Pecha Kucha
The use of wild species for crop improvement:
Brassica and Lettuce
Graham Teakle
Warwick Crop Centre
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Pests and diseases
Cabbage root fly
Lettuce downy mildew
Currant lettuce aphid
Diamond-back moth
Diamond-back moth caterpillar damage
Agrochemicals
Breed varieties that require less inputs
• Less fertiliser
• Genetic resistance to pests and disease
Sources of genetic variation
• Other varieties
• Genebanks
But often can’t find required traits
The breeding genepool of crops generally has a narrow
genetic base compared to the wider species genepool
Species Genepool
Selection during
Domestication
Crop Genepools
B
F
F
F
D
A
D
G
C
E
E
B
F
B
G
B
E
B
C
F
Crop type 1
(e.g. Cauliflower)
C
A
F
F
C
D
A
F
A
C
Crop type 2
(e.g. Broccoli)
C
F
G
C
E
E C
D
D
C
Crop type 3
(e.g. Cabbage)
Cytoplasmic diversity in C-genome B. species
6 chloroplast SSRs used to type 171 individuals of 10 C-genome Brassica species
No. Accessions
Tested
No. Chloroplast
haplotypes
H*
B. bourgaei
1
1
-
B. cretica
9
6
0.74
B. hilarionis
4
2
-
B. incana
11
2
0.17
B. insularis
4
3
-
B. macrocarpa
16
4
0.41
B. montana
3
1
-
B. oleracea
105
4
0.07
B. rupestris
4
3
-
B. villosa
13
6
0.78
Species
*H (diversity index) – only calculated where nine or more accessions tested
Majority are
from BolDFFS
SNP s on the Wild C genome DFFS
Oleracea (21)
0.3
Montana(4)
Macrocarpa (17)
0.2
Cretica (8)
Bourgaei (1)
Coordinate 2
0.1
Insularis (2)
0
Atlantica (2)
Incana (10)
-0.1
Alboglabra (1)
-0.2
Hilarionis (2)
Rupestris (4)
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
Coordinate 1
0.3
0.4
0.5
Villosa
Wild species
relatives
How edible are wild species?
Challenges to using wild species
• Getting plants to flower
• Fertile hybrids with crop varieties
• Identifying useful traits
• Getting rid of traits you don’t want
Wild C genome species diversity set
Founder plant
x
RC B. oleracea
F1
Microspore
culture
Doubled haploid lines
No. founde
Species
accession
B. alboglabra
1
B. atlantica
2
B. balaerica
1
B. bourgei
1
B. cretica
8
B. hilarionis
3
B. incana
10
B. insularis
2
B. macrocarpa
16
B. maurorum
1
B. montana
3
B. oleracea
24
B. rupestris
4
B. villosa
13
Total - 14 species
88
Genotype
89 Founder Lines
SNP marker analysis of Brassica C genome
DH lines
C10032
C10041
C10043
C10048
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9
AGSL150 genotype – blue; C04001 genotype – red
0
CDH16
CDH40
CDH08
CDH27
CDH15
CDH11
CDH07
CDH26
CDH03
CDH47
CDH46
CDH33
CDH29
CDH41
CDH09
CDH14
CDH50
CDH49
CDH12
Skywalker
CDH38
CDH37
CDH10
CDH05
CDH52
CDH36
CDH43
CDH01
CDH42
CDH19
CDH17
CDH13
CDH04
CDH28
CDH25
CDH02
CDH06
CDH44
CDH45
CDH30
CDH39
CDH35
CDH18
CDH20
CDH34
CDH51
CDH48
20
CDH24
15"
CDH31
16"
CDH21
Best
Bol
DFFS
Bol14"
Bol46"
Bol19"
Bol32"
Bol12"
Bol16"
Bol20"
Bol25"
Bol21"
Bol47"
Bol04"
Bol28"
Bol41"
Bol34"
Skywalker"
CDH01"
Bol09"
Bol26"
Bol01"
Bol15"
Bol18"
Bol42"
Bol48"
Bol49"
Bol10"
Bol24"
Bol05"
Bol11"
Bol31"
Bol43"
Bol39"
Bol36"
Bol45"
Bol23"
Bol06"
Bol08"
Bol29"
Bol33"
Bol40"
Bol44"
Bol35"
Bol07"
Bol17"
Bol37"
Bol30"
Bol38"
Bol03"
Bol02"
Bol22"
0"
CDH23
25
CDH32
Best
CgDH
line
CDH22
Diamond Back Moth resistance screening
17"
Number larvae - B. oleracea
14"
13"
12"
11"
10"
9"
8"
7"
6"
5"
4"
3"
2"
1"
Number of larvae - wild species
15
10
5
0
95
96
14
85
87
92
22
62
93
84
2
1
71
38
37
54
60
8
57
9
61
64
40
5
32
51
16
10
24
68
70
15
42
17
81
59
36
77
73
43
56
7
35
27
34
63
21
29
58
44
3
86
28
25
12
4
13
26
75
74
88
11
90
91
31
89
23
33
67
30
69
18
78
79
49
82
19
39
41
47
48
50
83
45
76
52
80
46
6
53
72
94
66
20
55
65
Mean N. ribisnigri count
Identifying resistance to Lettuce-currant
aphid (Nasonovia ribisnigri)
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
Lettuce DFS line
Mapping traits of interest
• Making segregating populations to perform mapping
Linked genetic markers used in breeding
• Select gene of interest
• Remove undesirable alleles resulting from linkage drag
Summary
• Wild species are an underexploited resource for new traits
• There are a number of significant challenges to their
utilisation
• At Warwick we are developing the capability to effectively
do this through:
 New genetic resources
 Phenotyping techniques
 Genomics to identify the genes