IV International Conference Translating Voices, Translating Regions Mediating Emergencies: Intercultural Mediation in Extreme Conditions Centre for Translation Studies, University College London, UK Programme Day 1 – 3 October 2014 SPEAKER Opening 09.20-09.30 Keynote talk 09.30-10.30 Session 1 10.45-12.15 Keynote talk 13.15-14.15 Session 2 14.15-15.45 TITLE Convenor’s Welcome Barbara Moser-Mercer TBC Université de Genève, Switzerland BREAK: 10.30-10.45 Jan Cambridge Working in Crisis. Training for Crisis, Two Case Chartered Institute of Linguists, Studies UK Veronica Razumovskaya Translator’s and Interpreter’s Challenges of the 21st Siberian Federal University, Russia Century in the Russian Arctic: Mediating Olga Bartashova Emergencies Saint-Petersburg State University of Economics, Russia Edina Spahic Role of Interpreters in Conflict Sitations University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina LUNCH: 12.15-13.15 Yasuhide Nakamura TBC Osaka University, Japan Patrick Cadwell How Foreign Nationals Experienced Cultural and Centre for Translation and Textual Linguistic Mediation in the Great East Japan Studies, Dublin City University, Earthquake Ireland Valeria Tonioli Health Literacy and Mediation: a Model to Ca’ Foscari University, Venice, Communicate Efficiently in Intercultural Contexts in Italy Situations of Emergency Antoon Cox Interpreting in the Emergency Department. Vrije Unversiteit Brussel, Belgium Challenges for the Practice and the Training Raquel Lázaro Gutiérrez University of Alcala, Spain BREAK: 15.45-16.15 Keynote talk 16.15-17.15 Session 3 17.15-18.45 Christina Schäffner Aston University, UK Leïla Kherbiche Université de Genève, Switzerland Carmen Delgado-Luchner Université de Genève, Switzerland Aymil Dogan Hacettepe University, Turkey Kate Hughes Grenwich University, School of Busniess, UK Who is Talking to Whom? Mediating Emergencies as Challenges to Public Translation Studies Is There a Humanitarian Interpreter? Anybody there? Emergency and Disaster Interpreting in Turkey The Role of Interpreters in Improving Supply Chain Response and Logistics Activities in Disasters Page 1 of 15 In collaboration with the Centre for Intercultural Mediation at Durham University Day 2 – 4 October 2014 SPEAKER TITLE Session 4 Hilary Footitt ‘Listening Zones’ and the Work of 09.30-11.00 University of Reading, UK NGOs/Humanitarian Agencies in Crisis Areas Angela Crack University in Portsmouth, UK Pekka Snellman Military Interpreter Training for Crisis Management Finnish Defence Forces, Finland Operations Maureen Ehrensberger-Dow Research in Multilingual Disaster Settings: Why Zurich University of Applied Translation Matters Sciences, Switzerland Igor Matic Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland BREAK: 11.00-11.30 Keynote talk Erik Hertog Interpreters in Conflicts. Conflicts in Interpreters 11.30-12.30 Lessius University College, Antwerp, Belgium LUNCH: 12.30-13.30 Session 5 Laura Parrilla Gomez Technological Support in the Healthcare Field: the 13.30-14.30 University of Málaga, Spain Case of Immigration in the Canary Islands Manuel Verdugo Páez Health Service, Canary Islands Zeinab Jaber (Mis)translating the Voice(s) of Combatants: A Case Lebanese International University, Study of the Representation of Islamist Militants Beirut, Lebanon Fighting in Syria in Pro-Regime and Pro-Opposition Media Outlets ROUDTABLE ‘Mediating Emergencies: Intercultural Mediation in Extreme Conditions’ 14.30-16.00 14.30-14.45 Jean-Pierre Verleysen Director for Resources in DGT, European Commission, Belgium 14.45-15.00 Brian Fox Director for Provision of Interpretation, European Commission, Belgium 15.00-15.15 Noël Muylle Honorary Director-General, European Commission, Belgium 15.15-15.30 Open Discussion 15.30-15.45 Alexander Perkins Campaigner for military Interpreters, UK 15.45-16.00 Michael Kelly Learning lessons in mediation from the UN/NATO University of Southampton, UK intervention in Bosnia-Herzegovina BREAK: 16.00-16.30 Session 6 Keynotes, Roundtable Speakers, Roadmap: Where do we go from here? 16.30-17.30 Convenor Future events, plans, and projects 17.30 Conference Close Page 2 of 15 In collaboration with the Centre for Intercultural Mediation at Durham University Abstracts Patrick Cadwell Centre for Translation and Textual Studies, Dublin City University, Ireland Title of paper: How foreign nationals experienced cultural and linguistic mediation in the Great East Japan Earthquake Abstract The Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011 directly affected at least one-million foreign nationals, including foreign residents in the disaster zone, multinational humanitarian responders, and short-term visitors. While a variety of languages would have been spoken by these people, the overriding cultural and linguistic context of the disaster was a Japanese one, indicating that various forms of mediation may have been important to their experiences. This paper explores the cultural and linguistic mediation required by foreign nationals who experienced the 2011 disaster. It is based on face-to-face, in-depth, individual interviews carried out with 28 research participants. All participants were resident in East Japan (in Miyagi, Ibaraki or Tokyo) at the onset of the emergency, and all identified as foreign nationals in a Japanese context, with 12 nationalities from 5 continents represented in the data set. These participants varied in age, occupation, length of residence, and Japanese ability, and provided diverse perspectives on the disaster. A thematic analytical strategy was used to examine the interview data, and three of the themes developed - people, places and purposes - are discussed in this paper. Specifically, the paper describes: the people who were carrying out mediation and for whom they were doing this work; the type of information and cultural barriers that required mediation; the loci of these mediation efforts. Furthermore, the paper uses this descriptive account to argue that cultural and linguistic mediation had a beneficial impact on these participants and that greater activism by mediators should be encouraged in future disasters. Jan Cambridge Chartered Institute of Linguists, UK Title of paper: Working in crisis. Training for crisis, Two case studies Abstract Case 1. Kosovo, October 2000. An invitation routed to me via ITI asked if I would go and train a group of diaspora returnees who had been part of the humanitarian airlift. They were working in the Human Rights and Rule of Law Department and were interpreting in the booths at large meetings. They were also interpreting for Kfor personnel in identifying the bodies claimed by the bereaved. This also included body parts. They accompanied military personnel on patrols and at night often worked on translation of newly written law. They were all educated people whose pre-war jobs were in teaching, the law, and commerce. At the end of training we held a mock conference in which the students interpreted speeches made by senior staff members. Case 2. Timişoara, May 2013. Colleagues were asked to travel to the ETC and deliver focused bespoke training for camp staff. Their request concerned the effect that local interpreters were having on vulnerable refugees during interviews with staff. They were described as being‘re-victimised’. It was thought unsafe for us to enter the camp as we could have become a flashpoint. The staff we trained were social workers, psychologists, and linguists from the university. We delivered a whole day of relevant interpreting theory, with demonstrations followed by specially written role plays for two further days. One psychologist said that it took as many as 12 to 15 interviews with a refugee before they would speak. This figure had dropped considerably when we asked for follow-up feedback. Page 3 of 15 In collaboration with the Centre for Intercultural Mediation at Durham University Antoon Cox and Raquel Lázaro Gutiérrez Vrije Unversiteit Brussel VUB, Belgium and University of Alcala, Spain Title of paper: Interpreting in the Emergency Department. Challenges for the practice and the training Abstract The biomedical literature has extensively stressed the importance of effective communication in medical encounters. Communication plays a perhaps even more important role in the Emergency Department (ED), as medical errors there often result from poor communication and language barriers are a major obstacle to proper history taking. ED – communication has its own specificities due to time pressure, potential distraction resulting from long and tiring clinician shifts, the sense of urgency, continuous interruptions, lack of prior information on patients, more speakers (member of staff and sometimes relatives or other companions of the patient), the presence of medical equipment, the use of personal protective equipment, and the emotional state of the patient, amongst others. As globally ED’s are becoming more and more diverse, better insights are needed on how to deal most effectively with multilingualism on the hospital floor. The use of interpreters has proven useful, but they must be properly trained to be able to confront the special ED conditions. The aim of this paper is to describe and classify the characteristics and circumstances that condition the communication in the emergency consultation. We therefore analyse conversations with foreign patients both with and without ad hoc interpreters that were audio recorded in Guadalajara University Hospital, Spain and Saint Pierre hospital in Brussels. The particular contextual and communicative constraints of emergency interactions constitute unique challenges for interpreters. The results of this research will be applied to the training of medical interpreters. Aymil Dogan Hacettepe University, Turkey Title of paper: Anybody there? Emergency and Disaster Interpreting in Turkey Abstract Turkey, being situated on moving plates of the earth, is expecting a major earthquake in 30 years’ time especially in the Marmara Region including Istanbul. The depression and wounds after two successive devastating earthquakes in 1999 has not been healed yet. Thus, as part of the disaster preparedness programme academicians of translation and interpretation launched an organization to provide courses for the interpreters volunteering to provide services to the foreign SAR teams. In order to design and deliver these courses, a non-governmental organization was founded in Turkey, bringing together the academia, government and a non-governmental association who signed a protocol to deliver such training. The basic training courses of the programme serving as a background encompass a large range of topics. This paper, within the scientific frame of the relevant literature, describes the foundation, organization, training, accomplishments and weaknesses of such programme, and future actions in support of this endeavour. Interviews to be made with ARC interpreters who worked in Van earthquake recently and Bande Ache will reveal many aspects of such kind of interpreting. Maureen Ehrensberger-Dow and Igor Matic Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland Title of paper: Research in multilingual disaster settings: why translation matters Abstract In addition to the obvious humanitarian concerns, there is a crucial need for more research in disasteraffected situations in order to contribute to evidence-based guidelines for future decision-makers Page 4 of 15 In collaboration with the Centre for Intercultural Mediation at Durham University (O’Mathuna 2014). The ethical priority of protecting research participants’ rights is especially acute in such contexts, since potential volunteers can be more vulnerable to unintentional coercion if they confuse participation with access to humanitarian aid (cf. Lidz 2006). Thus, information materials and consent forms have to be translated into and explained in the local language(s) in a culturally-appropriate way, which can represent timely and costly obstacles. Since the full burden for obtaining informed consent falls on the researchers in the field, a lack of appropriate linguistic resources may prevent vital research from being approved, carried out, or disseminated. In this paper, we explore the question of how prepared international agencies are with respect to linguistic resources for research in disaster settings. Even in a highly multilingual country like Switzerland, templates for ethics-related research protocols are usually only available in the official languages German, French, and Italian, which means that individual researchers have to organize (and fund) the translation of information materials, consent forms, and other documentation before they can include participants with low competency in Swiss languages. The presentation will open the discussion to the feasibility of contingency plans such as compiling a multilingual repository of information materials and/or pre-testing the use of translation tools (which personnel in the field may already be making use of without recognizing their inherent risks). Lidz, C. W. (2006). The therapeutic misconception and our models of competency and informed consent. Behavioral Sciences & the Law 24/4, 535-546. O'Mathuna, D. P. (2014). Disasters. In: ten Have, Henk A. M. J. & Grodijn, B. (eds): Handbook of Global Bioethics. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media, 619-638. Hilary Footitt University of Reading, UK Title of paper: Listening Zones' and the work of NGOs/humanitarian agencies in crisis areas Abstract In humanitarian/development work, the ideal paradigm for the global/local encounter is that of dialogue, represented by the 'voice' of the local comminity, and the 'listening' of helping agencies. In practice however, 'listening' in crisis zones refers to a range of different listening activities - information processing to promote operational effectiveness, social interaction in order to create functioning multinational aid communities, and ethical endeavour to acquire an understanding of the perspectives of people with whom and for whom one is working. The paper argues that these multiple listening activities by NGOs/humanitarian agencies are both institutionally situated and context bound. The ways of listening of NGOs are framed institutionally by the organisation's history and memory of intervention, its conceptualisation of linguistic and cultural interaction, and its own organisational culture. NGO listening further takes place within broader institutional frameworks set by donor governments and the monitoring/evaluative systems they put in place. Finally, all NGO listening occurs within the specific contexts of each crisis situtaion. This paper renames Apter's 'Translation Zone' ( 2005) as an NGO 'Listening Zone', institutionally situated and context-bound. By identifying the characteristics of this zone, and positioning language/cultural intermediaries within it, the paper seeks to move our attention towards the communicative parameters within which interpreters/translators work in crisis zones, and argue for a greater awareness of the responsibilities of NGOs/humanitarian agencies themselves in setting the limits of successful operational, social and empathetic listening. Kate Hughes Greenwich University, School of Business, UK Title of paper: The Role of Interpreters in Improving Supply Chain Response and Logistics Activities in Disasters Page 5 of 15 In collaboration with the Centre for Intercultural Mediation at Durham University Abstract Interpreting dialogue is often undertaken in formal situations where the context is controlled such as court interpretation, formal presentations, government-sponsored services, etc. The development of this theory and its practical application, along with extensive training, has had a long history. However, in critical situations such as natural, man-made or complex disasters, interpretation is an important tool that forms a bridge between those affected by an event and the organisations that ‘deliver supply chains of service’. However, current research in interpreting in disaster response tends to focus on interpreting for the media. Disasters result in loss of life, displaced communities, families and individuals, disruption of businesses and extensive damage to infrastructure. The nuances of interpreting and the ability to grasp the full message is challenging as the context is informal, ever changing and intense. Adequate, appropriate response to immediate and longer-term needs of survivors is provided by a range of organisations that have deep experience in disaster response that are endeavouring to deliver goods and services to survivors. In disaster response interpreting seems to be a compre¬hensively collaborative activity focusing on supply chain and logistics activities where organisations work with local responders and in the provision of aid. In this time-critical context improving communication in life-and-death logistics decisions, ensuring that the interpreter – a vital link in logistics and supply chain management in this context – is able to operate as an effective collaborator within the response to the disaster. This conceptual paper explores some of the questions related to ‘interpreting in disasters’. Zeinab Jaber Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon Title of paper: (Mis)translating the Voice(s) of Combatants: A Case Study of the Representation of Islamist Militants Fighting in Syria in Pro-Regime and Pro-Opposition Media Outlets Abstract As a result of the developments induced by globalization and information and communications technology, the very notion of war has been redefined. Indeed, focus has shifted over the last decades towards psychological warfare which is aimed at conquering “hearts and minds”, not lands. For this less costly and more effective form of warfare, translation, and namely news translation, is undeniably an essential tool for manipulating the target audience, shaping its attitudes and behaviors, and ultimately, its “world view”. Within this context, this paper seeks to explore how news translators have become effective agents of psychological warfare using different translation strategies to convey their views and/or the views of their employers. Drawing upon the notions of cultural blockage and linguistic relativity as addressed by Greenblatt and Sapir-Whorf respectively, and upon current TS theories on ethics; this paper sheds light on the intervention techniques used in translations between Arabic and English in the context of the ongoing Syrian conflict, with emphasis on the flagrant discrepancy between pro-regime and pro-opposition representations of Islamist groups and the consequent sympathy (or lack thereof) for their cause. Leïla Kherbiche and Carmen Delgado-Luchner Université de Genève, Switzerland Title of paper: Is there a humanitarian interpreter? Abstract Taking the interpreter's skills and personal background as a starting point for analysis, this paper discusses the least consensual and most problematic ethical principles governing interpreting in the humanitarian space such as advocacy, mediation and cultural brokering. In order to devise relevant training contents for interpreters working in humanitarian organizations, InZone has developed the construct of the Page 6 of 15 In collaboration with the Centre for Intercultural Mediation at Durham University "humanitarian interpreter", which evolved gradually through partnerships with different organisations, such as ICRC or UNHCR. The humanitarian space that these organisations occupy is shaped by the humanitarian principles and characterized by security constraints and vulnerability of populations. Humanitarian work is carried out in a permanent “state of emergency”, which has an impact on communication and creates pressure on interpreters, whose role is often ill-defined and challenged by emotional content, cultural differences and conflicts of interest. Training, especially training in ethics, needs to be contextualized in order to make a relevant contribution to shaping the professional identity of “humanitarian interpreters”. Several years of training ICRC and UNHCR contributed to a better understanding of the community of interpreters working for these organisations: their commonalities and differences. Based on an iterative approach these various trainings gave us the opportunity identify the interpreters' perception of their role, employment situation, social, educational and cultural background, level of interpreting skills and the exact nature of their work as relevant criteria for analysis in order to propose a more nuanced approach to “humanitarian interpreting”. Given the variety of profiles,, is it possible to define "humanitarian interpreting" as a profession that is distinct from community, medical or military interpreting? To which extent would this category be relevant and/or necessary? Laura Parrilla Gomez Academic Title of paper: Technological support in the healthcare field: the case of immigration in the Canary Islands Abstract Becoming one of the main touristic destinations in Spain, The Canary Islands have also witnessed the increase of illegal arrivals from the Moroccan coasts due to the proximity of the African continent with the archipelago. Illegal immigrants risk their lives by engaging themselves in a dangerous journey travelling by unstable boats, reaching the Spanish coast in poor health conditions. The regional government, aware of the urgent need of medical assistance for these immigrants has started to take measures to help assure health assistance overcoming the linguistic barrier. One of these projects has been the creation of TRADASSAN , an easy-to-use app translated into five languages which provide a quick and first solution to assist immigrants in their first contact with the health provider. This paper aims to provide an overview of the creation of this project, its uses and what are the main impressions among health professionals about its effectiveness. Veronica Razumovskaya and Olga Bartashova Siberian Federal University, Russia and Saint-Petersburg State University of Economics, Russia Title of paper: Translator’s and Interpreter’s Challenges of the 21st Century in the Russian Arctic: Mediating Emergencies Abstract With the growing importance of the Arctic, both globally as well as within the Russian Federation, this paper examines the strategic issues of interlingual and cross-cultural communication in emergencies. The research outlines the challenges of translation and interpreting (T&I) in the Arctic environment. Tremendous social, political and economic changes are influencing the lives of not only indigenous population, but all of people in the circumpolar zone. Significant mineral and energy resources are driving new exploration activity in the Arctic. Emergencies are caused by climate conditions (frozen tundra) and changes in climate (destabilization of terrain as a result of permafrost thaw), weather (heavy snowstorms, hurricanes, severe frosts) and technological disasters (oil spillage, explosions, air crashes, shipwrecks) in sensitive Arctic ecosystems. The key translation issue is how to ensure effective communication in Page 7 of 15 In collaboration with the Centre for Intercultural Mediation at Durham University emergencies. The main principles of T&I in this context are: mobility, centralization, preparedness and immediate response. Traditionally stressful T&I activity encompasses additional hazards when operating in Arctic areas, which implies significant psychological preparation. An integral approach is required for various aspects of T&I activity in emergencies. The educational aspect includes the organization of specially tailored retraining courses for translators and interpreters, the implementation of a state certification system and the drafting of guidelines. The managerial aspect involves the arrangement of an effective and reliable T&I service to international rescue teams at the distress location and their coordination from the remote HQ; the organization of a T&I group in the Arctic Council and in regional centres of EMERCOM of Russia; a broad international partnership. The paper pays particular attention to the linguistic aspect of T&I activity in the context of globanglization and the systematic organization of the vocabulary on a module principle in order to overcome information entropy. Pekka Snellman Finnish Defence Forces, Finland Title of paper: Military Interpreter Training for Crisis Management Operations Abstract In conflict situations, humanitarian work cannot be undertaken unless security in the area can first be safeguarded by means of military crisis management, in which interpreters are indispensable. The language services of military crisis management operations usually rely on locally recruited civilian interpreters, but many militaries also train military interpreters. This paper looks at issues specific for interpreters working within military organisations. What topics or areas should be stressed in military interpreter training? Today’s military crisis management operations are increasingly human-centric, focusing on the social dimension of the battlefield, in which communicative action is foremost. Typically, military interpreters work within three cultures: the local culture of the operation area, the culture of the contributing nation, and military culture. Lacking cultural knowledge in any one area of the three may hamper the military interpreters’ ability to mediate. In a military context, the trustworthiness of an interpreter may be considered more important than language skills and interpreting competence. Moreover, military interpreters may not regard themselves as impartial in the way traditionally expected of interpreters. Cultural skills, in particular in the national culture of the contributing nation as well as military culture, form an important part of the military interpreter’s agency. Military interpreters work as an integral part of a military unit and their ability to mediate is founded on mutual trust between its members. Ideally, military interpreters should receive sufficient military training prior to deployment, not only to be able to operate independently, but also to gain understanding of military culture. Edina Spahic University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Title of paper: Role of Interpreters in Conflict Sitations Abstract Main objective of this paper is to point out importance as well as difficulties of the profession of interpreter in war circumstances. It will cover war and post-war situations involving court trails as well. More specifically, the intention is to focus on the work of interpreters working for UN and other international bodies during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as those working for the International War Crimes Tribunal in Hague and other agencies. Correct performance of interpreters in such circumstances was and still is crucial for the fair and just end of conflict. Firstly, the aim is to indicate a major problem many organizations faced: lack of professional interpreters and organizing trainings in war context. Secondly, the aim is to see what pre-conditions, in addition to linguistic ones, Page 8 of 15 In collaboration with the Centre for Intercultural Mediation at Durham University interpreters had to fulfill during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, having in mind the complexity of the conflict. Based on interviews conducted with eight former interpreters, we will try to answer some of, we believe, crucial questions regarding this difficult, yet often overlooked, work done by these brave people. Valeria Tonioli Ca’ Foscari University, Venice, Italy Title of paper: Health literacy and mediation: a model to communicate efficiently in intercultural contexts in situations of emergency Abstract Our research is focused on the figure of the interpreter - mediator who works in different social and cultural contexts in situations of emergency. On the basis of researches conducted at Ca‘ Foscari, we will try to answer some questions that are still open at a national level. The heterogeneity in the training of mediators and the importance of this figure laid the foundations to study the fundamental competences of mediators and how they should be trained to get a professional high profile qualification. Furthermore, if we consider mediations in situations of emergency in multicultural contexts, the interest will focus even at an international level. Our investigation shows that in national and international studies dealing with intercultural mediation, the reflection upon the communicative competence of the mediators still has not been deepened systematically. The specificity of the researches carried at Ca’ Foscari upon intercultural communication (Balboni, 2007) and the creation of a model of observation of intercultural communication and skills (Balboni, Caon, still not printed) can supply a remarkable contribute to scientific linguistic research. The intercultural communicative abilities and competences of the mediator (such as suspension of judgment, empathy, etc.) inside a model of intercultural communication can represent an innovative aspect in the field of mediation. Focusing, finally, on the field of healthcare assistance, such as medical translation, we think that an efficient model of mediation and training for operators should be represented by using health literacy as an instrument to facilitate intercultural communication between doctors, patients and healthcare operators. Page 9 of 15 In collaboration with the Centre for Intercultural Mediation at Durham University Biographical Notes of Speakers Olga Bartashova Olga Bartashova was awarded a Degree with Honours in English Philology and Translation in 1979 (Vladivostok State University). In 1984 she became a postgraduate student at Department of English of Saint-Petersburg State University, completing her PhD in Philology in 1987. She is the author of 12 textbooks on Business English and Pragmatics, and over 80 articles dealing with various aspects of intercultural studies and translation. 6 PhD theses in linguistics were supervised by her in the period 2005 - 2014. She is a member of the Union of Translators of Russia, TESOL, IATEFL, a member of Dissertation Counsel awarding PhD in Linguistics. At the moment she holds the position of the Head of the Chair of Linguistics and Interpreting at Saint-Petersburg State University of Economics. Patrick Cadwell Patrick Cadwell is a second-year PhD researcher at the Centre for Translation and Textual Studies in Dublin City University. His supervisor is Dr Sharon O’Brien and his work is funded by a DCU Daniel O'Hare PhD Scholarship. He is a translator (JA>EN) who lived and worked in Tokyo for more than eight years. He was resident in Japan during the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, and his experiences motivated his PhD research into translation in times of disaster. He travelled to Japan and New Zealand in autumn 2012 for a six-week period of fieldwork that included visiting areas devastated by the 2011 earthquakes, interviewing people who experienced these disasters, and building networks with researchers of natural disasters working in other academic disciplines. His research interests include translation and interpreting theory, translation ecology, ethnographic and case study research methodologies, and the ethical issues involved in researching disasters. She was a listening volunteer with Samaritans for 9 years and has trained interpreters in many places. Her doctoral degree is in Health Sciences from Warwick University (graduation in 2013). She believes that without a good command of interpreting theory and an ethical code, interpreting practice becomes inconsistent when a practitioner is under pressure. Crisis Masterclass trainees cascade their new knowledge to interpreters in the field. Two case studies will be presented. These adventures were 13 years apart: in Kosovo when it was still a war zone, based on a fairly standard model of interpreting training in a high-pressure course of 90 hours over 3 weeks. In Timişoara it was a pared-down masterclass of 3 days, using multiple roleplays and held in relatively safe surroundings. Antoon Cox Antoon Cox is a PhD researcher at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. His research focuses on intercultural and multilingual communication in the emergency department. In this context, he carries out non-participant observation and discourse analysis in a highly multilingual inner city public hospital emergency department in Brussels. Apart from this, Antoon is training and examining community interpreters at the Department of Applied Linguistics of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and at the Flemish Centre for Community interpreting (COC). Before working full-time as a researcher, Antoon was a language teacher (Dutch, English and Spanish) for some years at different levels (in secondary, adult as well as higher education). Antoon Cox holds a Master in Applied Linguistics from Erasmus University College, a Master in Communication and Journalism from the Université Catholique de Louvain and a teacher training certificate from Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. In his free time, he makes films and hosts a radio show. Angela Crack Jan Cambridge Dr Jan Cambridge has worked as a Spanish<>English Interpreter in the British public services for 30 years, in immigration, criminal justice, medicine and social services. Dr Angela Crack is Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University in Portsmouth, and has published on NGO accountability, humanitarianism, transnatioanl civil society and global governance. Page 10 of 15 In collaboration with the Centre for Intercultural Mediation at Durham University Carmen Delgado Luchner Carmen Delgado Luchner is a trained translator and EU-accredited interpreter. She was a parttime teaching assistant at the FTI Interpreting Department from September 2009 to November 2011 and has been a part-time doctoral assistant for InZone since December 2011. Her PhD thesis focuses on the challenges of setting up conference interpreter training programmes on the African continent, her other research interests include skill-acquisition and skill-training for interpreters in conflict zones Aymil Dogan Dr Aymil Doğan is Associate Professor at the Department of Translation and Interpretation of Hacettepe University in Turkey, and has been a conference interpreter for 25 years. She holds a BA from Department of English Language and Literature of Hacettepe University, an MA from the Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, and was awarded a PhD from the Department of Educational Sciences. Her research focuses on the psycholinguistic, cognitive and affective aspects of all modalities of interpreting and discourse analysis. In 2007 she received MAS degree in teacher training programme from École de Traduction et Interprétation of the Université de Genève. She is in the authorization unit and the Ankara leader of Emergency and Disaster Interpreting Initiative and the author of many articles, chapters, papers and two books, 1. Sozlu Ceviri: Calismalari ve Uygulamalari [Interpreting: Studies and Practices] 3rd edition (2011);2. Sozlu ve Yazılı Çeviri Odaklı Soylem Çozumlemesi [Translation and Interpreting Based Discourse Analysis] (2014). She designed and established a simultaneous interpreting laboratory, and presented it in Monterey, 3rd InterpretAmerica. Maureen Ehrensberger-Dow Maureen Ehrensberger-Dow is Professor of Translation Studies at the ZHAW Institute of Translation and Interpreting. She has been involved with translation research in Switzerland for over 10 years, recently co-editing three special issues in the area. She was principal investigator of the longitudinal project Capturing Translation Processes and currently heads the follow-up project Cognitive and Physical Ergonomics of Translation. As well, she has conducted research into the impact of language barriers in healthcare, the reception of machine translation, and cross-linguistic conceptualization. Hilary Footitt Hilary Footiit is Senior Research Fellow in the Department of Modern Languages and European Studies at the University of Reading, UK. She has written widely on languages in conflict zones and was the PI for the AHRC project 'Languages ate War'. She has recently been the PI for the AHRC Development Network 'Languages and International NGOs', and is currently starting a new project on the language/cultural policies of NGOs. Kate Hughes Kate Hughes is a Lecturer at Greenwich University, School of Business. Her PhD is under assessment: Decision-making under pressure: Critical factors affecting supply chain management in the aftermath of a sudden-onset, natural disasters from Macquarie Graduate School of Management (MGSM), Sydney Australia. Over the past ten years she worked as a business consultant in marketing, supply chain management and strategy in Australia and Asia. During that time she gained experience in disaster response and emergency management in several countries. Zeinab Jaber Zeinab JABER is a doctoral candidate in Translation Studies at Université Saint Joseph (USJ- Beirut, Lebanon). She completed both her undergraduate and graduate studies at the same university, graduating from the Ecole de Traducteurs et d’Interprètes de Beyrouth (ETIB) with a B.A. in Living Language- Translation Emphasis, a TD in Living LanguagesInterpreting Emphasis and an M.A. in Interpreting. JABER has been working for a variety of clients, providing freelance linguistic services from and into Arabic. Upon finishing her M.A. in 2005, she joined the Lebanese International University where she played an instrumental role in the establishment of the Department of Languages and Translation which she currently heads. She has authored many publications on translation. Her research interests include: activist translator training, Page 11 of 15 In collaboration with the Centre for Intercultural Mediation at Durham University language dynamics, translation ethics, and translation politics. Leïla Kherbiche Leïla Kherbiche has been doctoral assistant at the Faculty of Translation and Interpreting in Geneva since February 2011. She works for InZone, the Center for Interpreting in Conflict Zones, whose main mission is to enhance skills of interpreters working in conflict zones. Leïla has been involved in the design and delivery of the various blended courses of InZone for UNHCR and ICRC interpreters. She worked in the field with ICRC for two years as an interpreter and as a delegate, and is currently an active conference interpreter (ACCC, FR-ENES-AR). Her background both in the field and in conference settings feeds into her training approach and research interests. Her PhD focuses on ethics for interpreters working in humanitarian contexts. Raquel Lázaro Gutiérrez Raquel Lázaro Gutiérrez holds a PhD in Modern Languages and Works as a PhD assistant professor in the Undergraduate Degreee in Modern Languages and Translation of the University of Alcalá. She also gives lectures and is part of the coordination team of the European Master’s Degree in Intercultural Communication and Public Service Interpreting and Translation. She belongs to the FITISPosUAH Group (Training and Research in Public Service Interpreting and Translation, from its acronym in Spanish), and focuses her research in the analysis of the communication in public settings with foreign population, with a special emphasis on medical encounters and interactions with gender violence victims; innovative training for public service translators and interpreters; and professionalization and ethics of PSIT. Laura Parrilla Gomez Laura Parrilla Gómez (University of Málaga) Doctor in Translation and Interpreting with a research background in Public Service Interpreting, she combines her work as a translator and interpreter in the public and private sector with her post as a deputy head in a language school in south of Spain. Laura has published on the subject of Public Service Interpreting in the health field and teleinterpreting and is a member of the research group “Studies and Training of Specialized discourse and new technologies” from the University of Malaga. Manuel Verdugo Páez (Canary Health Service) Responsible for the IT department of the Primary Health care for the last six years at the Technical Unit of the Management Department of Lanzarote. Working as a nurse for the last 16 years for the Canary Health Service and senior nurse at the radiology department for 13, department where he started his interest and research into new technologies. Igor Matic Igor Matic is the research associate on an interdisciplinary project at the ZHAW that investigates good practice approaches to reducing the impact of language barriers in healthcare. He is currently writing his PhD dissertation (working title: ‘Understanding in the context of multilingual homecare nursing’) at the University of Zurich. Using a conversation analytic approach, his PhD project aims to identify strategies used by healthcare professionals to facilitate mutual understanding. Veronica Razumovskaya Veronica Razumovskaya was awarded a Degree with Honours in English and German in 1980. Subsequently, she was a postgraduate student at Saint-Petersburg State University’s Department of English, completing her PhD in Philology in 1985. She is the author of one monograph and two chapters in books (published in Cracow, Poland and Ankara, Turkey), and over 170 textbooks and articles dealing with various translation issues. Furthermore, she has supervised 6 PhD theses in linguistics and translation studies. She is a member of the Union of Translators of Russia, TESOL, IATEFL, MAPRAYL and ROPRYAL. She has taught at Kanazawa University (Japan), Durham University (UK) and the Russian-Tajik Slavonic University (Tajikistan). The most notable positions she has held include Head of the Chair of Applied Linguistics, Dean of the Department of Modern Foreign Languages, Head of the Chair of Translation Studies and Page 12 of 15 In collaboration with the Centre for Intercultural Mediation at Durham University Pekka Snellman . Pekka Snellman (MA) serves as a senior staff officer in the Finnish Defence Forces. He has studied at the Finnish National Defence University and the University of Tampere. He is interested in the language and interpreting services in Finnish crisis management operations. He served in Afghanistan in 2009– 10 and has since then given lectures for Finnish peace-keepers on how to work with interpreters in the field. Edina Spahic Edina Spahić teaches Spanish at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Sarajevo. Her research paper focuses on contrastive phraseology and literary translation, and this was also the topic of her Ph.D. Dissertation at the Faculty of Philology of the COMPULTENSE University in Madrid. Considering the fact she herself worked as a translator/interpreter in the UN during the war, she also researches the role of interpreters in war circumstances and she published several papers on this topic. After the war she worked as an interpreter in the Legal Department of the Office of High Representative (OHR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Valeria Tonioli She worked in a social cooperative company from 2005 until 2013, first as educator and then as an Italian L2 teacher for migrants people. In 2011 she became coordinator of intercultural mediation projects and Italian courses as a second language. She also worked as a project manager for European projects about Italian teaching for migrants or services for migrants integration. She studied in the University of Padova where she took a bachelor’s degree in “Discipline della mediazione linguistica e culturale” in 2008 and in the University of Venice where she took a master’s degree in “Scienze del Linguaggio, glottodidattica” in 2011. Finally she obtained another Master's degree in the University of Venice in “Didattica e promozione della lingua e cultura italiana a stranieri” in 2012. Now she is a Phd student at Ca’ Foscari University and she is researching about interlinguistic and intercultural mediation in healthcare context. Page 13 of 15 In collaboration with the Centre for Intercultural Mediation at Durham University Page 1 of 15