9 lo XO 66t O T7T 9J29 9tflbGX eq ttrttt: tTL4td tT CTIOO O(O YJ o peTqn V :Ho irxi: IIO 1OiOUOtHOYLN5ZcI NI cflV cxvi a a000aoo ov"rn ivriw1i oNn"vo o 10 }0I&VOfl!.tLNI i na. t'IiI V APPROVED : / Signature redacted for privacy. Protessor ot Forest Products In Charge ot ajor Signature redacted for privacy. /Eead of Department of Forest Products Signature redacted for privacy. Chi1ran of 3ohool Graduate Cormittee Signature redacted for privacy. cc, Dean of rdute School AC NQLJDGEMNT The author wishes to express his appreciation to Dean Paul M. Dunn, Director, snd Dr. Phimiater B. Proctor, Technical Director, Oregon Forest Products Laboratory, for funds and facilities that made it possible to conduct this project; to Mr. Robert D. Graham, Technologist, Wood Preservation Division, Oregon Ioreat Products Laboratory, for his technical counsel and help throughout this project; to Professors ohn . Grantham and W. I. West, Department of Forest Products, School of orestry, Oregon State College, for their helpful in3truotione in the preparation of this paper. Plate l Cold and hot aoaking equipment CONTENT3 It'ThODUOTION Ii. LITERATURJ }EVlW Previous results oi pexItaOi2lorOpheXAol treatments Pentaoli].oropheno. solutions as wood preservatives aotors afteoting preservative treatments iODU Exriiienta3. equipment .. T&nks 7 Inc is ing hwers Accessories PreservEitive solution used Collection, peeling and soasonixL 5. material election or samples 12 Measurement or moisture content 12 6. Preparation or samples . 13 nd coating B. Incising 7, Treatiw conditions 14 14 page 8. Methods used to determine penetration .4. Radial panstration B. nd penetration IV. ERINTL RESULTS MD CONCLUSIONS Soaking tr t black cottonwoo4 The height of end penetration of cold and hot pentachiorophenol solutions attained in black cottonwood samples under different eoakin periods Cold soaking of non-incised, uncoated 15 1 20 20 20 black cottonwood samples to determine end penetration, radial penetration e.nd retention Cold soaking of incised, end-ooated black cottonwood samples to determine radial penetration and retention Hot soaking Cf noninoised, endeoated black cottonwood samples to determine radial ponetration and retention 3 Hot scaking at incised, endcoated black cottonwood sampl* to deteraine radial penetration and retention 37 2. otizi, r tr!ents of rei alder 4. . The hei;ht of end penetration of cold and hot prntechloropbenol solutions attained in red alder samples under different soaking periods . Cold soaking of non-'incissd, uncoated red alder samples to determine end penetration, radial penetration and retention 0. Cold aoakini of incised, end.00ated red alder samples to determine radial pnetration and retention 4.1 4. V. SUMLLRY OF CONCLUSIONS 56 APPZNDIZ 59 32 cottonwood black eM-coated incised, in solution phenol pentaeh].oro- cent per 5 cold a of Retention 3b- Graph 31 cottonwood black end-coated incised, in solution pentachiorophenol cent per 5 cold a of penetration radial of Depth 3a- Graph 27 cottonwood black non-inoised,uncoated in solution pentaohlorophciaol cent per 5 cold a of penetration end of height and Reteation 2b- Graph 26 wod cotton- black non-inoiaed,unooated in tion solu- pentaohlorophenol cent per 5 cold a of level treating at penetration radial of 22 Depth 2a- Graph cottonwood black in solution pexitechiorophenol cent per hot and cold a of penetration end of height 1-. Graph 17 trtd a sarnple from cut section a on penetration radjtt]. of depths medium and minimum maxiiumu, the ieasurin of method the Illustrating 3-- figure 10 tooth of shape and hawzner incia1zg of TypEs 2-- Figure treatnient soing hot in used eiprnent of rrawent 1-- Figure GRAPHS AND FIGURES page Graph 4a- Depth of radial penetration of a hot 5 per pace oent pentachiorophenol solution in non-in- cised,end-coated black cottonwood 35 Graph 4.b- Retention of a hot 5 per cent pexitaohloro- phenol solution in non-iuoiaed,end-ooated black cottonwood Graph Sa- Depth of' radial penetration of a hot 5 per cent pentachiorophenol solution in incised, end-coated black cottonwood Graph 5b- Retention of hot phenol solution in 5 per cent pentachioroneiaed, end-coated black cottonwood 3 Graph 6-- Height of end penetration of a cold and a hot 5 per cent pentaoblorophenol solution in red alder 7a- Depth of radial penetration at treating level of a cold pentachiorophenol solution in non-incised, uncoated red alder Graph 7b- Retention and height of end penetration of a cold 5 per cent pentachiorophenol solution in non-incised, uncoated red alder Graph 8a- Depth of radial penetration o a cold 5 per cent pentachiorophenol solution in incised, end-coated red alder 46 46 50 page Graph 8b- Retention of a cold 5 per cent pentachioro- phenol solution in incised, end-coated n.d alder 5 PIAT8 Plate 1- Cold. sn3. hot soaking equipment Frontispiece Illustrating the shallow, non-uniform pattern of radial penetration that occurs in treating non-incised end-coated samples Plate 3- Illustrating the more uniform pattern Of radial penetration that occurs in treat- 59 in incised, end-coated samplea 60 Plate 4- The first two of a series of tour pictures showing the increase of radial penetration with time in cold soaking incised, endcoated red ald.r samples Plate 5- Th last two of a series of tour pictures showing the increase of radial penetration with time in cold soaking incised, endcoated red. alder samples 6 62 IININART IBVSTIGATION 0 TILE SQAXING ThL&TMT 01 BLACE COTTONWOOD AND ALDIR tNO POSTS U PTACLWROtZN0L INTRODUCTION The farms in tbe United States (1) have in use a tot over two and one-half billion wooden feoe posts ua3. replacement estimated at we].l over three U.ion poets. Oregon alone has on Its farms over y million posts, few of ith.ioh are given preservative .atmant. In recent years, the cost of the more durable species baa become almost prohibitive due to the in-' creasing scarcity of these woode. On til. other band, species of Orseon woods with 3.ow durebility, such as black outtonwood end red alder, provide a source of raw material uttale for farm posts or other uses. According to Graham aksx' (3.8, Table 2), the average service life of blaok cottonwood and red alder used f or fence posts is approximately 4.$ and 5.2 years respectively. If such non-Aura- b].e speies were well treated, to double or triple their service life, the annual cost of tenc.e posts in some areas of oregon would be much reduced. The experimental treating of non-durable species of Oregon farm uses was initiated by the School of Porsatry at Oregon 8tate College twenty five years ago whin the T. J. 8tarker experimental fence post fans was etabl&ehed. The preservatives used for treating fence posts inolud, most of the well reoognied toxic oils and the water soluble salts. Studies carried on elsewhere United States in more recent years indicate that p obloropbenol as a wood preservative lengthens the life of some non-durable species. A preservative treatment for farm application should be relatively easy to use and should require no elaborate or expensive equipment. ion this reason, the oo34 soakiu or hot soaking processes are suggested f or these species of wood to which they are adaptabis, The objective of the present study was to investigate cold soaking and hot soaking preservative treatments black cottonwood and red alder in a 5 p.r cent psntachlorophenol solution in-as-niuoh..aa these species are available in quantity on far.s of Western Oregon. Since there has been little reported work done on the preservative treatment of blaok cottonwood and red alder several treating variables such as soaking time, treating temperature, effect of incising and rate of end penetration were investigated. An effort also was made to find an effective end coating mateni1 that would greatly retard end penetration of the treating solution, to permit e use of short sections for determining radial penetration. LITiRATUR REVIEW 1 ?r.vtous results of pentaohloroheno1 treatments U.t000k (19, p. 16) mentioned that the species which have shown the best absorption and penetration of penta oblorophenol were the oaks and the pines. Satisfactory treatments of cottonwood, aspen, poplar, ash, .11*, willow and cedar by tb cold soaking method also have been r ported (20, p. 16 and 22). lioplcine (20, p. 12-13) reported that posts rid gun, red oak, pos soak in ho oak and elm subjected. to water, then to a l..hour cold bath in 5 per eat pentaohloroph.nol-keroaens solution all showed absorp." one of 0.24 to 0.33 gallons per pos4 when the poets were ated for only half of their length, considered satisfactory by Ropkine. This absorption was Red oak soaked bours cold 5 per osat pentachlorophenol-kerosene solution absorbed 0.33 gallon per post. Pins soaked 5 hours end gun soaked 6 hours in the sane solution absorbed Th1s epproxjste i 0.77 d to 6 pou1s per cubic foot for fence posts with an averaigs diameter ot5 inches. 0.58 gallons per poet, respeotively, or more than the sired antouit f solution. and. a l68-4irur colA oa1ctn 24.4iour cold soiking for elm , for oet oak in the same solu.' tion absorbed 0.50 and 0.40 gallons ier poet respectively. Plwmr (27, p. 7) has etatqd that farm teno. posts and highway guard-rail posts having a normal ervice life of 3 to 4 years can be expected to 1at 10 years or more when treated with about one-halt to one gallon of a readyto-use solution of pentacttlorophenol per post. ?actioal reoommendationa for treat tug poets of lodge.' pal. pine and aspen when using pentachlorophenol have been published by the Utah School of Forestry (29, p. 10). A000rdin.g to the "Penta Cold Soak" post treating monstrations and tests made by Wobletz and Revensoroft (36, p. 8.9 nd p. II) the average anticipated servics life of lodgepole pine posts was 15 years while untreated posts lasted only 2 to 4 years. The suitability of idaho timber species for treatment were listed as a. asy to treat-.-Lodgepole pine, ponclerosa pine an white pine Satisfactory (Special conditions and aethod* fleaeseary)-Aspen, Western red oedur, cottonwood, pop1r aM rand fir jitttoult (Not well adapted to cold treatment) Larch and L)owlas-tir. 5 A classification of specte according to treating ults obtained by 48-hour cold Roalcing in pentachiorophenol solution made by Walters (32, Table 5) was as follows ; Very good treatment obtaineö--Syrnnore Good to very good treatment obtained--Eastern white pine, norway pine and red elxa (slippery) a. Good treatment obtaiied--.Loblolly pine, shortlear pine, laretooth aspen, qtiaking aspen, river birch, black cherry, cottonocd, white (ierioan) el haokberry, 3hagbark htckor,, black oak, red oak and wtte oaic Good to poor treatment obtained--Willow Fair to poor treatent obtained-.4orway spruce, ash, catalpa an silver rtaple. 2. Pentachlorophenol solutions wood ?reaervatives Petroleum oils ooiwnonly are used as solvent carriers pentachiorophenol because of their low cost. The de- sirable properties of pentaohi.orophenol have been present- ed, by many authors advocating its use (9, 10, U, 26, 27, 30 and 36). These may be su arized to include : high toxicity to fungi, termites and insects but not injurious to higher rorms of kits Low solability in water c. Low vapor pressure at ordinary temperatures 4. Good stability under the influence of light, ma]. temperatures, soil acids and alkalies . Non-corrosive to metals f. Clean and odorless (depending upon the solvent used) . Low fire hazard after solvent has evaporated. h. Readily available at moderate cost. Santophen 20, Permatol, Perinatox VQR and. Permatox A are common proprietary preservatives of pentachiorophenol in oil formulated by commercial chemical ooaipanies. Dowicide 0 or Santobrite and Permatox 10-8 are water soluble sodium pentachiorophenate used for stain control and soil poisoning (10, 11, 13, 14, 26 and 35). arfectin$ preservative treatments The factors affecting the preservarive treatment of wood may be surnrnrjzed from eeveral references (3, 6, 21, 29, 32 and 36) as : The species of wood. The density of wood. o, The relationship between sapwood and heartwood d. The relationship between springwood and aummerwood The moisture content of the wood The form and size of the tinber g. The surface characteristics of the wood such as the presence of bark, resinglaze, blue stain and mold The method of peeliflg The length and severity of season The effect of incising k. The properties of the preservative 1. The treating conditions such as temperature,time and pressure. EIPERIMiTTAL PEOCDUli erinent eQuiDme4t Tanks The tanks useti for cold soaking were three 5-gallo* drums with covers. Two of these were used as soaking tanks and the other one as a drain tank. A hand-Operated barrel pump was used for mixing and pumping the preserva- tive into and out of the tanks. The equipment used for treatments requiring hot soakin consisted of a steam heater, electric pump, temperature gauge, storage tank and three treating tanks connected as period. draining be during svxplea treated the supporting for plates torated per and samples, weighing for balance Toledo laboratory a solution, tn treat of depth the neaeurung for 20007 to 00? from ranging thermometer a wood, aZ content ture mois- the nsasurtng for meter moisture ag4eppenetall a in used equipment Other : included1 experiments the 2b. awl Za Pigures in shown haa incising of types two the of Details length. a 0.70 were teeth exposed the types both In teeth. en be- inch 0.90 of distance a and rows betwien inch 0.60 of distance a with pattern diagonal a givs to rows aggered in arranged diweter in inch Q.25 teeth had Type rows. between inch 0.50 and teeth between inch 0.70 of distance a with rows uniform Lii arranged diameter in inch 0.20 teeth incising of typos Two had A Type used. were hwnsars sing 1. Figure in shown 9 Preservative inlet Storage tank Valve Pipe leading preservative to treating tank r Treating tank S reating Treating tank tank 34 inche ipe deep pipe Pipe connected at 22 inches from the bottom of treating tank leading to electric pump Pipe connected near the bottom of treating tank leading the heated preservative from the steam heater to treating tank 1 --Temperature gauge - Steam inlet lectric pump Steam drain Steam trap Steam heater Figure 1-- Arrangement of equipment used in hot soaking treatment 10 0.20"(Type A) or 0.25"(Type B) \ 0.4" H 0.3" Edge view I 5" Base of tooth screwed to flat iron plate Shape of tooth I :j Side view Size 4.0" 349" 0.5" thick flat iron 1ate position of tooth 12 hollow steel pipe brazed to the plate Q59 in diameter Type Size Type B Figure 2-- Types of incising hammer and shape of tooth Pre3ervative solution ued The l..to..10 concentrate of pentachioropheflol manuZao tured by the Chapman Co. was the preservative used in this study. This contained approximately 40 per cent pentaobio rophenol by weight. When nitxed at a 1-to-iC ratio ( 1 gal- lon of concentrate to 10 gallons of solvent carrier ) a readytOUS5 solution containing per cent of pentachioro- phenol by weight was obtained. No. 2 diesel oil having a flash point of about 16007 was used as the solvent carrier, The pentaoh1orophenoldiiesel oil solution was so light in color that an indicator was required to determine penetra- tion. An oil soluble red dye ( Sudan Red BBA Dye manufac- tured by the General Dyostuff Corporation, New York, adeed at a rate of l grains of powdered form to 1 gallon of preservative, proved to be a very satisfactory indicator for these studies. Colleotiona, peeling and geasoniu of material Black cottonwood and red alder trees were felled in the vicinity of Corvallis, Oregon, during the month of 3une, 1948. These trees were cut into 10-foot bolts with top dia- asters ranging fron 3 to 6 inches inside of bcrk. The 12 bolts were pe8led inedIately by the use of an axe, obiiel or 1rawknife, the drawknife be 1n, the raost suItable for pee1In b3lts with tight Dark. The posts were cut into 30-inch saiples which were oros-pi1ed ii an open yard for seasoning. Hollow tUe were ue1 as 'ile founlations. seasoning period of about ) days reduced the moIsture A content of the outer one-half Inch shell of the swTiples to about 24 per cent. 4. Selsotion of aamles .0 samples that showed severe seasoning checks or splits were rejected from the study. The remaining material. was utilized for test samples. Pieces or different diameters ranging frwi 3 to 6 Inches ware allocated to sets of test samples, in order that there would be no markad &tserspanoy in either the total weight or total volume of bose ste assigned to an individual experiment. In tests wnare short sections were used, sections cut from the sample were allocated to different sets. Similarly, ..round or quartered samples were used as test mase out from same round sample were allocated to diflerent sets. I, Meaauroaent of moi$ture content The moisture content of each test sample was measured just prior to treatment with a Tag-lieppentall moisture meter ntifactured. by the C. . Tagliahue Mf. CO., brooklyn, N. Y. The range of moisture contents that could be determined with this ineter was from 7 to 24 per cent. In deter- mining te moisture content, the needles or the moisture meter (about 0.25 inch in length) were wholly embedded in the wood. Consecjuently, the values obtained inaicate the moisture content one-quarter inch below the surface and. are reprecentative of tle average moisture content of the outer one-h.lf inch shell, itS rad1tl penetration, even on incised, posts, is confixed to this outer øheli It is the moisture content of this region that is imj:rnrtant. Three read ins were t:en on each saiaple, one at the iiidd.le and. ne near each end. The average of these rea3ings repre dented. the average ioisture content of the utor shell of the sample. 6. Preparation 1or certain treatments test samples were partially ooated with ullerlo white paint to retard the absorption of preservative in certain areas. This paint was oted after a prelisn.tnary study of several coating aalala. It was applied to the samples by brush, usually in. two coats. A drying period of at least 24 hours was provided before the samples were treated with preservative, B. Incising Test samples for certain treatments were incised. is was accomplished by laying a sample on a concrete floor and striking its oiroumference with one of the two incising hammers. The samples were incised as evenly and uniformly as possible. Since samples were varied in diameter and form some irregularity of incising was unavoidable. 7, Treating conditions All test samples were numbered with a black wax pencil, aoh sample was weighed to the nearest 0.01 of a pound just prior to treating and this value was recorded as the untreated weight. When the samDles were cold soaked they ware put into the treating tanks in an upright position with heavy weights oft p to prevent them trom floating. The well-mixed 1.5 preservative solution was then pumped into the taak to the desired depth, varying with th individual experiment, and that depth was maintained during the course of the expertent. Following treatment, samples were drained for onequarter to one-halt or an hour before woihing to obtain the final weight of the treated. samples. en hot soaking was pertrmed, the steai heater and the circulating punip were started about one-half bout' prior to treatment in order to bring the treating solution up the desired temperature. During the period of hot soak.' the temperature of the solution was intained as even as possible by regulating the valve to the stean heater. The depth of treating solution was naintained at the required level throughout the treating period. Following treatmeu he samples were drained for one-quarter to one. it an hour before obtaining their treated weights. 8. Methods used to determine penetration A. Radial. penetration order to determine the average radial ponstration throughout th. zone of treatment each treated sample was cross out in at least tbrei places. Immediately following his sectioning of the treated sample, the pattern of the 6 treated area on the freshly out surface was marked With a black wax pencil. Thus, subsequent measurements Would not be distorted by the oreep of the solution over the exposed cross-sectional areas; see Plate 2, .ppendix. Jill measurements dealing with radial penetration were taken to the nearest 0.0]. inch. The depth of radial penetration was ieasured as maximum, minimum and medium as ii.- lustrated in Figure 3. In each case several iiidi.vtdual measurement s were taken to determine the mean of the maxicluLn, the mean of the minimum and the mean of the medium radial penetration. The mean values obtained for the sec- tions were averaged to obtain an average maximum, average minimum and avorage medium radial penetration for each treated sample. Since several samples made up a rotip for each set of treating conditions it was necessary to determine the group values of maximum, minimum and medium radial penetr.tion by averaging the values for the samples in each gr)up, 3. nd penetration The extent of end penetration was determined, after draining one-quarter to one-half hour, by sectioning each aampl3 into thin pieces, starting from the butt end, up to the point that showed the treated area to be less than 50 17 check Figure 3-- Illustrating the method of measuring the maximum, minimum and medium depths of radial penetration on a section cut from a treated sample. 1 pox' cent of the ox'as-ectjonal area of sapwood, or of heartwood, or of both together depending upon the species of wood studied. The distance from the butt end to this point was considered as the height of end penetration. 9. Methods zaed to deterLn.tne retention The retention of preseriative was calculated on the basis of pounds per cubic foot or treated wood. The pounds of preservative absorbed by each sample divided by the tx'oated cubic foot volume of the sample revealed the value or retention. The quantity of preservative retained by the treated sample was determined, by weighing the sample before and after treatment. The possible additional mois ture loss during hot soaking was disregarded, as the matsture content of the affected volume of each sample just prior to treating was considered low enouga to result in a negli$ble error. The treated volume of tile sample was calculated as the product of the ±.mmersed length anil the average basal area of the butt cud and top end of the sam- pie. The average basal area was used since tile aaiaples øhoWOd only a very slibt taper troa tile butt end to the top and tnd the diainetral difference was insignificant. 9 enera1 euation.s used for oalauluting the o1uina and pounds retention Der oubic foot of treated wood are as The toUoivs quattori ror a1ou.1atin tLe ].) 1ur of troated wood B* 1jsxL 3.721 b' Voluas of treated wood in cubic feet A' 4rea at butt end of sanpie in equtrs inches Ara ut top end of ea*pls in square inches L Depth of iiner.ion in the preservative in UCb*s (considered to be the 1entb of the sap1e treat ad qu4tion to oaloulutin.g the pounds of preserva (2) tive retained per cubic foot of treated wood C C -- ?ounda retention per cubic foot of trette4 wood eibt of aazpie utter trøiAttnf in w1 'eJ.tit of auatple prior to trsiatin iu pound.e 3 Vo1u of treated woo4 in cubic f.m. 20 IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Soakin treatments of black cottonwood The height of end penetration of cold and hot pentachloropbeno3. solutions attained in black cottonwood samples under different soaking periods. uartered. aamples of black cottonwood, 30 inches long, surface-coated, with 7ullerglo 520 white paint, except 011 the ends, were subjected to cold soaking and hot soaking in per cent pentachlorophenol treating solutions for different periods. Each set was composed of 3 samples. The depth of preservative was 20 to 22 inches for cold soaking and 29 inches In hot soaking. The depth of preservative was greater for hot soaking due to the construction of the ot soaking equipment- a factor that was not anticipated 5 at the time cold soaking experiments were conducted. The treating temperature for cold soaking was 7507 to 8007 and for hot soaking was 1300,. rter treatment, the samples xe cross-cut Into one-half inch or sometimes 1-to 2-inch tiozis for inspection, starting from the butt end. The ght of end penetration was measured separately in the sapwood and beartwood. The height was taken as the dietaries from the butt to a point that showed the treated area 21 be less than 50 per cent of the as than 50 per cent of the total sapwoad area o total beartwood area. The r.sulting data are SIIThnIRrIZed in Table 1 and illustrated in craph 1. Table 1- ThQ beibt of end penetration of cold and hot 5 per cent pentachiorophenol solutions attained in black cottonwood samples under different soaking periods. erage So; fl moisture period content in in er cent hours oo)d ot soak soak £Lo l2. 12.0 13.0 17.0. 14.0 13.0 14.0 16.0 13.0 11.0 15.0 --- 2 4 6 22 24 AT (50 per cent a-eaot C area tret.dj ood' apwoo,.. cold soak 10.0 10.7 14.0 15.0 18.3 hot soak .7 11.7 14.7 12.3 16.2 cold soak hot soak 3.7 3.0 4.3 3.3 2.7 1. b 2.0 4.0 2.5 5.5 0 6.7 Conclua End penetration was more hours of soaking. rapid during the first tour The height of end penetration attained in the bertwood was approximately one-third of that attained In the sapwood. Raising the temperature of the 22 Inches 2 I Sapwood ................. Cold soak UUIUUURUUUUUUUUUUIUUUUU o - 15 a) - u.vJu..........uu......u......u.u.u....luu .srrasuuIuuuuuRuuuumuuuuuuuuuuu a) t a.) Sapwood soak Hot rnuuuu.uuu.u.uu....a.i.......auI uuimmuuwauuuuamuuuul. -'a iii uuuuaauuuuumuuuuuuuuauaua. uu.uu.ai.auuuuuua.smuuuuu..uai Hear tw0o d IINUURUUUUNRUUUUURU Cold soak uuivauuuaiauuaauumaauauu..uua iiU.aauU.auauIuU.uauuauuuaUa.i.u...... c- o + .c -. - a) -, .u..uiruuuuuuaauauuuuuuuu..aauuu IUUUUUPA..... UUUUUU H etwood Hot . iiuuauiaauuauuuuuuauuuuuuuauuuuuuuua rauiamsuuuauuiauuuuuuuauaauauuauaus uaauuuuuu.uaauuuuuuuauuuuauuuuauuuuaus .a..auasasuuuuuuuuu...auauuuuuuauuu.uuuauauua i.u.aa.uamuauuuua.....u...rnua........... 10 15 Soaking period 20 25 110 ur s Graph 1 Height of end penetration of a cold and a hot 5 er cent pentachlorophenol solution in black cottonwood, preaeriate to 1300P produced no significant ditterenoe in either the rate or the height of end penetration despite the faet that the depth of preservative was greater in hot soaking. B. Cold soaking of non-incised, uncoated black cottonwood samples to deteriine end pexietration,radial penetration and retention. In order to d,terine the period of cold soaking re0 adeuately treat noninincised blaek cottonwood posts by end penetration to the depth of treating solution, a subsequent study of end penetration wa made. Iound samplea, 30 inches long and 3 to 6 inohes in diameter, were soaked in 5 per cent ponteohiorophenol solution at 80°F under different soaking periods ranging from * to 25 hours with a treating depth of 22 to 24 inches. Five sets of ainpies, with 3 samples in each set, were used. Cold soakin oriods of , 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours were employed with one set of samples being used for each soak. ing period. The results reveal that the height of end perieration of preservative attained in the samples soaked for 6 hours did not reach the level of the preservative solution. In order to determine the required soaking period under wbib samples would be adequately treated b end penetration to the depth of the treating solution an. additional 2 ant 2a (raphs in illustrated and 2 Table in summarized are results The level. treating or inches, 22 at out section the on measured was penetration radial the case each In level. ing treat- the to penetration for period soaking required the indicate to served penetration of heights approximate These points. mentioned above the at sectioning by estimated was merely penetration hoigkLtpf the Therefore, level. ing treats. the to penetration end of height the bring to quired re- period soaking the determine to only desired was it study this In penetration. end of height the determine to butt the from inches 22 and 16, 10, 4., at out were samples the soaking, After period. soaking each for used being samples of set one with used were hours 25 and 2O 4, of periods Soaking soaking. cold to subjected were set, each in samples 10 or 5 with samples, of sets three of series 24. Table 2 Result of the preservat e treatment of .OflIflc iced, unooatd black cottonwood poets b: cold soaking in a 5 per cent penta- ohloropol solution. No. ot ago depth of Average ;Verage so verage samples moi&iture diameter period re ton- radial penetration at treating level in inches treated content of posts in tion in in in hours pounds of e r aent inches per pinetra.cubic tion in -Mm. foot ohe 3 3 3 8 3 5 10 20 21 20 19 22 21 21 4.57 3.70 3.57 3.72 4.37 3.92 3.76 1 2 4 6 20 25f 6.2 6.39 6.56 9.04 8.52 12.49 13.21 6 10 14. 14. 14 20 22 T* T T T T T Max. Med 0.47 047 0.50 0.73 0.74 1.10 0.70 0.20 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.30a.* * *Traoe, indicates less then 0.05 inch in depth. Aftr 25* hours cold soaking the 30ainob samples showed end Cfl5-e trstio* at the tops of the simplee, eight inches above the treatlag level. Therefore, the radial penetration at the treating level 'was obscured by end penetration. 26 Inches 100 s ....H1R.UNUI.RUUU. ......... RURIIiUUURUURIUIRU U.a.aI.... uuu,iuuuuuaiuuuuusuimuuuaa iaiauuuuusaiusuuuuuuuumu UUIUUIUUUURUUUIUUUUUNNUU Uuuuuummuuuuuuuuumuu (.8 u...a..0 uuuu.u.umm.uu.0 aaurE.aauauaaaa auau.a .uv...a.. u...uuuu. 0 4) ci) cDUo r Max imani uriuuuuuuusmuuuumuuisiuuuusuu amauuuauuuuauumauuiuumauau ci ci 0 4) n auuuuuiuuuuuu.uuumsuu uauuuuuuuuuuuuuuuusum 04 uuuuuuuumuuumuaui uuuwvusu..u...-.-- Ledi urn uauaauamuaauRuauauauuuRuiRa uvuuuuuuusuuuuuusuuamuua 02 ua.uuuuuuuuuuauia.uuu uuaauuaeaaamauauuaaamuuuu uuuusuuusiuuuuuamuuiuuuuuu umuuuuuuuuuuusium Trdce- Minimum 10 15 3oaking period 20 Hours Graph 2a- Depth of radial penetration at the treating level of a cold 5 per cent pentachloroptienoi. solution in non-inciseu, uncoatea clacK COttoflWOou0 27 lbs0/cu0 ft0 Inches uu uua uuu ..u.........u...............u....U.. I...uu..uuu...u.......u.uu.u.a.a.uuuuu.uuu... 25 .......u....uu........u...uu.u...u...uuu...uuu ..u..u.......u...u..uu......u...uuu.uu.uu.uuuuU 20 umau..uuu.i UU 20 ..uu..UU.UU...UU..UU.uUWUlUuUNUUUuU..uuIUuUUUIU uamuuuuuuuuua.uiu.uuuuuu ..a..u...............u..... uauuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu mu ..a...aR..mu..u...s..uuuuSuaUUuua,muuRusuuuUI o - m..u.........u...mg...u...uu....UUmU.Ruu.. .u...u...u....uuu.u...uum.uuu.uUU.u.UuUU .m.uuuuuu..pi.u.uuuu..uu.uu.u..uuuuu 15 iuuapa..gauuuuaunauuuuuu.u.aaauIaUmuI 0 -H 4) .4) a) a) a) 4) a) 10 .a...uuu..uu..uuu....uu..uUUuUUUUUuuUl 10 .iU.....u.u....lu.UU.uUu.NUU.u..uuUUuUuuuuuI 0 4) uIUP4uUUUUUUUUUUUUSUUuUUUU.NUUUUUUUUU r iuua.u..i.u...uuuuu.uu..uuuIIuuuuuuuuUUSuURflI .u..............u........u....u...U..uU.UU..u uuuu.....uuu..uuuuuuuuu.uuUUUUUUUUU.UUU .U.U.R......U.U.RU.S...U.UUUUUUUUUUUUUUU i.U..U...UR..UUUU.U.UUU..UUUUURNUUUUUUU i.u....u.u........Uu.u...u.uuu.uuuuuuuuuuuU i.............U......UU..III.IIIUNIUUUUUUUUUU ...u...u....u.........u.......a.uuaau.aUuuRUuuI 10 5 15 20 Soaking period 25 Hours Graph 2b- Retention and height of end penetration of a cold 5 per cent Dentachlorophenol solution in non- incised, uncoated black cottonwood0 -H a) Conclusions : Both the retention of preservative and height of end penetration increased with the increase of sOaking period. The rate of inorease in end penetration was more rapid du-. ring the first two hours of soaicirtg and then continued at a uniform rate. The increase in retention was fairly uniform throughout the range of soaking periods. The retenticn of preservative was closely associated with the rate or end penetration amos the radial penetra tion was ems 11 in comparison with the end penetration. The pattern of radial penetration beyond the heit of end. penetmtion was uneven, usually leaving soiue part of wood untreated. iU. of the ten posts soaked for 25 hours were end penetrated up to the treating level. Pive of these posts were wholly treated while the other five had soae of the heartwood nesr the immersion level untreated. otually, all of the ten posts showed orne entL penetration in the sapwood to the tops of the 3Oinob eanples. since radial penetration otainod in treating nan-inciaed,unooated black cottonwood posts is 80 poor, it is necessary to rely upon end penetration for satisfactory treatment. t room temperature, a cold soaking period of at least 24 bour is required in order to ixisure adequate end penetration throughout thut portion of the posts below the level of the preservative solution. However, the high respectively. 3b and 3a Graphs in illustrated are vative preser- of retention the and penetration radial of depth The 3. Table in tabulated are data resulting The measured. was checks the from penetration tangential the examined, tions sec- the in penetration radial of depth the beyond nd observed were checks vhenever penetration, radial or the of examination for sections 6-inch five into out samples the weighing final and draining treating, Jter 80°F. was temperature treating the and inches 24 was depth treating The period. soaking each for used being samples of set one with employed, were hours 23 and 6, 4, 2, 1, , of periods soaking Cold used. were set, each in samples 4 with samples, of sets Six penetration. to paint whIte 520 ullerglo with coated were end minimize sarnple the of ends butt The .. Typo hammer incising with inches 24. of height a to end butt the above inohe 5 point a from Incised were long, inches 30 samples, Round retention. and penetration radial, doternine to plea black end-coated incised, of soaking Cold eam- cottonwood ob- cost. of stand.point the from excessive be uiay tamed treated of toot cubic per retention preservative wood 29 Table 3-- Results of the preservative treatment of incised, end-coated black cottonwood posts by cold soaking in a 5 per cent pentachiorophenol solution. of ive rags Average oa samples moisture diameter period iii in treated content in inches hours per cent Avera, depth of radial penetrareten- depth of tion in tangential tion in inches Average Average pounds p ens tration front. checks per cubic in inches 4.19 4. 95 3.09 6 59 0.19 0.26 0,22 0.23 0 40 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 16 17 18 18 16 4.3 4.5 5 4.7 4.5 1 4 6 231 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.37 0.23 0.37 0.15 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.30 0.30 0.33 31 Inches ..uuB.........u..u.......................... 0. uuuuu..uuuuuuu..a....uuuuuu. uuuumummu..u..uuu.......uiu uuuauuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuumuuu .........uu..u.. O .....mauu.u......uaauuuuu.u 3 uBuu.uu1.uijm........m...........u.....uu...... ..auu Uu$ 'iu.'juauu.uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu.i I.Ma.uU........uuauIu..u.....uu...I.uIUU..uuu uwuiuuuuuuuuuumuuuuuuuuuuuu 'ammRRuuuuuuuuumuuuuuuuuuNuuu iuuuuuuuu...uuuuuu...uu.u.iiuu.au...u. u...uuuuuuuu..uu.u...u..iuuuuu.u. ui..u.uuiiusuuu....u.uuuuuu.u.....uu auuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuauuuauuuu 5 10 15 20 Soaking period Graph 3a- Depth of radial penetration of a cold 5 per cent pentachlorophenol solution in incised, end-coated black cottonwood0 25 Hours 32 1bs0/'u0 ft0 7 6 u............._.._. UUUlUUUUUUUUU URIUUUIUIUUUUIUUUIuu UUUUUURUUUIUUIIUpUuI UUUUUUIUUUUIIIUUUUUUII_ 5 UIUUUUPUUUUUUUUU UU U UU U U I UI. U U U UI_U..... UUUUUUU U UUUUUU .._...... lIUIUIU UUUUU HIIIHPiIIHhIHIHHNIH _____IIIIIIH IIIIIHII!IINHhIIlHlII_IIIIHIII ..a'i.uu uuue...uiuu__________ ____ UIIRUUU 1. __________U U UU U U U uuu.ual....umuu.ai UIUUUU UIflIIIIUUUuUIIUIU RUUUUU INIHIIHIIIIHHIIIUIIUI IIIHIIH r UUUUUU uimuuiuiumiimiuuuuu_____ ilium uvauuuuuuiuiuiniimuiuuii iluuuuuui IIIIIIHIOHIIOIIIIIIII 111111111 UUIIUUUUU UIIUI UUUUUUUI IHIIHIHHIII!IIIIIIIHII UIIIUIUUUUU IUUUUU 111111111 UI_U..... 3 2 1IIHHHIHH1HHIHI11I 1 0 IHIHHHHIHH1HIIIUI U........u...U...I.U_.._. UUUIUIUIUIUIUUUU UUUIU IIHHHHHHHHIbIIHaI III VIIUIU UUUUUIIIIIUIUI IUUlUUUUUIIUUUUUIIUUU UUUIUUIUUUUUUIUUUUUUU 5 10 15 3oaktn Graph 3b- Retention of a cold 5 period Iluuuulli iluuuuuui .._...... IRUUUUU 111111111 UIUIUUU UUUUUU IIIUUUUU 2C 25 Hours per cent pentachiorophenol solution in incised, end-coated black cottonwood. Conclusions 33 Both the retention and the depth of radial penetration of the preservative solution increased with an increase of soaking period, but radial penetration increased very little after the first tour hours. Retention was at the rate of 1.24 pounds per cubic foot per hour during the first four hours, but only at the rate of 0.08 pound per hour during the next 19.5 hours. Comparing the reaultb on incised, end-coated samples with the reaul' on non-incised, uncoated samples as reported in part B : The radial penetration was much more uniform and slightly deeper in the incised samples. (2) The a'verage retention or preservative solution by the incised, end-coated samples was approximately 60 per cent of the preservative retained by the non-incised, uncoated samples for soaking periods of one hour or more. Thus, incised natoria1 gives a more uniform protective shell, of treated wood. Xt the incised material is end-coated, this protection may be obtained with a lower absorption Of preservative. The average depth of sapwood of black cottonwood, so far as the teat samples were concerned, was about one inch. Thus, by using this method of treatment, one-fourth to onethird of the sapwood was evenly penetrated with preservative. 34 The depth of tangential pxietration from checks was obesryod to be less than the depth of radial penetration for each period or soaking. Thus, seriously checked posts are pt to expose tore areas of shallow penetration with the result that checks xay. impair the service ills of the posta. B. Hot soaking of non-incised, end-coated blaok cottonwood samples to determine radial penetration and retention. ].i-round samples, 30 inches long, with the butt ends coated with Fullerglo 520 white paint wore used for this test. J'our sets of samples, with i samples in each set, were used. Hot soaking periods of , 2, 4, and 6 hours were employed, with one set of samples being used for each soaking period. The soaking temperature was 1300? and the treating depth was 28 to 29 inobeg. hfter treating, draining and final weighing, the samlea were mit into five 6-inch sections to determine the th of radial penetration. The resulting data are tabulated in Table 4. The depth of radial penetration and the eution of preservative solution are illustrated in Graphs 4a and 4b respectively. 35 Inches 1 O,, 0 uaurnauuuuuuuurnuurnaRurnI ...uau.rnuu....u.auuuuuuuuI 4) 4.) a) a) O.. urnurnurnuuur O3 H i.u....wuu.rn.rn..aa....uuuuu.0 ,tcj o0g u.uui...u.u....u..u..u.u.u. .upau...u....a..u.a..uu.uu.Uu ui. uuuuuuuauuu$uu .urnuuuuauusurnuuuuuusuuuuIuu ....u....um.umuuu.uuu uu..u.au.uuu...u..a.us..uuusuu 0 1 2 3 Hours Lp soaking period Graph 4a- Depth of radial pntration of per cent. hot enacn±oropmnoi solution in non-incised, end-coated black cottonwood. lbs./cu. ft. 5 -I ii uuuu uuuuu uuuuuIUuuU ........U.UU...UIUUUUUU uu.....r..u...urnuu.uurnUUuUSu .....pj...u..........u.uuuuuuu uEIuuUrnuuuuuUUUUIUUU -4 0 -H 2 ................uu..uuuuuuauuu a) 1 .i..U..SRU.U..UUUUIUUUUUUU ..I..UUUUUU.NUUNuUUlUUUU 2 3 4 5 6kiours oaung perlou Grapzi 40- itetention of a hot 5 er cent pentcnloroptieno1 solution in non-incised, end-coated blac1 cottonwood. Appóndix. 3, Plate see peiiod; soaking hour beyond penetratton radial of depth the in or retention either in improvement nrked no be will there samples, end-coated non-tneised, of soaking hot in Accordingly, penetration. radial of depth maximum of that as Deriod soaking the to relationship salflS the showed preservative of retention the Similarly, soaking. longer to due penetration of depth of ass no was there which beyond period, soaking hour wo the during obtained was penetration radial of depth the However, hours. six to up period soaking the in crease in- an with increase not did samples end-coated non-incised in penetration radial of depth iu4diwn and minimum The C Conolust 0.10 0.36 0.06 0.10 0.35 0.05 0.37 0.06 0.13. toot cent cubic per hours inches per in in tion pounds in in in content ated radial retention period radius moisture plea ig p Averag Average Soak Average Average solution. rophenol pentacblo cent per 5 a in soaking hot b7 samples cottonwood black half-round end-coated otsed, treatment preservative the of Results 4 Table non-in- Of 36 37 The average maximtm and medium depths of radial pens-. tration obtained by cold soaking were two to three timcs as great as the average values obtained by hot soaking. This occurred despite the ract that the meeeurents or radial penetration on the hot soaked samples were made throughout the submerged portions of the saJple, wheroas those measurements on the cold soaked samples were made only at the treating level where the effect of hydrostatic prelsur on penetration is nil, Hot aoekin of incised, end-coated black cottonwood sam- ples to detsriiiine radial penetration and retention. Half-round samples, 30 inches long, with the butt ends coated with Fullergie 520 white paint were used for this teat. Fou.r aet of samples with 4 samples in each sot were used, Hot soaking periods of , 2, 4, and 6 hours were employed with one set of samples being cod for eh soaking period. The samples were incised with incising hazser Type B. The soaking temperature was l3O° nd the treating depth was 28 to 29 inches. 1.tter treating, draining and final weighing the samples were out into five 6-inch sections to determine the depth of radial penetration. The resulting data are tabulated in Table 5. The depth of radial penetra- tion and the retention of preservative solution are 38 Inches 0.5 rrni 0 4) uUU.UUlUuu.!!l... Iuuuasu S.... dUUUS muuuuuuuuuuuusuuuuuu uua.uiuauuuuusu.m uu.ui.uu.ummusiuusu '-Jo 4) a) iuj a) LI. ..-1 LI, q4 0.1 0 .m..mas.uuussuu. uuuuuummuuuu .....uu U.... .......u......u... .auaa 4) c 0 4 3 a) ijours Soaking period Grapn 5a- Depth of radial penetration of a hot 5 per cen pentachioroohenol solution in incised, end-coated black cottonwood. lbs./cu. ft. 5 UUUURUUUURUUUUiá!I uu.:iauuuuuuuuI UU.UUU.U.UUUU..U...UUUUUU umuuuuuuuuuumuu .........m................... uuuu.u.iuuauiuuuuuuu uuuiauuusuuauuuuuuuuu I..UUU..UUU...U..UUUU.UU...0 UUUUUUNUUUUUUUUUU 2 3 4 5 Hours Soaking period Graph 5b- Retention of a hot 5 per cent pentachiorophenol solution in incised, end-coated black cottonwood. Lustrated in Graphs 5a and 5b. ab1e 5- Results of the preservative treatment of incised, end-coated, half-round black cottonwood samples by hot soaking in a 5 per cent pentaobloropbenol solution. Average Average NO samples moisture radius treated content in inches in cent or 4 4 4 4 15 14 15 14 2.47 2.32 2.12 2.42 8oak ng Average Average period reten. radial penetration in tion in inches in hours pounds per 2 4 6 cubic root M.tn. Max. Mei, 3.00 3.19 0.13 0.14 0.18 0.20 0.36 0.40 0.41 0.46 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.29 483 4.70 Conclusions : The hot soaking at ].300P of incised black cottonwood samples gave retentions and depth of radial penetration quite comparable to those obtained for quivalent soaking periods. gained by by cold soaking at 8Q°T Therefore, nothing is heating the preservative for the treatment of inoieed black cottonwood posts. Comparing the results of hot soaking incised, endcoated samples with the results ou hot soaking non-incised, end-coated aaniçles : The average minimum arid average medium radial pene- tration on incised, end-coated. samples were more than double those obtained on non-incised., end- ecated samples, resulting in greater uniformity of penetration; see Plate 2 and 3, Appendix. The average retention was somewhat higher in incised., anci-ooated than in non-incised., end-coated. samples. "mmrizing the resuj..ts or soaking black cottonwood er cent pentachiorophenol solution I Non-incised, unooated posts appear to be satisfactorily treated. by end penetration during cold soak- iig provided the soaking period exceeds 24 hours. (2) Hot soaking showed noa&vantage over cold soaking; see Plate 3, Appendix. Samples that were incised and end-coated received a uniform treatment throughout the portion immersed with a relatively short soaking period. The quan- tity of preservative used was considerably less than that used for treating non-incised, uncoated posts by end penetration. 41 2. 8oaUn& trsatmants of red alder The height of end penetration of cold, and hot pentacblo'. rophenol solutions attained in red alder samples under different soaking periods. uartered samples of red alder, 30 ino1es long, eeooated with !ullerglo 520 white paint, were subjected old. soaking and hot soaking in 5 per cent pentachioro. phenol treating solutions for different periods. The earnpies wore divided into sets of three, each set being ussd. for a different soaking period. The depth of preservative was 20 to 22 inches in cold oakixig and 29 inches in hot aoakifl.gthese being the depths that were maintained for similar treittments of black cottonwood. The treating testperature for cold soaking was 7507 to 80SF and for hot soaking was 130°!. After treatnient,the samples were crosscut into one-half inch or sonietimes 1- to 2-int sections for inspection, starting from the butt end. The length measured from the butt end up to the point that showed the reated area to be less than 50 per cent of the total crosssectional area wa considered as the height of end penetration. End penetration was measured over the entire cross- sectional area because it is practically impossible to distinguish sapwood. form heartwood. in red alder. However, it was noted that the height of end penetration was greater 42 near the outøide of the samples. The data are summarized in Table 6 and illustrated. in Graph 6. Tabi. 6-. The height of end penetration of co1cian hot 5 per cent pentachiorophenol solutions attained in red alder samples under different soaking periods. rage mo sture So content in period per cent in cold hot hours soak soak 12 12 12 12 a- of ted) tion (50 p orO$6seCt ioua in tnebo oLd. soak 10.2 12,0 13 12 4 2.4.2 2 6 15,3 oak 9,7 11.7 15.7 15.0 1.7 Oonc3.usions id penetratIon was more rapid during the first tour hours of soaking. Raising the teerature of the preserva-. tive solution to 1300Y had, no significant influence Ofl the rats of end penetration. The rate of end penetration the preservative in red alder was quite comparable to the rats of end penetration in the sapwood of black cottonwood.. 43 Inches 20 i.a.....u.u..u....uu...uuaa. a...... ui.uu.uuuuuiuauu.u.uu.u.ui. Hot soak .ua..uuuuaa..u.umauuu.a.u.:.ivauu Cold so .a....irm...s..u........u.u.uu......u.a.....u. ..uuurira.ai....m....a..u.ua.s..uu.....um... .w a..... ........0 ..........a...u...u...... itia....u.a....u.issa......u...........uua. ..uuaauu.uua..uu.auu.uu.uum..u.u.u.u.u... .....u.................u....u........u........ .ua.....u.........u........u...........u....... ........a..........a..........u.........u.u..a .....'..'.........'.........u....a............u. ..................'....u.u........u...u.....a. 5 10 15 20 Soaking oeriod GraDh 6- Height oI end per 25 Hours cnetration of a cold and a hot 5 cent pentachioroohenol solution in red alder. B. Cold soaking of uon-.incised, uncoated samples of red alder to determine end penetration, radial penetration and retention. The procedure for this treatment was the same as was followed or the cold. soaking of non.iicised, unooated samples of black cottonwood. as d.escrtbed on page 23. Five sets at round samples, 30 inches long, with four samples in eaci set, were used.. Cold soaking periods of , 2, 4, and 6 bouro were employed with one et of samples ng used for aoh soaking period. A 5 per oent penta" ahiorophenol solution was used with a treating temperature of 7507 and a treating depth of 22 inches. After treating, draining and final weighing the samples were out at 4, 10, 16, and 22 inches from the butt to determine the approximate height of end penetration, Radial penetration was measured on the section cut at the treating level. The resulting data are tabulated in Table 7 and illustrated in Graphs 7a and lb. 9t0 Cr0 tto ot'o oro iO o4ro oC'o co 'd9p U-I tO1I 9t it ot 6V0 pw xw UTW eouT UI uoT!Bx1OUd getotr UI tt $ oTLreued tTPLtJO td9p $.XGU JO *TIGtT ezaATzI U tt'9 ,L.0 O.O U1 sa eeo'p1TI L'r 9 6"r 91 t 6"V l9O* 9t 9t 9t L 9t OoJ OT qtio xed øpunod LUGO iacI .znotr $9tOtTT UO "I U9.G.X poed .zew8fl UT U9UOO p9'4T3$X G,t$A ?UI)tOS. eLThJV .xeiy tdme JO O UOflfltOø tOTIac! -oottoued U8O .tGd p.00u-n PtO 3T9O JO U9U1 sQ !9TcItUø xaezd 9t QcXt. IIZ9PT PS.T (t191 - JO 4b Incri -I -4 0 00) SURUUUURUUUUV auuuuuiuuauuiuuuuuuu uu.u.ui.uuauuuu.uui 04 uuauiauuuuuuuu.r.uIiu.u 0.3 .-. O2 Maximum uiuuaauuuuuumuiiiu.ium RUUUUUUUU!UUUUUUUUU .u.uiauuuus uuu uuuiuuuuuuui irImuuuuu.uuu auiuu .u.u. uauuuuuu.aauuuuuuuii uu.uuuuuuuuwuum..uuuu Medium uu..i.uauu..uuuiauu 1 2 4 soaking period 3 Minimum 5 6 Iiours Graph 7a- Depth of radial penetration at the treating level of a cold pentciloropheno1 salutioii in non-incised, uncoated red alder. Inches .i.bs./cu. ft. 15 uuuumuuuuur 15 UUUUUUURUUUUUUU 10 vuuiumi I.auIu...u.u.mu.I...mau.u.uu ua...u...u..u.....uu....... uuuuusuuuuuuuuuuu 1 3 4 U 0 Hours Soaking period Graph 7b- Retention and height of end oentration of a cold 5 per cent pentachiorophenol solution in non-incised, uncoated. red alder. solution. ervative pre- the of level the below posts the of portion that out through- penetration end adequate insure to order in quired re- is hours 24 least at of period soaking a mperature room at posts alder red unooated non-incised, ating when cottonwood, black with comparison a upon Based cottonwood. black is than tration pen.- radial to refuotory more is alder red that. indicates This alder. red for values penetration radial **ditt& aM maximum lower the by indicated as cottonwood black for than less considerably and uneven was penetration end of height the beyond penetration radial of pattern The comparison. in small was penetration radial the as tion penetra.- end of rate the with associated closely was tive preser- of retention be cottonwood, black to Similar alder. red in lower somewhat was soaking of hour one.-half first the during absorptkon the that except cottonwood black of behavior the to milar si- is This periods. soaking of range the throughout uniform a at increased preservative of retention The rate rate. uniform continued then and soaking of hour first the during penetration end in increass of rate The ra more was : Conclusions 48 C. 0014 soaking of incised, end-coated red. alder samples to determine radial penetration and retention. The prooed.uxe of this treatzient was the same as Was followed for the col1 soaking of incised, end-coated earnplea of black cottonwood as described on page 29. The only zoeptions were that the depth of preservative was 22 inches and. the treating temperature was 75°F. The resulting data are shown in Table 8. The depth of r&dial penetration and the retention of preservative are illustrated in Graphs $a and 8b. Table 8--Reiilta of the preservative treatment of 1neiso, end-coated red alder samples by cold soaring in a 5 per cent pntachloropenó1 solution. 0. 0 iverage Average 3oaking rage Depth of samples moisture dIameter period reten- tngntIal treated. content in in tion in penetrain incheS hours pounds tion throtigh per cent per høckS In CUbIO inches foot 4 4 4 14 15 14 14 15 4 13 4.5 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.8 4.7 2 2.16 2.30 2.58 2.79 3.55 5.88 0.12 0.15 0.16 0.20 0.22 0.20 iverage dept radial, penetra- tion In Indies Mm. Mo.x. Med. 0.06 0.12 0.10 0.15 0.23 0.36 0.33 0,37 0.37 0.4]. 0,45 0.2] 0.22 0.24 0.25 0.30 0,38 009 50 Ince O5 .uua..umlussmuu.u.u.uu..uuu.u.umuNuUuSlUUU ..........iu.........a......u.u.u..u. Iax irnum O4 Me a turn 0 H urLuu..uu.u.uuI.uuusuu.u..m.a.u.u..u..uUU (1) uamuuuu,auuIuuuuuuuuIuuuIIRuuUS uuwiuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuau.....uuu U!4UUURUUUUUUUUUUUU i.iauuauuuuuumuuuuuuumI upAmNuuuaiauR.m.u.Iuu.uuu. rIinimum a) 0 IflhIHHHIHHHHIHIHhIHIIlihIIilhi!!fflI 0 0 IHIIHlI11IIi!!II1IHhIIIIIIIIHIHhIIIIIII I.UU..U.RPUUUU.UU.U....U.UUU..U.UUUU..UUUUUU a) 001 I. uIJUUUaaUSUIul..U...U.U...URUIUIUU..UUU.IUUUUUI j.uuuuuuuuRuuuuuuuuuuuurnu..uu.uuuR 111111111 HIHhIIIHhIIHhIIIIIIHhIIIIIlIIHIIII ........u.....uu..u.u.u...u......u. 10 15 20 Soa1ing perioa Grapn a- Depth or ralial penetration of a cold 5 per cent entachioropiieno1 solution in incised, end-coated red alder. 25 ilours 5]. lb30/CU0 ft0 ......uu. U RUR UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU ...R.........u.s..u..u.m.lUUUUU.UUUP.aI U m... I .........U....I..UU..Um.UIUUUamaURUaUU 5 u.auu..............s...mau. UUUUUUUlUUUU4UUUUUUUUUU .am..um.u.u.uummUmUmu.muuuUUUUUUUUUU uIUUURUUUISIRIlaUUUiUUUUUUUUUPUUUUUUUUURUUUUU UU.UamUUU.uUUuUUuUsmm.l.UuUUUUUuUUUmU m.amIUUUUIUUmUUmUUPdUUUmUaUUUUUUUUUUa* aaummammmmas.s 4 umu.umu .arnmmm uu....m...u..4......u.....uuumUUU..U.UUU uaummmupdUuuu.um.mUumuIaUUmuumauuUUUUUU UIAUUUUUUUUUUUSUUUUUUUUUUUUI$UUUUU u.u...mrj....u..............m.mUaU.UUURaUU 0 -4 .........,j.u.u...u.mu..........m..u.......m.. .U.UUU.UVUUUUUUU..UU.UU.UUUUUUUUUUUUUU 4) .mU.UUUUU.mUUU.Um..IUUIIU..UUUmmUuU 4) UULau..mmm.m..u.um..u..u...Um.U.UUU.UU.UUUUU IUauUmuuUUUUUUuuUmUmUUUUUUUUUUURUUUUUUUUUU '4USUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU FLlmu.uus.uuUUuUIummmu.UuuumI.UUUUUU.UUU ....m.mummam.mumu.u.uauummua..mumumUuUmuum m......m......mm...um................UUWUUU.0 .u..u.m.....u.....a......u......umuumsm..mUUmU URUUUUUUmmSmUUUUuUUUUUUUUUmUUmUUUUUUI SUUU$U.UUUUUUUU.UUUUUUUU.UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUIUUUU.UUUUUUUUUUUU .u...u...u...m.u.i...u..u..mu....u.u.mum.m.0 IUUUUUUUUUIUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUIUURUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU ummummmuummm.muuummumuuummmamumUUU..UUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUSUIUUUIUUUUUUUUUUUUUU 1 UUUU.U.UU..UU.UUUUUU.UUUUUU.UUUUUUUUUUUUU .m..UU......Uu.......UUU...'.Uuu..U........... aummmumaumm.u.uuuummmum.uuuummummuuUUUUUI UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUIUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUU..U......UUU.U.UUU...U..UUUUUUUUU.UUUUUUUUU UUU.UUUUU..mU.U.UUSUUSUUUUmUUUUSUUUUUUlUUU 0 S 10 15 Soaking IDeriod Graph Cb-. ietention of a cold 5 per cent 20 25 Hours entachlorooheno1 solution in incised, end-coated red alder 52 Conclusions : Both the retention and the depth of radial penetration of the preservative solution increased with an in-. oreosi of soaking period. Radial penetration increased more r&ipi1y during the first 1x hours of soaking, after which it appears to fall oft to a very ueh reduced rate; see Plate 4 and 5, AppendIx. Following an initial absorption during the first one-halt hour of 2.16 pounds per cubic foot the retention of preservative Increased uniform-. ly throughout the range of soaking periods. The d.eptb of tangential penetration from checks was observed to be lees than the depth of radial penetration ror each soaking period, being about one-bait to one-third of the values for radial penetration. Comparing the results of incised, end-coated samples with the results on non-incised, unooated samples of red alder as presented in part 2B : The radtal penetration was deeper and much aol's uniform in the incised samples. The average medium depths of penetration were approximately twice as great as those of non-incised samples. The minimum depth of radial panetration also showed marked ixaprovemeitt. The average retention of preservative solution by the incised, end-coated samples was approximately 50 53 per cent of the preservative retained by the non-incised, uncoat.d samples for soaking periods of on. hour or more. Thus, incised materials give a more uniform protective hs1] of treated wood; aee Plate 5, Appendix. If the in. cued material is end-coated, this proteotian may be obtainsd with a lower absorption of preservative. In comparing the results of this experiment with the results of identical treatment on black cottonwood for soaking periods of six hours or less ; Red alder showed lower retention; The medium depth of radial penetration was lees t or red alder; The uniformity of radial penetration in red alder a l.ss due to lower minimum values, tilts is il'. trated by comparing Plate 3 with Plates 4 and Appendix. For longer soaking periods the depth of radial penetration was greater in red alder and the retention approaoh ed that obtained in black cottonwood. SUA o ound, can be CONCLUSION8 seasoned. rod alder and black cottonwood. posts su000ssfuflyr treated, by soaking in an unheated. 5 per cant pentach1oropbeno3-djes.]. oil solution. Such treatment, which relies on end penetration alone, requires that the depth of the treating solution be equal to or greater than the height of treatment desired, When the depth of solution was 22 inches a soaking period of 24 hours was required to obtain a satisfactory penetration to a beigAt at 1C to 22 inches in the samples. Retentions of about 13 pounds per cubic f3ot of wood were obtained and the sapwood. was complete17 penetrated. Incising the posts doubled the depth of radial. penetra-. tion in red alder and increased. the radial penetration about 10 per cent in black cottonwood to give a radial penetration of approximate 0.30 inch for each species at the end of 6 1ours soaking. en more Important 'was the tact that radial penetration was more uniform in incised posts of either species thus reducing the chances of thin spots in the protective shell of treated. wood.. . reduction in retention is possible in incised posts of these species because the uniform radial. penetration 55 obtains4 nakes it unnecessary to rely on end penetration. The quantity of preservative retained by incised saaples, end-coated with white paint (Fulle?gl 520), ranged from 37 to 60 per cent at that retained by non-incised, uncoated samilee for soaking periods of 4 to 6 hours. In. experiments where comparisons could be nade, there was no significant difference between hot soaking and. ot aoaking for either black cottonwood or red aide?. Consequently, cold soaking rather than hot soaking is recommended as the more suitable method of treatment. It appears likely that incised, owl-coated black cottonwood can be satisfactorily treated by a somewhat shorter soaking period in a cold. solution than can red alder, possibly 4 hours as compared with 6 hours. For soaking periods of 24 hours or more ther. is little difference in the treatability of the two species. The protective value of thoss treatments that appear promising, based. on these experiments, should be checked by service tests to determine whether or not the penstrationsand retentions are actually adequate. 56 BIBLIOGRAPHY Anonymous Simplified fence post treatiaent. printed train Western Building. 23(2), 2p. 1944. 2. Pentachiorophenol for wood preservation. Chain. Ing. 54(lO):260, 1947. Anonymous Abbott, Richard W. Longer life Car Wisconsin fence posts. Extension Service of College of Agri., Univ. of Wis., Madison, lip. Jan. 1947. Amer. Wood Pres. +.asoo. Information on pontaoblorO. phenol as a wood preserving chemical. A. W. P. A. Proceedings, p. 47, 1944. Brown, H. P. and Panskiin, a. J. Commercial timbers of the United States. 1st ad. McGraw-HiJj. Book Co., Inc. New York, N. Y. 1940. 554p. Buokinan, Stanley J. and Para, John I). treatment of wood, Part I. Memphis, Tennessee, 4p. Nonpressure Central Lab.. Inc. Buokman, Stanley J., Pera, John D. and Browne Robert T. Nonpressure treatment of wood. Part II. Central Lab., Inc. Memphis, Tennessee. 4p. Buokinan, Stanley J., Browne Robert Y. and Gay Walter H. Nonpreasure treatment of wood. Part III. Central Lab., Inc. Memphis, Tennessee. 4p. arewell, T. S. and Nason 11. K. of pentach1oropbio1. 30(6):622-626, Properties and uses md. & Eng. Chem. June, 1948. 10. Carawell, T. S. and Iatfie1d, Ira. Pentaohloroplienol for wood preservation. md. & Eng. Chem. 31(11):1431-1435, Nov.,1939. Permatox, an efficient water repellent preservative for wood. Perniatox Bul. Revised.. June 3, 1947. 46-WR. 6p. Chapmazn CtLem, Co. 12. Chapman Chem. Co. Specification for pentaoblorophenol and petroleum oils for use by wood preserving Diant and users of treated forest products, eoh. Bul. 47-P. 9p. 57 Penta preservative-(Periaatox A) for the preservative treatment of lumber, poles, pot3, and. other wood. products. eob. Bul. 47, Chapman Chent. Go, Jan. 1, 1947. Chapman Cbern. Co. 4p. Permatox diR. Bul. 47-WR. 4.P. Chemical control methods for terChapman Ohem. Co. mites and. Lyctus beetles with "Penta" preservatives. 4p. Doolittle, Fred. B. for creosote. Oct., 1942. Pentachiorophenol substitutes 1ect. West. 89(4):58-61, Pentachiorophenol on the farm. iSp. Graham, U. I). and Baker, Win. 3. Service life of treated. and untreated. fence posts: 1947 Progress report on the T. 3. St,arker poet farm. Progress Dow Chant. Co. 1947. Report o. 1. Ore. lox. Prod.. Lab., Corvallis, Ore. Table 2(unpublisbed) Hicook, Henry W. and Olson A. Richard. The pr vative treatment of fence posts and other s tural materials. Oonn, Agri. Expt. Sta., New Raven, Bul. 509, July, 1947. 19p. Hopkins, W. 0. Fence posts: Production and. treating 'costs. Mississippi State College, .Lgri. xpt. Sta. Bul. 439, Nov., 1946. 27p. Wood preMcGraw-Hill Book Co. Runt, George M. and CMrratt, George A. servation, let. ad. 1938. 437p. The comparative efficacy of preserKrogh, P. M. D. vatives in wood. exposed to termites and decay, Jour. S. A. For. .asoc., Pretoria, So. Africa. No. 16, p. 45-54, Mar., 1948. nd coating Krogb, P. M. D. and Turnbuli, 3. M. control of wood preservative penetration. Tour. 3, A. For. Ansoc,, Pretoria, So. Africa. o. 13, p. 33-36, 1946. Lindaley, I)an. L. Preserving poles. ]1eo. West. 99(l):58-61, July, 1947. 2. zpeot4 sr1s . , aM rss.r,attve treata.nts esrytos stfeottvenees Chea. na, .4. & *pplis4 to tUwozk. lh: 305..3C3, *p. )5, 1. 42. 26. onaato Cket. Co. *ood preservation *itb 8antopor ãe11ereokr, Zlohn 20 in ott eo1ut.on.s by preeturs prOoes$iø. It. Louis V. 1946. £6p. 27. 4: Life insurttnoe for luuber. Don.0 Cbet. 6p. Ross, Char 2$. ste tar Or.Zon tsras, Qct. Stts oer4 of Uglier i6ua*ti 43tOfl 3U1, 681.) 29. 1ns &. ox'estry, post prssrvatton cboo]. $eno Ttah 3tits grt. CoUse, Logan, Utah. Muir., 1948 lOp. it1 Olson (. L PenteohloropLenol in fence postsservice life (Reprinted f . area and 0 erth"). "Down 8tsnr, iiAlif. aatsasnt. project (Annual rsprt . sot R1 . Chsri. CC. 1947. 6p for preparing penteablorophen 14. 122(23):U9, risc., 1944. ultors, C. 3. 111. 14.gr2. Ill. Tre&ttng tna potii itb 'Pnts Ezpt. ta., a1tere, C. S pot3 by a ILl. ri. br., Urbana, report on preserving in toxic fuel oil o1utions. x nov., 1947. Wetea, {, ?. Effeet at *o oeerota2. tibu'. i.7.187. Dept. of t. ot bor., Urbana, LU. on trstent Proc iedin$i3, 1930. W.aterz Pine Asso Peto1. '.oh. Bul. ,. June 1 1947. p. 36, WolUstz, rast aM kavenscroft, Vernon. School of Vorestr wood preservation. of Idaho, osoow, Idaho. gir. 2.948 6. 5, 7 ' APPENDIX Plate 2- Illustrating the shallow, non-uniform pat. torn of radial penetretion that occurs in treating non-incised, end-coated saiuploa. (The heavy black line was drawn iiiediately after the sampie was sectioned to preserve the pattern of radial pnotraton. The creep of the preservative over the surface of the sections, which occurred later, is apparent.) 59 Plato 3- Illuatrattru the iiox'a uniform pattern of ra- lial penetration that ocours in treating inclnod en&t-coate1 aainplaa, (Goinpce with Plate 2) Th above plate also illustrates the fact that radial poi.tration was not improved by increasing the temperature of the treatin8 solution to 130°J'. 60 43 Plate The first two of a series of four pictures showing the increase of radial penetration with time in cold soaking incised, end-coated red alder swnjles. (Compare with Plate 5) The horizontal rawa of samples tre four sections from th. sane pust cut at lifferent distances from assure t good ath butt end of the sample erage neasurenent of radial pezietration. (J 2ate 4 Plate 5.- The last two of a series of four pictures showing the increase of radial penetration with tine in cold soaking incised, end-coated red. alder scunple. (Coiupare with Plate 5) Thc horizontal rav of 11ples are tour seotions tro the saue post out at different distances froxa the butt end of the sample to assure a good average measurement of radial penetration. 62 Plate 5