AMERICAN COMMITTEE ON THE HISTORY
OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR
NEWSLETTER
Donald S. Detwiler, Chairman
Department of History
Southern Illinois University
at Carbondale
Carbondale, Illinois 62901
Permanent Directors
Charles F. Delzell
Vanderbilt University
No. 45
Arthur L. Funk
University of Florida
H. Stuart Hughes
University of California,
San Diego
Forrest C. Pogue
Smithsonian Institution (ret.)
Terms expiring 1991
Brig. Gen. James L. Collins, Jr.
Center of Military History (ret.)
John Lewis Gaddis
Ohio University
Robin Higham
Kansas State University
D. Clayton James
Virginia Military Institule
Robert O. Paxton
Columbia University
Agnes F. Peterson
Hoover Institution
David F. Trask
Center of Military History (ret.)
Russell F. Weigley
Temple University
Terms expiring 1992
Martin Blumenson
Washington, D.C.
William H. Cunliffe
National Archives
Stanley L. Falk
Office of Air Force History (ret.)
Maurice Matloff
Center of Military History (ret.)
Ernest R. May
Harvard University
Ronald H. Spector
George Washington UniverRity
Gerhard L. Weinberg
University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill
Earl F. Ziemke
University of Georgia
Terms expiring 1993
Dean C. Allard
Naval Historical Center
Stephen E. Ambrose
University of New Orleans
Robert Dallek
University of California,
Los Angeles
Harold C. Deutsch
Army War College (ret.)
Brig. Gen. Roy K. Flint
U.S. Military Academy (ret.)
David Kahn
Great Neck, N.Y.
Richard H. Kohn
University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill
Carol M. Petillo
Boston College
Robert Wolfe
National Archives
ISSN 0885-5668
ISBN 0-89126-060-9
-._------­
CONTENTS
D. Clayton James, Secretary
Department of History
and Politics
Virginia Military Institute
Lexington. Virginia 24450
Spring 1991
ACHSWW
General Information
The Newsletter
Annual Membership Dues
Business Meeting, by Donald S. Detwiler
FORTHCOMING CONFERENCES
Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations
National Archives Conference on the Office of Strategic
Services in World War II, by George C. Chalou
American Historical Association
Conference on the Battle of the Coral Sea, by John
~~
World War II, 1942: A 50-Year Perspective
Other Conferences
A Message from the Archivist of the United States,
by Don w: Wilson
RECENT PROGRAMS
A CHSWW-AHA Session on Eisenhower
Other AHA Sessions
American Military Institute
Organization of American Historians
Conference on the War in the Pacific
Symposium on December 7-8, 1941
Conference on Barbarossa
Conference on World War II in 1941
OTHER NEWS
Charles B. MacDonald
Computer Network for Military Historians, by
John F. Sloan
An American Federation of World War II Round
Tables, by Harold C. Deutsch
U.S. Air Force Historical Research Center Research
Grants
Researcher's Query about "Red Slick"
(Continued on following page)
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Anne S. Wells. Newsletter Editor
Department of History
and Politics
Virginia Military Institute
Lexington. Virginia 24450
Robin Higham, Archivist
Department of History
Kansas State University
Manhattan, Kansas 66506
The ACHSWW is affiliated with:
American Historical Association
400 A Street, S.E.
Washington, D.C. 20003
Comite International
d'Histoire de la Deuxi~me
Guerre Mondiale
A. Harry Paape, President
Henry Rousso. Secretary General
Institut d'Histoire
du Temps Presen t
44, rue dp. I'Amiral Mouchez
75014 Paris, France
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RESEARCH MATERIALS
An Insider's View, Number 1: World War II Holdings
of the George C. Marshall Research Library, by
Glenn S. Cook
Research Resources at the National Archives
Research Resources at the Library of Congress
Manuscript Division
Select Bibliography of Books and Articles in
English Relating to the World War II Era
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37
37
ACHSWW
GENERAL INFORMATION
Established in 1967 "to promote historical research in the period of World War II
in all its aspects," the American Committee on the History of the Second World War is
a private orgariization supported by the dues and donations of its members. It is affiliated
with the American Historical Association, with the International Committee for the History
of the Second World War, and with corresponding national committees in other countries,
including Austria, Bdgium, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Italy, the
Netherlands, Poland, Romania, the Soviet Union, Spain, the United Kingdom, and
Yugoslavia. The ACHSWW meets annually with the American Historical Association. The
1991 annual meeting will be held in the last week of December in Chicago.
TIlE NEWSLETfER
The ACHSWW issues a semiannual newsletter, which is assigned International
Standard Serial Number [ISSN] 0885-5668 by the National Serial Data Program of the
Library of Congress. Back issues of the Newsletter are available from Prof. Robin Higham,
the ACHSWW Archivist, through Sunflower University Press, 1531 Yuma (or Box 1009),
Manhattan, KS 66502-4228. The first eighteen issues (1968-1978) are available as a spiral­
bound, 360-page xerox paperback (ISBN 0-89126-060-9) for $36.00. Subsequent back
numbers are available as single, unbound issues for $3.00 each. There is no postal charge
for prepaid orders to addresses in the United States, but there is a shipping charge of $4.00
for orders sent to addresses in Canada and other foreign countries.
Please send data and suggestions for the Newsletter to:
Anne S. Wells
Editor, ACHSWW Newsletter
Department of History and Politics
Virginia Military Institute
Lexington, VA 24450
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ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP DUES
Membership in the ACHSWW is open to all who are interested in the era of the
Second World War. Annual membership dues of $10.00 are payable at the beginning of
each calendar year. Students with U.S. addresses may, if their circumstances require it,
pay annual dues of $2.00 for up to six years. There is no surcharge for members abroad,
but it is requested that dues be remitted directly to the secretary of the committee (not
through an agency or a subscription service) in U.S. dollars. The Newsletter, which is
mailed at bulk rates within the United States, will be sent by surface mail to foreign
addresses unless special arrangements are made to cover the cost of airmail postage.
Please send dues to:
D. Clayton James
Secretary, ACHSWW
Department of History and Politics
Virginia Military Institute
Lexington, VA 24450
BUSINESS MEETING
by Donald S. Detwiler
The annual business meeting was convened at 5:05 P.M., Friday, December 28,
1990, in Suite 513 of the New York Hilton at Rockefeller Center, by the committee
chairman, Prof. Arthur L. Funk of the University of Florida. As ACHSWW treasurer, the
committee secretary, Prof. Donald S. Detwiler of Southern Illinois University at Carbondale,
reported on the committee's income and expenses during the past budget year, from
December 1, 1989, to November 30, 1990. The committee began the year with a bank
balance of $113.57, received a total of $1,570.51 during the year, and spent $1,594.41 during
the same period, resulting in a balance, as of November 30, 1990, of $89.67. In additicn,
donations totalling $277.00 were received, from nineteen members, to a dedicated
grant-in-aid account at Southern Illinois University to defray expenses not covered by
membership dues. Prof. Detwiler noted that the membership form enclosed with the fall
1990 newsletter called for dues for 1991 to be sent to Prof. D. Clayton James, the
secretary-elect, at Virginia Military Institute, and added that the balance of $89.67
remaining in the committee account in Carbondale would be used for printing committee
stationery and for any other committee-related expenses incurred before the secretariat is
fully established at Lexington. At the suggestion of the chairman, the treasury report was
accepted without objection.
Prof. Funk then announced the joint session with the AHA being held the following
afternoon, Saturday, December 29, on the occasion of the centenary of Eisenhower's birth.
He noted that the original program had provided for a paper by Prof. Stephen E. Ambrose
of the University of New Orleans on Eisenhower and Churchill, but that in view of recently
published allegations regarding the death of hundreds of thousands of German captives
held by the Americans and French at the end of the war, Prof. Ambrose had changed the
topic of his paper to "Eisenhower and German Prisoners of War." Prof. Ambrose had
recently held a conference at New Orleans, Prof. Funk added, on the controversy triggered
by the work of the Canadian journalist James Bacque. [A review of Bacque's book, Other
4
Losses (Toronto: Stoddart, 1989), by Prof. Detwiler, was included in the fall 1990 issue of
this newsletter (No. 44), pp. 16-19.]
The chairman then reported on the quinquennial meeting of the International
Committee for the History of the Second World War, which had been held in Madrid,
August 26-September 2, 1990, concurrently with the meeting of the International Congress
of Historical Sciences. The International Committee's seventeen-paper session on August
31 was entitled "The Road to War: Public Opinion, Attitudes, and Mentalities in Relation
to the Future War." The American Committee was represented by two directors: Robert
Wolfe of the National Archives gave a paper on public opinion in the United States
regarding Europe; D. Clayton James of Virginia Military Institute gave a paper on
American public opinion and East Asia, 1931-1941. Prof. Funk said that he understood
that the International Committee planned to have the papers published, but that he had
been given no specific information regarding arrangements.
The Bureau, which is the executive body of the International Committee, held a
number of meetings in Madrid. The Americans who participated in the Bureau's meetings
were Prof. Funk, a vice president of the International Committee, and Prof. James, at the
Bureau's invitation representing Prof. Detwiler.
At the business meeting of the International Committee on September 1, Prof.
Funk reported that the retired director of the Netherlands State Institute for War
Documentation, A. Harry Paape, who for many years had been secretary general and
treasurer of th~ International Committee, was elected president of the International
Committee for a five-year term, or until the 1995 meeting of the International Committee,
which is to be held in Montreal, concurrently with the next quinquennial meeting of the
International Congress of Historical Sciences. The new president will continue to serve as
treasurer but will be succeeded by Henry Rousso of the Institut d'Histoire du Temps
Present, Paris, as secretary general of the International Committee.
Dusan Biber of Yugoslavia and Czeslaw Madajczk of Poland were reelected to
serve as vice presidents and members on the executive board. New vice presidents (with
board membership) were elected from the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the
United States: the Soviet historian Oleg A. Rzheshevsky succeeded General Dmitri
Volkogonov of the U.S.S.R.; Prof. David Dilks of the University of Leeds succeeded Sir
W. Francis Deakin; and the chairman-elect of the American Committee, Prof. Donald S.
Detwiler, was nominated by Prof. Funk and elected to succeed him. The Norwegian
historian Ole Kristian Grimnes was elected to one of the three remaining positions on the
board, and it was anticipated, Prof. Funk added, that the other two board positions would
be filled by a representative of the Hungarian Committee and by a German representative,
following the consolidation of the two German committees after unification.
Prof. Detwiler reported on plans for the annual meeting to be held at the end of
December 1991 at the Chicago Hilton. The ACHSWW-AHA joint session proposal is
being organized and submitted to the AHA Program Committee by Dr. Dean Allard,
director of naval history. In December 1991, the fiftieth anniversary of the attack on Pearl
Harbor, there may well be something approaching saturation coverage of the Japanese
assault on the U.S. fleet at Oahu, so the committee's joint session is to be focused on the
attack and subsequent invasion of the Philippines, for which Japanese success against the
American Navy in the Central Pacific was a precondition.
Dr. Allard is proposing that Lt. Col. John W. Whitman, an Army officer serving in
the Pentagon, give a paper on the Japanese military campaign in the Philippines; Whitman
5
was recommended to him by Stanley Falk, who had been impressed by his work on the
Bataan campaign. Prof. David Evans of the University of Richmond, whose extensive
research on the Pacific War is based in large part on Japanese sources, is to give an
account of the role and strategy of the Imperial Japanese Navy; and Prof. Carol Petillo of
Boston College will provide the perspective from the Philippine viewpoint. Dr. Allard
himself would probably serve as chairman and commentator. Dr. Falk strongly endorsed
the proposal, noting that he had been invited to participate but would not be at the
meeting in Chicago next year.
Prof. Detwiler mentioned that Ms. Sharon Tune, the AHA convention coordinator,
had told him that the 1992 meeting is to be held December 27-30 at the Shoreham and
Sheraton Hotels in Washington; the AHA will not meet in 1993; thereafter, in accordance
with the wish of the majority of the membership expressed in a poll a few years ago, the
AHA will meet in the first week in January; in 1994, the meeting will be held in San
Francisco.
The chairman briefly reported on plans, still in the preliminary stage, for two
conferences in Washington, to be conducted in 1992 and 1994 at the National Archives,
in cooperation with the American Committee. In addition, Prof. Funk mentioned, the
National Archives was holding a conference on the ass in July 1991, commemorating the
fiftieth anniversary of the appointment of William J. Donovan as coordinator of
information, leading to the establishment of ass. Prof. Detwiler observed that the
ACHSWW had not been formally involved in planning the conference, but a number of
ACHSWW members were tentatively scheduled to participate, including Stephen E.
Ambrose, Martin Blumenson, Harold C. Deutsch, Arthur L. Funk, John L. Gaddis, H.
Stuart Hughes, David Kahn, J. Kenneth McDonald, Lawrence H. McDonald, Arthur
Schlesinger, Jr., and Waldo Heinrichs. [Information about registration is included on page
6 herein.]
When the chairman asked if there was any other business, Prof. Gerhard L.
Weinberg of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, said that, to his regret, the
National Archives has adopted a new policy stating that guides to its records will be in
microfiche form. No distinction is to be made between guides in microfiche to records
which are still held in paper, and guides in microfiche to records held only on microfilm.
Prof. Weinberg added that he had attempted in vain to dissuade the National Archives
from this course, which represents one more step in a process of removal of records from
what most scholars consider serious historical research.
Observing that he himself had not been a candidate for the ACHSWW chairmanship
in the election for committee officers held earlier in the year, Prof. Funk noted that Prof.
Donald S. Detwiler had been elected chairman and Prof. D. Clayton James secretary, and
he offered his congratulations. On his own behalf and on that of Prof. James, Prof.
Detwiler thanked Prof. Funk for his congratulations, and on behalf of the committee as a
whole, he thanked him for having served for fifteen years as chairman (after having been
committee secretary since its establishment in 1967). Prof. Detwiler then thanked the
committee for its support during his fifteen years as secretary and newsletter editor and for
its confidence in electing him chairman. He also acknowledged the cooperation, during the
transition, of Prof. James and of his associate at Virginia Military Institute, Ms. Anne S.
Wells, and he introduced Ms. Wells, who will edit the newsletter.
There being no further business, Prof. Funk adjourned the meeting at about 6:30
P.M.
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FORTHCOMING
CONFERENCES
SOCIETY FOR HISTORIANS OF AMERICAN FOREIGN RElATIONS
The Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations will hold its summer
conference on June 19-22, 1991, at George Washington University.
There are a number of sessions relating to World War II: "Pearl Harbor After
Fifty Years"; "From War to Peace: German-American Relations, 1944-46"; "Wartime
Diplomacy in Europe"; "Churchill, Stalin, and Kennan: A New Look at Familiar Players";
"Round Table: Hiroshima and the End of World War II"; and "United States--Latin
American Relations During World War II."
For registration information, contact Sandra C. Taylor, Department of History,
University of Utah, 211 Carlson Hall, Salt Lake City, UT 84112. For housing information,
contact William H. Becker, Department of History, George Washington University,
Washington, DC 20052.
NATIONAL ARCHIVES CONFERENCE ON THE OFFICE OF
STRATEGIC SERVICES IN WORLD WAR IT
by George C. Chalou
On July 11-12, 1991, the National Archives will host the first major scholarly
conference on the role of the World War II intelligence agency, the Office of Strategic
Services. It was on July 11, 1941, that President Franklin Roosevelt appointed New York
attorney William J. Donovan as the coordinator of information. This office became the
Office of Strategic Services in 1942 with Donovan remaining at the helm during the entire
war.
This two-day meeting will be held at the National Archives in Washington, D.C.,
and will feature prominent historians, members of Donovan's organization, and students
of military and intelligence policy. Participants will include Walt Rostow, Arthur
Schlesinger, Jr., the Countess of Romanones, Robin Winks, and William Colby as well as
several foreign scholars.
In conjunction with the conference the National Archives will feature a film series
on intelligence and an exhibit illustrating the OSS. Plans are underway to publish the
conference proceedings. Registration for the two-day conference and reception will be
$150 with special rates for full-time students. Registration will open on April 1 and be
on a first-come basis. For further information contact Conference Director George C.
Chalou at the National Archives (202-501-6000).
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AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION
The American Historical Association will hold its annual meeting on December 27­
30, 1991, in Chicago. ACHSWW is sponsoring a session entitled "New Research on the
Philippines Campaign, 1941-1942: A Multi-National Perspective." Chaired by Dean C.
Allard, the session will include papers by John W. Whitman on "MacArthur's Generalship:
A Bad Decision Unredeemed" and David C. Evans on ''The Japanese Navy in the Invasion
of the Philippines." Commentators will be Carol M. Petillo and Allard.
CONFERENCE ON TIlE BATI1.E OF TIlE CORAL SEA
by John Wade
The Australian National Maritime Museum will hold its first major conference on
May 7-10, 1992, to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the Battle of the Coral Sea.
The conference and a temporary exhibition, to be held in the newly opened museum
in Sydney's Darling Harbour, will be part of an Australia-wide series of Coral Sea
commemorative events during the first ten days of May 1992.
Both museum events are being sponsored through the USA Bicentennial Gift and
form part of the public programs of the USA Gallery, which commemorates Australian­
American maritime relations.
Only five months after the opening of the Pacific War, the Battle of the Coral Sea
was fought between ships of the Japanese and Allied navies, May 4-8, 1942. The battle
took place in the Coral Sea, off the coasts of Queensland and New Guinea.
Historically, it was the first naval battle fought entirely by aircraft, without the ships
ever sighting each other. Strategically, it was the first check to the Japanese advance in
World War II. Following Japanese air raids on Darwin, it was the first time since Brithh
colonization that Australians lived in real fear of imminent enemy invasion.
Conference sessions will focus on the battle itself, its strategic significance, its effect
on Australians, and its symbolic meaning for US-Australian bilateral relations then and
since. Speakers are being sought from Australia, the USA, and elsewhere.
The full conference program will be available later this year. For further details,
intending speakers and participants can contact:
John Wade
Senior Curator, USA Gallery
Australian National Maritime Museum
GPO Box 5131
Sydney, NSW 2000
Australia
(Telephone: 011 612 522 7777; fax: 011 612 660 0729)
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WORLD WAR IT, 1942: A 50-YEAR PERSPECTIVE
Siena College's seventh multidisciplinary conference on the fiftieth anniversary of
World War II will focus on the year 1942 and will be held on June 4-5, 1992. Papers are
requested on the following subjects: Fascism and Naziism, Midway, New Guinea,
GuadalcanaI, North Mrica, the North Atlantic, literature, art, film, diplomatic, political
and military history, popular culture, women's and Jewish studies, and relevant topics on
Asia, Mrica, Latin America, and the Near East. The deadline for submissions is December
15, 1991. For further information, contact:
Thomas O. Kelly, II
Department of History
Siena College
Loudonvill~ NY 12211
OTHER CONFERENCES
Aug. 11-13, 1991
"The Atlantic Charter: Its Making and Its Consequences." Contact
Atlantic Charter Conference, Department of History, Memorial
University of Newfoundland, St. John's, A1C 5S7, Canada.
Sept. 11-13, 1991 'Tenth Naval History Symposium."
Contact Jack Sweetman,
Department of History, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402­
5044.
Oct. 1991
"Teaching of the Holocaust." Contact Mary Noel Kernan, director,
National Catholic Center for Holocaust Education, Seton Hill College,
Greensburg, PA 15601-1599; (412) 834-2200, ext. 344; fax (412) 838­
4203.
Oct. 18-20, 1991
"American Homefront during World War II." Contact James H.
Madison, DepartmenJ of History, Indiana University, Bloomington,
IN 47405.
Nov. 7-8, 1991
"The Grass Roots: Eighth Symposium on the Occupation of Japan."
Sponsored by the MacArthur Memorial, the General Douglas
MacArthur Foundation, and Old Dominion University. Contact
Director, MacArthur Memorial, MacArthur Square, Norfolk, VA
23510; (804) 441-2965.
Dec. 1991
"The Pacific War and Modern Memory: War; Culture, and Society."
Contact Theodore F. Cook, Jr., Pacific War co-director, Department
of History, William Paterson College of New Jersey, Wayne, NJ 07470;
(201) 595-2319.
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Dec. 3-6, 1991
"Prelude to Pearl Harbor--The Interwar Years," Midland, Tex.
Sponsored by the American Airpower Heritage Museum and Hardin­
Simmons University. Contact Barbara Breier, assistant to the provost
and director of continuing education, Hardin-Simmons University, Box
657 HSU Station, Abilene, TX 79698; (915) 670-1501.
Dec. 5-7, 1991
"The United States and Japan in World War II." Contact Laura J.
Labenberg, Conference Coordinator, Hofstra Cultural Center, Hofstra
University, Hempstead, NY 11550.
Dec. 6-11, 1991
"December 7, 1941--A Retrospective, Part Two:
'The Storm
Unleashed,'" Honolulu, Hawaii. Sponsored by the Admiral Chester
Nimitz Museum and Foundation, U.S. Naval Institute, USS Arizona
Memorial Museum Association, and Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
and Museum. Contact the Admiral Nimitz Foundation, P.O. Box 777,
Fredricksburg, TX 78624.
Apr. 2-5, 1992
Organization of American Historians annual meeting, Chicago.
Apr. 6-11,1992
"Main Street, USA at War: 1939-1946." Call for papers by September
1, 1991. Contact Jere Jackson, Department of History, Stephen F.
Austin State University, Box 13013, SFA Station, Nacogdoches, TX
75962.
[The following column is reprinted from the Society of American Archivists' SAA
Newsletter, March 1991.]
A MESSAGE FROM THE ARClllVIST OF THE UNITED STATES
by Don W. Wilson
On July 11 and 12 of this year, the National Archives will be sponsoring a
conference on the Office of Strategic Services, the agency that directed American
intelligence operations during the Second World War and was the forerunner of the Central
Intelligence Agency. [Information about registration is included on page 6 herein.] This
conference is important for several reasons.
First, it represents part of the National Archives' efforts to help this country to
remember and reflect upon the participation of the United States, fifty years ago, in World
War II. American involvement in this worldwide conflict brought tremendous changes to
our society, to our political and economic systems, and to virtually every other aspect of
modern life. (The Second World War also brought great changes to the then-new National
Archives--a significant increase in holdings, for example--but that is another story.)
I have established two groups to work with the National Archives in commemorating
the 50th anniversary of American involvement in World War II. One is a Congressional
Committee, composed of more than eighty Senators and Representatives who are veterans
10
of the war. Chaired by Senators Bob Dole of Kansas and Daniel Inouye of Hawaii and
Representatives Robert Michel of Illinois and Charles Bennett of Florida, this Committee
is providing advice and assistance to us as we look back on the war.
The other committee is the World War II Executive Branch Steering Committee,
comprised of senior-level representatives of the Departments of State, Defense, and
Veterans Affairs; the National Endowment for the Humanities; the Central Intelligence
Agency; the Federal Bureau of Investigation; and the Office of the President. This
Committee will also furnish advice to NARA [National Archives and Records
Administration] but in addition will help to coordinate--and stimulate--World War II
commemorative activities throughout the Executive Branch of the Federal government.
The two-day conference on the OSS--held fifty years to the day after the creation
of the Coordinator of Information, the predecessor of the OSS--will be one of the initial
events in this commemoration. This is fitting because the OSS was intimately involved in
the prosecution of the war, and the records of this organization can tell us so much about
the conflict. Some other commemorative activities will include a film series and a traveling
exhibit featuring personal accounts of participants. With the help of the World War II
Executive Branch Steering Committee, the National Archives will publish a calendar of
major events.
The OSS conference will include nine plenary or concurrent sessions devoted to
the creation and development of the OSS; records, research, and literature related to the
OSS; the role of the OSS in various sectors of the globe; reflections by several OSS agents
on their "careers" as spies; the tools of spying; and the legacy of the OSS. A number of
leading scholars are scheduled to take part in the conference.
By calling attention to the records of the OSS, which the National Archives now
holds, the conference will perform a second major function. Over the past ten years or
so, the CIA has already transferred more than 3,000 cubic feet of OSS records to NARA.
More continue to be transferred, and the total (including about 1,000 cubic feet that the
State Department transferred soon after World War II) may well exceed 5,000 cubic feet.
These records are divided about evenly between intelligence operations and covert actions,
and so they give a broad picture of the OSS during the war. We believe this to be the first
instance anywhere in the world where the records of a major intelligence agency are now
available for research. They are already heavily consulted by researchers, and we expect
increasing use of them.
Processing the OSS records was a mammoth undertaking. NARA could not have
completed this task without the assistance of more than twenty volunteers, led by our own
staff member Larry McDonald. These volunteers--some of them veterans of the CIA and
the OSS, incidentally--have spent at least 10,000 hours over more than five years carefully
preparing the records for research use. This has involved reestablishing the original
intellectual control of the materials, preparing sophisticated finding aids, and performing
holdings maintenance. Archivists elsewhere, who often rely so heavily upon committed
volunteers, will understand just how indebted the National Archives is to the volunteers who
processed the OSS records.
Most of the OSS material is open, having been declassified. There is, however,
still a large (but undetermined) quantity of World War II era Federal records that remain
in the custody of agencies--and have yet to be declassified. The World War II Executive
Branch Steering Committee has taken an interest in this situation, and we hope that one
legacy that the 50th anniversary commemoration can leave is the declassification of most
11
of what remains so that these records, like those of the ass, can help researchers to
understand the full import of the Second World War.
A third way the ass conference is important is as evidence of the National
Archives' commitment to expand (really, to revive) its involvement in scholarly activities.
Conferences like the one on the ass bring professional archivists and professional
historians, and others with collateral interests, together to discuss records and the meanings
to be gleaned from these records.
Conferences and other scholarly meetings call attention to the value of records,
and to the value the information in them has for interpreting or reinterpreting policies
and events. Conferences also help archivists and researchers to understand each other's
perspectives better and to develop a community of inter~st. The exchanges of information
and insights that take place at such gatherings are valuable to all who attend. I want the
National Archives to sponsor additional scholarly conferences, not only as part of the World
War II commemoration, but others as well. We plan to work, for example, with the
American Committee on the History of the Second World War and with the American
Military Institute on at least three such conferences. The National Archives will continue
to look for ways where it can join with organizations or institutions in undertaking
conferences and symposia.
If you, or a historian you know, would like to have additional information about
the ass conference, please contact me. And if you and your institution are helping your
community to commemorate the 50th anniversary of American involvement in World War
II, won't you also tell me what you are doing? After all, sharing information and insights
among individuals and repositories is an important tradition within the archival profession.
RECENT PROGRAMS
ACHSWW-AHA SESSION ON EISENHOWER
The ACHSWW joint session at the American Historical Association annual meeting,
entitled "Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1890-1969: A Centenary Retrospect," was held on
December 29, 1990. The audience numbered approximately 150 people in an overflowing
room. Present also was a camera crew of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, which
is producing a documentary on the fate of German paws in Germany at the end of the
European war. The session was chaired by Forrest C. Pogue, with papers presented by
Stephen E. Ambrose, Arthur L. Funk, and Blanche Wiesen Cook and comments by Martin
Blumenson and John E. Wickman. The Ambrose and Funk papers are summarized below;
the Cook paper was not available for summary.
The title of Stephen E. Ambrose's paper was "Eisenhower and the German Prisoners
of War," in which he discussed accusations made by James Bacque in his book Other
Losses. [A slightly different version of the Ambrose paper appears in The New York
Times Book Review, Feb. 24, 1991. See also letters to the editor in the April 14, 1991,
issue of the same publication.] The Bacque book has been a bestseller in other countries
12
and is scheduled for publication this year in this country. [The U.S. edition is being
published by Prima and distributed by St. Martin's Press.] One of Bacque's major charges
is that General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower, while heading the American occupation
in Germany after World War II, was responsible for the deliberate deaths by starvation of
a million German prisoners of war. In order to circumvent the Geneva Convention's
requirement that the prisoners receive the same level of rations as the Allied soldiers, the
official designation of "Prisoners of War" (POWs) was changed to "Disarmed Enemy
Forces" (DEFs). According to Bacque, many of the DEFs subsequently died from
insufficient food, and their deaths were listed in U.S. Army records as "Other Losses" in
order to conceal the facts.
Ambrose reported on the conclusions of a conference held on the subject by the
Eisenhower Center for Leadership Studies at the University of New Orleans on December
7-8, 1990.
Participants included Ambrose; Neil Cameron, producer of the BBC
documentary on the issue of the German POW deaths; Brian L. Villa, University of
Ottawa; Albert E. Cowdrey, U.S. Army Center of Military History; Thomas M. Barker,
State University of New York, Albany; James F. Tent, University of Alabama, Birmingham;
Ruediger Overmans, Office of Military History, Freiburg; Axel Frohn, German Historical
Institute, Washington; Rolf Steininger, University of Innsbruck; and Gunter Bischof,
University of New Orleans. Plans call for the conference papers to be published in book
form.
The conference concluded that Bacque had made a contribution in forcing
confrontation of the fact that there was widespread mistreatment of German POWs in
1945, but that scholars would find his work to be "worse than worseless." Ambrose asserted
that Bacque "put full responsibility on Eisenhower for every policy decision," ignoring the
fact that Eisenhower operated under directives issued by his superiors. Among these was
the decision, in view of inadequate food supplies, not to feed the German prisoners at a
level higher than civilians, hence the change in designation from POW to DEF in order to
comply with the Geneva Convention.
Regarding Bacque's contention that there was no widespread lack of food in Europe
in 1945, Ambrose stated that a food shortage definitely existed and that Eisenhower was
very worried about insufficient food supplies even before he learned that the number of
Germans surrendering to the Western Allies and the number of civilians and slave laborers
in the Western zones were much greater than anticipated. Allied governments were so
concerned about a famine in the upcoming winter of 1945-1946 that they tried to stockpile
food. Red Cross food parcels intended for prisoners were used instead, on orders of
Eisenhower's superiors, to feed Displaced Persons (DPs).
On the issue of one million deaths, Ambrose asked, "Where are the bodies?" In
calculating his totals, Bacque used as his basis the figure of a 30% death rate in one camp,
where the actual rate of 3% could be deduced when taking into account an obvious
typographical error. Ambrose contended that the figures showed that perhaps a maximum
of 56,000 prisoners died, instead of one million. Ambrose stated that the majority of the
"Other Losses," as indicated in monthly reports in the Eisenhower Library and the National
Archives (reports not cited by Bacque), were in actuality members of the Volkssturm
(People's Militia) released without formal discharges.
Arthur L. Funk spoke on "De Gaulle and Eisenhower: Concerns for the Resistance,
1944." He noted that 1990 was the centenary not only of Eisenhower's birth, but also of
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de Gaulle's. The two men's relationship intensified in June 1943 when the Comite Franc;ais
de la Liberation Nationale (CFLN) was formed. De Gaulle then shared the headship of
the CFLN but would soon become its sole president; Eisenhower then was leader of Allied
forces in the Mediterranean and subsequently would command Operation OVERLORD
and Allied forces in the European theater. By the time Eisenhower left for London in
December 1943, the men mutually admired each other
The focus of Funk's remarks was the CAIMAN Plan, or Plan "C," which de Gaulle
and his staff developed by May 1944 to coordinate actions of the armed resistance in
France with what they surmised to be Allied invasion plans of the continent. Plan "C"
involved sabotage of railways and roads where the Maquis was strongest, especially
southwest France and the Sisteron-Grenoble-Besanc;on corridor along the Alps. "C" also
stressed cutting rail lines in the Rhone Valley and the Massif Central. The emphasis was
to be on South France, though FFI (Forces Franc;aises de l'Interieur) action was also
planned against Brittany port facilities and, if circumstances permitted, the "agglomeration
parisienne."
According to Funk, "In May [1944], Eisenhower was indeed giving thought to
Resistance help, but in no way had he been persuaded that a country-wide insurrection
or strong points within France would help the Normandy landings." A SHAEF directive
of May 21 set forth a plan for cutting roads and rail lines only south of the Loire in order
to give no hint of the impending Normandy landing sites.
In the weeks prior to D-Day, Eisenhower endeavored to persuade President
Roosevelt to alter his decree that de Gaulle and the CFLN were not to be accorded
political/diplomatic recognition and that Eisenhower was to deal with de Gaulle on military
affairs only. As late as three days before the OVERLORD invasion, Eisenhower found
"the whole thing a rather sorry mess" because FDR adamantly refused to acknowledge that
de Gaulle and the CFLN had the strong support of many powerful resistance groups.
After the Normandy landings, de Gaulle was no longer excluded from operational
planning, with French forces scheduled to be used in the ANVIL (DRAGOON) landings.
Plan "c" was revised to use up to 90,000 men in an area between the OVERLORD and
ANVIL operations. The provision of arms and air support would be essential to the plan.
The plan was seriously considered by Eisenhower, General George C. Marshall, and
General Henry Maitland Wilson, who was in charge of the Mediterranean theater, but the
Allies decided not to allocate the extra aircraft needed for the operation and the plan was
rejected as an integral part of ANVIL. After an appeal to General Alexander M. Patch,
the Alpine aspect of CAIMAN did take place to some degree with the Allied advance to
Grenoble, Bourg, and Lons-Ie-Saulnier.
Plan CAIMAN foundered not only because of the aircraft requirement but also on
larger operational grounds, including the distrust of guerrilla warfare, and on political
grounds, such as President Roosevelt's nonrecognition of de Gaulle and the exclusion of
the French in the planning of OVERLORD.
Nevertheless, as Funk concludes, "Eisenhower's and de Gaulle's mutual objectives
became reality with the liberation of Paris." Their agreement on economic and civil
arrangements amounted to de facto recognition of a self-governing, nearly freed, and
CFLN-Ied France.
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OTHER AHA SESSIONS
The session entitled "Understanding the Japanese-American Internment Experience"
was held on December 30, 1990, and chaired by Mikiso Hane. Three approaches to the
internment were considered: oral history, presented by Joan Loveridge-Sanbonmatsu and
Akira Sanbonmatsu; material culture, by Tom D. Crouch; and film, by Lise Yasui. Also
on December 30 the session on "The Alliance Diplomacy of the French General Staff:
Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Belgiom, 1933-1940," was held under the chairmanship of
Michael Geyer, with Philip Bankwitz and Geyer as commentators. The two papers were
"The French General Staff, the Rhineland, and Czechoslovakia," by Nicole Jordan; and "In
Lieu of Alliance: General Gamelin's Secret Cooperation with Neutral Belgium, 1936-1940,"
by Martin S. Alexander. In the session on "Americans in China in the 1940s," held on
December 28 with Michael Schaller as chair and commentator, one of the three papers was
of special interest to students of World War II: "Rescue Operation: Cooperation between
the American Military and the Chinese Communists to Rescue Downed Fliers," by Carolle
J. Carter.
AMERICAN MILITARY INSTITUTE
The program of the AMI meeting in Durham included several sessions on the
Second World War. On March 22, 1991, the session on "Operations in World War II"
was made up of four papers: "The Combined Chiefs of Staff in the Second World War,"
by Alex Danchev; "ULTRA, MAGIC, and the Mediterranean, 1943: The Role of Strategic
Intelligence in Coalition Strategy," by Alexander S. Cochran; "Hitler, the V-2, and the Battle
for Priority: Weapons Procurement and the German War Economy," by Michael J.
Neufeld; and "Disaster at Utweiler (15 March 1945): A Historical Reconstruction of a
Battalion Action in World War II," by E. A Reitan. Also that day the session called
"World War II: Social Issues" was held. There were three papers: "Recipe for Failure:
Major General Edward M. Almond and the Preparation of the 92d Infantry Division for
Combat in World War II," by Dale E. Wilson; "Sergeant Henry O. Hansen and the Flag­
raising on Iwo Jima," by Parker B. Albee, Jr.; and "Mobilizing the American Home Front
in World War II: The Advertising Industry and the Motif of Sacrifice," by Mark H. Leff.
(The program did not identify the chairs and commentators of the above two sessions.)
On March 23 there were also two sessions on World War II. Williamson Murray
served as chair and discussant on the session on "The Nazi Party and the German War
Effort." The following papers were presented: "The German Christian Movement's Impact
on the Wehrmacht Chaplaincy," by Doris Bergen; "Ideology, Indoctrination, and ''Ie
Volkssturm Leadership Corps," by David Yelton; and "The Threat of Air War as a Form
of Political Mobilization in Germany, 1920-1939," by Peter Fritzche. The other session was
entitled "American Women in the Military: The World War II Experience"; it was chaired
by Glenn H. Elder, Jr., with M. C. Devilbiss as commentator. The two papers were "The
Other Enemy: Army Attitudes toward Black WACs during World War II," by Rita Gomez;
and "WACs in Combat? The World War II Experiment," by D'Ann Campbell. Another
session on the 23rd also dealt significantly with World War II: "The Social History of
Enlisted Personnel," with Harold D. Langley as chair and discussant. It consisted of three
papers: '''Everything in the Air Corps Has Been Planned to Make the Enlisted Man Feel
15
Inferior': The Air Corps Enlisted Experience, 1914-1945," by Mark Grandstaff; ''The Fifth
Canadian Infantry Brigade, 1944-1945: A Profile of 'Other Ranks' Based on Personnel
Records," by Terry Copp; and "Fifty Years of Noncommissioned Officer Policy in the U.S.
Army and Leadership in the Post-Cold War Era," by Faris R. Kirkland. Another paper of
relevance was Edward M. Coffman's "The U.S. Army 15th Infantry in China, 1912-1938,"
presented in the session on March 23 on "Western Military Experience in China, 1900­
1938."
ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN mSTORIANS
At the annual OAR meeting in Louisville, Lee Kennett presided at the session on
''The Good War--Fifty Years Later," held on April 13, 1991, with comments by Susan M.
Hartmann and Kennett. "Understanding the Home Front: The World War II Letters of
American Women," was the paper, presented by Judy Barrett Litoff and David C. Smith.
At another session that day, "New Directions in Asian-American History," with Yuji Ichioka
presiding and commenting, one paper was relevant to the World War II era: Christopher
Friday's "A Fragile Alliance: Asian-Americans and Organized Labor in the Pacific Coast
Canned-Salmon Industry, 1938-1942." In the session on April 12 on "American Relations
with Germany after Two World Wars: The Role of John J. McCloy," Lawrence S. Kaplan
presided, while he and Melvyn P. Leffler provided commentary on the following two
papers: "John J. McCloy and Allegations of Sabotage: German-American Relations during
the Interwar Period," by Russel Van Wyk; and "Dual Containment: John J. McCloy and
the Federal Republic of Germany," by Thomas A. Schwartz.
CONFERENCE ON THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC
The Eisenhower Center for Leadership Studies of the University of New Orleans
sponsored a conference on April 12-13, 1991, called "The War in the Pacific." The opening
address was by Ronald H. Spector on "Japanese Naval Strategy in World War II." The
session on "Assessing MacArthur's Role" was chaired by Gunter Bischof and consisted of
these papers: "MacArthur's Strategies: War and Politics in the Southwest Pacific," by
Michael Schaller; and "MacArthur, King, and the Luzon-versus-Formosa Debate," by D.
Clayton James. Raymond G. O'Connor was chair of the next session, "The Grand Strategy
of the Pacific War," which consisted of three papers: "American Submarine Warfare in the
Pacific," by Kenneth J. Hagan; ''The Army Air Forces, the A-Bomb, and the Surrender of
Japan," by Herman S. Wolk; and "The Historians and the Bomb: The Alperovitz Thesis
25 Years Later,.' by Brian L. Villa. The session on ''The New Orleans Dimension: The
Higgins Boat Yard" was chaired by Philip S. Coulter and included three papers: "Higgins
Boat Yard in World War II," by Jerry Strahan; "A Personal Perspective on Operating
Higgins Boats in the Pacific Island Invasions," by Marvin Perrett; and "Higgins and the
Atomic Bomb," by W. A. Phelps. The panel on "The Pearl Harbor and Clark Field Raids,"
which followed the banquet on the 12th, was made up of Stephen E. Ambrose (the
Eisenhower Center's director), Kenneth J. Hagan, D. Clayton James, and Ronald E.
Spector.
-I
16
The second day of sessions began with one on "Small Theater Actions," chaired by
Ollie D. Brown, Jr., and was composed of three papers: "Tested in Combat and Prison
Camp: The Defenders of Wake Island and Their Two Wars, 1941-1945," by Gregory J. W.
Urwin; "The Doolittle Tokyo Raid: A Personal Memoir," by Maj. Gen. David M. Jones;
and "Witnessing the Battle of Midway," by George Gay. The subsequent session was called
"New Directions in Pacific War History" and was chaired by Arnold Hirsch. The papers
were "Designing Camouflage for the Pacific War," by Arthur Davis; "Nurses in the South
Pacific, Unsung Hero'ines," by Kathleen Warnes; and "Fuel and U.S. Naval Operations in
the Pacific, 1942," by Daniel Blewett. The closing address, "Assessing the Pacific War," was
delivered by Stephen E. Ambrose.
SYMPOSIUM ON DECEMBER 7-8, 1941
At the University of Texas on May 9-10, 1991, a symposium was held on "December
7, 1941: A Retrospective," which covered the opening day of war in Hawaii and the
Philippines. The program, which attracted over 2,000 people, was sponsored by the
University of Texas, Admiral Nimitz Museum and Foundation, U.S.S Arizona Memorial
Museum Association, U.S. Naval Institute, Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum,
USAA, and Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. The keynote addresses were delivered
by Brig. Gen. Robert F. McDermott the first day and by Gov. John Connally the second
day. The first session was entitled "Writing the Book" and was led by Walter Lord. Next
came a panel of the following veterans of the Pearl Harbor, Kaneohe, and Clark attacks,
moderated by Paul Stillwell: Col. Zenji Abe, Col. Eugene Camp, Col. Sam Grashio, Lt.
Col. R. S. D. Lockwood, Capt. Jim D. Miller, Lt. Gen Joseph Moore, Lt. Saburo Sakai,
Brig. Gen. Kenneth M. Taylor, and Capt. Joseph K. Taussig. Rear Adm. Charles D.
Grojean spoke next on the projects of the Admiral Nimitz Museum and Foundation,
followed by Walt W. Rostow's address on "America Prepares for War," Masataka Chihaya's
paper on "Planning the Hawaii Operation," and Capt. Roger Pineau's and Capt. Raymond
Schmidt's papers on "Communications Intelligence." Both days' sessions were moderated
by Walter Cronkite.
The second day's program included a session called "The Commanders," with papers
by Charles Anderson on "General Short" and Paul Stillwell on "Admiral Kimmel." The next
session was "The Other Pearl Harbor: The Philippines." The papers were "MacArthur and
His Commanders," by John Costello; and ''The Clark and Iba Disasters," by D. Clayton
James. Next came a slide presentation by Daniel Martinez on "Hidden Images of Pearl
Harbor." The concluding session was a panel of the following historians on issues of the
Oahu and Clark attacks, moderated by Hodding Carter, III: Dean C. Allard, Charles
Anderson, Capt. Masataka Chihaya, John Costello, D. Clayton James, Walter Lord, Capt.
Roger Pineau, Capt. Raymond Schmidt, and Paul Stillwell.
CONFERENCE ON BARBAROSSA
On May 17-19, 1991, the Waterloo-Laurier Centre for Soviet Studies of the
University of Waterloo, Ontario, sponsored a conference on "Operation Barbarossa:
Diplomacy, Intelligence, and the Nationalities." There were five major themes: German
17
and Soviet readiness for war; German and Allied military intelligence; alliance formation
and inter-Allied relations; Baltic, Balkan, Jewish, Polish, and Ukranian issues; and social,
religious, and economic impacts. Speakers from institutions in the United States were
Gerhard Weinberg, Timothy Mulligan, Stephen Miner, Susan Linz, David Kahn, David
Glantz, M. K. Dziewanowski, and Richard Breitman. Speakers from Canadian institutions
were Wesley Wark, Denis Smyth, Michael Marrus, Dov B. Lungu, Erick Haberer, N. F.
Dreisziger, and Alan Cassels. Soviet speakers were D. A. Volkogonov, O. A. Rzheshevsky,
Yuri Polyakov, Alexander Orlov, G. A Kuamnev, and Juri Ant. Other speakers were
Martin van Creveld of Israel; Gerd Ueberschar, Rolf-Dieter Mueller, and Bernd Martin of
Germany; Voirica Moisuc of Romania; and P. M. H. Bell of the United Kingdom. The
conference director was George Urbaniak, University of Waterloo.
CONFERENCE ON WORLD WAR II IN 1941
Siena College, Loudonville, N.Y., sponsored its sixth multidisciplinary conference
on the fiftieth anniversary of World War II on May 30-31, 1991. It was entitled "World
War II, 1941: A 50-Year Perspective." The conference co-directors were Thomas O.
Kelly, II, and Douglas A. Lonnstrom. The session on "Levels of Literate Remembrance:
Freedom and Guilt" had two papers: "Lost in Collusion: An Adult Daughter's View," by
Elisabeth 1. Kalau; and "Outside the Wire: Feminine Internment Journals as Documents
of Freedom," by Mary Anne Schofield. The concurrent session on the first day was called
"Interesting But Unrelated" and consisted of these papers: "The Impact of World War II
on Mentally Retarded Americans," by Linda Ann Moore; and "Bishop Rodhe's Mission to
England in March 1940," by Birgit Rodhe. The session on "Hitler Conducts the War: Nazi
Decision Making" had the following two papers, with commentary by Albert Dorley, Jf.:
"Hitler's Declaration of War on the United States: An Historical Riddle," by Stanley
Antosik; and ''The Fateful Decision:
Hitler Chooses Russia Over Closing the
Mediterranean," by Harold C. Deutsch. The session conducted at the same time as tr.e
preceding was on "British Policy and Asian Reality." It had two papers: "Pearl Harbor:
The View from London, December 1-10, 1941," by Richard D. Grace; and "The 1943
Craigie Report on the Origins of the War with Japan," by John J. Sbrega. Following these
morning sessions of the first day, Judy Barrett Litoff delivered the luncheon address,
"Women and Letter Writing During World War Ir."
The first concurrent afternoon sessions on May 30 were entitled "First Barborossa
Panel" and "History Viewed Through the Prism of Art." The former session's papers were
"Operational War Plans and Preparations of the Red Army General Staff," by Otto Chaney;
''The Siege of Leningrad," by Daniel Goure; and "Operation Barbarossa: The German
Invasion of the USSR, 1941," by Howard M. Hensel. The latter session also had three
papers: "Childhood Under Siege: Second World War Memoir Films of the 1980s," by Neil
E. Brooks; "Fiction as Historical Critique: British Women Novelists Looking Back at World
War II," by Phyllis Lassner; and "December 7: Film Myth Masquerading as Historical
Fact," by James M. Skinner. Thomas O. Kelly, II, chaired and commented on this session.
(The program does not identify some chairs and commentators.) The second group of
concurrent afternoon sessions on May 30 were "Second Barbarossa Panel," with John
Vallely as chair and commentator; "Nazi Racial Doctrine: Policy v. Practice, Racial Purity,
and Nazi Needs"; and "The Eastern Mediterranean Adventures," with commentary by
18
Jeffrey J. Roberts. The two papers of this Barbarossa panel were "German Occupation
Policies in the USSR," by Peter K. Briet; and "The Luftwaffe and Barbarossa, 1941," by
Richard R. Muller. The papers of the session on Nazi racial doctrine were "Toward a
Brotherhood of Arms: Waffen SS Recruitment of Germanic Volunteers in the PreBarbarossa Period," by Mark P. Gingerich; and ''The German-Japanese Association as an
Instrument of War Propaganda, 1940-42," by Harold Kleinschmidt. The third of these
concurrent sessions, on the Eastern Mediterranean, was made up of the following papers:
"Italy's Balkan Invasion: Italian Propaganda and the Greek Debacle," by W. Vincent
Arnold; and "Egypt and the German Presence in the Western Desert," by Abdal-wahhab
Bakr. The dinner address on the 30th was entitled "Pearl Harbor: A Fifty-Year
Perspective" and was delivered by Donald Goldstein.
The second day's program began with concurrent sessions on "August 1939-1941:
The Nazi-Soviet Pact:
Opportunity and Dilemma," with Donald D. McKale as
commentator; and "Hungary Enters the War: Disparate Views," with commentary by Ray
Stokes. The former session's papers were "Feeding the German Eagle: The Extent and
Effect of the Nazi-Soviet Partnership, 1939-1941," by Edward E. Ericson, III; "The New
Order in Theory and Practice: Hitler and the German Economy at the Height of Nazi
Power," by Milton Goldin; and "Accommodation, Neutralization, Resistance? The German
Communist Party from the Hitler-Stalin Pact to the German Attack on the Soviet Union,"
by James J. Ward. The latter session was composed of three papers: "Entrance of
Hungary into the War Against the Soviet Union, 1941," by Istvan Dioszegi; "Hungary in
1941," by N. F. Dreisziger; and ''The Fate of Small Nations: Hungary's Entry into World
War II," by Mario D. Fenyo. The late-morning concurrent sessions were entitled "Creating
the Allied War Effort," with Warren F. Kimball as commentator; and "Literature Examines
Contemporary Reality." The papers of the former session were "The Formulation of Allied
Strategy, 1941," by Gabriel Gorodetsky; "U.S. Strategic Planning for a Coalition War, 19401941," by Mark A. Stoler; and ''The 'Arsenal of Democracy': Myth or Reality? The Battle
Over Allocation of Resources in 1941," by Theodore A. Wilson. The latter session, on
literature, consisted of papers on "Wyndham Lewis: The Vulgar Streak," by Anne Blott;
"Resistance Literature and the Exilic Imagination: Medieval Poetry Under Vichy," by Roy
Rosenstein; and "Corrupt Pearl: James Jones' Damning Portrait of the U.S. Army in From
Here to Eternity," by Regis T. Sabol.
The afternoon session of May 31 on "Accommodating Japanese Conquest" was
composed of papers on ''The Iron Cherry Blossom: Japan's Capture of Guam and the
Beginning of World War II," by Dirk A. Ballendorf; and "Chinese Collaboration with Japan:
The Efforts of the Wan Jingwei Government to Secure Greater Autonomy, 1940-1942," by
David P. Barrett. The concurrent session was entitled "Sidelights on U.S. History, 1941"
and consisted of two papers: "The Record U.S. Economic Boom of 1941: How Business
Communicated with and Satisfied American Consumers on the Eve of Pearl Harbor," by
Alfred C. Holden and Lorianne N. Holden; and "1941: Universities Address the Challenge
of the Submarine Threat with New Navy Underwater Sound Research," by John Merrill.
The two concurrent sessions later that afternoon were "Policy and Knowledge: Naval
Intelligence, Congress, and Japan," with commentary by Harvey Strum; and "Strategic
Industries and Government Policy." The former session's papers were "The Work of U.S.
Naval Intelligence in the Far East During the 1930s: A Preliminary Report," by Eugene
J. Corcoran; and "Congress and American-Japanese Relations, 1931-1941," by Justin H.
Libby. The two papers of the latter session were "In the Shadow of War: Japan's
19
Maritime Industries in the 1930s," by Mark Parillo; and "Strategic Industries and
Government Policy: British and Japanese Responses to Maritime Transport Needs to
1941," by Kevin Smith.
OTHER NEWS
CHARlES B. MACDONAlD
A longtime member of the ACHSWW and former member of the Board of
Directors, Charles B. MacDonald died on December 4, 1990, after a lengthy illness. He
joined the Office of the Chief of Military History in Washington in 1948, rose to deputy
chief historian in 1966, and retired in 1980, by which time the organization had become
the U.S. Army Center of Military History.
During World War II he won distinction leading a rifle company in the Battle of
the Bulge in the winter of 1944-1945; he earned the Silver Star and the Purple Heart in
that engagement. After the war he attained the rank of colonel in the Army Reserve.
He is best remembered for his classic small-unit study of his Ardennes experience,
Company Commander (1947). He wrote two volumes of the European Theater of
Operations series of the U.S. Army in World War II: The Siegfried Line (1963) and The
Last Offensive (1973). He also authored The Battle of the Huertgen Forest (1963); The
Mighty Endeavor: American Armed Forces in the European Theater in World War II
(1969); Airborne (1970); On a Field of Red: The Communist International and the
Coming of World War II, coauthored with Anthony Cave Brown (1981); and A Time for
Trumpets: The Untold Story of the Battle of the Bulge (1984).
He was born in Little Rock, S.c., November 23, 1922. Upon graduating frem
Presbyterian College, Clinton, S.c., in 1942, he entered the U.S. Army and subsequently
saw extensive combat in the war against Germany. For those who had the privilege of
knowing him, he was a rare blend of gentleman, scholar, and warrior. [DCJ]
COMPUTER NETWORK FOR MILITARY HISTORIANS
by John F. Sloan
[Below is a "concept paper" by John F. Sloan for establishing a "computer network user
group/forum for professional military historians." Also, he writes, "Among my current
projects is to reprint and publish the U.S. Army's General Board Reports on WWII, at
least the most interesting ones such as Armor, Air, Artillery, etc. There are some 132 of
them total, but many probably are of little interest." If you are interested in his plans for
a computer network or the reprinting of the Army General Board Reports, contact him at
5218 Landgrave Ln., Springfield, VA 22151.]
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This is an outline of several related projects that are intended to support research
performed by military historians. The concept consists of the following components:
an informal organization of military historians who desire to share
information and participate in developing a database of military history
reference material;
an expanding database of military history available on computers to
the general public both directly and via distributed disks;
a newsletter of professional information for the participating group;
a military history research journal in which certain of the entries in
the computer database may be published in expanded form;
a research service for those of the public who desire expanded levels
of information about topics in the database and are willing to
pay for it;
a service to provide source material to professors at the many smaller
colleges that may not want to subscribe to a multitude of
periodicals and may like assistance in preparing books of
readings for their courses.
The first step is to organize the computer user group of military historians as a
forum with a typical computer "bulletin board network." This a potentially valuable
enterprise in itself, since it will enable the participants to discuss topics of mutual interest
and exchange information. Development of the information database will only be one
activity of the network participants.
One item on the network bulletin board will be the status list of the topics for
entries in the database. The list will grow as individuals suggest new subjects. It will also
indicate who is working on which topics and how they are progressing. Perhaps it will be
useful to provide a bibliography and short identification paragraph for an entry relatively
quickly and then prepare the full entry later. To insure consistency there will be
established a comprehensive but flexible standard format for the content of each type of
article. The value of this method for developing the historical database in contrast to the
conventional encyclopedia approach is that the articles can be added in any order
throughout the alphabet and can be expanded and elaborated on as time permits later.
Such an approach is not constrained by the tyranny of the strict alphabetical approach and
the rigid word limits established by print media publishers. The information will be
available only to the participants initially, during the first phase of development. It is
estimated that in a year, or certainly less than two, a sufficiently comprehensive database
will be developed to enable the program to offer specific information on line commercially
via computer. Initial commercial customers would possibly be libraries. Then the service
could be offered to subscribers, possibly through some of the existing standard services
such as COMPUSERVE, INTELLIGATE, or GENIE. Once on line the database will
continue to expand. It would have the added benefit to general historical studies in
revealing areas which are weak in information, based on statistical monitoring of the
questions being asked. This would then identify those areas that should be expanded.
At a later date the computer database should have expanded sufficiently that it
also can be made available to the participants and marketed to the general public on
media such as the CDROM-I or other optical disks. At this point the text articles will be
augmented with graphics (pictures, maps, tables) and sound. In this form it should serve
as a great stimulus to increasing the interest of students and nonstudents alike in the study
21
of history. While the low cost of CDROM and the vast storage capability of the disks will
allow storage of a large amount of information on a single disk along with the software for
easy retrieval, professors might also like to have extracted from the total information base
just the information relevant to a specific course and have it placed on a special disk for
their students to read. A related product could be a book of readings of the material in
the database specifically tailored to a course and printed on demand.
One of the most important applications of the database will be the extensive
bibliography that will be a key part of each entry. By accessing such bibliographies
students will be able to focus their research more quickly than by using only typical library
card catalogues. If this concept proves as popular and useful, then the service could be
expanded and, by obtaining the reproduction rights to any number of articles published in
the scholarly press, offer such for reprinting as desired by the participating instructors. The
concept for this service is to scan the desired articles into a central computer and build an
extensive selection. Then the instructor makes his selections for each course and the
school bookstore can print the desired number of copies from their computer printer
rather than taking the articles to a copy shop.
The information for the database will be collected (1) directly via computer modem
transmissions, or (2) from exchange of "floppy" disks from those participants who have
access to such computer equipment, or (3) via legibly typed manuscripts that can be
scanned by a scanner. The "input" side of adding information will be kept strictly separate
from the "output" side of the on-line database. In other words, to preserve the integrity
of the information, individuals will not be able to alter the database while accessing it.
In addition, a supporting newsletter will be published which contains information
submitted from participants. The newsletter will be disseminated both via the computer
network and in print, for those not having direct access to a computer modem. A
significant aspect of this effort and of the participating group is the international scope.
Initially, there are known interested parties in over twenty-five countries. The search is
continuing for possible participants in many more countries. One plan is to send a
complete computer, with word processing software, to some places where they are not) et
readily available. This should generate some lively exchanges when military historians in
various countries are tied together and are able to discuss freely some past conflicts that
separated their ancestors.
AN AMERICAN FEDERATION OF WORLD WAR IT ROUND TABLES
by Harold C. Deutsch
Though five decades will soon have passed since the conclusion of the Second
World War, the response to succeeding anniversaries has indicated a growing national
interest. It evidences itself in an outpouring of books, in the popUlarity of television
programs of many types, and in the innumerable symposia and conferences that are
marking one or another fiftieth anniversary. There is also the founding of a periodical
devoted to that era and the ready attention of the press to newly released data and the
comments of historians. Student enrollment of up to a thousand in college-level history
courses featuring World War II testify to the interest of the rising generation.
22
Mter a very late start (they should have been established in the sixties at the latest),
discussion and study groups at last appear to be proliferating. Among these is the
Minnesota Twin Cities Round Table which has made steady progress since its organization
in 1987. Commencing at that time with an attendance of 35 to 50, it can now count on an
average of 100 and has gone as high as 200. A particularly satisfying feature is its appeal
to a broad public from high school and college students to retired persons. Particularly
welcome are the interest and active participation of veterans who have much to contribute
in the way of personal insights and experience.
Announcement~ at various professional meetings have led to an encouraging
response from existing organizations and from individuals and groups interested in the
formation of round tables in their own communities. The time now appears ripe for a
more extensive canvassing of groups interested in the formation of a national federation
of World War II round tables. There is no thought of an elaborate organization or of a
single type of chapter. What we should like is something like a clearing house for ideas
and activities, a sharing of experience and anticipations that may be useful as models or
provide a stimulus to the establishment of new chapters.
For the time being, the Minnesota Twin City "chapter" is ready to serve as a
temporary headquarters for such a federation. We append a form that can be filled out
by interested parties indicating readiness to consider affiliation with such a federation. The
response and suggestions for our next steps will be discussed at the coming meeting of the
American Committee on. the History of the Second World War at the Chicago 1991
convention of the American Historical Association. In 1990 the Committee endorsed the
formation of World War II round tables as well as the proposal for a national federation.
For the Minnesota Twin Cities World War II Round Table:
Donald Patton, Executive Secretary and Program Director*
7600 Parklawn Avenue, Suite 200
Edina, MN 55435
(612) 835-7600
Harold C. Deutsch, Adviser**
May to October:
Star Route
Garrison, MN 56450
(612) 692-4608
November to April: 4318 Pond View Drive
St. Paul, MN 55110
(612) 653-9518
*Donald Patton, Colonel in the U.S. Army Reserve, studied World War II at the University
of Minnesota and the U.S. Army War College.
**Harold C. Deutsch specializes in the history of the two World Wars. In 1938 he
interviewed nearly a hundred leaders of the former conflict. During World War II he
served with the Office of Strategic Services and was lent in 1945 to the Department of
State for its special interrogation mission. In 1947 he offered the first American college
course on World War II history and in 1963, at the Free University of Berlin, the first
German course on that epoch. Retiring from the University of Minnesota in 1963, he
served 13 years on the faculties of the National and Army War Colleges.
23
Please return this form to Donald Patton or Harold C. Deutsch, at the addresses listed
on the previous page.
AN AMERICAN FEDERATION OF WORLD WAR II ROUND TABLES
Narne and address of respondent:
Are you currently associated with a World War II round table or kindred organization?
If so, please describe:
If not, are you interested in forming one? Would you welcome information on
form and activities of the Minnesota Twin Cities Round Table and of others
elsewhere? Please elucidate.
Would you welcome association with an American Federation of World War II Round
Tables?
Would you be willing to contribute a small fee to defray expenses for postage, duplication,
stationery, telephone, etc., of a national federation?
Would you welcome a packet of information on the organization and programs of the
Minnesota Twin Cities Round Table?
24
U.S. AIR FORCE HISTORICAL RESEARCH CENTER
RESEARCH GRANTS
The U.S. Air Force Historical Research Center (USAFHRC) announces research
grants to encourage scholars to study the history of air power through the use of the USAF
historical document collection at the Center. The Center will make several awards up to
$2500 each to individuals who meet the criteria in this announcement and are willing to
visit the Center for research during Fiscal Year 1992 (ending 30 September 1992).
Recipients will be designated "Research Associates of the USAF Historical Research
Center."
Criteria: Applicants must have a graduate degree in history or related fields, or
equivalent scholarly accomplishments. Their specialty of professional experience must be
in aeronautics, astronautics, or military related subjects. They must not be in residence at
Maxwell AFB, Alabama, and must be willing to visit the USAF Historical Research Center
for a sufficient time to use the research materials for their proposed projects. Active duty
military personnel are also eligible to receive a grant.
Topics of Research: Proposed topics of research may include, but are not restricted
to, Air Force history, military operations, education, training, administration, strategy,
tactics, logistics, weaponry, technology, organization, policy, activities, and institutions.
Broader subjects suitable for a grant include military history, civil-military relations, history
of aeronautics or astronautics, relations among U.S. branches of service, military
biographies, and international military relations. Preference will be given to those
proposals that involve the use of primary sources held at the Center. Proposals for
research of classified subjects can not be considered for research grants. As a general rule,
records before 1955 are largely unclassified, while many later records remain classified.
Examples of classified subjects include nuclear weapons and war planning, weapons systems
presently in the Air Force inventory, and Air Force operations during the Vietnam War.
Application Deadline: Applicants can request an application from the Commander,
USAF Historical Research Center, Maxwell AFB AL 36112-6678. The completed
application must be returned by 31 October 1991.
RESEARCHER'S QUERY ABOUT "RED SLICK"
Lorinda T. Butler is interviewing veterans of World War
Ohio, area. She is especially interested in a Special Forces unit
allegedly undertook assassination missions behind German lines.
about "Red Slick" is requested to contact her at P.O. Box 5305,
II from the Youngstown,
called "Red Slick," which
Anyone with information
Poland, OH 44514.
25
RESEARCH MATERIALS
[The article below marks the first in a series entitled "An Insider's View," which hopefully
will prove useful and interesting to the ACHSWW membership. The series will consist of
essays by professional archivists, historians, and administrators at the foremost research
repositories and centers of military studies in the United States (and possibly elsewhere.)]
AN INSIDER'S VIEW, Number 1
WORLD WAR IT HOLDINGS
OF THE GEORGE C. MARSHAIL RESEARCH LffiRARY
by Glenn S. Cook
The George C. Marshall Research Library is located near the heart of Virginia's
Shenandoah Valley in the historic town of Lexington, Virginia. The library is situated on
land previously part of the Virginia Military Institute post. The property was donated to
the George C. Marshall Foundation by the state of Virginia, and is surrounded by VMI on
three sides and Washington and Lee University on the fourth. At the suggestion of
President Harry S. Truman, the concept evolved to create a research facility to honor
General of the Army George C. Marshall. The model for the research facility developed
along the lines of the presidential libraries, with the exception of its being under private
ownership rather than under direct supervision of the National Archives.
Planning and research for the library began in a small office that was made
available on the campus of Marshall's alma mater, VMI. Dedication of the building took
place in 1964, with President Lyndon B. Johnson presenting the keynote address.
Numerous dignitaries, both military and political, were in attendance to honor the memory
of General Marshall, who had passed away five years prior to the dedication. Marshall
tirelessly served this country as a soldier through both world wars, as presidential
representative to China with the rank of ambassador, as secretary of state, and as secretary
of defense.
Marshall's advancement through the military ranks was slow following his graduation
from VMI in 1901. He served in France during World War I, and following the war he
became aide-de-camp to General Pershing. By the dawn of World War II, Marshall had
become known as one of the leading military minds in the United States. In 1939 he
became chief of staff of the U.S. Army simultaneously with the beginning of the war in
Europe. He retained this position throughout the war years.
Following the war, Marshall was finally ready to retire from actively serving this
country. However, President Truman asked him to become his special representative to
China with the rank of ambassador. This assignment turned out to be not only a great
disappointment but also the only major failure of Marshall's illustrious career. Even he
could not save China from the Communist threat that was engulfing much of Europe and
26
Asia. Following his China assignment, Marshall again attempted to retire from active
service to his country.
Times were precarious, and again Marshall was called out of retirement to serve,
in the capacity of secretary of state. It was during this period that he developed and
implemented the concept of aid to help restore the European economy. The Economic
Recovery Program, more commonly known as the Marshall Plan, became a reality
primarily due to his constant lobbying in Congress. Marshall won the Nobel Peace Prize
for his contribution to the program that helped to rebuild Europe. He remains the only
career military person ever to be awarded that prize. Again Marshall attempted to retire
from actively serving his country, and once again he was asked to return, in the capacity
of secretary of defense during the Korean War.
All during Marshall's public service career he never had a desire to hold public
office. In fact, he never voted in an election or belonged to a political party because he
believed that a military person should never feel obligated to those who held political
power. Marshall never complained about being called out of retirement in order to serve
his country. He has left an exemplary legacy for future generations of American citizens.
ARCHlYAL HOWINGS
It is only logical that the most extensive collection in the Marshall Library is the
papers of George C. Marshall. In addition to Marshall's papers, the holdings consist of
125 manuscript collections, 35,000 photographs, 180 oral histories, 120 films, 700 posters,
a number of maps, journals and newspapers, and a library collection in excess of 20,000
volumes. This multimedia collection has been developed to lend support to the life and
times of Marshall. The time period of the holdings span the years 1900 to 1960. They
document World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Cold War, and the Marshall
Plan years.
There are two published guides available upon request: John N. Jacob, George C.
Marshall Papers, 1932-1960: A Guide (Lexington, Va.: George C. Marshall Foundation,
1987); Anita M. Weber, comp., Manuscript Collections of the George C. Marshall Library:
A Guide (Lexington, Va.: George C. Marshall Foundation, 1986.) The Susanna P. Turner,
Otto L. Nelson, and James Van Fleet papers, which are listed below, are not included in
the two guides.
The following description of relevant manuscript collections has been arranged as
much as possible by topic. The number in parentheses following the size of the collection
is the collection number.
George C. Marshall Papers 1932-1960 130 linear feet (1)
The papers of George C. Marshall are divided into the following categories: Fort
Benning, 1932; Fort Screven, 1932-1933; Fort Moultrie, 1933; Illinois National Guard,
1933-1936; Vancouver Barracks, 1936-1938; Pentagon Office, 1938-1951; China Mission,
1945-1947; Secretary of State, 1947-1948; American Battle Monuments Commission, 1949­
1950; American Red Cross, 1949-1950; Secretary of Defense, 1950-1952; and Retirement,
1951-1960. The papers in this collection consist of correspondence, shorthand notebooks,
engagement books, speeches, and scrapbooks. Within each division the papers are
27
arranged chronologically, with the exception of correspondence which is alphabetical by
name of correspondent.
George C. Marshall Collection 1914-1959 1.25 linear feet (108)
This collection consists of outgoing correspondence from Marshall. Included are
letters to Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Henry Cabot Lodge, Omar N. Bradley,
Claude M. Adams, J. Clifford Miller, C. J. George, and Rose Page Wilson. Most of the
letters in this collection are personal in nature.
Marshall Foundation National Archives Project
microfilm reels (2)
1916-1959
96 linear feet and 736
During the early years of the Marshall Foundation an office was set up at the
National Archives to copy documents relevant to the life and times of George C. Marshall.
This collection consists of approximately 1,000,000 documents copied from such record
groups as the Army files, War Department files, State Department files, and Defense
Department files. An extensive index to this collection allows easy access to the variety of
topics covered within the documents.
THE WILLIAM AND ELIZEBETH FRIEDMAN RESEARCH ROOM
William F. and Elizebeth S. Friedman are considered to be two of the leading
cryptologists in American history. The collection (1831-1982) consists of their private
library, correspondence, patents, codes and ciphers of ancient peoples, the Voynich
manuscripts, and research on the question of who authored the writings of Shakespeare.
Material is also included on the topics of MAGIC and ULTRA communications
intelligence during World War II. Both William and Elizebeth Friedman were involved
in the decoding and deciphering of messages on such topics as bootlegging, war codes and
ciphers, and treasure maps. The total collection exceeds 165 linear feet of material.
In addition, the museum has a display of cipher machines and wheels that were
used by the Friedmans. The Marshall Library has a number of Riverbank publications
that were donated along with the collection. The Riverbank publications were written by
William Friedman covering a variety of topics related to cryptanalysis. Extra publications
are for sale to help with the cost of maintaining the collection.
28
WOMEN'S ARMY CORPS (WOMEN'S ARMY AUXILIARY CORPS)
[The Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC), established in May 1942, became the
Women's Army Corps (WAC) in July 1943.]
Lelia Cocke Bagbey Papers 1942-1945 6 file folders (61)
Bagbey, a native of Roanoke, Virginia, joined the WAAC in 1942. The collection
includes correspondence, telegrams, clippings, photographs, and a scrapbook.
Rebecca L Brockenbrough Papers 1942-1945 .5 linear foot (64)
The documents in this collection include correspondence, telegrams, and
photographs. The correspondence is written by Rebecca to her sister Elizabeth.
Documented are early training in the WAAC, her experiences in Europe, and V-E Day
in France. Some of the correspondence has been blacked out for personal reasons.
Mary Fourqurean Fry Collection 1942-1946 .5 linear foot (63)
The collection contains material on WAAC enlistment procedures; the WAAC
Officer Training Program at Des Moines, Iowa, where she was a member of the first group
trained; WAACs' life at home and abroad; and V-E Day celebrations in Italy. The
collection consists of correspondence, clippings, and photographs.
Martha Rector McGee Collection 1942-1943 2 file folders (62)
The collection consists of correspondence, clippings, and magazine articles
documenting McGee's service as a WAAC recruiting staff member.
Susanna P. Turner Papers 1942-1946 .25 linear foot (125)
Turner was a member of the first Officers Candidate School for the WAAC, was
one of ten selected for the Command and General Staff School, taught new enlistees in
Iowa, and was assigned to the Signal Corps where she worked at the Pentagon. The
papers consist of correspondence from Turner to her mother from various locations where
she was stationed.
Margaret C. Wotherspoon Collection 1943-1947 3 file folders (66)
Wotherspoon was the first woman admitted to the WAAC and the first woman
doctor to be promoted to the rank of major in the Army Medical Corps. The collection
consists of a copy of a report she completed entitled "History of Psychiatric Aspects of
Women Serving in the Army."
29
WORlD WAR IT COLLECTIONS
Robert Alexander Collection 1945 .25 linear foot (51)
The Alexander Collection consists of military reports, articles, a journal, and
photographs regarding the return of American forces to Corregidor, the Philippines,
February 16 to March 8, 1945.
William R. Arnold Papers 1937-1945 2 linear feet (3)
Arnold was chief of chaplains, U.S. Army, 1937-1945. The collection consists of
correspondence and articles written for publication.
Hanson W. Baldwin Papers 1917-1977 5.75 linear feet (49)
This collection is divided into two periods of service, World War I and World War
II. The World War II papers consist of military operations reports, press releases,
Nuremberg Trial documents, and war plans sessions reports.
Haydon L Boatner Papers 1941-1945 .25 linear foot (90)
Boatner was Joseph W. Stilwell's chief of staff. This collection is his account of
events in China during the years 1941-1945. Boatner's marginal notes are included on
copies of dispatches and memoranda contained in these papers.
Leon T. David Diary 1939-1943 1 file folder (79)
This is a copy of the diary kept by David while he served as commander of the
School for Special Services during the first four months of operation in Lexington, Virginia.
Harvey A DeWeerd Papers 1914-1979 4.5 linear feet (89)
The papers include correspondence and documents related to DeWeerd's military
career. He was contributing editor for the Infantry Journal.
Handy B. Fant Papers 1931-1932; 1940 .5 linear foot (88)
This collection consists of War Department bulletins and lesson plans used by the
Infantry School. The bulletins include such topics as French artillery, German air and
army signals, Fifth Column activity, and German army rationing.
30
Harold S. From Manuscripts 1943-1945 3 file folders (101)
The collection contains manuscripts of edited letters detailing Frum's war
experiences.
Leslie R. Groves Collection 1942-1945 2 linear feetl1 volume and 5 reels of microfilm
(48)
Groves was the military commander of the Manhattan Engineering District, in which
role he was responsible for the development and testing of the atomic bomb. This
collection consists of 21 documents he put into a scrapbook related to this position. The
microfilm documents the Army's role in developing the bomb. This material was
previously classified ''Top Secret" but has since been declassified and made available for
research use.
Franz Halder Diaries 1939-1942 1 linear foot (59)
This collection is a typescript translation of the diary written by Halder, who was
chief of the General Staff of the Supreme Command of the General Army of Germany.
Evolution of both the French and Russian campaigns is discussed.
Thomas T. Handy Papers 1935-1981 2 linear feet (102)
This collection consists mainly of correspondence covering various aspects of
Handy's career. He served as assistant chief of staff for operations and later as deputy
chief of staff under George C. Marshall during World War II. A small portion of the
correspondence concerns battle plans during the war.
Frank L Holland Papers 1924-1957 6 linear feet (83)
Holland became a Japanese prisoner of war in 1942. The collection consists of a
diary he kept, correspondence between him and his wife, and five scrapbooks kept by his
wife. Holland was killed when his prison ship was sunk by U.S. air strikes.
George F. Howe Collection 1942-1957 .25 linear foot (84)
The collection consists of correspondence regarding the invasion of French North
Mrica by Allied troops in 1942.
31
D. M. King Collection 1945 4 file folders (51)
King was commanding officer of the Wehrmacht Proving Grounds at Hillersleben,
Germany, in 1945. This collection consists of Ninth Army operation orders, daily bulletins,
and maps.
John P. Lucas Diary 1943 1 file folder (38)
The collection consists of his diary of events kept during the Sicilian campaign in
1943. Included are troop movements and campaign progress.
Frank McCarthy Papers 1941-1949; 1972-1977 31 linear feet (16)
The majority of this collection documents McCarthy's Hollywood career. The
portion pertaining to World War II consists of correspondence and other material dealing
with inspection trips and arrangements for Allied conferences when he served on General
Marshall's staff.
Reginald N. MacDonald-Buchanan Papers 1942-1962 1 file folder (68)
Included are notes and correspondence regarding the relationship between George
C. Marshall and Sir John Dill. MacDonald-Buchanan was Dill's aide-de-camp during the
years 1941-1942.
Francis P. Miller Papers 1917-1976 5.5 linear feet (15)
The World War II material concerns Miller's service overseas with the Office of
Strategic Services and SHAEF. Included are correspondence, clippings, status reports,
and intelligence gathering.
Otto L Nelson Papers 1937-1985 6 linear feet (126)
Nelson's papers document the reorganization of the Army and War Department
during World War II. Included in this collection are the minutes of the General War
Council between the years 1942 and 1944.
Jim Scow Papers 1944-1954 .25 linear foot (58)
These papers document Scow's career as a member of the U.S. Army Medical
Corps in the Philippines and Korea.
32
William T. Sexton Papers 1939-1944 1.5 linear feet (4)
This collection consists of correspondence and memoranda regarding Sexton's
service as assistant secretary and secretary in the Office of the Chief of Staff under George
C. Marshall.
William T. Stokes, Jr. Papers 1942-1968 .5 linear foot (67)
The military portion of this collection contains eight handwritten notebooks
documenting his service in North Mrica and England and papers concerning the Normandy
landing.
Royce L Thompson Collection 1944-1958 1 linear foot (44)
The collection consists of two unpublished manuscripts dealing with invasion
casualties in the European Theater of Operations and American intelligence about German
operations of November 1-December 15, 1944.
Lucian K. Truscott, Jr. Papers 1938-1964 12 linear feet (20)
The World War II papers deal with his assignments with the European Theater of
Operations headquarters and his commands of the Third Division, VI Corps, Fifth Army,
and Third Army. The papers consist of correspondence, diaries, clippings, operations
plans, and transcripts of telephone conversations.
James A Van Fleet Papers 1892-
Ca. 85 linear feet
This collection is being processed and will be available to researchers in July 1992.
[Van Fleet led the 90th Division and the III Corps in the war against Germany, 1944-1945,
and the Eighth Army in the Korean War, 1951-1953.]
Mark Skinner Watson Notes 1942-1947 1 file folder (116)
Watson was an artillery officer in World War II, a war correspondent during World
War II, and later author of a volume in the official Army history of the latter war. The
collection consists of notes taken from War Department, Chief of Staff, Army, and
Operations Division records. Topics of concern are TORCH, Army personnel needs,
morale, and weapons development.
33
Reginald Winn Collection 1942-1944 2 file folders (78)
This collection contains the unpublished manuscript completed by Winn describing
his experiences as aide-de-camp to Sir John Dill. Included in the collection are six
speeches given by Dill and material regarding travel to various conferences during the war.
Tomoyuki Yamashita Trial Memorandum 1949-1950 1 file folder (114)
This collection documents the attempt by Courtney Whitney to refute the claim that
the Japanese war crimes trials were unfair and unlawful.
John C. Young Collection 1947-1948 12 linear feet (55)
The collection contains material related to Case 12 of the Nuremberg War Crimes
Trial. Also included are transcripts of the Tribunal and information on German
organization and doctrine.
FOREIGN SERVICE AND MARSHAll PlAN
Foreign Economic Association Draft Report 1945-1946 1 file folder (86)
The collection consists of a staff paper for the Foreign Economic Association prior
to its termination at the end of World War II. Included is an overview of the economic
intelligence operations of BEW/FEA during the U.S. war involvement years.
Harry B. Price Papers 1951-1955 2.5 linear feet (12)
The collection contains correspondence, interviews, press reports, and reports of
people directly involved in the Marshall Plan.
U.S. Embassy-Austria Collection 1951-1968 .5 linear foot (80)
The collection contains information on the implementation and functions of the
Marshall Plan in Austria. Included are ledgers recording loans to industries and
government decisions.
34
c. Tyler Wood Papers
1885-1983 27 linear feet (99)
Wood was a State Department official for three decades and a key figure in the
implementation of the Marshall Plan. Most of these papers document his career as a
diplomat and not his involvement in the Marshall Plan.
RESEARCH POLICIES
LIbrary Hours and Holidays
The research facilities at the Marshall Library are open Monday through Friday
from 8:30 to 4:30. The library is closed on Labor Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day,
Thanksgiving and the day following, Christmas and the week following, and New Year's
Day.
Using the Facilities
The Marshall Research Library is a research archives and strict security measures
are enforced. The materials in the collections are valuable resources that in most cases
are not available elsewhere. It is possible to walk in to the library and receive assistance,
but preference is given to researchers who contact the archivist ahead of time. Prior
notification allows the staff to locate relevant material before the researcher arrives. Upon
arrival, each researcher is required to fill out an application for research form and must
present one form of identification with photograph. Once the researcher has completed
the necessary forms he or she can begin using the necessary materials. The research room
is separated from the library reading room to provide a quiet place to study. All materials
with the exception of paper, pen or pencil, and laptop computers are to be locked in
lockers away from the study area.
Reference Services
The reference staff provides the following services:
Information and assistance with library material
Interlibrary loan services
Photocopying services
Assistance with archives collections and finding aids
Limited phone and mail-in research request assistance
The reference staff does not provide evaluative, extensive, or detailed research
assistance. Appraisal of collections and documents cannot be done by the library staff,
although they may be able to assist in finding a competent person to do an appraisal.
35
Photocopy Services
Photocopying of documents for researchers is done only when staff time allows.
For this reason, if extensive copying is requested, it may be necessary for the staff to mail
the copies once completed. The charge for photocopying is ten cents per page. It is the
responsibility of the researcher not to violate copyright laws of the United States, Title 17,
U.S. Code. Under no circumstances will entire books or extensive sections of other
published materials be copied.
Research Grants
The George C. Marshall Research Foundation, a private, nonprofit organization,
offers research grants for students currently working on research for completion of their
Ph.D degrees. The grant amount varies depending on the amount of travel and the extent
of related expenses incurred by the researcher. Persons interested in information about
grants should contact the archivist at the library:
Glenn S. Cook
ArchivistlLibrarian
George C. Marshall Research Library
P.O. Box 1600
Lexington, VA 24450
(703) 463-7103
RESEARa-I RESOURCES AT THE NATIONAL ARClllVES
ACCESSIONS OR DECLASSIFICATIONS:
Records of the U.S. High Commission for Germany
Records of the Decartelization Division, 1949-1955 (1 cubic foot); the Extradition
Board, Registers and Case Files, 1945-1952 (2 cubic feet); and Berlin Element, Security
Segregated General Records, 1949-1955 (5 cubic feet) have been declassified and are
available from the Reference Branch, Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Md.;
telephone: (301) 763-7410.
Records of the National War Labor Board (World War II) (RG 202)
Field records of Region I, 1942-1946, have been transferred to the New England
Region from Washington. 68 cubic feet.
36
Records of the Selective Service System (RG 147)
Applications by aliens for relief from military service and personal histories and
statements by aliens, 1940-1947, have been accessioned by the Northeast Region. The
records originated in Albany and Brooklyn, New York; Trenton, New Jersey; and St.
Thomas, Virgin Islands. 104 cubic feet.
Records of the Selective Service System (RG 147)
Accessioned by the Pacific ~orthwest Region are applications by aliens and
Japanese-Americans for relief from military service. The creating offices were located in
Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. 6 cubic feet.
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt Papers
The Franklin D. Roosevelt Library has accessioned Anna Eleanor Roosevelt's "My
Day" columns, ca. 1938, 1941, 1945. Ca. 1,000 pages.
C. Craig Cannon Papers
The Dwight D. Eisenhower Library has received an addition to the Cannon Papers.
Cannon was an aide to General Eisenhower in 1945. Less than 1 cubic foot.
PUBLICATIONS:
A brochure listing publications, gifts, and audiovisual programs relating to World War II
has been produced to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of U.S. entry into the war.
The brochure is available from Publications Services (NEPS), National Archives,
Washington, DC 20408.
The following microfilm publications are available for purchase at $23 per roll from
Publications Services (NEPS), National Archives, Washington, DC 20408:
The Military Intelligence Division Regional File Relatin~ to China, 19221944. (M1512, 58 rolls.) Records of the War Department General and Special
Staffs, RG 165.
History of the London Office of the OSS. (M1623, 10 rOlls.) Records of
the Office of Strategic Services, RG 226.
Bush-Conant File Relating to the Development of the Atomic Bomb. 19401945. (M1392, 14 rolls.) Records of the Office of Scientific Research and
Development, RG 227. Introduction by Marjorie Heins Ciarlante.
37
Stars and Stripes: Newspaper of the U.S. Armed Forces in the Pacific, 19451963. (M1624, 166 rolls.) Publications of the U.S. Government, RG 287.
RESEARCH RESOURCES AT TIlE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
MANUSCRIPT DIVISION
Among the recent accessions and openings are the personal papers of the following:
Adm. John J. Ballentine; Vice Adm. George C. Dyer (including the papers of Adm. James
O. Richardson); Stewart Hensley, journalist in India during World War II; Wallace Carroll,
concerning propaganda and psychological tactics used during World War II; and Rayford
W. Logan, acting chair in the early 1940s of the Committee on Participation of Negroes in
the National Defense Program.
SELECf BffiUOGRAPHY OF BOOKS AND ARTICLES
IN ENGLISH RElATING TO THE WORLD WAR n ERA
The following select bibliography includes works published from January 1, 1990, to
May 1, 1991. The next issue will include more titles from that period as well as ones from
May 1, 1991, to October 1, 1991. Installments appearing in future issues will continue to
include titles published since January 1, 1990. The bibliography was compiled with the
assistance of Erlene James.
BOOKS:
Baird, Jay W. To Die for Germany: Heroes in the Nazi Pantheon. Bloomington, Ind.:
Indiana University Press, 1990.
Baughman, Zygmunt. Modernity and the Holocaust. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University
Press, 1990.
Bennett, Edward M. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Search for Victory: American-Soviet
Relations. 1939-1945. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1990.
Berube, Allan. Comin~ Out Under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World
War II. New York: Free Press, 1990.
Budzbon, Przemyslaw. Soviet Navy at War, 1941-1945. London: Arms and Armour Press,
1990.
Cole, C. Robert. Britain and the War of Words in Neutral Europe, 1939-45: The Art of
the Possible. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990.
38
Collier, Richard. Fighting Words: The War Correspondents of World War II. New York:
St. Martin's Press, 1990.
Conroy, Hilary, and Harry Wray, eds. Pearl Harbor Reexamined:
War. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990.
Prolo~e
Controvich, James T. The Central Pacific Campaign. 1943-1944:
Westport, Conn.: Meckler, 1990.
Cray, Ed. General of the Army:
York: Norton, 1990.
to the Pacific
A Bibliography.
George C. Marshall: Soldier and Statesman. New
Culbert, David, ed. Film and Propaganda in America: A Documenta:ry Histo:ry. Vol. 2,
World War II. Part 1; vol. 3, World War II. Part 2. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990.
De Jong, Louis. The Netherlands and Nazi Germany.
University Press, 1990.
Cambridge, Mass.:
Harvard
Delarue, Jacques. The Gestapo: A Histo:ry of Horror. New York: Paragon, 1990.
D'Este, Carlo. World War II in the Mediterranean. 1942-1945.
Algonquin Books, 1990.
Chapel Hill, N.C.:
Doenecke, Justus D., ed. In Danger Undaunted: The Anti-Interventionist Movement of
1940-41 as Revealed in the Papers of the America First Committee. Stanford, Calif.:
Hoover Institution, 1990.
Doughty, Robert A. The Breaking Point: Sedan and the Fall of France. 1940. Hamden,
Conn.: Archon Books, 1990.
Dykes, Vivian. Establishing the Anglo-American Alliance: The Second World War Diaries
of Brigadier Vivian Dykes. Ed. by Alex Danchev. London: Brassey's, 1990.
Ellis, John. Brute Force: Allied Strategy and Tactics in the Second World War. New
York: Viking, 1990.
Enser, A. G. A Subject Bibliography of the Second World War: Books in English. 19751987. Brookfield, Vt.: Gower, 1990.
Frank, Richard B. Guadalcanal. New York: Random House, 1990.
Funk, Arthur L., compo Fighting for Freedom. the United States in World War II: A
Select Bibliography of Books in English on the Second World War [1985-1990].
Washington: U.S. Information Agency, 1990.
Gabel, Kurt. The Making of a Paratrooper: Airborne Training and Combat in World
War II. Ed. by William C. Mitchell. Lawrence, Kans.: University Press of Kansas, 1990.
39
Gannon, Michael. Operation Drumbeat: The Dramatic True Story of Germany's First
U-Boat Attacks alonlit the American Coast in World War II. New York: Harper and
Row, 1990.
Gebhardt, James F. The Petsamo-Kirkenes Operation: Soviet Breakthrough and Pursuit
in the Arctic, October 1944. Fort Leavenworth, Kans.: Combat Studies Institute, U.S.
Army Command and General Staff College, 1990.
Gillcrist, Paul T. Feet Wet: Reflections of a Carrier Pilot. Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press,
1990.
Glantz, David M. From the Don to the Dnepr: A Study of Soviet Offensive Operations,
December 1942-August 1943. London: Frank Cass, 1990.
Glantz, David M. Soviet Military Intelligence in War. London: Frank Cass, 1990.
Gooch, John, ed. Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War. London: Frank Cass,
1990.
Gromyko, Andrei A. Memoirs. Trans. by Harold Shukman. New York: Doubleday,
1990.
Gutman, Israel, ed. Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. 4 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1990.
Handel, Michael I., ed. Intelligence and Strategy in the Second World War. London:
Frank Cass, 1990.
Hilderbrand, Robert C. Dumbarton Oaks: The Origins of the United Nations and the
Search for Postwar Security. Chapel HilI, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1990.
Hilsman, Roger. American Guerrilla: My War Behind Japanese Lines.
Brasseys, 1990.
Washington:
Hoehling, A. A. The Fighting Liberty Ships: A Memoir. Kent,O.: Kent State University
Press, 1990.
Hubbard, Preston J. Apocalypse Undone: My Survival of Japanese Imprisonment during
World War II. Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press, 1990.
Iriye, Akira, and Warren Cohen, eds. American, Chinese, and Japanese Perspectives on
Wartime Asia, 1931-1949. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1990.
Jablonsky, David. Churchill: The Great Game and Total War. London: Frank Cass,
1990.
Keegan, John. The Second World War. New York: Viking, 1990.
40
Keyssar, Helene, and Vladimer Pozner. Rememberinfj War:
New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
A U.S.-Soviet Dialogue.
Kitchen, Martin. A World in Flames: A Short History of the Second World War in
Europe and Asia. 1939-1945. New York: Longman, 1990.
Kurzman, Dan. Fatal Voyage:
Atheneum, 1990.
The Sinking of the U.S.S. Indianapolis.
New York:
La Forte, Robert S., and Ronald E. Marcello, eds. Remembering Pearl Harbor:
Eyewitness Accounts by U.S. Military Men and Women. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly
Resources, 1991.
Laloy, Jean. Yalta: Yesterday. Today, Tomorrow. Trans. by William R. Tyler. New
York: Harper and Row, 1990.
Lang, Berel. Act and Idea in the Nazi Genocide. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1990.
Lindstrom, Lamont, and Geoffrey M. White. Island Encounters: Black and White
Memories of the Pacific War. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1990.
Litoff, Judy Barrett, et aI., eds. Miss You: The World War II Letters of Barbara
Woodqall Taylor and Charles E. Taylor. Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 1990.
Lucas, Richard c., ed. Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust. Lexington,
Ky.: University of Kentucky Press, 1990.
Lunt, James. The Retreat from Burma: 1941-1942. BruneI House, England: David and
Charles, 1990.
McCormick, Ken, and H. Darby Perry. Images of War: The Artists' Vision of World War
II. New York: CroWD, 1990.
Macksey, Kenneth. Invasion: The German Invasion of England, July 1940. Novato, Calif.:
Presidio Press, 1990.
Markovna, Nina. Nina's Journey: A Memoir of Stalin's Russia and the Second World
War. Washington: Regnery Gateway, 1990.
Marshall, George C. The Papers of George Catlett Marshall. Vol. 3, "The Right Man for
the Job," December 7, 1941-May 31. 1943. Ed. by Larry 1. Bland and Sharon Ritenour
Stevens, Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Press, 1991.
Martin, David. The Web of Disinformation: Churchill's Yugoslav Blunder. New York:
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1990.
41
Mierzejewski, Alfred C. The Collapse of the German War Economy, 1944-1945. Chapel
Hill, N,C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1990.
Minear, Richard H., ed. and trans.
Princeton University Press, 1990.
Hiroshima:
Three Witnesses,
Princeton, N.J.:
Mitcham, Samuel W., Jr. Hitler's Field Marshals and Their Battles.
Scarborough House, 1990.
Chelsea, Mich.:
Moltke, Helmuth J. Letters to Freya: 1939-1945. Ed. and trans. by Beate R. von Oppen.
New York: Knopf, 1990.
Mosse, George L. Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
Murdoch, Brian. Fighting Songs and Warring Words: Popular Lyrics of Two World Wars.
London: Routledge, 1990.
Nash, Gerald D. World War II and the West: Reshaping the Economy. Lincoln, Nebr.:
University of Nebraska Press, 1990.
Noggle, Anne. For God, Country and the Thrill of It: Women Airforce Service Pilots in
World War II. College Station, Tex.: Texas A&M University Press, 1990.
Parker, R. A. C. Struggle for Survival: The History of the Second World War. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
Parrish, Thomas. Roosevelt and Marshall. New York: Morrow, 1990.
Potter, E. B. Admiral Arleigh Burke: A Biography. New York: Random House, 1990.
Roberts, Geoffrey. The Unholy Alliance: Stalin's Pact with Hitler. Bloomington, Ind.:
Indiana University Press, 1990.
Rogers, Paul P. The Bitter Years: MacArthur and Sutherland. New York: Praeger,
1990.
Rogers, Paul P. The Good Years: MacArthur and Sutherland. New York: Praeger,
1990.
Roshwald, Aviel. Estranged Bedfellows: Britain and France in the Middle East during
the Second World War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
Rothbrust, Florian K. Guderian's XIXth Panzer Corps and the Battle of France:
Breakthrough in the Ardennes, May 1940. New York: Praeger, 1990.
42
Sadkovich, James J., ed. Reevaluating Major Naval Combatants of World War II. New
York: Greenwood Press, 1990.
Sbrega, John J. The War Against Japan. 1941-1945: An Annotated Bibliography. New
York: Garland, 1990.
Seaton, Albert. The Russo-German War. 1941-45. Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press, 1990.
Sirgiovanni, George. An Undercurrent of Suspicion: Anti-Communism in America during
World War II. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1990.
Slackman, Michael. Target: Pearl Harbor. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990.
Stahlberg, Alexander. Bounden Duty: The Memoirs of a German Officer. 1932-1945.
New York: Pergamon, 1990.
Steinberg, Jonathan. Allor Nothing: The Axis and the Holocaust. London: Routledge,
1990.
Summerfield, Penny. Women Workers in the Second World War:
Patriarchy in Conflict. London: Routledge, 1990.
Production and
Thomas, Charles S. The German Navy in the Nazi Era. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute
Press, 1990.
Tory, Avraham. Surviving the Holocaust: The Kovno Ghetto DiaIY. Ed. by Martin
Gilbert; trans. by Jerzy Michalowicz. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990.
Van Dyck, Harry R. Exercise of Conscience: A World War II Objector Remembers.
Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus, 1990.
Walker, Mark. German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power. 1939-1949.
New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Wegner, Bernd. The Waffen-SS: Organization. Ideology. and Function. Trans. by Ronald
Webster. Cambridge, Mass.: Basil Blackwell, 1990.
Wheeler, Richard, ed. Joseph Stalin: A Bibliography. Westport, Conn.: Meckler, 1990.
Whitman, John W. Bataan: Our Last Ditch. New York: Hippocrene Books, 1990.
Willmott, H. P. The Great Crusade: A New Complete HistoIY of the Second World War.
New York: Free Press, 1990.
Willoughby, Malcolm F. The U.S. Coast Guard in World War II. Anrnlpolis, Md.; Naval
Institute Press, 1990.
43
Wilt, Alan F. War From the Top: German and British Military Decision Making during
World War II. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1990.
Woods, Randall Bennett. A Changing of the Guard: Anglo-American Relations, 19411946. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1990.
Zentner, Christian, and Friedemann Bediirftig, eds. Encyclopedia of the Third Reich.
New York: Macmillan, 1990.
ARTICLES
Alexander, Martin S. "The Fall of France, 1940." Journal of Strategic Studies 13 (March
1990): 10-44.
Allen, Louis. "The Campaigns in Asia and the Pacific." Journal of Strategic Studies 13
(March 1990): 162-192.
Alperovitz, Gar. "Why the United States Dropped the Bomb." Technology Review 93
(August-September 1990): 22-34.
Ambrose, Stephen E. "Eisenhower's Generalship." Parameters 20 (June 1990): 2-12.
Bailey, Anthony. '''Bloody Marvelous'" [Dunkirk].
Military History 3 (Winter 1991): 36-43.
MHQ:
The Quarterly Journal of
Barrow, P. deS. "The Anatomy of Encirclement" [Eastern Front]. British Army Review
95 (August 1990): 17-20.
Beaumont, Joan. "Starving for Democracy: Britain's Blockade of and Relief for Occupied
Europe, 1939-1945." War and Society 8 (October 1990): 57-82.
Beaumont, Roger A. '''Wehrmacht Mystique' Revisited." Military Review 70 (February
1990): 64-75.
Berthoff, Rowland. "A Rejoinder on Wartime Anti-Semitism."
History 77 (September 1990): 590.
Journal of American
Campbell, D'Ann. "Servicewomen of World War II." Armed Forces & Society 16 (Winter
1990): 251-270.
Capecci, Dominic J., Jr., and Martha Wilkerson. "The Detroit Rioters of 1943:
Reinterpretation." Michigan Historical Review 16 (Spring 1990): 49-72.
A
Ceva, Lucio. "The North Mrican Campaign 1940-43: A Reconsideration." Journal of
Strategic Studies 13 (March 1990): 84-104.
44
Cowdrey, Albert E. "German Prisoners of War in American Hands." Army History 14
(April 1990): 10-11.
Daniel, Pete. "Going Among Strangers: Southern Reactions to World War II." Journal
of American History 77 (December 1990): 886-911.
Davis, David Brion. "World War II and Memory."
(September 1990): 580-587.
Journal of American History 77
Davis, Richard G. "Carl A. Spaatz and the Development of the Royal Air Force-U.S.
Army Air Corps Relationship, 1939-1940." Journal of Military History 54 (October 1990):
453-472.
De Normann, J. R. C. "The Use of the Strategic Bomber Forces over Normandy. Success
or Failure?" British Army Review 96 (December 1990): 14-18.
Dick, Ron. "Battle of Britain." Air Power History 37 (Summer 1990): 11-25.
Doughty, Robert A. "'Almost a Miracle'" [Sedan, 1940]. MHQ: The Quarterly Journal
of Military History 2 (Spring 1990): 42-51.
Eldredge, H. Wentworth. "Biggest Hoax of the War: Operation Fortitude: The Allied
Deception Plan that Fooled the Germans about Normandy." Air Power History 37 (Fall
1990): 15-22.
Farquharson, John.
"After Sealion:
A German Channel Tunnel?"
Contemporary History 25 (October 1990): 409-430.
Journal of
Faulkner, Richard S. "Learning the Hard Way: The Coordination Between Infantry
Divisions and Separate Tank Battalions during the Breakout from Normandy." Armor 70
(July-August 1990): 24-29.
Feagin, Joe R., and Kelly Riddell. "The State, Capitalism, and World War II: The U.S.
Case." Armed Forces & Society 17 (Fall 1990): 53-79.
Foot, M. R. D. "Stay-Behind Parties" [guerrilla warfare]. History Today 40 (August 1990):
35-38.
Fox, Richard W., et al. "A Round Table: The Living and Reliving of World War II."
Journal of American History 77 (September 1990): 553-593.
Franklin, John Hope. 'Their War and Mine." Journal of American History 77 (September
1990): 576-579.
Gander, Terry. "From the Sudetenland to the Atlantic Wall." Fortress 4 (February 1990):
53-57.
45
Gooch, John. "Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War."
Studies 13 (March 1990): 1-9.
Journal of
Strate~ic
Gordon, John, IV. "Battle in the Streets: Manila, 1945." Field Artillery 4 (August 1990):
24-29.
Haislip, Wade H. "Corps Command in World War II." Militaty Review 70 (May 1990):
22-32.
Hane, Mikiso. "Wartime Internment." Journal of American History 77 (September 1990):
569-575.
Harms, Richard H. "Grand Rapids during World War 11."
(March/April 1990): 25-29.
Keegan, John. "Berlin."
1990): 72-83.
Michigan History 74
MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History 2 (Winter
Keehn, Richard H., and Gene Smiley. "Small Business Reactions to World War II
Government Controls." Essays in Economic and Business History 8 (1990): 303-316.
Kirkpatrick, Charles E. "Strategic Planning for World War II:
Context." Army History 3 (Fall 1990): 17-21.
The Victory Plan in
Klimow, Matthew S. "Lying to the Troops: American Leaders and the Defense of
Bataan." Parameters 20 (December 1990): 48-60.
Krammer, Arnold. "American Treatment of German Generals during World War II."
Journal of Military History 54 (January 1990): 27-46.
Lambert, Jack. "Pearl Harbor Revisited." Air Power History 37 (Summer 1990): 37-40.
Lebedeva, Nataliya. "The Katyn Tragedy."
144.
International Affairs 6 (June 1990): 98-115,
Leff, Mark H. ''The Politics of Sacrifice on the American Home Front in World War II."
Journal of American History 77 (March 1991): 1296-1318.
Lerner, Gerda. "Another View" [Anti-Semitism during World War II].
American HistoIY 77 (September 1990): 588-589.
Journal of
Litoff, Judy Barrett, and David C. Smith. "Since You Went Away: The World War II
Letters of Barbara Woodall Taylor." Women's Studies 17 (nos. 3-4, 1990): 249-276.
Litoff, Judy Barrett, and David C. Smith. '''Will He Get My Letter?' Popular Portrayals
of Mail and Morale during World War II." Journal of Popular Culture 23 (Spring 1990):
21-43.
46
McCormick, Ken, and H. Darby Perry. "The Murmansk Run." MHQ: The Quarterly
Journal of Military History 3 (Autumn 1990): 96-103.
McGlasson, W. D. "National Guard Mobilized for World War II." National Guard 44
(September 1990): 26-34.
MacLean, French L. "German General Officer Casualties in World War II: Lessons for
Future War." Military Review 70 (April 1990): 45-56.
Manley, Kathleen E. B. "Women of Los Alamos during World War II: Some of Their
Views." New Mexico Historical Review 65 (April 1990): 251-266.
Merrill, Edson L. "Three Thousand Meals a Day." Marine Corps Gazette 74 (November
1990): 88-93.
Merson, Martin. "Were the Pearl Harbor Commanders Accorded 'Due Process' Under
the 'Bill of Rights'?" Officer Review 29 (May 1990): 5-8.
Milner, Marc. "The Battle of the Atlantic." Journal of Strategic Studies 13 (March 1990):
45-66.
Morgan, Ted. "When the Maquis Stood and Fought." MHO: The Quarterly Journal of
Military History 2 (Winter 1990): 104-111.
Muir, Malcolm, Jr. "Rearming in a Vacuum: United States Navy Intelligence and the
Japanese Capital Ship Threat, 1936-1945." Journal of Military History 54 (October 1990):
473-485.
Munch, Paul G. "Patton's Staff and the Battle of the Bulge." Military Review 70 (May
1990): 46-54.
Murray, Williamson. "The Battle of Britain: How Did 'The Few' Win?" MHQ: The
Quarterly Journal of Military History 2 (Summer 1990): 8-21.
Pavalko, Eliza K., and Glen H. Elder, Jr. "World War II and Divorce: A Life-Course
Perspective." American Journal of Sociology 95 (March 1990): 1213-1234.
Perkins, Bradford. "Impressions of Wartime." Journal of American History 77 (September
1990): 563-568.
Pitt, Barrie. "Italy's Pearl Harbor" [Taranto]. MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military
History 3 (Spring 1991): 50-57.
Porch, Douglas. "Why Did France Fall?"
History 2 (Spring 1990): 30-41.
MHQ:
The Quarterly Journal of Military
47
Portz, Matt. "Naval Aviation in World War II: Aviation Training and Expansion." Naval
Aviation News 72 (July-August 1990): 22-27.
Rastelli, Achille, and Erminio Bagnasco. ''The Sinking of the Italian Aircraft Carrier
Aquila: A Controversial Question." Warship International (no. 1, 1990): 55-70.
Reid, Brian H. "The Italian Campaign, 1943-45: A Reappraisal of Allied Generalship."
Journal of Strategic Studies 13 (March 1990): 128-161.
Scott, Anne Firor. "One Woman's Experience of World War IL" Journal of American
History 77 (September 1990): 553-562.
Smith, Malcolm.
1990): 67-83.
"The Allied Air Offensive." Journal of Strategic Studies 13 (March
Sonnichsen, C. L. "Fat Man and Storytellers:
Historical Review 65 (January 1990): 49-71.
Los Alamos in Fiction."
New Mexico
Syrett, David. "The Safe and Timely Arrival of Convoy SC 130, 15-25 May 1943."
American Neptune 50 (Summer 1990): 219-227.
Thelen, David. "An Mterthought on Scale and History" [in World War II]. Journal of
American History 77 (September 1990): 591-593.
Torigian, Michael. "National Unity on the Waterfront: Communist Politics and the ILWU
during the Second World War." Labor History 30 (Summer 1990):. 409-432.
Villa, Brian L. "Mountbatten, the British Chiefs of Staff, and Approval of the Dieppe
Raid." Journal of Military History 54 (April 1990): 201-226.
Walker, J. Samuel. ''The Decision to Use the Bomb:
Diplomatic History 14 (Winter 1990): 97-114.
A Historiographical Update."
Weigley, Russell F. "From the Normandy Beaches to the Falaise-Argentan Pocket."
Military Review 70 (September 1990): 45-64.
Windrow, Martin, and Bruce Quarrie. "Bernard Montgomery and Erwin Rommel, 1940."
Military Illustrated Past and Present 28 (September 1990): 65-67.
Woodruff, Nan E. "Pick or Fight: The Emergency Farm Labor Program in the Arkansas
and Mississippi Deltas during World War II." Agricultural History 64 (Spring 1990): 7485.
Worrall, Janet E. "Prisoners on the Home Front: Community Reactions to German and
Italian POWs in Northern Colorado, 1943-1946." Colorado Heritage (no. 1, 1990): 32-47.