International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 33 Number 2- March 2016
“Comparative study for Tribological
Properties of PEEK with Filler Materials”
Prof. R.L. Kadu1, Prof.P.M. Karandikar2, Prof.N.A.Mankar3, Prof.R.R.Kharde4
1,2,3
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering,PREC Loni, SPPU Pune
4
Professor, Mechanical Engineering,PREC Loni, SPPU Pune
Ahmednagar,Maharashtra,India
Abstract
The effects on the tribological properties of
PTFE/PEEK composites studied under dry friction
conditions; the influence of various parameters on
the friction and wear behaviours of the PEEK /PTFE
composites is investigated. PEEK with different filler
material such as PTFE, BRONZE, CF used in
different industrial application where oil free
components required.
The PEEK having excellent mechanical properties
and PTFE has excellent tribological properties, by
addition PTFE in PEEK with various filler improves
friction and wear properties at ambient and elevated
temperature and constant load condition. The test
was carried out on pin on disc apparatus to
investigate wear performance of different filler
material with PEEK base matrix. Addition of
BRONZE in PEEK, the specific wear of PEEK
increased from 65x 10-6 mm3/Nm to 9.8x 10-8
mm3/Nm. i.e. BRONZE filled PEEK composites
showed more effective than the CF.
Keywords- PEEK, PTFE, CF, BRONZE, Friction,
Wear.
I. INTRODUCTION
This investigation intended for the following
objective to study the effect of ambient and high
temperature on PEEK and PEEK composites for
a) wear
b) coefficient of friction c. Frictional
Force. To investigate the tribological behaviour of
PEEK with filler materials like PTFE, CF, BRONZE
with different parameters like sliding speeds,
temperature & loads.
A lots-off work has done on PEEK, which reports
its tribo-behaviour as well as mechanical properties.
Ren et al. has worked on “Advantages of Nonlubricated CNG Compressors” This paper discusses
the advantages of non-lubricated compressors when
used in compressed natural gas (CNG) service. The
features of non-lubricated CNG compressors will be
illustrated and explained. The maintenance schedule
for a non-lubricated CNG compressor is also
presented [1]. Tremain et al. has worked on
“Investigation of Non-Lubricated Piston Ring
Problems Cause, Effect and Solution” Many ring
problems in petrochemical and process gas
industries that have occurred over the last decade on
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reciprocating non-lubricated compressors are
examined. The causes, effects and solutions are
correlated by analysis of the methods by which the
problems were overcome in applied situations, a few
of which are examined in depth for illustrative
purposes. Conclusions are drawn as to good current
practice for the achievement of reliable piston ring
operation in non-lubricated reciprocating process gas
compressors [2]. Khedkar et al. has worked on
“Sliding wear behavior of PTFE composites” In his
literature has been discussed, the tribological
behavior of polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) and PTFE
composites with filler materials such as carbon,
graphite
and
poly-p-phenyleneterephthalamide
(PPDT) fiber, was studied. The present filler
additions found to increase hardness and wear
resistance in all composites studied. The highest
wear resistance was found for composites containing
(i) 18% carbon + 7% graphite, (ii) 20% glass fiber +
5% MoS2 and (iii) 10% PPDT fiber. Scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to examine
composite microstructures and study modes of
failure. Wear testing and SEM analysis showed that
three-body abrasion was probably the dominant
mode of failure for PTFE + 18% carbon + 7%
graphite composite, while fiber pull out and
fragmentation caused failure of PTFE + 20% glass
fiber + 5% MoS2 composite. The composite with
10% PPDT fiber caused wear reduction due to the
ability of the fiber to remain embedded in the matrix
and preferentially support the load [3]. Bijwe et al.
has worked on “Influence of PTFE content in
PEEK–PTFE blends on mechanical properties and
tribo-performance in various wear modes”. She also
discussed about Few papers are available and which
gives ideas on the optimum composition of PEEK–
PTFE blends for the best possible combination of
mechanical and tribological properties in the
adhesive wear mode. Nothing is reported in this
context on low amplitude oscillating/fretting wear
mode. Moreover, the influence of increasing
amounts of PTFE in the blend on abrasive wear
behaviour along with a correlation with strength
properties is not reported. Hence, in this work, five
injection-molded blends of PEEK with PTFE (in the
range of 0–30 wt.%) were evaluated on a pin-on-disc
configuration on an SRV Optimal Tester for their
tribo-behaviour in the low amplitude oscillating
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 33 Number 2- March 2016
wear mode. With an increase in PTFE contents,
coefficient of friction in both the wear modes
(adhesive and low amplitude oscillating) decreased
but the trends in wear performance differed. A wear
rate as low as 1 ×10−16 m3/Nm was recorded in the
case of A30 and a 30 times improvement in wear
rate and five times in friction coefficient was
observed due to inclusion of PTFE. In the case of
abrasive wear, hardness and tensile strength proved
to be dominating wear-controlling material
properties [4]. Rasheva et al. has reported, “A
correlation between the tribological and mechanical
properties of short carbon fibers reinforced PEEK
materials with different fiber orientations”. In this
work, the effect of fiber orientation on the
mechanical and tribological properties of SCF (short
carbon
fibers)/PTFE
(poly-tetra-Fluorethylene)/graphite filled PEEK (poly-ether-etherketon) compo- sites was studied. The composites
were manufactured by using injection-moulding
technique. Mechanical and tribological experiments
were conducted to measure the compression
modulus, compression strength and wear resistance.
A correlation of the tribological and mechanical
properties considering different fiber orientations
was studied. Additionally to the fiber orientation
influence, the wear resistance under low and high
pressures was examined. The results analyses, based
on scratch experiments and scanning electron
microscope (SEM) inspections explain how the fiber
orientation influences the mechanical performance
and the tribological properties of the considered
materials [9].
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The details of processing of the composites and
the experimental procedures followed for their
characterization and tribological evaluation. (ASTM
D3702 Wear Test, ASTM D1894 Friction Test). The
raw materials used in this work are
1. Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK)
2. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
3. Carbon fiber (CF)
4. Bronze (10% tin)
A. Specimen preparation
Victrex
supplied
commercially
available
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) of grade 450G fine
powder with the average diameter of 100μm. The
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) powder with the
diameter smaller than 60μm was provided by PCEE
Textile Kanpur Bronze powder with 10% tin was
supplied by Pometon India ltd. Molybdenum
disulfide powder of diameter 100μm also supplied
by Vishal Pharmachem Mumbai. Compression as
well as injection molding prepared the composite.
First PEEK, PTFE, CF, BRONZE and MOS2 were
mixed with different proportion for various batches
with batch size100gm for compression molding and
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15gm.For injunction molding. For accurate weighing
digital weighing balance are used with accuracy
0.0001gm. For uniform mixing were done by
compounding of raw materials. The sample was
prepared with following proportion.
TABLE I
Composition of PEEK with filler material
Specimen Compositions(%wt)
R1
R2
R3
PEEK (100)
PEEK(70)+PTFE(15)+BRONZE(15)
PEEK (70) + PTFE (15)+ CF(15)
B. Selection of operating parameters
Following parameters is selected for the wear test
TABLE II
Operating parameters
Operating parameter selected
Loads
10 N
Sliding velocity
1.8m/s to 3.4m/s
Temperature
Ambient (230c) & Elevated (2000c)
Duration
of 3 hrs.
experiment
Fig.1. Specimen obtained by injection molding
III. SELECTION OF COUNTERPART
The disc material was selected steel with grade
EN 8 and grey cast iron .Initially the raw material
for were purchases from Nasik, MIDC area PAUL
STEEL TRADERS. The disc material initially cuts
in dimension Ø180mmx 15 mm thickness. These
raw materials were processed in Vishal Engineering
Pvt. Ltd. All finishing such as turning and grinding
has been done at Vishal Engineering and finally disc
with dimension Ø165mmx8mm thickness made
ready for test. After that disc Brinell hardness Tester
checked hardness and surface roughness 0.4μm was
checked at Vishal Engineering
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 33 Number 2- March 2016
composites are studied with respect to time as
variable as bellows.
Fig.2. EN8 disc with size Ø 165×8mm
IV. WEAR TEST
The prepared sample was used for tribological test
for normal and elevated temperature at P. DR. V.V
Patil College of Engineering Ahmednager,
Maharashtra. The wear testing was performed on a
pin on disc apparatus according to ASTM D-258 and
ASTM D-2396. The test rig were supplied by
DUCOM Instrument, Banglore.
A. Behavior of PEEK and PEEK composites at
ambient temperature i.e. @ 23°C
1. PEEK: PIN-1
To evaluate the wear performance of
PEEK the wear test has been carried out for 3hr
duration. The wear has been noticed for every 10
minute interval of time, their relation have been
studied after the complete test. The readings
obtained after the test has been shown in Table The
graph has been plotted Time vs. wear shown in fig.
The graph one is a time vs. Wear indicates that the
initially wear of virgin PEEK has tremendously
increased because of sudden friction due sudden
application of normal load on the PIN -1 .Initially
the asperities from counterpart and pin asperities
both are rubbed because of relative sliding motion
between them and show abrasive effects on each
other resulting high wear loss. That’s why the graph
initially shows the high wear value. At the time
increased the asperities removed out from the Pin
has to be settled on the rotating counterpart and
formed a solid lubricating film that causes the less
wear loss from the Pin surface. It has been found
that wear again increasing with respect to the time
and became stable for value 52 micron. The specific
wear rate was found to K0= 2.65 x 10-6mm3/Nm
after 3 hr test duration. The fig.6.1.1(b) and
fig.6.1.1(c) shows the effects of time which indicates
that the frictional force increased with time and
stabilized at value FN = 1.4 N and coefficient of
friction for this value has found to be µ = 0.14.
Fig.3. Wear and friction measuring test rig TR-20
V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The tribological behavior of PEEK
and PEEK composite has to be studied under the
various operating condition such as contact pressure
0.499Mpa and sliding velocity 3.4m/s. The result
obtained on testing of various pin specimens on
Tribometer (TR-20) is correlated with each other.
The variation in frictional coefficient, wear and
frictional forces compare against the Time interval.
It has cleared that wear resistance of PEEK greatly
enhanced by the addition of fillers, in absences of
fillers the base polymer material easily removed by
the hard asperities of the metallic counterpart
resulting high wear loss. When the PEEK material
has been blended with PTFE,CF and Bronze
material, a polymeric film can be transferred to the
EN8 metal disc that cause the little friction with the
counterpart and hence the less wear loss was
obtained. The behavior of PEEK and PEEK
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Fig.4. Time vs. Wear and COF of PEEK for PIN-1
at ambient temperature
2. PIN-2 (70%PEEK/15%PTFE/15%Bronze)
The Pin –2 is tested and the results are tabulated
shown in the Table.5.2.9.2, It has been observed that
the wear rate for Pin-2 decreased with respect to
time for same operating conditions. The wear has
enhanced as compare to the pure PEEK with
addition of bronze. Fig.6.1.2 (a) show the time vs.
Wear graph. From this graph, it has observed that
initially wear value for Pin-2 was 6 microns with
continuous testing its value falls down and became
stable at value of 3.02 micron. The wear of Pin has
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 33 Number 2- March 2016
to be lowered because of thin lubricating film
formation between rotating counterpart and pin
contact area which enables to resist wear. The
fig.6.1.2 (b) and 6.1.2(c) shows the frictional force
and coefficient of friction. The coefficient of friction
for given value of frictional force is µ = 0.21. The
specific wear rate has been calculated K0 =1.641x
10-7 mm3/Nm.
Fig.5. Time vs. Wear and COF of PEEK for PIN-2
at ambient temperature
3. PIN-3 (70%PEEK/15%PTFE/15%CF)
The PIN-3 is the composited by addition of
15% carbon fibre. The results obtained during the
test has tabulated in Table.5.2.9.3. and from this
value graph of wear, frictional force and coefficient
of friction has been plotted as shown in fig. 6.1.3(a)
to 6.1.3(c). The fig.6.1.3 (a), fig.6.1.3 (b) and
fig.6.1.3(c) discussed about the time and wear,
frictional force and coefficient friction relationship
with same operating conditions. From this fig 6.1.3(a)
show the wear value initially low and increased with
span on testing. The wear value for 3 hr test duration
has found to be 24micron. The fig.6.1.3 (b) show the
frictional force value and it has found to be 0.33 N
and for this value coefficient of friction was µ=0.033.
The specific wear rate has been calculated by using
formulae mention in sample of calculation and it has
found to be K0 = 1.28 x 10-6 mm3/Nm.
B. Behavior of PEEK and PEEK composites at
Eelvated temperature
1. PIN-1 (PEEK)
The characteristic of pure peek have been studied
for above standard conditions and test has been
carried out at elevated temperature. The results
observed have been tabulated shown Table.5.2.9.4.
The fig.6.2.1 (a) to fig 6.2.1(c) show the effect of
temperature on pure PEEK. Initially the value of
specific wear was high at room temperature for pure
PEEK. The value of wear goes on decreasing with
increasing temperature. This because of thermal
expansion of PEEK which enables to release the
material particle initially. These particles of PEEK
which gets deposited on the counterparts which form
instant lubricating film on the counter surface.
Resulting in formation of lubricating film on the
counter surface. As the initially the PEEK material is
hard it wear is too high it took time to change its
microstructure
and soften the material. With
increasing the temperature the microstructure adjusts
itself. The material in the vicinity of the counterpart
leaves its mechanical property and plastic fluidity
occurs. This plastic fluidity helps to form transfer
film on the counter-part which act as resistant to
wear.
The fig. 6.2.1(b) shows the effects of temperature
on frictional force of pure PEEK. It was observed
that initially the value frictional force for given
standard condition was high because of rubbing due
to the counterpart with pin material. With increasing
temperature the value of frictional dropped down in
some extent and after the sometime interval the
value of frictional force become stable in the range
of 2.46 N for temperature 200°c.This resulting the
formation of transfer film on the counter surface
also helps to overcome the frictional force. The
fig.6.2.2 shows the effects of temperature on
coefficient of friction on pure PEEK. Initially the
value of coefficient of friction was found high (0.06).
With increasing the temperature these value was
started to lower down. The value of coefficient of
friction dropped down with increasing temperature
from 0.07 to 0.06 at temperature 200°C and became
stable at µ= 0.06 though the temperature increased.
The specific wear obtained K0= 3.38 x 106mm3/Nm.
Fig.6. Time vs. Wear and COF of PEEK for PIN-3
at ambient temperature
Fig.7. Time vs. Wear and COF of PEEK for PIN1 at elevated temperature
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 33 Number 2- March 2016
2. PIN-2 (PEEK/PTFE/Bronze)
The fig.6.2.2 (a) to fig. 6.2.2(c) shows the effects
temperature on wear, frictional force and coefficient
of friction for same operating conditions. With
addition of bronze the wear, frictional force and
coefficient of friction value drastically changed.
With addition of bronze in PEEK base the wear
value enhanced though increasing temperature. The
value of wear dropped down negatively across the
temperature raised. It was observed that the
formation of transfer film was took place very fast
with increasing temperature.fig.6.2.2(a) shows that
at 200°C the wear value achieved 1.56 micron.
Fig.6.2.2 (b) shows the effects of temperature on
friction coefficient. It was observed that initially
with increasing temperature the value of coefficient
of friction enhanced very slowly up to µ= 0.06 at
temperature 200°C. The specific wear rate calculated
for given value of frictional force and coefficient of
friction and it has to be found
K0=9.8x10-8mm3/Nm.
Fig.8. Time vs. Wear and COF of PEEK for PIN-2
at elevated temperature
3. PIN -3 (70%PEEK/15%PTFE/15%CF)
The effect of temperature on wear and frictional
force of two composites are shown in fig. 6.2.3(a) to
fig.6.2.3(c). It was observed that specific wear
greatly enhanced with use of fillers in PEEK base.
Fig.6.2.3 (a) shows that with addition of SCF in base
PEEK initially for same standard conditions the
wear was high and the value of wear start decreasing
with respect to increasing temperature. For same
operating conditions wear drastically dropped down
up to temperature 130°c. As the temperature
increased beyond 130°C the wear goes on increased
and became steady between 160°c to 200°c. This is
due to the plastic transfer film formation on the
counterparts which act as resistance to wear. The
fig.6.2.3 (b) shows that with increasing temperature
the frictional force increases slowly up to
temperature 130°c and stabilized for 3.2 N. It was
observed that the frictional force dropped down
linearly at 200°C up to 3 N. The fig.6.2.3(c) shows
the coefficient of friction increase slowly with
increasing temperature initially and stable up to
temperature 200°C of value µ= 0.070. The specific
wear rate calculated and it has found to be K0 =
1x10-6mm3/ Nm.
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Fig.9. Time vs. Wear and COF of PEEK for PIN3 at elevated temperature
C. Comparative study of PIN1, PIN2 and PIN3 at
Ambient Temperature
The tribological behaviour of PIN1, PIN2 and
PIN3 are compared by following figures. The Fig
6.1.4 (a) indicates time vs. Wear plots. It has been
found that the wear of PIN2 is less as compared to
PIN1
and
PIN3.
The
PIN2
has
PEEK/PTFE/BRONZE composites. After the
compounding the molecular bond developed
between Bronze and PEEK is very strong. Due to
addition of bronze in PEEK improved the wear
performance as well as mechanical properties. This
bronze not only improve the wear but improve
strength of composite PIN2 that’s why this pin
shows the resistance to wear against the applied
normal load. The Fig6.1.4 (b) and 6.1.4(c) show the
relation between friction and coefficient of friction
and time. The frictional force and coefficient of
friction for PIN2 has found to be low as compared to
PIN1 and PIN3. This is because of formation of
transfer film between the rotating pin and
counterpart that enables to form self-lubrication
phenomenon and resist to abrasion mechanism
between the two asperities of meting objects. Less
contact between two asperities cause the less
coefficient of friction and also overcomes to increase
the frictional force.
TABLE III
Comparative study of PEEK and PEEK composites
Specimen
Specific wear
rate (mm3/Nm)
Fricti
onal
Force
(N)
Coefficient
of friction
(µ)
At ambient temperature :(23°C)
PIN-1
2.65x 10-6
1.3
0.13
PIN-2
1.64x 10
-7
2.1
0.21
PIN-3
1.28x 10-6
0.50
0.05
At Elevated Temperature: (200°C)
PIN-1
PIN-2
3.38x 10-6
9.8x 10-8
2.57
3.0
0.06
0.06
PIN-3
1x 10-6
3.0
0.07
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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 33 Number 2- March 2016
Fig.10. Effect of temperature on specific wear rate
at normal & elevated temperature
effective than the SCF. This is because of high
thermal expansion and good malleability property
which enable ease to formation of transfer film
between counterpart and pin causes resistance to
wear.
From result it was cleared that bronze can be act as
good solid lubricants at low as well as at high as
compare to pure peek and SCF filled peek
composites.
The outstanding mechanical properties of PEEK at
high temperatures make it suitable for the most
emending applications, but the high cost sometimes
limits applications to those where the properties are
very necessary.
FUTURE SCOPE
Project with PEEK also help for replacement of
present material with more advantages for different
applications at different operating condition.
This topic is still under study & will be helpful
reference for Researchers.
Fig.11. Effect of temperature on coefficient of
friction at normal & elevated temperature
CONCLUSION
The tribological properties of PEEK and PEEK
composites filled with PTFE, Bronze and SCF has
been studied systematically under different operating
condition at low temperature as well as at elevated
temperatures. From the result shown in table the
following conclusions are drawn.
In comparative study of PEEK & PEEK composites,
it has been observed that resistance to wear of PEEK
composites increased at ambient temperature as well
as at high temperature as compared to virgin PEEK
with addition of filler material.
Due to high glass transition temperature (Tg) of the
filler as well as matrix material, PEEK can be
operated with in the high temperature range. It was
found that PEEK- based composites achieved a
higher continuous service temperature than virgin
PEEK.
PEEK when filled with conventional filler i.e. SCF
and Bronze, the wear resistance and load carrying
capacity of PEEK significantly enhanced.
With addition of CF to PEEK, the specific wear rate
of PEEK decreased from 2.65x 10-6 mm3/Nm to
1.28x 10-6 mm3/Nm.
With addition of bronze in PEEK, the specific wear
of PEEK increased from .65x 10-6 mm3/Nm to 9.8x
10-8 mm3/Nm. i.e. bronze filled PEEK composites
showed more effective than the SCF.
It was also clear that SCF filled peek shows good
lubricity quality than pure peek.
With addition of bronze in peek, it was clear that
bronze filled peek composites showed more
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to express
our gratitude towards all those who helped me in
completing this project work. I am very thankful to
my HOD Prof. R.R.Kharde for his continuous
guidance. I would like to express my deepest
gratitude towards him. I am also thankful to all
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Department
PREC Loni and my friends for constant support in
my work.
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