A ResourceSurvey
of River Enerry and
Low-Head Hydroelectric Power
Potential in Oregon
by
Peter C. Klingeman
$Vater ResourcesResearchfnstitute
Oregon StateUniversity
Corvallis, Oregon
strRRI-61
April L979
STJRVEY
, A RESCIURCE
OF RIVERENERGY
A}ID
LOW.HEAD
HYDROELECTRIC
PO}IER
POTENTIAL
IN OREGON
B\f
Peter C. KlfnEeman
Principal InvesttEator
0regonWaterResources
ResearchInstitute
0regonState University
Corval
1is, 0regon9733"l
in cooperati'qnwith
State of hlashington
WaterResearch
eenter
Idaho hlater ResourcesResearchtnstitute
MontanaUnfversity Joint &faterResources
Researeh
Center
This Project was Fundedby the
Uni ted Statee:;Depaptment.
r.qf:;'Energy,'
C0NTRACT
$t0. EG-77-S-07-I69I
Through The
Idaho k{ater ResourcesResearchInstftute
WRRI-6I
April I979
WaterResources
Research
lnstitute
Corvallis,Oregon 97331
(sG!)7s4-,m22
August31, 1983
WRRI-61ERRATA
INFORMATION
Ap p e n d i x1
p . 0 - 1 - t I 0 Ma pi s u p sidedownbut flow ar r ow is correct
p . 0 - l - 1 1 4 Ma pi s u p sidedownbut flow ar r ow is cor r ect
Ap p e n d i x5
p : 0-5 -3 2 o r
p. 0-5-33
DougParrow(0regonDOE)inquired about accuracy
i n J u n e1 9 8 2( n o f o l l o w u pn o t e i n o u r t i l e s )
Ap p e n d ix1 7
p . 0 - 1 7 - 6 el T
st
re a ch w as shor tenedto RM5.4, to allow for N. For k
C
h
e
tcoR i ver , but elevation at end of r each was not
p . 0-1 7 -7 0)
a d i u ste da ccor dingly. N. For k ChetcoRiver was
o mi tte d fro m analysis.
ABSTRACT
A systematic, statewide investigation of stream powerand energy has
beenmadefor al I reachesof 0regonstreamsnot presently having damsbut
c a p a b l eo f p ro d u ci n g2 0 0 k w or mor eat least 50 per cent of the tim e. F r om
a v a il a b 'l ep re ci p i ta ti o n d ata, topogr aphicmapsand str eamgagingstati on
r e c ord s, h yd ro l o g i c te ch niqueswer e used to gener atem eandischar ge s ,di s c h a r g ep a tte rn s, fl o w -d u ration cur ves, str eampowervalues and str ea m
e n e r g yva l u e s fo r 7 6 2 6mi les of r iver s in Or egon,gr oupedinto .|443r eac hes .
T h e i n fo rma ti o nw a s d e ve lopedto inventor y the theor etical developa bl el ow head hydro powerpotential for 0regon. Assumptfons
were madeto use runo f - r i ve r co n d i ti o n s (ra ther than r eser voir stor age) and ' |00 per cent effi c i e ncy i n g e n e ra ti n ge l e c tr ical ener gyfr om str eam flow.
T h e re su l ti n g th e o retical maximum
developablelow- headpoweran d
energy potential n respective'lyoars found to be about 2 Gl.land 15,000GWh,
f o r ne a r-fi rm-p o w eco
r n d itions of 95 per cent- of- tim eexceedance,
abo ut
6 Glrland 43,000 Gl,.Ih
for medianflow..conditionsof 50 percent exceedance,
a n d ll GWa n d 6 1 ,0 0 0Gl rJh
for near - mean
flow conditions of 30 per cen t
e x c e e d a n ce .S tre a msi n fl uenced by lar ge pr ecipitation in the Coast al
and cascadeRangespossessthe greatest developablepowerand energy
p o t en ti a l ; S o tl th e a stOregonstr eamshavecompar ativelysr nall potenti al s .
U s i n gp r a c t i c a l b u t ' l i m i t e d a s s . e s s m ecni itt e r i a , p r e l i m i n a r yf e a s i b i ' l i t y
a n a lyse sa n d scre e n i n gw er e used to identify for near - futur e investigati on
5 6 r e a ch e so u t o f th e 1 4 43studied ( 39 of themin the tlillamette Bas i n)
that had relatively few constraints and had nearbyenergymarketfng
possibilities.
In comparisonwith other Pacific Northwests.tates and adjacent
s t a t e ' s h a v i n gs o m el a n d i n t h e C o l u m b i a
R i . v e rB a s t n , O r e E o rna n k s s e c o n d
s b o u t o n e -four th of the r egion' s total developablelow- head
a n d po sse sse a
s t r e amp o w e ra n d e n e rg yp otential.
FORE[{ORD
The Water ResourcesResearchInstitute, located on the 0regonState
U n i ve rsi ty C a mp u s,
se rves the State of Or egon. The Institute foster s ,
e n co u ra g eas n d fa ci l i ta te s water r esour cesr esear chand educationin v ol v i n g a l l a S p e ctso f th e q uality and quantity of water available for b enef i c i a l u s e . T h e I n s t i t u t e a d mnister
i
s and coor dinatesstatewidean d
r e gi o n a l p ro g ra mso f mu ltidisciplinar y r esear chin water and r elated
land resources. The Institute provides a necessarycommunications
and
g er ncies of local, state and feder al gov
r, and the broad researchcommunity
communit at
rs of water-related research. The
r n sE l u u E ea tso co o ro l n a testhF lnter - disciplinar y pr ogr amof gr aduate
e d u ca ti o ni n w a te r re so ur ces[t Or egonState Univer sity.
I t i s I n s t i t u t e p o l i c y t p m a k ea v a i l a b l e t h e r e s u l t s o f s i g n i f i c a n t
w a te r-re l a te d re se a rchconduclted
in Or egon' suniver sities and colleg es .
ects the findings of the author s of
'eful consideration of the accumulated
ution of water - r e$iltedpr oblems .
ACKNOtllLEDGEMENTS
T h e a ssi sta n cea n d shar iFg or ideas amongm emberof
s the Idaho ,
r d the sponsor ingU.S. Depar tm ent
of
tefully acknowledged
for the benefi ts
;his r egional effor t.
The contributions of the dozenmembers
of the Oregonstudy team are
m o st p a rti cu l a rl y a p p re ciatedf Theydevotedcountlesshour s to the pai ns t a k i n g t a s k s i n v o l v e di n t h i b p r o j e c t .
I n s u c c e s s i o nR
, o n a l dC . S c h e i d t ,
okhti ser vedas pr oject engine er s ,
star ted befor e com pletingthei r w or k
g var ious phasesof the pr ojec t they
a r o l y n J . C h o q u e t t eM
, ilo N. Ullstad,
thanneRubenstein,Jam esR. Hynem ann
re appendicesto this report represent
tefully acknowledged.
'tl
TABLEOF CONTENTS
1V
L i s t o f F i g u re s
V
l s
L i s t o f Tabe
Chapter
I.
II.
and PurPose
Study Background
3
H yd ro l o g i ca n d E ner gyAnalysis Techniques
P r e l i m i n a r yF e a s i b i il t y A n a l y s i sT e c h n i q u e s
27
I V . Findings from Hydrologic and EnergyAnalyses
33
III.
57
V . F i n d i n g sfro m P reliminar y Feasibility Analyses
67
V I . D i s c u s s i o na n d C o n c l u s i o n s
VI I.
l1
R e fe re n ce s
Numberof Pages
Appendicds
l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
il.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
N o r t h C o a s tB a s i n
l ,rl i l l a me tteB a si n
24. Upper
28. Middle
2C. Lower
S a n d yB a si n
H o o dB a si n
D e sch u te B
s a si n
John Day Basin
U ma ti 'l l aB a si n
Gra n d eR o n d eB a sin
PowderBasin
M a l h e u rB a s i n
0wyheeBasin
M a l h e u rL a k eB a s i n
Lakes Basin
Gooseand Summer
K l a ma thB a si n
R o g u eB a si n
U mp q uBaa si n
S o u thC o a stB a si n
M i d - C o a sBt a s i n
't 't 'l
150
134
233
72
54
t9
.|30
48
l5
6B
34
22
25
9
6
33
145
123
93
l5l
LIST OF FIGURES
F i g ure
Page
1.
RegionalStudy Area
?
2.
0 re g o n 'sMa j o r D rainageBasins
4
3.
T yp i ca l F Io w -D u rationCurve
6
A.
F l o w -D u ra ti o nC u rvesfor GagingStati.onsin a Basfn
9
5.
ParametricFlow-Duration Cur vesfor a Basin
6.
NormalAnnualPreci.pi.tat
ion llap
7.
P re cip i ta ti o n -A re a- Runof
f Cor r elation
t5
8.
Examplesof Energyand Plant Factor Relationshi' p
IB
9.
StreamReachesMeetingthe Low-Head
Criteria
35
Theoretical Powerand EnergyAvailable from Streamflow
50 Percent of the Ti'me
51
Ge o g ra p h i caDl i stribution of Theor etical PowerAvailable
50 Percent of the Time
5Z
T h e o re ti ca l P o w e rAvailable fr om Str eamflowBasedon
L o w - H e aCdr i t e r i a . .
53
Theoretical EnergyAvailable from StreamflowBasedon
L o w -H e aC
d ri te ri a
54
Locations of ReachesPassf,ngPretri.mi,nary'
Feas;i.hi:lity
Screening
60
10.
ll.
12.
13.
14.
1.V
. , .
t0
, .,.
12
LIST OFTABLES
Page
Tabe
l
I.
II.
III.
IV.
H yd ro e l e ctri cP o te ntia' lAnalysis T,ee
hniques
l9
F o rma tU se dto D e scr ibeHydr o- PotentialChar acter istics
23
F o r m a tU s e dt o S u m m a r i zPer e l i m i n a r yF e a s i b i l i t y A n a l y s i s
30
Numberof Low-Flead
Reachesand River Miles Analyzedfor
0 re g o nR i ve r B a si n s
34
V. Surnmary
of Theoretical Maximum
DevelopablePowerand
EnergyPotential for Oregon
VI .
VI f .
VIII.
IX.
38
T h e o re ti ca l Ma xi mum
Developable
Powerand Energy
P o te n ti a l fo r R i ve rs and Basinsin 0r egon
39
S u mma ry
o f T h e o re ti cal M aximum
Powerand
Developable
EnergyPotential for Pacific NorthwestStreams.
56
F e a s i b i l i t y R e s t r a i n t sa n d C o n s t r a i n t sA f f e c t i n g R e a c h e s
5B
Id e n ti l fi ca t,i o n 'a n dRankihg' ofRehches
Passir ig
P r e l i m i n a r yS c r e e n i n g . . i . . ; . .
.'
X. NumberAfld Theoretical Powerand EnergyPotentials of Reaches
P a s s i n gP r e l i m i n a r yr e a s f b i l i t y S c r e e n i n g
6l
66
I. STUDY
BACKGROUND
ANDPURPOSE
The University of Idaho Water ResourcesResearchInstitute entered
i n t o a co n tra ct w i th th e U. S. Depar tment
,
of Ener gyin September1977,
to makea study entitled "A Resounce
Hydroelectric
Surveyof Low-Head
P o te n ti a l -- P a ci fi c N o rthwestRegion". The Univer sity of IdahoW ater
R e s o u rceR
s e se a rchIn sti tute in tur n enter ed into subcontr actswith the
W a te rR e so u rce R
s e se a rchInstitutes in Or egon,W ashington
and M onta nato
d o th e p o rti o n s o f th a t study involving str eam sin their r espective
s t a te s.
T h e p u rp o seo f th i s study was to evaluate the low- headhydr oe' l ec tr i c
p o t e n ti a l o f th e P a ci fi c Nor thwestr egion. For pur posesof this study ,
low-headhydroe'lectric powerwas defined as powerproducedfrom power
s i t e s w i th g ro ss h yd ra u lic headsr anging fr om 3 b 2A meter s ( m) an d w i th
r e s ul ti n g p o w e rp l a n t si zes gr eater than 200 kilowatts ( klr ' l) .
T h e s t u d y i n c l u d e da l l o f t h e C o l u m b i a
River Basin. It also included
a l l o t h e r r i v e r b a s : i n si n I d a h o , O r e g o na n d W a s h i n g t o n .T h e s t u d y a r e a i s
s h ow ni n F i g u re l . T h e total ar ea studied is appr oxim ately292,000s quar e
m i l es. T h e 0 re g o nstu d y teamwas r esponsiblefor evaluating the low - head
h y dro e l e ctri c p o te n ti a l of the State of 0r egon,an ar ea of appr oxim atel y
9 7 , 00 Csq
I u a remi l e s -'a b out one- thir d of the tota' l study ar ea.
The regiona'l study was coordinatedby the Idaho study team. The
s t u d y w a s i n i ti a te d i n October1977by a one- daymeetr ' ng
of all stat e
study teamswith representativesof the U.S. Departmentof Energyto
e s t ab l i sh stu d y me th o d ologies
and deal with the logistics of accom pl i s h'i ng
t h e p ro j e ct o b j e cti ve s. A br .iefing meetingwas held on the followin g day
to discuss the study with interested state and federal agencies. Subsequent'ly, study teamcoordination meetingswere held quarter'ly to discuss
s t u dy p ro g re ss, p ro b l e msencounter edin applying r nethodoloEies,
and tas k s
s t i l l to b e co mp l e te d . Additional br tefing meetingsand discussionsw i th
a g e n ci e sa n d th e p u b l i c i n gener al occur r edthr oughoutthe study to pr ov i de
i n f orma ti o na n d to a n sw erinquir ies.
w a l f l t x a t o r a
o
t
t
c
o
i
I ' C Y A D
FIGUREI. REGTONAL
STUDYAREA
TECHNTQUES
ANALYSIS
II. H Y D R OL OGIC
ANDENERGY
S t a te R i ve r B a si n s
T h e l 8 ma j o r d ra i 'n agebasins identified by the 0r egonW aterRe s our c es
D
D e pa rtme n(OWR
t
w)e re a doptedas ana' lytical units to pr ovide evaluatj ons
u s e fu l fo r fu tu re ri ve r basin planning. Thesesubdivisionsof the s tate
a r e sh o w ni n F i g u re 2 . Eachbasin consists o:Fone or mor ehydr ologi c al l y
homogeneous
areas for which streamf'lowgaging station records could be
c o r r e l a te d to d e ve l o pru noff r elations.
Use of Reaches
T h e i n i ti a l stu d y a ssignment
was to define the low- headhydr o potenti al
b y id e n ti fyi n g a l l p o ssi ble low- - head
hydr oelectr ic sites. It was so on
d e t ermi n e dth a t th i s ta sk was too for m idableunder the lim itations of the
a v a i l a b l e p ro j e ct ti me a nd budget. Ther efor e,the study appr oachfo l l ow ed
was to define the powerpotenti'al for consecutivereaches (lengths) of the
s t r e a ms. A re a ch i s d e fined her e as any length of str eamwith designated
upstreamand downstream
boundariessuch that averagevalues taken over the
r e a ch g i ve re a so n a b l ed e s cr iptions of the r each. Str eamr eacheswe r e
chosenso that major tributary streamswould enter at the upstreamor downdi d
s t r ea me n d p o i n ts o f th e r each r ather than withfn the r each. Reaches
n o t i n cl u d e e xi sti n g d a msand r eser voir s; instead, they ter m inatedj us t
upstreamand downstream.
Reacheswere assignedto al1 segmentsof streamsthat had flow
c a pa b i l i ti e s o f 3 6 cu b i c feet per second( cfs) - - about I cubic met er per
s e co n d-- a t l e a st 5 0 p e rcent of the tim e. This cor r espondsto the fl ow
required to produce200 khlat a 20 m head.
Synopsisof GeneralAnalytical Approach
The streamflowregfmefor each reach was determinedby'meansof flowd u r ati o n cu rve s. A t l o cations wher estr eam gaging
stations existed, thes e
curves were developeddirectly from data records. However,most reaches
h a d n o su ch sta ti o n s a n d it was, ther efor e, necessar yto gener atesyntheti c
f l o w -d u ra ti o n cu rve s fo r them. An appr opr .iatetechniquefor doing thi s
w a s d e ve l o p e d ,i n vo l vi n g cor r elations am ong( 1) pr ecipitation data that had
a l r e a d y b e e ng e n e ra l i ze dto give.isohyetal mapscover inEthe entir e s tate,
( 2 ) d ra i n a g ea re a s th a t c ould be obtainedfor each r each fr sm availa bl e
m a ps, (3 ) a ve ra g ea n n u a ldischar gesavailable at gagingstations and
:J
?
6
o
9
o-N6c6€a€
"l--j
g
v
o
t
at1
z.
an
co
ul
(5
z
ii
E.
o
d.
D
=
z
?
=
O
(J
UJ
d.
O
d
(\I
=
Ld
d.
=
(5
H
lJ-
-\
N
z
i
a l :
o
a d ju sta b l e to ma tchth e per iod of concur r entpr ecipitation data, and
( 4 ) fl o w -d u ra ti o n cu rve s at these gagingstations. Cor r elationsus i ng
t h e fi rst th re e p a ra me ter s( pr eci' pitation, dr ainagear ea, and aver age
a n n u a ld i s c h a r g e )a t e x i s t i n g s t a t i o n s g a v er e l a t i o n s t o p r e d i c t a v e r a g e
a n nu a ld i sch a rg e sa t u n gagedsites fr om pr ecipi' tation and dr ainagea r ea
e s t i ma te s. C o rre l a ti o n susing the last two par am eter s( aver ageann ual
d i s ch a rg ea n d fl o w -d u ra tion char acter istics) gaveadditional r elations
s o th a t th e p re d i cte d a ver ageannualdischar gesat ungagedsites we r e
c o n ve rte di n to p re d i cte d flow- dur ation cur ve dischar ges.
The energy characteristics for each reach were determinedby using
f i v e e xce e d a n ce
fl o w s from the pr edicted flow- dur ation cur ves ( ttow s ,that
.|0 ,
w e r e e xce e d e d
3 0 , 5 0 , 80, and 95 per cent of the tim e, basedon longt e r m co n d i ti o n s). E a chexceedance
flow was usedwith the water pow er
e q u a ti o n , w h i ch i n co rp o r ates these flows with the available headin the
r e a ch . P o w e rva l u e s w e re then conver tedto ener gyvalues by applicati on
o f a p p r o p r i a t et i m e i n t e r v a l s f o r p o w e ra v a i l a b i l i t y .
The p'lant load conditions for each reach were determinedby comparing
the energy outputs for the five exceedance
flows under their predicted
v a r ia b l e stre a mfl o wre g i meswith the ener gyoutput for the sam eflow s i f
t h e y i n ste a d w e re a va i l a ble without var iation 100 per cent of the tim e.
T h e re su l ti n g ra ti o s w e re called plant factor s to distinguish themfr om
other plant l-oadterms commonly
used.
Fl ow-DurationApproach
T o d e scri b e th e re g imeof flows available in a r each over tim e, a
flow-duration curve approachwas used. A typical flow-duration curve is
s h o w ni n F i g u re 3 .
T h e fl o w -d u ra ti o n cur ve is a cumulativefr equencycur ve of disc har ges .
The curve depicts the amountsof time that the flow rate of a stream can be
e x p e cte d to e q u a l o r e xceedvar i' ousspecffic flow' values dur ing some
period. It combinesin one curve the flow characteristi.cs of a stream
throughout its observedrange of discharge, without regard to the sequence
or frequencyof occurrenceof different discharges. The period used is
normally one or morecompleteyears of record. Meandaily streamflowsare
t y p ica l l y u se d i n th e d e velopment
of the cur ve. Str eam flowts deprc tedon
t h e o rd i n a te sca l e , w h i ch m aybe an ar ithm etic or logar ithm tc scale,
too
to
to
,a
6 0
50
rto
30
o
lr 20
C'
o
z
o
D
c)
- t o
F
9
z
t
7
3
o
6
-l
t r l
a
to
ao
50
EXGEEDANCE
ao
?o
PERCENT
FIGURE3. TYPICALFLOW-DURATION
CURVE
d e pe n d i n gu p o nth e ra n g eof flows involved. The amountsof tim e are not
c h r o n o l o g i ca lse ri e s b u t instead ar e magnitudeser ies and ar e usua l l y
d e p i cte do n th e a b sci ssascale as "per cent of tim e that the specifi ed fl ow
i s e q u a l l e do r e x c e e d e d "o, l , m o r es i m p l y , " e x c e e d a n cpee r c e n t " .
The flow-duration curve techniquewas chosenbecauseit provides a
c o mp l e teye t co mp a ctd e s cr iption of str eamflowvar iability. Becau s e
of
t h e u se o f me a nd a i l y fl ows over a long per iod of sever al year s of r ec or d,
a detai'leddescription of the common
and extremeevents that have occurred
i n a b a si n i s d e p i cte d . This gives far mor einfor mation than is co nv ey ed
w h eno n l y th e a ve ra g e ,maximum
and minimum
dischar gesfor the per io d ar e
k n ow n . T h e fl o w -d u ra ti on cur ve thus gives an effective meansof as s es s i n g e n e rg yca p a b i l i ti e s of a str eamr each or of a specific hydr opo w er
s i te
a t v a r i o u s l e v e l s o f f l o w a v a i l a b i l i t y , i n c l u d i n g a v e r a g ec o n d i t i o n sa n d
a n y o th e r co n d i ti o n s o f inter est.
For purposesof this study, it was assumed
that any newlow-head
h y d ro e l e ctri c p ro j e cts wouldoper ateessentially as r un- of- r fver pow er
p l a n t s , t a k i n g f l o w a s i t w a sa v a i l a b l e w i t h o u t i m p o u n d m e n T
t .h u s , a n y
s t o ra g e th a t w o u l d b e madeavailable at newsites wouldmakemor epow er
a n d e n e rg ya va i l a b l e th a n was computed
using the r r un- of- r fverassumpti on.
Therefore, the powerand energy estimates that have beenmadein this study
a r e co n se rva ti ve(i .e ., ar e under estimates)
as far as the effect of on- s i te
s t o ra g e i s co n ce rn e d . A lso, the assum ption
of r un- of- r i' ver conditions
m e an sth a t th e fl o w -d u ration cur ve for a par ticular r eachwould not be
a l t ere d i f a l o w -h e a dsi te is developedupstr eam( wher easupstr eamstor age
w o u l da ffe ct a l l d o w n stream
flow- dur ation cur ves and would nor m allyc aus e
a n i n cre a sei n .d o w n stre am
powerand ener gyavailable) .
F l o w -D u ra ti o nC u rveD e velopment
F l o w -d u ra ti o ncu rve s ar e nor m allydevelopedfr om data at gaging
stations. Therefore, methodshad to be developedto construct synthettc
flow-duration curves for reachesof the streamwhereno streamgageswere
a v a iI a b le .
F o r n a tu ra l , u n re g ulatedstr eams,gener alfzedflow- dur ation cur v es
w e r e d e ve l o p e da t kn o w ngagelocations for application to ungagedlo c ati ons .
T h e fi rst ste p i n th i s p r ocedur ewas to developflow- dur ation cur ves for
a l l g a g el o ca ti o n s w i th i n each basi' nof inter est. Dafly flow- dur ati on
c u r ve s fo r a l l g a g i n gstations wer e pr ovidedby the U.S. Geologica l
Su r ve y(U S GS ),u si n g th e ir computer ized
str eam flowdata accesssyst em
hIATSTORE.
Theseduration values were determinedby categorizing each
daily flow for the period of record i'nto one of a series of pre*s6,*eatdd
f l o w i n te rva l s. T h e n u mberof daily flows in each inter val was the n
determined. The exceedance
percentageof each interval was computedb;r
f i r st d e te rmi n i n gth e n u mberof flow values containedin inter vals wi th
f l o w ma g n i tu d e h
s i g h e r than the inter val of inter est. This numberwas
d i v id e d b y th e to ta l n u mberof flows in all inter vals to obtain the
percentage. The flow-duration curve was then developedby
exceedance
p l o tti n g th e u p p e r fl o w value for each inter val ver sus the exceeda nc e
p e r ce n t fo r th e i n te rva l .
T h e se co n dste p i n getting the gener alizedflow- dur ation cur ves
was to developa family of parametric flow-duration curves from the
a v a i l a b l e fl o w -d u ra ti o n cur ves for eachm ajor r iver basin. To do thi s ,
t h e fl o w -d u ra ti o n cu rve s for all available gagesth the basir nwer e pl otted
i n d i vi d u a l l y. F l o w va l u es for sever al pr e- selectedexceedance
values
( 1 0, 3 0 , 5 0 , 8 0 , a n d 9 5 per cent) wer e deter m inedfr om each of these
c u r ve s, a s i l l u stra te d i n Figur e 4. Theseflow values for each gageand
for each exceedance
percentagewere plotted agafnst the averageannual
runoff (0nn1at each gage. A separate curve was then developedfor each
p e rce n ta g e(rather than each gage) . A cor r elation analy s i s w as
e x ce e d a n ce
performedfor each set of data points to obtain a line of best fit to the
d a t a. A n e xa mp l eo f th e r esulting fam ily of par ametr icflow- dur ati on
c u r v e s d e ve l o p e dfro m th i s appr oachis shownin Figur e 5.
T o u se th e se g e n e ralizedflow- dur ation cur ves, all that is r equi r ed
is the value of QAAat the reach or site of interest. (The procedurefor
g e t ti n g a ve ra g ea n n u a lrunoff at ungaged
points is discussedlater i n thi s
report. ) fo construct the required flow-duration curves at the unknown
point, the abscissa of the graph is entered with the knorivn
QAAvalue and
a l i n e i s e xte n d e dve rti cal' ly upwar dfr om this value to inter sect w,i th the
five curves of percent exceedance
so that flow values can be obtained from
t h e o rd i n a te sca l e . T h e sefive flow values can then be ptotted aga i ns t
the five percent exceedance
values to get the newsynthetic ftow-duration
c u r v e ( w h i c hw i l l l o o k l i k e t h a t i n F i g u r e3 ) .
roo00
\
\
\
\ \
\j
ro00
\
\
\
\
)Q.
\
-
q
E
\d(
\
\
rJ
t_
}S=,
-'1J>
\
\
3
o
rF
\
\
.a{
J
lt
\
\
)9
g^r
\:
-+
\G^
\
<F
It
\
I
l
tI
I
to
o
to
20
30
/to
50
60
70
io
\
\
90
EX C E E D A N C E P E R C E N T A G E
FIGURE4. FLOW-DURATION
CURVES
FORGAGI.NG
STATIONS
T.NA BASIiN
too
vt
l!
L'
=
o
-l
lr.
tooo
AVERAGE ANNUAL RUNOFF
THOUSAND CFS_DAYS
FIGURE5. PARAMETRIC
FLOW-DURATION
CURVES
FORA BASIN
A n a l te rn a ti ve me thodto that usedon natur al str eamswas cons i der ed
f o r o b ta i n i n g fl o w -d u ra tion cur ves for r egulated str eamr eaches. Monthl y
s y n th e ti c stre a mfl o wd a ta for r iver s with m ajor powerdamswer e ava i l abl e
f r o m th e B o n n e vi l l eP o w erAdm inistr ation( BPA) . Thesedata had bee n
.|930- .| 968
d e ve l o p e di n co n n e cti o nwith BPAsimulation studies wher ein
s t r ea mfl o w sw e re a d j u sted to r eflect l97B levels of flow depletion a nd
1978powerloads. hlowever
becausethe USGS
flow-duratfon curves reflected
r e g u l a ti o n co n d i ti o n s w ell for m ost.str eamwher
s
edam shaveexisted ov er a
l o n g p e ri o d , i t w a s d e ci dedto use the USGS
daily infor mation r ather than
t o m i x i n mo n th l yB P Ad a ta for a few r iver s. Hence,flow- dur ation c ur v e
analystisfor someregulated streamsgive somewhat
conservativeunderestimates
o f th e p o w e ra n d e n e rg yby not adequatelyr eflecting the full benef i ts of
storage.
AverageAnnual Runoff
T h e te ch n i q u efo r o btaining aver ageannualr unoff for the ungaged
p o r ti o n s o f e a ch ri ve r b asin was basedupona cor r elation of dr ainage
b a si n a re a , n o rma la n n u alpr ecipitation and concur r entaver ageannu al
r u n o ff fo r g a g e dp o rti o n s.
T o d e ve l o pth i s co rrelation involved the integr ation of ar eas betw een
p r e ci p i ta ti o n i so h ye ta l l ines. This r equir ed use of the best availa bl e
l o n g-te rmme a no r n o rma lannualpr eci' pi' tationm apsfor the par ticula r s tudy
a r e as (i n th i s stu d y, th e NAPabbr eviationwas used' to identify both the
' l o ng -te rm
me a na n d th e 3 0- yearnor m alannualpr ecipi' tation) . The so ur c es
of these mapswere the OregonWater ResourcesDepartment(0WRD)
and the
P a c i fi c N o rth w e stR i ve r BasinsCor nmission
( RNnBC)
fr om its "Columbi a- N or th
Pa c i fi c R e g i o nC o mp re h ensive
Fr am eworStudy".
k
An exampleof one of the
PN R Bma
C p si s sh o w ni n F igur e 6. Pr ecipitation data gener ally cove r ed
t h e 1 9 3 0 -.|9 5p7e ri o d .
U S GS
to p o g ra p h i cmapswer e used for basin ar ea analyses. The s c al es
o f ma p su se dva ri e d w i th hydr ologicpr oductivity of the ar ea of inte r es t.
I n a r e a so f l a r g e r u n o f f o m a p so f i : 2 4 , 0 0 0 a n d l : 6 2 , 5 0 0 s c a l e w e r e u s e d
t o i d e n ti fy a 1 l stre a msthat could pr oducethe minimum
poweroutput of
200 k!'Iat the maximum
headof 20 n. Thesehigh runoff areas were priinarily
a s so ci a te dw i th th e co a stal dr ainagebasins. In ar eas of less water
p r o d u cti o n , ma p sw i th scales r anging between1;125,000and 1:360,00 0
proved to be quite adequate.
ll
@n$
[t
-+a=N
I
l^
I
I
I
I
I
l
I
I
:
I
t-
!
I
orEoor.
xEvAoA
- NoRrH PAC|
coLUMEr/r
rtC
C O M P R t Ht {ts l v Ef S A M t ' w O RS' (I T J O Y
M E A NA N N U A LP R E C I P I T A T I O N
IN INCHES
CENTRAL
arilrr SUBREGtON
5
FIGURE6. NORMAL
ANNUALPRECIPITATION
MAP
_
l
The topographicmapswere first used to trace aI1 major drafnage
basin mapswere marked
basins. Reachesthat had been selected from OllIRD
o n th e tra ci n g s o f th e topogr aphicm apsand their dr ainagedivides w er e
a l s o tra ce d . In so meca ses, par t of this wor k had beendonepr evious l y
b y th e U S GSb; y u s'i n gp rojection techniquesthe basin boundar ieswo ul d
basin mapsto mapsof a more suitable scale
be transfemed from the USGS
w i t h o n l y mi n o r co rre cti ons r equir ed.
T h e n e xt ste p i n vo l ved m atchingthe NAPm apscale to the scale of
t h e d ra i n a g eb a si n ma p sused to delineate the var ious r eaches. Twoopti c al
p r o j e cti o n te ch n i q u e sw er e used. The fir st involved m aking35 m msl i des
o f p o rti o n s o f th e o rri g inal NAPm aps. By pr ojecting the slides thr o ugha
3 5 m msl i d e p ro j e cto r, the scales of the dr ainagebasin and NPAmap s
c o ul d b e ma tch e dve ry e a sily. The secondtechniqueinvolved using lar ge
( 8 r " x 1 l ) tra n sp a re n ci e sof the NAPm aps. Thesetr anspar encieswere
pr ojector . Both
p r o j e cte d o n to th e d ra i n agebasin m apsusing anf:over head
methodsresulted in good scale and placementaccuracywhencare was
t a k e n i n a d j u sti n g th e l ocation and m agnificationof the pr ojection . T he
uponthe size of the available NAPmap.
c h o i ce o f me th o dd e p e n ded
The next step was to measurethe areas betweenadjacent isohyetal
1j nes wi thi n each i ndivi dual reach drai nagearea. Several techri'i'ques
were explored to measurethe area betweenisohyetal lines. Use of an
electronic planimeter proved to be very accurate and by far the quickest
m e th o dfo r o b ta i n i n g th e se values. Eachof the isohyetal zoneswas
a s si g n e da n a ve ra g ep re cipitation am ountbasedon the values of the
a d j a ce n t i so h ye ta l l i n e s. The planim eter edbasin sub- ar easfor eac h
i s o h ye ta l zo n ew e re th e n multiplied by the aver agepr ecipitation for eac h
z o n e to o b ta i n th e to ta l annualpr ecipitation volumeavailable. Bec aus e
o f th e va ri o u s ma p ssca l es used to cover somebasins, differ ent con v er s i on
factors were sometimesrequired to develop the total annual precipitation
' v o l u me . T h e sesu b -b a si npr ecipitation volumeinputs wer e summ ed
to get
t h e to ta l p re ci p i ta ti o n input for the basin upstr eamof the moutho f
e a ch re a ch .
N e xt, th e a n n u a lp recipitation and annual r unoff data wer e adius ted
str eamgagingstation r ecor d s
t o a co mp a ra b l b
e a si s. Since the USGS
h a ve va ri o u s ti me b a se sand NAPmapsar e basedon a par ticular tim e per i od,
time base. The ti' mebasesel ec ted
i t w a s d e si ra b l e to u se a single, comm on
l3
was the sameas the tjme period used in developingthe NAPmapsthat were
u s e d fo r a p a rti cu l a r ri ver basin. This per m itted use of the isohy etal
m a pw i th o u t mo d i fi ca ti o n and r equir ed adiustm entof str eam flowsto c om p e n sa tefo r w e t a n d d ry tr ends dur ing per iods other than the selected
t i m e b a se .
Wh e ng a g i n gsta ti o n s had r ecsr ds concumentwith or longer than the
N APti me b a se , QA Ava l u es wer e calculated for the concur r entspanof
years. However,if any part of the streamflowrecord was missing during
t h e b a sep e ri o d , a co rre lation pr ocedur ewas used to estim ate the m i s s i ng
d a ta . T o d o th i s, a re fer encestation with a long per iod of r ecor d
s p a n n i n gth e b a sep e ri o d was selected. The choice was limited to st ati ons
t y p i ca l fo r th e d ra i n a g ear ea, fr ee of significant flow r egulation, and
f r e e o f a b n o rmaco
l n d i ti ons. I' n som ecases, the r efer encestation h ad to
b e se l e cte d fo rm a n a d j a c ent basin. The calculated base per iod QAAv al ues
f o r th e a d j u ste d sta ti o n s wer e obtainedfor r n the following equation :
QA A B u r.
P e ri o d ,
Adj. Sta.
=[ooR:;: '
!ill"]
QAAcorpu"ison
Yrs.,
With a common
time base established for NAPand QAA,the product of
NAPand drainage area (DA) was obtained for each gaging station and p'lotted
a g a i n st th e co rre sp o n d ing
adjustedQAA. A r egr essionana' lysisled t o the
r e ' la ti o n sh p
i
k
Q M = a t ( N A P () D A ) 1 "
f o r th a t ti me b a se u se dfor each r iver basin, wi' th coefficients a and b
i n f l u e n c e db y r i v e r b a s i n h y d r o l o g i cc o n d i t i o n s . F i g u r e7 i l l u s t r a t e s
thi s.
To apply the methodfor estimating QAAfor ungagedportions of each
r i v e r b a si n , D Aa n d N A Pwer e ffr st obtainedfr om planim etr yof topogr aphi c
and NAPmaps. The QAAformula was then used. Planimetry progressedfrom
headwatersdownstream
to mouthsof rivers. Therefore, it was convenient
t o ma i n ta i n cu mu l a ti vetotals for DAand t( NAP)( DA) l in the downstr eam
d i r e cti o n . F o r e a ch re a ch, the r epr esentativeQAAwas calculated fr om
products of
the averageof the values for the upstreamand downstream
I ( N A P )( D A ) l r
_
n
QAA= a lJMP-)-96;1u
where
= ,.fr[rune1
(DA)]upstreanr
+ t(NAp)(DA)laownstream].
IN-ATI-FA)14
NORTH COAST BA:ilN 0.965
))(DAI
Q, AA =ez)ftruar
'
NEHALEIV
TRASKNR.TILLAMO(
wlLSoN NR _-,
TILLAMOOK- f
to4
Y O U N G SN R
ASTORIA
;
o
N E S T U C C AN R .
McMlNNryr/
o-
z
t03
/
N E S T U:CA
I
dnn. FAIR D A L E
to2
?
I
to
to-
to3
Q AA, CFS
F I G U R7E.
P R E C I P I T A T I O N . A R E A -C
RO
UR
NR
OEFLFA . T I O N
t h
\
Oncethe representative QAAwas obtained for each reach, procedures
already describedwere used to obtain floru values at several exceedance
p e r ce n ta g e fro
s m th e g e ner alizedflow dur ation cur ves. Howeverr, at her
t h a n u se th e g ra p h i ca l relationships depicted fn Figur e 5, those par arnetric curves were used in the regression form
k
Q%= u% ( Qnn) "2
percentages
where the % symbolrepresents any of the selected exceedance
a n d th e co e ffi ci e n ts a a nd b take on comesponding
num er icalvalues.
Powerand EnergyComputations
A fte r g e n e ra ti n gth e aver ageannualdischar geand flow' dur atis n
curve for each reach, the next step was to computethe hydro power
p o t e n ti a l a va i l a b l e . T h e power ,ener gy, and plant capacity wer e com puted
f o r fi ve d i ffe re n t fl o w rates cor r esponding
to the 10, 30, 50, 80 and 95
p e r ce n t e xce e d a n ce
l e ve l s . The basic water powerequationusedwas:
'o =
QH 1.|,800 u
w h e re :
P=
Q=
H=
e =
I I ,800 =
power, megawatts
flow, cfs
headavailable i.n r each, f,eet
efficiency
convers{on'factor
The Q val ue used was the Q, basedon the representative QAAfor the
r e a ch a n d , h e n ce ,a p p ro x imatelythat available at the midpoint of th e
r e a ch . T h e h e a du se dw a s the total usable headin the r each, which w as
computedby subtracting the streamelevation at the downstream
end of
the reach from the streamelevation at the upstreamend of the reach.
I n t h e fa rth e st u p stre a mr each of a str eam, the flow value usedwas that
at the downstream
boundary(at least 36 cfs) and headwas taken as 20 m
(66 feet).
.|.0.
T h e e f f i c i e n c y u s e di n a l l p o w e rc o m p u t a t i o nws a s
It is
r e c og n i ze dth a tn o -h yd ro powergener atingsystem could oper ateat thi s
e f f i ci e n cy. B u t si n ce i t is not possible to pr edict the actual system
e f f i ci e n ci e s th a t mi g h t be achievedby var ious low- headpowerdevelopm ents ,
i t w a s f e l t t h a t u s i n g a n i d e a l e f f i c i e n c y o f 1 . 0 w o u l db e b e s t i n t h i s
s t u d y. T h e u se r o f stu d y findfngs can then apply par ticular efficienc i es
d i r ectl y to th e va l u e s re pr esentedin the tables and figunes to esti m ate
the actual powergenerated.
t6
I
The theoretical energJravailable from the powerplants si'zed at
values of Q was computedby i'ntegrating the area
the specific exceedance
and m ultiplying this by
u n d e rth e cu rve o f Q ve rs us per cent exceedance
the proper conversionfactors to get the averageenergy output per year.
F i g ure I i l l u stra te s th i s ar ea under the cur ve for the 30%exceeda nc e
v a lu e .
value is the pl ant
at each exceedance
A n o th e rva l u e th a t i s computed
factor. This is the ratio of' the actual energy generated(computedby
u s i n g th e a re a u n d e r th e cur ve) to the ener gythat would be ger ner a tedi f
v al ue
t h e p l a n t w a s o p e ra te da t the full capacity for a given exceedance
100%of the time. Figure 8 showsthe actual energy generated(as noted
a b o ve )a n d th e a d d i ti o n a l ener gythat could be obtainedif the plant
o p e ra te da t fu l l p o w e rcapacity all of the time. Hence,the combined
shaded'ayra correspondsto the denominatorin the plant factor ratio.
The power and
v a l ue s b a se do n th e
n o t b e co n fu se dw i th
sites in a reach. T
rgy values computedfor each reach are theoretical
I h e a da v a i l a b l e i n t h e r e a c h . T h e s ev a l u e ss h o u l d
th e powerand ener gyavailable at existing or p r opos ed
cor r elation betweenthe theor etical values and that
or proposedsites in dependenton such factors as
a vailable at the exi' stinEor pr oposedsite and the
a v a i l a b l ea t e x i s t i n
total headand stora
l o c a t i o n o f t h e s i t e w i thin the r each.
Summa o f A n a l s i s e c h n i
T a b l e I p re se n a summary
of the more important data sourcesand
a n a l ysi s te ch n i q u e s t wer e applied to par ticular str eam sand r iver
b a s i n si n O r e g o n . T fi r st colum n,identifi' es the basin and its st r eam s .
The next two col umnsu n der "Basin Char acter istics"ar e usedto desc r i be
t h e f l o w c l a s s i f i c a t o n ; e . 9 . , w h e t h e ri t i s a n a t u r a l f l o w s y s t e mo r h a s
r e s e r v o i r r e g u l a t i o na n d the type of r egulation of the str eam , if any . T he
the sour ceof flow data used i n a
"Sourceof Flow Data co lumndocuments
colum nand the " D ur ati on
Development"
usedto identify the techniqueus ed
or a particular basin. For the
r e g io n a l stu d yo va ri a ti o ns of the pr eviously descr ibedanalytical te c hni ques
were used by different state study teams. Sometechniqueswere used by more
t h a n o n e sta te . F o r e xa m ple,the flow- dur ation cur ve techniqueused i n
O r e g o nw a s l i k e o n e o f s e v e r a l u s e di n I d a h o " E a c ht e c h n i q u eo r v a r i a t i o n
17
r00
9 0
to
to
6 0
5 0
NOTT:
ao
co
Nt
= A R . I A u N D E RG u R y EA r 3 0 % E x c E : D A N c E
E:=l
= nEMAtNtNG AttA lF PLANr ls oPEnATED
A T ; U TI C A ? A CI T Y A T A ! L T I T T E S '
o
|r 20
(,
o
2
o
3
o
I
F
to
9
z
!
7
3
o
6
l r t
4
3 0
4 0
5 0
c 0
7 0
E X C E E D A N C EP E R C E N T
_
t
F IGU R8E. E X A MP L
E ENERGY
OF
ANDPLANTFACTOR
RELATIONSHIP
IB
TABLEI. HYDROELECTRIC
POTENTiAL
TECIINIQUES
ANALYSI]S
T E I : T I A iLI A L Y S ITSE C I I i { I { ) U E S
I I Y O N O I L E C TPNOI C
BASII{ CI{AMCTERISTICS
FLOlI
c L A S S t F- I
BASilt MrlE
REGULATIOII
I
50uRce
OF
DUMTIOII
cunvE
IIAP
scAtEs
SOURCE
cuRv€FoR
RECULATAO
<tarac
adTrnt
I. NorthCoast l s i n
lJesiuccaR.
Natural&
Regulated
M&I
0ther Streams
Natura I
n0ne
USGS/OI.IRD2 I d a h o A
I :240,000
l:62,500
I : 2 4. 0 0 0
OtdRD
USGS
USGS/O't,lRD2 Idaho A
I : 2 5 0, 0 0 0
l : 6 4, 5 0 0
1 : 2 4, 0 0 0
0t^lRD
UJbS
Idaho A
l : 3 6 0, 0 0 0
1: 6 4, 5 0 0
l : 24,000
Ot,IRD
u)b)
ldaho A
I :250,000
i : 6 4, 5 0 0
l:24,000
Ol,IRD
U)hJ
I'I : 2 5 0 , 0 0 0
: 64,500
I : 2 4, 0 0 0
0r{R0
USGS
USGS/Ot,|RD- Idaho A
l:125,000
1 : 6 4, 5 0 0
l:24,000
Ot,IRD
USGS
UsGS/Ot^lRD- l d a h o A
I :350,000
I :64,500
l : 24,000
0t^lR0
USGS
2A. Upper|,li1lan -'tte Basi n
l.jiIlanretteR.
Natural&
i ' l a in S t e r n
Regulated
(R002.1 R0024)
MP
Long Tom R,
l ' l c K e n zei R .
Coast Fork
lli.l I amette R.
I{iddle Fork
l,lillamette R.
28. liid-lljillamet :e Basin
iliI l,rrrette R.
I'iai n Stem
IKUUUf
-
Natural&
Regulated
MP
USGS/OIJRD-
KUU4U,
I, M&I
M&I
Y a n h iI 1 R .
R i c k r e a ll C r .
SantiamR.
Other Streams
Natural
MP
n0ne
2 C . L o w e r l ^ J i l l a mr t t e B a s i n
S c a p o o s eC r .
Natural
r , . llil a r n e t t e R .
l'lain Stem
NaturaJ&
Regulated
(Roool- Rooo4
s.
C la c k a m aR
T u a al t i n R .
3 . S a n d yB a s i n
none
,
USGS/OlllRD-
MP
I
SandyR.
l{ai n Stem
Natural&
Regu
I ated
M&I,P
B u l l R u nR .
other Streams
Natural
none
Natural
none
usGs/0r,rRD- Idaho A
4 . H o o dB a s i n
Al I Streams
,
5 . D e s c h u t eB
s a sn
D e s c h u t eR
s.
l 4 a i nS t e m
Natural &
R e g u la t e d
I
Crooked R.
Li ttl e Deschutes
nthor
qtr6:mc
Nr frrra l
FC=FloodControl;l=Irrigation;MP=MultiplePurpose;M&I=Municipaland/orlndustrial;N=Navigation;
P = Power;R = Recreation,
,'USGS=
U.S, Geological Survey; 0l{R0= OregonWater ResourcesDepartrnent
l9
TABLE
I.
Cont'd.
TTCIIIiIQUES
AitALYSIS
POTEIITIAL
IIYONO[LECTRIC
DASIHCI{ARACTERISTICS
BASUI ilNlE
FLOU
cLASSIFI
R€GUIATIOlI
1
IIAP
scALE5
ilqtn
0uMTt0lt
cuflvE
SOURCE
OF
nFVFrOpttFtlT
SOURCE
dip
CUiIVEFCR
RECULATiI)
fi49(
5 . J o h n D a yB a s i
JohnOayR.
l4ai n Stem
Natural &
ReguI ated
North Fork John
Day R.
other Streams
Natural
la"non I t,roo,ooo 0HRD
uscs/ot"lRDz
i I:64,500
l:24,000
I
USGS
none
UmatiI I
UrnatillaR.
l4ai n Stem
Natural &
Regulated
Other Streams
Natural
8
Grande Ron
G r a n d e R o n d eR .
M a in S t e m
l:200,000
l:24,000
Ol,lRD
USGS
2
USGS/Ol,lRD-
l : 2 2 0, 0 0 0
l :6 4 , 5 0 0
I : 2 4. 0 0 0
OlIRD
U)tr)
none
r s ln
I
Natural &
Regulated
Idaho A
I, M&I
l , l a l I o n aR .
other Streams
USGS/ObIRD- Idaho A
Natural
none
Natural
none
9. Por.rderBasin
Di na
TF
R.
Por.:der
i4ain Stem
E a g l eC r .
Burnt R.
'l0.
N a t u r a l&
Regu
1ated
Natural
USGS/Ot^lRD2 I d a h oA
I I:190'000
| 1:64,500
I l:24,000
0l,rRD
USGS
I I:300'000
| 1:64,500
1 :24,.000
|
Ol'lRD
U)UJ
0t^lRD
u>b5
OHRD
USGS
I
n0ne
Regulated
I
N a t u r a l&
ReguI ated
I
USGS/Ot{RD2
I d a h oA
Natural &
ated
Regu.l
t
USGS/Ot,lRD2
l d a h oA I l : 2 5 0 , 0 0 0
I 1:62,500
1:2a,000
|
M a l h e u rB a s
M a l h e uR
r .
l'1ain Stem
North Fork
Malheur R.
Natural
Regulated
.l2.
Mal
S i l v i e sK .
Basin
Natural
'
none
r
I
)
USGS/Ot,lRD-
l d a h oA
l
l
I I:330'000
I l:64,500
I l:24'000
DonnerL B 1i
a
ffiation;MP=MultiplePurpose;|,l&I=Municipaland/orIndustrial;N=Naviga
P = Power;R = Recreation.
2USGS
= U.S. Geological Survey; 0t{R0= oregon l,Jater Resourcesoepartment
20
ti on;
TABLE
l.
Cont'd.
T€CIIiIIQUES
AIIALYSIS
POTTI:TIAL
IIYOROILECTRIC
EASII{CITARACTERISTICS
BASIil liAilE
FLOlI
CLASSIFI.
n€filLATIofl I
SOURCE
OF
Ft n!,
ttrAP
0uR,tTI0il
CUNVE
sc^LES
SOURCE
OF
rtqFn
oaTlr
CURVEFOR
REGULATE!
<TpFirl
]3. Goose& Surrnr LakesBasi
R.
Chewaucan
'l4.
Natural
none
USGS/Ol1lRD-
Idaho A
'I
:315,000
l : 6 4, 5 0 0
1 : 24,000
Ol.lRD
USGS
OHRD
USGS
KlamathBasi
,
USGS/0t,lRD- Idaho A
Regulated
Jenny
K l a m a t hR ,
SpragueR.
'I
'I : 280,000
: 64,500
l:24,000
t o
Natural&
Regulated
t
t r l i l l i a m s oR
n.
-I5.
R o g u eB a s i n
R o g u eR .
i,lai n Stem
4nnl
onrta
Natural &
Regulated
USGS/OI,IRD- I d a h o A
l : 2 6 0, 0 0 0
l : 6 4, 5 0 0
OlllRD
USGS
USGS/O!lRD- Idaho A
l : 260,000
O|'lRO
USGS
I
Q
t v a n sC r ,
D e a rC r ,
3ig ButteCr.
Little ButteCr
0ther Streams
MP
I, M&I
Natural
none
Natural &
Regulated
Natural
D
'1
6. Urnpqua
Basir
N o r t h U m p q uRa.
& Tribs.
Other Streams
.l7.
D
I : OZ. 3UU
none
S o u t hC o a s t , a s i n
A l l Streams
Natural
none
USGS/Ot,{RD- Idaho A
l : 200,000
I :62,500
l : 2 4, 0 0 0
Ot,,lRD
USGS
USGS/O|'JRD2 Idaho A
l:180,000
l :62,500
OI^IRD
rr q n (
t 8 i,lid-Coast8e r n
Siletz R.
Natural &
Regu
I ated
M&I
0ther Streams
Natural
none
; & I' M u n i c i pal and/or ndustria N = N a v igati on;
Mu
u ' l t i p l eP u r p o s e M
I ood C o n t r o l ; I = I rrriqation:
rigation; M
MP
P= M
P = P o w e r ;R ' R e c r e a t i o n .
,-USGS=
= Oregonwater ResourcesOepartment
U.S. Geological Survey; OtrlR0
21
w a s a ssi g n e da n i d e n ti fi er which is listed in this colum n. The colum n
e n ti tl e d " Ma pS ca l e sU sed"descr ibesthe scales of m apsused in the
a n al ysi s. T h e co l u mne ntitled "sour ceof NAPMaps"is usedto identi fy
t h e so u rceo f th e l o n g -ter mmeanor nor malannualpr ecipitation m aps
u s ed i n d e te rmi n i n gth e aver ageannualr unoff.
R e po rti n go f R e a chH yd ro- potentialChar acter istics
T a b l e II i l l u stra te s the r egional for mat used to descr ibe the
hydrologic and energy characterfstics for each stream reach. Thesereach
s h ee ts co n ta i n th e vi ta l stati.stics for all of the r eachesstudied - - .| 443
reachesin 0regonand 3609 for the regrion. Becauseof the numberof reach
s h ee ts i n vo l ve d , th e y h ave beenassembled
separ atelyin appendicesto thi s
a n d th e re $ i o n a l re p o rts.
T h e fi rst i te m o n this table is the r each identificatfon num ber . T hi s
i s a 1 9 d i g i t i d e n ti fi e r numberused to identify each r each in the study .
The numberis constructedas shownbelow:
(t ) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
XX-XXX-XXX.
XXX.XXX.
RXXXX
(l ) State tdentifier: 0l = Washington,
81.,"=
Oregon,
03 = Idaho,
04 = Montana.
(2 ) N u mb e rs
i d entifying all r iver s dischar gingdir ectly into
th e P a ci fi c Oceanor fir st or der str eamsis closed bas i ns .
( 3) (4 ) (5 ) N u mb e rs
i d entifying r iver s tr ibutar y to r iver s listed i n
g ro u p (2 ), extendingin detail to tr ibutar ies of tr ibutar i es
of the tributary to rivers I i.sted in group A) .
(6 ) N u mb ear ss i.gned
to the par ticular r each ( ttr e fir st char ac ter
i n t h i s g r o u pi s t h e l e t t e r R - - f o r " r e a c h , ' ) .
T h e fi rst ma j o r g ro up of item s on the r each char acter istics sheet
g i v e s th e re a ch l o ca ti o n . This includes the state and county or counti es
i n w h i ch a p a rti cu l a r re ach is contained,the townshipand r ange for the
m i dp o i n t o f th e re a ch , the appr oxim atelatitude and longitude of the m i dp o i nt o f th e re a ch , th e nam eof the str eamand the m ajor basin on w hi c h
t h e re a ch i s l o ca te d .
The secondmajor group on the reach characteristics sheet gives hydrol o g i c a n d h y d r a u l i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . T h i s g r o u pc o n t a i n sr e s u l t s o f t h e
h y d ro 'l o g i ca n a l ysi s p o rtion of the study. The upstr eamand downstr eam
e l e va ti o n s a re l i ste d fo r each r eachobaseduponthe most detailed topog r a p h i cm a p sa v a i l a b l e o r p u b l i s h e dl i s t s o f c h a n n e e
l l e v a t i o nv e r s u s
r i v er mi l e .
T h e to ta l a vailable headis also shown. ln most casesthi s
22
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d.
LrJ
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aog tcnuuy '6^V ol f,rog f16uoj,1 '6ay
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6
a
o
N
-
elevatfon for the
is merely the upstreamelevation minus the downs'tream
r e a ch . In th e re a ch l o cated far thest upstr eamon a str eam , this cor r es p on d sto 2 0 me te rso f h ead. The aver ageslope in the r each is calc ul ated
f r o m th e d i ffe re n ce i n u pstr eamand downstr eam
r each elevations divided
by the length of the reach. The drafnagearea abovethe farthest downs t r e a mp o i n t i n th e re a ch is shownnext. The inflow c' lassification tel l s
w h e th e rfl o w i n to th e re ach is natur al ( unaffectedby r egulation) 6r i s
r e g u l a te d b y u p stre a mre s er voir m anagement
for flood contr ol, powe rpr od u c t i o n , i r r i g a t i o n , e t c . B e c a u s sem a l l d i v e r s i o n sd i r e c t l y f r o m m o s t
stream have beencommonplace
for long periods and are presumablyreflected
b y s tre a mfl o wre co rd s, n o special note is m adeof such diver sions.
T h e th i rd ma j o r g ro up contains the flow and theor etical m aximum
potential powerand energy production in the reach. The flows shownin
t h e ta b l e a re th o se w h i ch ar e r epr esentativefor the r each ( i.e., m i dr e a ch ) fo r th e g i ve n e xceedance
values. The powerplant size and avai l abl e
energy shownare basedon these flows combinedwith the total headavaila b l e fo r th e re a ch . T h esepowerand ener gyvalues ar e theor etical (.| 00
p e r ce n t e ffi ci e n cy a n d full r each development) .The calculated plan t
factor is also shown.
T h e n e xt i te m i s th e aver ageannualflow and a typical annual hy dr og r a p hp a tte rn 'fo rth e re a ch. The abscissafor this gr aph showstim e i n
monthsand the ordinate showsthe ratio of averagemonthly flow to average
a n nu a l fl o ru . T h e va l u e s pr esentedin the gr aphar e obtainedfr om an al y z i ng
the record of a nearby stream gage that would be characteristic for the
r e a ch . T o o b ta i n th e a p pr oxim ateannualpatter nof,"m onthly
dischar gesfor
t h e re a ch , a l l th a t i s requi' r edis to multiply the gr aph r atios by the
g i v e n a ve ra g ea n n u a lfl o w for the r each.
T h e u p p e rma psh o w non the r ight handside of the r each char ac ter i s ti c s
s h e e t i s me re l y a l o ca to r map. It indicates the position of the r ea c h i n
i t s ma i o r d ra i n a g eb a si n . The note belowthe mapshowson which US GS
I : 2 5 0 ,0 0 0sca l e ma pth e reach is located. The lower mapshowsthe appr ox i m a te l o ca ti o n o f th e re a ch on a copy of this USGS
map. The r each is
denotedby a heavy line traced onto the USGS
map. The arrowheaddenotes
t h e d i re cti o n o f fl o w a n d the downstr eam
point of the r each. W hile the
t o p og ra p h yi s n o t sh a rp 'lyr epr oducablefr om the or iginal color map,
s u f f i c i e n t d e t a i l s a r e e v i d e n t f r o m t h i s m a pt o a l l o w q u i c k l o c a t i o n o f
the reach on a I.|SGS
map.
24
The reach sheets are arranEedsystemattcally fn each appendfx. They
are numbered
beginningat the mouthof the major river and progressing
upstream,interrupting this movement
up the main river at each tributary
to progress up to its headwaterreach before returning to the main stream.
Thesepage numbersare preceededby the appendfxnumber,which in turn is
preceededby the letter 0 to denote0regonintthe regional'report. Thus
0 15-32 denotesthe 32ndpage i'n Appendix15 (RogueEastn) for 0regon.
25
III.
ANALYSIS
TECHNIQUES
P R E L IMINARY
FEASTBILI]TY
Scope
Beyondthe extensive hJrdrologicand energy analysesrequired to
e v a l u a te th e l o w -h e a dh ydr oelectr i' cpotential in Or egonand the Pac i fi c
N o rth w e stre g i o n , th e U .S. Depar tment
of Ener gyalso askedthat a prel i m i n a r y f e a s i b i l i t y a n a l y s i sb e c o n d u c t e d
so that an initial screening
a n d ra n ki n g o f re a ch e smight be m ade. The r egional appr oachtaken w as
t o e va l u a tee a ch re a ch o n the basis of f,easibility r estr aints and on the
b a s i s o f t r a n s m i s s i o na n d l o a d c o n s i d e r a t i o n s .
T h e i n te n ti o n o f th is pr elim inar y feasi' bility analysis was not as
m u chto d e te rmi n ei f l o w - headdevelopment
m ight be feasible in a giv en
reach as it was to point out somefactors that could be expectedto
s i g n i fi ca n tl y a ffe ct th e feasibility of development.M anyother fac tor s ,
s u ch a s si te g e o 'l o g y,so c iologic consider ationsand pr oject economi c s ,
h a ve n o t b e e nta ke n i n to account. It has beenassum ed
in this stud y that
s u ch i n ve sti g a ti o n s w o u ld be par t of any futur e detailed r econnaiss anc e
i n v e sti g a ti o n o f i n d i vrl dualr iver s and basins that m tght be under ta k enby
a n e l e c t r i c u t i l i t y , s t a t e a g e n c y ,o r c o n s u l t i n gf i r m .
In a l l ca se si t w a s assum ed
that the low- headpotential would be
developedby use of somesort of dam. However,other methodscould be
u s e d , s u c ha s a l o n g p e n s t o c ka n d r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l d i v e r s i o n s t r u c t u r e .
H e n ce ,so meo f th e a d ve rseeffects identified in this study m ight be
r e d u c e do r e l i m i n a t e d .
F e asi b i li ty R e stra i n ts
F o u r ca te g o ri e so f feasibility r estr aints wer e consider ed: land us e
r e s t r i c t i o n s , u t i l i t y d i s p l a c e m e n tb, u i l d i n g d i s p l a c e m e n ta, n d s p e c i a l f i s h
p r o bl e ms. E a cho f th e se could causepr oblemsr elated to the develo pm ent
of
a l ow -h e a dh yd ro p ro j e ct in a par ticular r each.
E xi sti n g l a n d u se o ften r estr icts alter native development.Th er efor e,
t h e fe a si b i l i ty re stra fn ts consider edin this study that might be ap p'l i c abl e
t o a g i ve n re a ch w e re p a rtially baseduponthe identification of a par ti c ul ar
l a n d u s e . T h e s ec o n s t r a i n t si n c l u d e dw i l d a n d s c e n i c r i v e r s , n a t i o n a l r e c r e a t i o n a re a s, n a ti o n a l p a rks, national wilder nessar easoknownr eserv ed
n a t u ra l a re a s, o r i d e n ti fied ar chaeologicalsites. Infor m ationon ex i s ti ng
27
land uses was obtained from USGS.
maps. lnformation qn i.dentifi.ed
of Qr egon' s
a r c ha e o l o g i ca si
l te s w a s obtainedfr om the Uni.ver s"ity
of Anthropology.
DeparUnent
The displacementof existi.ng utilities pose$a potenti.al prob'lern
would causeth.etr relocation. Several type,sof
if a hydro development
utility displacementwere considered, i.ncludi.ngmajor hj.ghwags,railroads,
p o w e rl i n e s, te l e p h o n el i nes or gas and oi.I li.nes. Locationof thes e
items was basedon USGS
mapsor other easi.ly accessi.hlemapping. A
groundreconnaissance
was not carcied out for each reach.
The displacement,remevalor relqcati.on of existiflg res:i'dentdaland
represents'
corrunercialbuildings due to low-headftydro developme.nt
a n oth e rp o te n ti a 'l p ro b l e m. The location of buildi.ngs:tn potential ar eas
quadranElempas!
by i.nspectionof USGS
of inundati.onwas determi.ned
Again, a groundreconnaissance
was not camied out for each reac.h. ln
general, no constraint was i.denti.fied unless more than four residences
or connercial buildi.ngsappearedto be in dangerof ilnundattonin any
m i l e o f th e re a ch .
Aquatic ecosystemspose si.Enifi,cantpotential prohl*e fqp all types
However,it was determinednot to dea'l
acttvities.
of streamdevelopment
in detail with the extensive and complexhabitat relati:onshipsat th.ts
preliminary level of evaluation of fiydropowerpotentia,l" lnstead, it wqs
decided to focus on special problemsrelated to ftsh passaEe,tflese beiing
consideredto represent the most si.gnificant feasibilitJ'restraint,
In
particular, a restrai.nt was i.ndi"catedif the reach $uppartsa, run of
salmonidsor if a sturgeon populatton that is an endangered
spectes ts
present. Information was basedupon the bastn reports of the Onegon
Departmentof Fish and Wi'ldlife (-andits. predecessorage.ncies)and upon
s i ' m i l a r re a d i l y a va i l a b l e docur nents.
T r a n smi ssi o n
a n d L o a dC o nsider ations
Twotypes of transmissionconsiderationswere exami.hed.Fi.rst, ttre
distance fi'om,thecenter of the reach to the nearest powe!.li.ne was of
concernas affecting feasibility- of site development. tfitformationWa$
o b t a i n e dfro m d e ta i l e d transm issionline mapspublishedfr y Bonnevi l l e
Po we rA d mi n i stra ti o nto i dentify thr is factor . Second,..tfile
capacity of
t h e tra n smi ssi o nl i n e sh ownon the r napswas taken into account. The
u t i l ity th a t o p e ra te sth e line was also noted.
28
Two types o f l o a d consider ationswer e also exam ined. The first was
t o id e n ti fy th e typ e o f local load that is pr esent in thht ar ea clos er to
the reach than th e tra n smissionline identified above. llhe load was
s u b d i v i d e di n t o th re e types as follows:
I ) Knownlocal r esidential load
2 ) Knownlocal industr ial load
3 ) Knownlocal water pumpingload.
A g a i n , n o g ro u n dre connaissance
was madefor each r fach to identi fy
t h e se l o a d s. L o a di n fo rmationwas instead obtainedfr om available maps .
T h e se co n dco n si d e ra ti o nwas the distance in m iles fr sm the center o f the
.|000
r e a ch to th e n e a re st to w nwith a populationgr eater than
peopl e
( 1 9 7 0ce n su s). U S GS
ma pswer e used to deter minethese distances.
R e p o r t i n go f P r e l i m i n a r yF e a s i b i l i t y A n a l y s i s
T a b l e III i l l u stra te s the for mat selected for r epor ting the r es ul ts
o f t h e p r e l i m i n a r yf e a s i b i l i t y a n a l y s e s . T h e f i r s t columnfdentifie s the
r e a ch a s a l re a d y d e scri b ed. The next four colum nsdeal with the four
c a t e g o ri e so f fe a si b i l i ty r estr aints and the last four colum nssur n m ar i z e
t h e tra n smi ssi o na n d l o a d consider ations,all of which havejust been
d e s c r i b e di n d e t a i l .
A n ,,X I'ma rke di n a n y of the colum nsr epr esentingfeasibility
r e s tra i n ts me a n sth a t th e par ticular feasibility categor yhas been
i d e n ti fi e d a s p o si n g p ro blem sfor that r each. Distances,line capa c i tfes
a n d l o a d typ e s i n th e l o c al m ar kedar ea ar e shownin the r emain{ ng
c o l umn s.
B e ca u se
o f th e n u mberof r eachesinvolved in 0r egonand the r eg i ono
t h e fe a si b i l i ty sh e e ts h ave beenassem bled
separ atelyin appendicesto
t h i s a n d th e re g i o n a l re por ts.
Sc r e e n i n ga n d R a n ki n go f Reaches
R e a ch ew
s e re scre e nedon the basis of the pr elim inar y feasibili ty
a n al ysi s. F ro mth e se , the r eachesthat wer e found to be r elatively
unconstrainedand to have a market potential were selected. Theywere
t h e n ra n ke do n th e b a si s of the am ountof str eamflowavailable.
T h e scre e n i n gp ro cessconsistedof exam iningall r each feasibili ty
a n a l y s i s s h e e t s ( s e e T a b ' l eI I I ) .
F i r s t , i f a f e a s i b i l i t y r e s . t r a i n tw a s
s h o w nd u e to l a n d u se re str ictions, the r each was elim inated fr om fur ther
29
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c o nsi d e ra ti o n . S e co n d ,for all r em ainingr eaches,the next thr ee
c o l u mn sw e re u se dfo r fu r ther scr eening;if mor ethan one feasibilfty
r e stra i 'n t w a s sh o w na mo ngutility displacement,buildtng displacement,
o r s p e ci a l fi sh p ro b l e ms,the r each was elim inated fr om fur ther con si derati on.
T h e th i rd a n d fo u rth levels of scr eeninginvolved tr ansmission
a n d l o a d co n si d e ra ti o n s. Somewhat
ar bitr ar ily, it was believed tha t i f
t h e n e a re st tra n smi ssi o nline wer e less than l0 m iles away,then the
d i s ta n ce w o u l d n o t p o sea sever econstr aint. Hence,those r eaches
f a r th e r th a n l 0 mi l e s from an existing tr anm issionline wer e elim inated
f r o m fu rth e r co n si d e ra tion. It was also believed that sometype of l oc al
market was neededfor low-headdevelopment(at least at higher-priority
a r e a s). If n o l o ca l ma r ketexisted, r eacheswer e eliminated fr om fu r ther
c o nsid e ra tio n .
A fte r th e fo u r l e ve ls of scr eening,all r emainingr eacheswer e l i s ted
o n th e b a si s o f th e a mo untof str eam flowavailable 30 per cent of the ti m e
( Q 3 0 ). T h a t re a ch w i th the lar gest Q3gwas r ankedhighest, and so on. T he
30 pereent streamflowexceedance
was selected becauseit roughly comesponds
t s th e a ri th me ti c a ve ra ge( mean)flow.
J I
ANALYSES
ANDENERGY
IV . F IN D IN GS
F R OM
HYDROLOGIC
s P re s entthe Analysis Findings
U s eof A p p e n d i ceto
B e ca u se
o f th e e xte nsiveness
of the analysesconducted,the bulk i nes s
o f t ab l e s a n d g ra p h sth a t por tr ay the r esults of these analyses,and the
i m p o r t a n c e o f m a k i nt hge i n v e s t i g a t i o nf i n d i n g s a v a i l a b l e f o r u s e b y o t h e r s ,
in appendices. Ther ear e
a g r e a t d e a l o f i n fo rma tion has beenassembled
dr ai nl 8 ap p e n d i ce sn
e a ch co rrespondingin its appendixnum berto the OW RD
a g e b a si n n u mb e r. (T h e senum ber sbegin at the nor th coast and gener al l y
p r o ce e di n a cl o ckw i sed i r ectfon ar oundthe state. ) Because
of its s i z e,
B a s i n 2 h a s b e e nsu b d i vi dedinto 3 par ts. Eachappendixconsists of a
t i t l e p d g € , a n i n d e x , a d r a i n a g eb a s i n m a p ,t h e r e a c hc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
s h e e ts fo r a l l re a ch e sa nalyzedin that basin, and the tabulated pr e l i m i n a r y fe a si b i l i ty a n a l yse sfor those r eaches.
ReachesAnalyzed
T a b l e IV su mrn a ri zes
the num berof r eachesanalyzedin each of th e l 8
met'or
d ra i n a g eb a si n s a n d for the state as a whCIle. The.:r eacbFs
0 W RD
e x c e e d e dth e mi n i rn u m
l o w -headr equir em entsof having sufficient flow to
p r o vi d e 3 6 cfs a t l e a st 50 per cent of the tim e and, in addition, suf fi c i ent
on streams
head to produce200 kl,'l. Reachesin California and hlashi.ngton
e n t eri n g 0 re g o nw e re n o t included in the 0r egonana' lysi.s.
.|443)
The majority of reaches [.|068out of
were along streamswest of
t h e C a sca d d
e i vi d e . 0 ve r one- thir d of the r eaches( 608) wer e on str eam s
i n t h e fi ve co a sta l b a si ns flowing dir ectly to the Pacific 0ceanvia
C a l ifo rn i a . A b o u to n e -h alf ( 788) of the r eachesanalyzedwer e on str eam s
t h a t d r a i n e dt o t h e S n a k ea n d C o l u m b i a
R i v e r s . C l o s e db a s i n s , w i t h n o
s u r f a ce o u tfl o w , h a d l 3 reachesm eetingthe low- headr equir em ents.
Figure 9 showsthe stretches of streamsin 0regon that satisfy the
l o w - h e a dcri te ri a , su p e rimposed
on a m apof str eam sin 0r egon. Indiv i dual
r e a ch e sa re n o t sh o w ni n the figur e. The influence of the pr ecip' itati on
pattern over 0regonand the related effects of mountainoustopographyare
c'learly reflected by the stream pattern.
.|443
T h e a ctu a l n u mb eor f r iver miles analyzedfor the
r eachesdepi c ted
i n F i g u r e 9 i s s h o w ni n T a b l e I V , i n c l u d i n g a b r e a k d o wbny b a s i n . 0 f t h e
7 6 2 6mi l e s o f u n d e ve l o p ed
r eachespossessinga medianflow in excessof
33
TABLEIV.
FOR
ANDRII/ERMILESANALYZED
REACHES
NUMBER
OF LOW.HEAD
OREGON
RIVERBASTNS
River Basin
Numberof Reaches
of River
Num ber
M iles Repr esent ed
.|38
l . N o r t hC o a s t
2. trlillamette
4V8
1942
406
24. Upper
124
525
28. Middle
216
I 105
2C. Lower
66
312
3. Sandy
50
141
4. Hood
17
58
120
762
6. John Day
44
445
7. U m a t illa
t4
95
8. GrandeRonde
63
410
9. Powder
3t
235
1 0 . Ma h
l eur
20
183
1l . 0riuyhee
23
7.60
8
108
5
28
30
223
15. Rogue
135
577
1 6 . U mp q u a
lt4
635
1 7 . So u thC o a st
86
454
18. Mid-Coast
139
593
Total for State
1443
7626
5 . D e sch u te s
1 2 . Ma l h e u rL a ke
.|3.
Goose& Surnmer
Lakes
1 4 . K l a ma th
34
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Di.vid e.
3 6 c fs, a b o u t tw o -th i rd s (4820miles) ar e west of the Cascade
of NortheastOreEonand the
Most of the remainderdrain the mountai.ns
eastern flanks of the Cascades. I't has been informally est:fmatedthat
t h e co mb i n e dl e n g th s o f a ll str eamsin Or egonis on the or der of ll0.'000
m i l e s (mo reth a n 1 0 ,0 0 0n amedstr eam sar e estim atedto exist in 0r egon) .
Ba s e du p o nth a t mi l e a g ee stimate, about 7 per cent of Or egon*sstr eam s
h a v eme d i a nfl o w s e q u a l l i ng or exceedinE36 cfs. All of these wer e
a n a l yze di n th i s stu d y.
ReachHydroPotential Characteristics
The hydro potential characteristics of all reachesanalyzedare
summarized
on the reach sheets that appear in thei,r approprtate appendices.
Somegeneral comments
at this point regarding the reachesand their analysi.s
'i
n
will help
th e i n te rp re tation of the pr esenteddata.
The nrost downstreamreach for csastal streams enterinE the Pacific
Oceanwas designatedto begin at River Mille (RM)0.0, wh.iclioften placed
downstream
the beginningof the reach in a tidal zone. The correspondtlng
r e a c he l e v a t i o n w a s t a k e n a s 0 . 0 f t . , m e a ns e a l e v e l [ m s l ) . I t . s h o u l d
b e r eco g n i ze dth a t th e fu ll headshownas available r n m any' suchsttuati .ons
p r o ba b 'l yw o u l d n o t a ctu a lly be avai.lable,,dueto the wide estuar ine z ene
a n d th e ti d a l fl u ctu a ti o n s of water level.
Not all reacheshad the requtred minimumavailable h.eadof 3 m, even
though the water dischargewas adequate. This sttuatton arose due to the
methodused for assigning reach"identificati.on numbe.rs.Wherevera stream
was joined by a tributary that had a reach satisfJring the low*headcrtteri'a
the end poi .nt
o f h e a da n d d i sch a rg e ,th e junction point mandator i' ly' mar ked
of the two contiguousreaches (one upstreamand one downstream)
on the
l a r g e r stre a m. T h u s, tru nk str eam sJoined by numer ous:lar ge
tr ibutar i es
could have several consecutivereacheswith headsof less th.an3 m.
Nevertheless',they are included as separate reachesto better assessthe
energy available. The alternative of compi.ning
several reacfiesto ohtain
the neededminimumheadwoUldhave led tq dtfficulti.es i.n asstgning a
representative discharEe, becauseof the large tncrementElflows added[y'
powercr iter ion of 200 k l ,.I
t h e tri b u ta ri e s a l o n g th e r each. The minimum
w a s al so n o t me t i n so mer eachesdue to these cir cumstances.
36
The reach numberswere not a'lwaysconsecuti,vealeng $tre.am$,
S o me ti mere
s a ch n u mb e rs
wer e skippedto allow possib' lefutur e subdi v i s i on
o f t he i n i ta l l y se l e cte d r eaches. Also, r each num berwer
s e som etimes
s k i p p e dt o l e a v e n u m b e ras v a i l a b l e f o r d e s i g n a t i n gt r i b u t a r i e s . 0 c c a s i o n a l l y g a p so ccu rre di n stch sequences
becauser each identification num ber s
w e r e a ssi g n e db e fo re th e r unoff analyseswer e m ade,only to later find
t h a t so meo f th e se tri b u tar ies did not m eet the r each dischar gecr ite r i on.
A b ri e f e xa mi n a ti o nof the r each sheets in the appendicesshowsthat
m a nyre a ch e sh a vea va i l a ble headsthat far exceedthe 3- 20 m low- he ad
r a n g e . 'F re s,u ma b l y,
se ver al low- headfacilities m ight be consider e dfor
s u c h re a ch e sa s a n a l te rnative to; a high- headdam .
T h e o re ti ca l D e ve l o p a b l Power
e
and Ener gy
T a b l e sV a n d V I sh o wthe theor etical maximum
developablepowerand
energy potential for all streamsin 0regonobasedon the low-headcr:fteria
o f 36 cfs a va i l a b l e a t l e ast 50 per cent of the tim e, suffr ' cient headto
p r o d u ce2 0 0 kl ^ l ,1 0 0 p e rcent efficiency, and r un- of- r iver conditions at the
l o w - h e a ds i t e .
Table V presents the totaled data for each of the lB major 0WRD
d r a in a g eb a si n s a n d fo r the state as a whole. This table is basedupon
t h e i n fo rma ti o np re se n te din Table VI, wher edata fr om the individual
r e a ch ch a ra cte ri sti cs sh eets ( see appendices)ar e combined
by str eam s
a n d to ta l e d b y d ra fn a g ebasin. In Tables V and VI,.the powerand en er gy
categories are each subdividedaccording to the five exceedance
percentages
u s e df o r t h e i n d i v i d u a l r e a c hs h e e t s( . 1 0 , 3 0 , 5 0 , 8 0 n a n d 9 5 p e r c e n t ) .
Poweris summarized
in megawatts(MllI)and energy,in gigawatt-hours(GWh).
.|,0
0 0 ,000
=
=
( l Gl ,l I0 0 0 0 Mt^l
khJ.
)
The data reported in Tables V and VI. mayappearto be extremely
precise -- up to seven non-zerodigi.ts reported in someinstances. This
g i v es a fa l se i mp re ssi o nof the accur acyof the analyses. I' n actual i ty ,
t h e ba si c h yd ro 'l o g i ca n d topogr aphicdata available for this study Ii m i t
the accuracyof findings to only two or three digits. But becauseof the
necessity of com$iningvery small numberswith very large numbers,excess
digits from the computationswere retained rather than roundedoff.
T h e ta b l e s d o n o t i n clude any inter state r eachesalong the Colum bi a
R i v e r th a t se rve a s co mmon
boundar i' es
for 0r egonwith W ashington,
sin c e
t h i s p a rt o f th e co l u mb i ais consider edto be fully developed. In the
37
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49
r e g i o n a l stu d y, th e i n te r state SnakeRiver r eacheswer e analyzed
a n d i n cl u d e d i n th e re g i onal totals for powerand ener gy. Those
a p pl i ca b l e to 0 re g o na re shownin Table VI for r efer ence, but ar e
n o t sh o w ni n T a b l e V .
T h e l a rg e q u a n ti ty of infor m ation containedin Tables V and VI c an
be summarized
in manydifferent ways. A few of these are presentedin
t h e fo l 'l o w i n gd i scu ssi o n. Howeverthe
gr eater task of detailed com ,
p a r i so n i s l e ft to th e reader .
A g e n e ra l i d e a o f the theor etical powerand ener gypotential of
s t r ea mfl o wma yb e h a d b y exam iningthe powerand ener gyavailable 50
p e r ce n t o f th e ti me , re p resentingmedianflow conditions. For 0r eg on
as a whole, this amountsto 6,292 l4Wand 42,505GWh,respectively, as
s h o w ni n T a b l e V . F i g u re l0 showsthe distr ibution, am ongdr ainage
b a s i n s, o f p o w e ra n d e n e rgyavailable 50 per cent of the time. Am ong
t h e 1 8 0 WR d
Dra i n a g eb a sins, this var ies fr om I Ml,land 8- to- 10 Gt,r fl h
or
t h e tw o cl o se d b a si n s i n southeaster n0r egon( Basins12 and 13) to
2,041 ML'J
and 13,726Gl,lhfor the l^tillametteBasin.
T h e d i stri b u ti o n o f powerand ener gyar oundthe state can also be
n o t ed b y co mb i n i n gd a ta from basins in par ticular geogr aphicallocat i ons .
A g ai n u si n g th a t th e o re tical poweravailable 50 per cent of the timen
F i g u re 1 1 sh o w stw o su ch geogr aphicalgr oupings. Figur e llA' s.hbwss ev en,
g e o g ra p h i caal re a s: n o rth- centr al coastal, south coastal, } ' lillamet tes a n dy, n o rth ce n tra l , so uth centr al, nor th easter n, and south easter n.
F i g ure l l B sh o w stw o ma j or gr oupings: one west of and one east of the
CascadeMountainRangecrest and its. southwardextension.
F i g u re l 0 a n d l 1 d e m onstr ate
the great significanceof heavyprecipit a t i on a n d to p o g ra p h ya ss ociatedwith the Cascade
Rangeand the CoastRange.
Theseinfiluence streamflowand water p.oweron the eAste.rnsl opes ef the
CascadeRangeas well as for k{esternOregon. Themquntainsof Nqrth.eqste.rn
O r e go nh a vea si mtl a r e ffect, but i.n a regi.onwtth. less pre.ciF{tati,en.
A morecompleteimpressi.on
of the theoreti:calpowepand
energyFqtqn.|3,
tial of streamflowmaybe hadfrom Figuresl2 and
re-spectilellr Ttlese.
incorporateother exceedance
levels of streamflow
to showthe influenceof
time. Thelong recordsanal$zed
assurethat significant wet anddry periods
are includedin the record. FromFigures12 and 13 i.t is: evidentthat
50
IOA . P OWE R,
M t.{
13,726
1 0 8 . E N E R G YG, l ^ J h
F IGU RIO.
E T H E ORETICAL
POI.IER
ANDENERGY
AVAILABLEFROM
STREAMFLOW
50 PERCENT
O FT H ET I M E
5t
2306 MW
1060Mt,l
1 1 A . B A S EO
DNS E V EG
N E O G R A PZHOI C
NES.
IIB . B A S EON
D THECASCADE
CREST.
FI GUREI I . G E O G R A P HD
I CI S
ATLR I B U T iO
OFNT H E O R E T I C
PA
OLW E R
A V A IL A B LE
50 PERCENT
OF THETIME
52
25,OOO
B A S I N St 0 , I I , t 2 , | 3
t+ l8
6 , 7 ,9 , 9
l4
4t5
=
E
IJ
=
o
0-
1 5 , 1 6 , 1 7\ \ \ \ \ \
C U R V EF o R
ENVELoPE
ENTIRESTATE
5,000
2+3
I
I
I
P
t0
2A
'I
F IG UR E2 .
I
D
'50
P !
30t
P 80
40
60
80
PERCENT
EXCEEDANCE
THEORETICAL
POI''ER
AVAILABLEFROI4
STREAMFLOW,
BASEDON
LOI,J-HEAD
CRITERIA
53
roo
loo,ooo
B A S | N S l lOl ,,1 2 , t 3
80poo
6'28,9
60,000
.C,
=
(9
(9
E
tJ
z
CURVE
ENVELOPE
FORENTIRESTATE
40,OOO
Ld
20,0oo
Eao
Egs
0
o
F I G URI3
E.
20
40
60
80
EXC EEDANCE PE R C E N T
T H E OR E T ICEAL
NERGY
AVAILABLE
FROM
STREAI4FLOI,J,
tsA.SED
ON
L Ob I.H .ECARDITERIA
roo
during short periods a great deal of powerand energy can be producedfrom
r e a ch e si n i n d i vi d u a l b a sins and fr om the state as a whole, but that the
" f i r m " p o w e ra n d e n e r g ya v a i l a b l e a l l o f t h e t i r e i s , r e l a t i v e l y , m u c hl e s s .
T h e p o w e ra n d e n e rg yp ro ductivities of var ious geogr aphicalr egions i n
0 r e g o na r e a l s o i n d i c a t e d .
Examinationof Table VI reveals that somestreamsfar exceedothers
i n t e rmso fp o w e r a n d e n e rgyavailable fr om str eamflow. Thus, the Nehal em
stands out as one of the largest energy producersflowing west from the
C o asta l R a n g e . B u t i t i s far smaller than the Rogueand Um pqua
River s ,
w h i ch fl o w w e st fro m b a sins that br eachthe Coastal Rangefr om interi or
d r a in a g ea re a s. In th e WillametteBasin, the ener gy- pr oducing
domi nanc e
o f t h e McK e n zi eS, a n ti a mand Clackamas
River s is evident, as is the r el at i v e l y mi n o r ro l e o f w e s t- side str eam s( fr om the CoastalRange)compar ed
t o ea st-si d e stre a ms(fro m the Cascade
Range) .:In the Deschutes
Bas i n,
s t r e a msd ra i n i n g th e e a ster n flanks of the Cascades
accountfor m uchof
the powerproduced,as does the DeschutesRiver main stem on its northw a r d co u rseto th e C o l u mbia. The John Daym ain stem, in its long jo ur ney
t h r o u g hca n yo n sto th e C olum bia,likewise accountsfor a substantia l
a m ou n ot f p o w e ra n d e n e rgy, a situation r epeatedon a smaller scale by
t h e Gra n d eR o n d eR i ve r main stem. Elsewher ein the state, the W illiam s on
R i v e r ma i n ste ma n d th e Klam athRiver ar e quite notewor thyin ter m s of
p o we ra n d e n e rg ya va i l a b l e.
R e gi o n a lC o mp a ri so n
It is a matter of curiosity and interest to see howOregoncompares
w i t h i ts re g i o n a l n e i g h b or swith r espect to developabler iver ener g yand
low-headhydroelectric powerpotential. Basedupon data presentedin the
r e g io n a l stu d y, su ch a com par ison
is madein Table VII.
T h e d a ta i n T a b l e V II showthat W ashington
str eam spossessthe gr eates t
developablestream powerand energy potential in the regi.on. But Oregon
s t r ea msfo l l o w cl o se b e h ind, with about one- four th of the total dev el opabl e
s t r ea mp o w e ra n d e n e rg yp otential in the r egion. Agatn, it should be
borne in mind that these numbersdo not represent the total river powerand
e n e rg yi n e a ch sta te , b u t only that in pr esently undeveloped
r eachesw her e
s u f f i ci e n t fl o w , h e a da n d powerar e available to satisfy the low.he ad
cri teri a.
55
T AB L E
V II.
POIiJER
AND
I4AXI:|V|UM
DEVELOPABLE
S U MMAOF
R YTHEORETICAL
FORPACI'FIC
NORTHI{EST
E N E R GY
POTENTIAL
STREAMS
State
Fower (MI^I)
Energy(eWfr1
Eso
Ego
Pgo
Pso
l,lashingtonl
13 , 9 2 8
B,64.|
8 0 , 12 5
6l;584
oregonl
l2,.|05
6,787
64, 95l
46,324
Idahol
9,147
5,443
53,365
38,338
M o n ta n ai n
C o lu mb i aB a si n
3,576
2,044
l9,848
14,689
3, 3 4 5
.2"245
lrlyomi
ng i n
ColumbiB
a asin
624
295
N e v a d ai n
ColumbiB
a asin
l5
I
Tota'l
Po r ti o n o f R e g i o n a l
P o te n ti a l i n Ore g o n
76
53
39,391
23,218
221,710
163,193
0.3.|
0.29
4.29
a.2B
1 S tu t. to ta l s a d i u ste d to equally shar e powerand energy totals
for common-boundary
reachesof Columbiaand SnakeRivers.
55
F R OM
PRELIMINARY
V . F IN D IN GS
FEASIBILITY
ANALYSES
F e asi bIi i ty C h a ra cte ri stics
T h e f e a s i b i l i t y a n a l y s i s s h e e t sf o r a l l r e a c h e sa r e p r e s e n t e d ' i n
t h e a p p e n d i ce s,o rg a n fzedby dr ainagebasin as alr eady discussed. T o
f a c il i ta te th e i r re vi e w , Table VIII has beenpr epar edto showthe ty pes
a n d n u mb e rs
o f re stra i n ts and constr aints identified for r eachesdur i ng
t h e p re l i mi n a ry fe a si b i l i ty assessm ent.The r eader is r emindedthat
a l t h o u g ht h e l a t e s t a v a i l a b l e p u b l i s h e dm a t e r i a l w a s u s e d , s o m ei s n o w
s e v e ra l ye a rs o l d a n d , h ence,som ewhat
out- of- date.
T h e re stri ctfo n s d u e to existing land use wer e basedpr im ar ily on
f e d era l u sa g ea n d j u ri sd 'i ction. A r eview of all r eacheswasm adefo r
k n o wna rch a e o l o g i ca lsi te s . Special state and local r estr ictions, s uc h
programwere consideredbut not
as zoning or the l,{illamette Greenway
u s e dfo r e xcl u si o n p u rp o ses,becausethese wer e under state or local
c o n tro l . It w a s fo u n d th at ll per cent of the r eachesanalyzedhad s om e
f o r m o f l a n d u se re stra i n t in one or m or eof the classification cate gor i es .
The restraint appearedto be most prevalent for: reachesin northcentral
p a rts o f the state. The nor theaster npor tion also had
a n d so u th w e ste rn
a h i g h re l a ti ve p ro p o rti on of its r eachesr estr ained in this manne r ,
al though the absolute numberwas smalI .
T h e d i sp l a ce me not f existing m apped
utilities was found to be a
r e s tra i n t fo r mo reth a n one= thir dof the r eaches. This r estr aint was
common
to most parts of the state. However;sonl€basins showedinteresting departuresfrom the pattern. Thus, in terms of percent of reaches
affectedo the restraint occurred least often in the 0lqyheeBasin (0 percent)
a n d mo st o fte n i n th e U matilla Basin ( 86 per cent) .
D i sp 'l a ce me o
n ft ma pped
r es:idential and comm er cialbuildings was al s o
.1443
f o u n d to b e a re stra i n t for about one- thir d of the
r eaches. Th i s
was a restraint for 44 percent of the total numberof reachesin the five
c o a sta l b a si n s b u t fo r o nly about 13 per cent of r eachesin easter n bas i ns .
H o w e ve r,7 1 p e rce n t.o f th e. Umatilla Basin r eacheshad- r estr aints due to
e x i sti n g stru ctu re s. Ge ner ally, the lack of r ecent detailed mapsfor m uc h
o f t he sta te , to g e th e r w i th continual populationgr owth, ffidJ/
have led to
a n un d e re sti ma ti o n
o f th e magnitudeof this r estr aint.
57
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Aquatic ecosystems
would be affected by low-headpowerdevelopment
' i n a n y o f th e re a ch e s. Beyondthat, special fish pr oblemsinvolving
s a l mo n i d so r stu rg e o np o pulationswer e identified for 1023of the 1443
r e a ch e s-- 7 1 p e rce n t. Theser estr aints wer e pr edom inant
for coastal
s t r ea ms,w h e re8 4 p e rce n t of r eachesin the five coastal basins had
s p e c i a l f i s h r e s t r a i n t s , a n d f o r b a s i n sa d j a c e n tt o t h e C o l u m b i a
River.
Bu t th e 8 7 re a ch e si n so uth- eastpar ts of the state had no special fi s h
c o n stra i n ts.
Mo st re a ch e sw e re fo und to be near tr ansm issionlines that woul d
a l l o w n e wl o w - h e a df a c i l i t i e s t o b e i n t e g r a t e dw i t h e x i s t i n g g r i d s y s t e m s .
However,14 percent of the 1443reacheswere constrained by being rather
f a r fro m su ch l i n e s.
T h i s was most com m on
in m ountainous
ar eas.
T h e l a c k o f a v a i l a b i l i t y o f a l o c a l m a r k e t ,w h e t h e r e s i d e n t i a l ,
.|443
i n d u s t r i a l o r a g r i c u l t u r a l , w a sa c o n s t r a i n t u p o n1 2 5 5o f t h e
r e a c h e s-- 8 7 p e rce n t! This constr aint was found to occur statewid e,
with no significant regionalvariation.
S c r ee n i n gfo r Mi n i ma l l y Constr ainedReaches
T h e p re l i mi n a ry fe a sibility analysesof r eacheswer e used for
s c r e e n i n gto fi n d re l a ti vely unconstr ainedr eaches,as discussedear l i er .
T h e l a ck o f p ro xi mi ty to local mar ketselfm inated87 per cent ( .|255)of
a l l re a ch e sa n a l yze d . C onstr aintsbasedon other scr eeningcr iter ia
.|88
c a u se dth e e l i mi n a ti o n o f 132 additional r eachesfr om the
passin g
t h e l o ca l ma rke tcri te ri o n. Hence,only 56 r eacheswer e identified as
b e i n g re l a ti ve l y u n co n str ained. Theseundoubtedly
mer it fur ther
f e a s i b i l i t y i n v e s t i g a t i o ni n t h e n e a r f u t u r e . B u t o t h e r r e a c h e s ,
e l i mi n a te d b y tb b scre e n ingcr iiter ia, fiight be mor esignificant for
f u t u re fe a si b i l i ty stu d y, par ticular ly if their gr eater constr aints ar e
r e c o g n i ze dfro m th e o u tset or if differ ent scr eeningcr iter ia or cr it er i a
e m p h a si si s u se d .
T h e 5 6 re a ch e sw h i ch passedthe pr elim inar y scr eeningcr iter ia ar e
s h o w ni n F i g u re 1 4 . T h e yar e identified with per ti.nentinfor m ation i n
T a b l e IX . T h e re , th e se reachesar e gr oupedaccor dingto their OW RD
d r a in a g eb a si n . T h e ma j or ity of these potentially feasibile r eache sar e
located in the l^|illametteBasr'n,near to local markets. lili'thin the
d r a in a g eb a si n l i sts, th e scr eenedr eachesar e r ankedby their m agni tude
59
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of streamflowavailable 30 percent of the time (about equa'lto the mean
flow). Pagenumbersshowni.n Table IX are precededby the appendixnumber,
i n t u rn p re ce d e db y l e tte r 0 as used in the r egional r epor t to indic ate
"Oregon".
T a b l e X sh o w s,b y b asi' n, the num berof r eachespassingthe pr el i m i nar y
po w erand
f e a si b i l i ty scre e n i n g . The cor r esponding
theor etical developab' le
energy potentials are also shownat the 30 percent and 50 percent exceedance
c o n d ti
i o n s.
For the combined56 reaches, about 228 l4Wof powercould be developed
from flows equaledor exceeded50 percent of the time. About 79 percent
o f t hi s p o te n ti a l i s re p r esentedby the 39 sites in the W illam etteBas i n;
t h e fi ve D e sch u te B
s a si .nr eachespass.ingscr ee.ni,nE
could pr ovide 17
percent of this cornb,i,ned
potential. Comparing
these 56 reachesto the
entire group of 1443reaches, they'represent about 4 percent of the theor e t i c a l d e v e l o p a b lp
eo t e n t i a l .
TABLEX.
NUMBER
ANDTHEORETICAL
POWER
ANDENERGY
POTENTIALS
OF
REACHP
EA
S S S ING
PRELIM INARY
FEASIBILITY
SCREENING
River Basin
Numberof
" feasi bl ei
ReachesI
l . N o r t hC o a s t
2 . t{i l l a me tte
CorrespondingPower(Mt,{)& Energy[Sgh)
Plo
2
2.1
39
3 2 7. 9
Pso
Eso
Eso
0 .9
1 0 I.
5.9
179.0
1712.5
( r7 3 . 1 ) ( e 2 .)7
1190.7
(8e8.4) (616.5)
24. Upper
7
28. Middle
l4
( 6 4. 7 ' )
2C. Lower
l8
( e o . r ) ( 4 e . 1 ) ( 4 7 3 . 8 ) ( 330.2)
( 3 7. 2 )
( 3 4 0. 3)
( 244.0)
4. Hood
I
0.8
0.4
4.1
2.9
5 . D e sch u te s
5
6 3 .0
3 7. 8
3 6 1. 8
2 73 . 7
9. Powder
3
5.7
2.6
27.7
17.0
1 0 . Ma h
l eur
1
1.5
0.9
8.0
5.9
1 1 . 0 w yh e e
I
3.7
1.5
18.5
l 1. 0
1 4 . K l a ma th
I
5.4
3.4
33.0
26.3
1 6 . U mp q u a
2
I .4
0.5
6.1
3.2
1 7 . S o u thC o a st
I
I.3
0.5
5.8
2.8
2187.6
1539.4
Totals
412.8
227.5
I Based p re l i mi n a ry
on
feasibility analysis and scr eening.
66
V I. D ISCUSSI.ON
ANDCONCLUSIONS
GeneralComments
T h i s stu d y h a s p ro v idedthe basic data gather ing, pr eliminar y hy dr ol o g i c a n a l yse sa n d re l a ted evaluationsof powerand ener gy, togethe r w i th
p r el i mi n a ry fe a si b i l i ty-o f- developmentassessments,
essential for r e s our c e
i n ve n to rSar n d a p p ra i sa l pur poses. The infor mation has beenassembl ed
in
f o r ma ts to fa ci l i ta te i ts use for those pur poses. The infor mation refl ec ts
a v ery g re a t a mo u n ot f ti me and painstakingattention to detail, as w el l
a s fru stra ti o n o ve r l i mi tations on mapped
or publfsheddata that had to be
used to develop the analysesmade. Muchtime was devotedto checking,
d o u b l e -ch e cki n ga, n d cro ss- checkingthe wor k donenin or der to elim i nate
a s ma n ye mo rs a s p o ssi ble. Ln this r eview pr ocessit became
evide nt that
d i f fe re n t i n te rp re ta ti o n s ar e possible of the r efer encemapsand r epor ts ,
d u e to l i mi te d p re ci si o n, scales used, and conflicting r epor ted infor m ati on.
T h i s i n ve stfg a ti o n i s limited in scopein two r espects. Fir st, r i v er s
were only analysedfor reacheswhereno damsor reservoirs nowexist.
( H ow e ve r,a se co n dp h a seof this investigatfon, not r epor ted her e, wi l l
a n a l yzeth o se si te s.)
S econd,d lower limit was set on the size of s tr eam
analyzed, basedon a medianflow of 36 cfs, To inventor)rall strea.msas far ups t r ea ma s th e p o i n t w h e reper ennial flow beginsowould be a m onumental
tas k
e x c e e d i n gt h e c a p a b i l i t i e s o f a v a f l a b l e t o p o g r a p h i cm a p sa n d t h e r e l i a b i l i t y
o f pre ci p i ta ti o n ma p p i n gdetail i' n m anypar ts of the state.
Importanceof Study
T h e i n ve sti g a ti o n repor ted on her e is, as far as the author can deter mine, the first systemmaticstate-wide and region-wtdestudy of its type.
There have beenmanyother studies to identify potential hydroelectric
p o w e rd e ve l o p me nsit te s. Theyhavegener ally focusedon lar ger pr oj ec ts - n o t th e sma l l , 1 o w -h e a hydr
d
o development
consider edin this investi gati on.
Nor have other studies attempteda streampowerand stream energy inventory
for river reachesas was done here.
R e co g n i zi n g
th e l i mi ts to the inventor y, ther e is nowavailable
t h r o u g h th i s stu d y n e wi nfor m ation to descr ibe the meandischar ges ,di s c h arg ep a tte rn s, stre a mpowerand its var iability, str eamener gyan d i ts
v a r i a b i l i t y , m o r e - e v i d e nrte s t r a i n t s a f f e c t i n g t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f d e v e l o p m e nt, a n d co n stra i n ts o n tr ansm i' ttingand mar ketingelectr icity for 1443
67
reachesinvolving 7626 miles of st1neams
in gregonwherefuture low-head
h y dro p o w e rd e ve l o p me nt
might be consider ed. Beyondsuch descr ipti ons ,
those reachesthat appearto have minimal restraints on the feasibility
o f de ve l o p me n t,
b a se do n the cr iter ia used, have beenidentified.
Br o a d e rImp l i ca ti o n s o f This Study
T h e i n fo rma ti o np re sentedin this r epor t and its appendicesha s
f o c u se du p o nh yd ro e l e ctr ic powerapplications. To gener alizethe in for m at i o n b e yo n dh yd ro e l e ctric developm ent
possibilities, it is essential to
keep in mind that the powerand energy amountsreport here represent
powerand energy that are presently being dissipated by natura'l processes
a s th e w a te r fl o w s to th e Pacific Ocean( or to lakes, in the case of the
c l o s e d b a s i n s ) . P o t e n t i a l e n e r g yd u e t o a r e l a t i v e l y h i g h e r e l e v a t i o n i n
the basin is convertedto the kinetic energy of flowing water as it moves
d o w nth e b a si n . T h i s e n er gyis dissipated in fr ictional and tur bulenc ea s so ci a te dl o sse s. T h e ener gyinvolved is consider ableand has man ypr es u m a b l yc r u c i a l b u t l a r g e l y u n f n v e s t i g a t e d
roles in the physical-biologica'lchemica:lprocessesof streams.
T h e re fo re , i t i s h oped.thatthe study r esults will be widely us edand
n o t re stri cte d so l e l y to hydr o powerdevelopm ent
studies. The findings
s h o u l d b e b ro a d l y a p p l i cable for r esour ceinventor y pur poses,for pr el i m i nary appraisals of manytypes of projects (not restricted to hydro power
p r o j e c t s ) , f o r f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o no f p h y s i c a l - b i o l o g i c a l - c h e m i cparlo c e s se si n stre a ms,a n d for br oaderwater r esour ceplanningand m anagem ent
uses.
C o n cl u si o n sB a se dU p o nS tudy Findings
l.
Approximately7626 miles of streamsin 0regon that are presenily
undeveloped
by darnsmeet the low-headflow and powercriteria of 36 cfs
at least 50 percent of the, time andof at least 200kt^lof producablepower. The
ma j o ri ty o f th e se a re along str eam swest of the Cascade
divide. F or
a n a l yti ca l p u rp o se sthey have beensepar atelyanalyzedin .|443i ndi v i d u a l re a ch e s.
2.
The theoretical maximum
developab'lepowerand energy potentia'l for
th e se stre a msi s su fficiently lar ge to r epr esentan impor tantco ns i der a ti o n i n p l a n n i n g studies for futur e ener gydevelopm ent.
68
3.
State-wide, the powerpotent'ial, as influenced by 'low-headassumptions
(1 0 0 p e rce n t e ffi ci e ncy, r un- of- r i' ver flows) and str eamflowvar i abi l i ty ,
is as follows:
A va iI able 95 percent of time ( appr ox. fir m) = 2. GW
tl
8
0
r
r
l
2+ Ghl
tl
= 6+ GW
(median)
5 0 i l r l
"
ll
3 0 i l r l
" (approx. mean)= I I + G h l
tl
il
rl
l
:
10
4-
l
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
=
-
=
24 cw
S ta te -w i d e , th e e n e rgypotential, as influenced by low- headass um pti ons
a n d s t r e a m f l o wv a r i a b i l i t y , i s a s f o l l o w s :
A va i l able 95 per cent of tim e ( appr ox. fir m) = 15 - x 103 eW fr
r
,
"
"
,r
g
50
30
l0
0
'
r
r
rr
tr
rr
rt
rr
'
r
r
"
"r l
-
= 43- x tO3 eW fr
( median)
( appr ox. m ean)= 6l- x tO9 eW fr
5 . Amongthe 18 drainage basins that Ot'tRD
uses to subdivide the state
h yd ro l o g i ca l l y, e xtremevar iability in developablelow- headpow erand
energy potential exists. The most extremecomparisonis betweenthe
tlillamette Basin and MalheurLake Basir, tlre bari.nqof canpar,able.,s.itze.,
the trlillamette having over 1600tinns the powerand energypotenttal of
the MalheunLake Basin.
6 . 0 n a g e o g ra p h i ca b
l asis, the gr eatest developablelow- headpowerand
e n e rg yp o te n ti a l i s found in the li' lillam etteBasin. Str eamsin C entr al
Oregoninfluenced by runoff from the Cascadesand Coastal streamsdraini n g to th e P a ci fi c 0 ceanhavecom par able
potentials, and collec ti v e'l y
e xce e dth a t o f th e W illametteBasin. Str eam sin SoutheastOr e gonhav e
th e l o w e st d e ve l o p ablepowerand ener gy potential. The descr ibedc om p a ri so n i s i l l u stra te d by use of the poweravailable at least 50 per c ent
o f th e ti me a s fo l l o ws:
= 2.3 Gl,l
l .|i l l a mette Basin str eam s,
= 1.7GW
Central 0regon streams,
= 1.7GW
C o a stal- dr aining str eam s,
Northeast 0regonstreamsn Pso= 0 . 5 G W
S o u th east0r egonstr eams, Pso= 0 . . | G W
i;t
P50= 6.3 Gl.I
A l I S treams,
7.
0 re g o nstre a msra n k secondand possessabout one- four th of the total
d e ve l o p a b l estre a mp owerand ener gypotential in the pacific Nor thw es t
re g i o n , b a se du p o nl ow- headhydr o powerassumptions. W ashington
s tr eam s
possessroughly 20 percent morepowerand energywhereasIdaho streams
p o sse ssro u g h l y 2 0 p er cent less powerand ener gythan do Or egons tr eam s .
Mo n ta n aWyo
,
mi n ga, n d Nevadaadd m inor contr ibutions in Colum bi aR i v er
B a si n h e a d w a tepr o rti ons of the Pacific Nor thwest,
69
8.
P re l i mi n a ryfe a si b i l i ty analysesand scr eeningwer e used to iden ti fy
re l a ti ve l y u n co n strained
r eacheswith ener gymar ketingpotentials that
mi g h t b e re co n me n d ed
for fur ther , mor e- detailedexam inationin the
n e a r fu tu re . B a se duponpr actical but som ewhat
ar bitr ar y cr iter ia, 56
su ch re a ch e sw e re i d e ntified, 39 of themlocated in the W illamette
B a si n . C o l l e cti ve l y, these r epr esenttheor etical developablepow er
of
228 l4]y{.
available 50 percent of the time (medianconditions) and 413 Mhl
ava i l a b l e 3 0 p e rce n t of the time ( near - m ean
conditions) . This cor r e_
.|5 3 9
s p o n d sto
G[,l h
a nd 2l8B GW h,r espectively, and is about 4 pe r c ent
of the total state low-headpowerpotential
9 . The investigation reported here focusedpredominantlyupon the hydrologic
and physical aspects of low-headhydroelectric powerdevelopment. The
fe a si b i l i ty a sse ssment
of str eamr eacheswas necessar ilylim ited to
a v a i l a b l e m a p sa n d p u b l i s h e dm a t e r i a l , n o t a l l o f w h i c hc o n t a i n e d
recent information. The impacts of low-headhydro development
were not
s p e ci fi ca l l y a d d re ssed. Ther efor e, the findings and conclusionsr egar ding the low-headhydro pori{erpotential i'n 0regondo not constitute and
should not be consideredto constitute either an endorsement
or a , ,.
r e j e cti o n o f l o w -h e a ddevelopm ent.Rather , the findings and con c l us i ons
sh o u l d b e vi e w e da s o bjective r esults of data gather ing, evaluati on,
syn th e si sa n d i n te rp retation to makeinfor mationavailable in r eadi l y
use fu l fo rm fo r co n ti nuedser ious assessment
of ' ,low- head,'
or ,' sm al l "
h yd ro e l e ctri c p o w e ra s an available technologyfor m eeting0r ego n,s
energy needs.
70
VTI. REFERENCES
G l a d w e l l , J. S . a n d L . F. Lleitz; A Resour ceSur veyof Low- Head
Hydr o
Fotential in the fryific Northwes
Resour ces
hesear chIhstitute;
U n i ve rsi ty o f Id a h o ; Mo scow;1979.
G l a d w e l l ,J . S . a n d C . C . W ar nfck;LowHeadHydr o, an Examination
0 f an
Al ternati ve EnergySource; Idaho hfa
i 1978.
71