90
110
130
150
170
190
210
230
AGE
Average fiamber
of Resin Canals
.70
.55
1.75
2.30
1.00
.85
1.70
.90
1.15
.95
.45
.90
TABLE
7
SAMPLE L-(1-5A RELATIONBRI
VUiisR OF RtSi
Class Limits
4410
0.
1
20
40
60
41 80
1
1 - 100
101 - 120
121 - 140
141 - 160
161 - 180
181 - ROO
ZO1 - 220
*Age iii reams
OF
1ALi 10 AGE
rage
Age
10
30
50
7.
90
110
30
150
170.
190
210
Avers8.
sr
of Rosin Oaaals
2.15
1.25
2.10
2.45
1.25
.90
.70
.55
X.115
TABLE ZS
SAMPLE 10-3-5 RELATIONBAIP OP
NUMBER OF RESIN CABALS TO AGE
Class Limits
Age
Average
0 - 20
0
30
21 - 40
4 - 60
in gears
60
Avenge Nambor
of Resin Canals
40
1.60
1.76
TABLE 39
II-0-1 RE
OP RESIn C
Olase Limits
Average Umber
Av
of Resin Canals
Ag
0- 20
21 -
41i.
61-
281
301
10
40
60
80
30
50
70
300
320
110
130
160
170
190
210
250
250
270
290
310
81 - 100
101 - 120
121 - 140
141 - 160
161 - 180
181 - 200
201 - 220
221 - 240
241 - 260
261 - 260
In years
OF
AL8 TOAOS
90
.20
.10
0
145
TABLE 40
0-2 'MATZO HIP OP
8AWLS
AMBER OP RESIN QABA1t8 TO ACM
Oleos
te
Age
0- 20
21- 40
10
1 - 100
101 - 120
121 - 140
141 - 160
161 - 180
181 - 200
201 - 220
221 - 240
241 - 260
90
110
150
150
4161-
60
80
ge in years
3()
50
70
170
190
210
230
250
.65
.20
.30
.15
.30
0
.25
.25
.15
.65
.15
.45
.65
TAB= 41
WIZ
ON HIB OF
CLAI8 TO AGE
'BER 0? RE31
Class I4inLts
A
0- 20
21- 40
41 - 60
61- 80
81 - 100
101 - 120
121 - 140
/41 - 160
161 - 180
181 - 200
201 - 220
221 . 240
241 - 260
261 - 200
281 - SOO
301 - 520
321 - 540
341 - 660
361 - 380
*Age
years
Average
Age
10
30
50
70
90
110
150
160
170
190
210
230
250
270
290
310
330
360
370
A
erase ttmber
of R0*
20
1.00
1.00
0.80
0.20
0.30
0,76
1.16
1.20
1.05
0.85
1.50
$05
.10
.60
.46
147
TAB " 42
ki-0-4
OP RE
Claes L
its
Ado
Average
A80
0
20
41
60
80
21- 40
61-
LATIONSH
CAJALS
10
30
50
70
83. - 100
101 - 120
3.21
140
141
/60
90
110
130
160
170
190
203.
21,0
161
181
180
200
220
221 - 240
243. - 260
261 - 280
300
281
$01 - 320
321 - 340
341 - 360
561 - 580
383. - 400
401 - 420
423. - 440
441 - 460
461 - 480
481
501
500
520
521 - 540
541 - 560
561 - 580
581 - 600
*Age in years
230
250
270
290
310
330
350
'70
390
410
430
450
470
490
510
530
550
670
690
OP
AGZ
rege Jumber
Resin
.05
0
.25
.15
.25
.05
.70
.40
.25
.25
.35
.45
.15
.95
.65
2.15
.90
1.35
1.66
1.70
1.55
.55
.95
.20
.30
.40
.30
TABLE 43
SAM?
2 11IkT101SBI4 0? NUMR
OP HOR1Z0NTM RSI
1U.L8 TO AGE
Ember o
Canals
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
520
350
340
360
360
370
7
5
6
4
3
2
6
3
2
6
3
3
4
7
7
4
3
1
3
4
6
5
4
a
a
6
0
6
149
TLBLI 43 (00
a
flambe/. of,#41
Mangle"'
3
380
390
*Age in years
"Bamber of resin man*
section of animal ring
A
5
A3
egos
meters tangential
150
TABLE 44
16.0-1 RALATIONSEIP OP AMER
0? HORIZONTAL }SIN CANALS TO AGS
SALTT,
Number
O
20
30
40
50
60
70
10
12
so
90
100
110
120
130
140
12
6
118
170
180
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
6
7
5
5
ZOO
310
Age in years
'Xamber of resin canals in 3.5 square millimeter tat4entIal
section of anneal ring