REPORT ON
STATUS OF MAIZE LETHAL NECROSIS DISEASE
AND
GENERAL MAIZE PERFORMANCE
STAKEHOLDERS’ MAIZE TOUR
Dates: 2nd to 12th July, 2012
The Maize Tour Team
The Maize Tour Team at Sotik DAO’s Office. From left: Sotik Staff, Dr. J. Ochieng (KARI),
Dr. A. Wangai (KARI), Mr. S. Miyogo (PCPB), Mrs. T. Karanja (PPSD), Mrs. H. Oduor
(PDA’s Office Rift Valley), Dr. E. Kimani (KEPHIS), Sotik staff, Sotik Staff, Dr. J. Irungu
(Director, Crops Management), Dr. E. Sikinyi (STAK), Dr. Z. Kinyua (KARI), Dr. P.
Ngaruiya (PCPB), Dr. D. Ligeyo (KARI) and Mr. S. Kipkemboi (DAO Sotik)
ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Maize is widely grown in Kenya and ranks highly in food security, meeting dietary
preferences of many communities in Kenya. In 2011, the area under maize production
was 2,131,887 Ha; realized yields were 37.5 million bags of dry maize and 4.6 million
bags of green maize. Total maize crop was worth 87.8 billions. Hence any factor that
threatens maize production becomes a national food security issue
In September last year, cases of maize infected by Maize Lethal Necrotic Disease (MLND)
were reported in Bomet County. From January 2012 to date, the disease has been
reported in other parts of the country, with implication of high yield reduction on
affected farms.
The MLND disease is caused by a combination of two viruses; the Sugarcane mosaic
virus (SCMV) and Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) which are transmitted by aphids
and thrips (Frankniella sp.) respectively. Infected maize plants show chlorotic mottle on
the leaves usually starting from the base of the young leaves in the whorl and extending
upward towards the leaf tips. Advance infection in the leaves show necrosis of leaf
margins that progress to the midrib resulting in eventual drying up of the whole leaf.
Severely infected plants show dead heart symptoms and eventual plant death. Plants that
are affected late shows chlorotic mottling on the leaves and dry leaves starting from the
top and form small cobs with a few or no grains. Fungal infections were also observed
with whitish and pinkish growth starting from the base of the cobs. The immature cobs
showed yellow streaks (cobs appears physiologically mature, but grains inside are
wetwhile the rest of the plant is still green) before finally drying and rotting.
A Multi Disciplinary Team (MDT) comprising both public and private sector, with varied
speciality including pathologist, virologists, entomologist and maize breeder has been
handling the disease. Activities undertaken include pathological surveys, lab diagnosis
both locally and abroad and consultative forums.
Due to the dynamic nature of this disease, the ministry sent members of the Multi
Disciplinary Team (MDT) to carry out rapid assessment of the disease and verify its effect
on maize performance in selected areas. The team visited Eastern, Rift Valley, Nyanza
and Western provinces
iii
The assessment involved interacting and interviewing the District Agricultural Officers
(DAO), making general observations while driving through, visiting and interviewing
farmers besides collecting diseased samples for laboratory analysis.
Through interaction with the farmers, the team noted that MLND has been in Kenya
since June 2011 in Bomet, Naivasha and Narok. However its effect on crop planted then
was considered mild. The team observed that from June 2011, the disease has since
spread and has high incidence and severity in some areas, while entry of disease has been
noted as recently as June 2012 in areas like Embu, Meru and Trans Nzoia.
There are zones in the country which are free of disease including Bungoma, Kakamega,
Machakos and Makueni.
Moderate disease levels were found in upper zones of Embu North, Upper Meru central
and Igembe South. The disease may not cause much havoc in this region but water stress
will affect yield significantly. The farms affected by MLND in this region few,
approximately 5%, and hence low overall yield reductions. High disease incidence was
found in Naivasha, Bomet, Chepalungu, Sotik and Borabu Districts. In highly affected
areas, yield losses of over 90% may occur and this may affect food security and livelihood
in those areas. The area affected by disease out of total maize growing land in this region
is high, over 80%, with high implication onfood security in the region.
It was observed that there were isolated case of MLND in Nyakinyua farm in Trans Nzoia
East district and Kambi Chonjo in Eldoret west district. This need to be destroyed
urgently to prevent disease spread in the Kenya’s grain basket.
Preliminary screening of germplasm in KARI sites in Naivasha and Bomet indicate that
some tolerant lines may be identified in the long term. Unconfirmed reports from alarge
scale commercial farm in Narok, Talent farm, showed that application of additional seed
dressers, foliar application of insecticides, fungicide and foliar feeds has helped to reduce
disease incidence and severity.
The team observed overall performance of the long rains 2012 maize crop to be good,
approximately the nation will realize over 85% of expected yields.
In conclusion, urgent measures need to be put in place through public-private
partnership to halt spread of Maize Lethal Necrotic Disease. Within a span of one year,
from June 2011 to June 2012, the farmers are experiencing 100% loss in the primary
MLND outbreak zones of Bomet and Naivasha districts.
iv
Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................. iii
ABBREVIATIONS ..........................................................................................................................vi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1
1.1 National Maize Production ............................................................................................... 1
Maize production in 2011 ............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Genesis of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease ....................................................................... 2
CHAPTER TWO: FIELD OBSERVATIONS .................................................................................. 4
2.1 Data Collection Methodology ............................................................................................ 4
2.2 Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease situation .......................................................................... 4
2.3 Crop diversification options and challenges ..................................................................... 8
2.4 The Maize Tour Pictorial ................................................................................................ 10
2.5 Specific Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease Concerns ......................................................... 12
2.5.1
Farmers awareness on new maize disease ................................................................ 12
2.5.2
Extension staff awareness of disease: ........................................................................ 12
2.5.3
Spread of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease (MLND) ................................................. 12
2.5.4
Effects of maize variety and crop growth stage to susceptibility to Maize Lethal
Necrosis Disease (MLND) ......................................................................................................... 13
2.5.5
Effect of external factors on MLND infestation ....................................................... 13
2.5.6
Alternative Hosts to MLND ....................................................................................... 13
2.5.7
Opinions of the farmers concerning the source of the MLND .................................. 13
2.5.8
Perceived effects of MLND......................................................................................... 13
2.5.9
Role of Maize in food security and income generation ............................................ 14
2.5.10 Use of certified seeds and Fertilizers ......................................................................... 14
2.5.11 Cropping patterns in high MLND infestation .......................................................... 14
2.5.12 Diversification of farm enterprises ............................................................................ 14
2.5.13 Other Constraints in Maize farming ......................................................................... 14
2.5.14 Large-scale maize farming ......................................................................................... 15
2.5.15 KARI TRIAL SITES (Naivasha, Bomet) .................................................................. 16
2.5.16 OTHER REQUESTS MADE BY FARMERS ......................................................... 16
2.6 OBSERVATIONS ON GENERAL CROP PERFORMANCE ...................................... 16
CHAPTER THREE: RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................. 18
3.1 Trans Nzoia region specific recommendation ................................................................ 18
3.2 Short term Recommendations ......................................................................................... 18
3.3 Long term Recommendations.......................................................................................... 20
3.4 Conclusions and Way forward ........................................................................................ 20
CHAPTER FOUR: APPENDICES ................................................................................................. 22
4.1 Appendix 1: List of Participants...................................................................................... 22
4.2
Appendix 2: Field Programme ............................................................................................ 22
4.3 Appendix 3:DATA COLLECTION CHECKLIST ......................................................... 23
4.4 Appendix 4: Details of GPS readings and farms/sites visited ........................................ 25
4.5 Appendix 5: Altitude range of visited farms per county ................................................. 28
v
ABBREVIATIONS
AAK: Agrochemical Association of Kenya
PCPB: Pest Control Products Board
KEPHIS: Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Services
STAK: Seed Trade Association of Kenya
CGA: Cereal Growers association
KARI: Kenya Agricultural Research Institute
NARL: National Agriculture Research Laboratories
PPSD: Plant Protection Services Division
MOA: Ministry of Agriculture
PDA: Provincial Director of Agriculture
MDT: Multi Disciplinary Team
MLND: Maize Lethal Necrotic Disease
FERA: Food and Environment Research Agency
DAO: District Agricultural Officer
Ha: Hectare
MCMV: Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus
SCMV: Sugarcane mosaic virus
CLN: Corn Lethal Necrosis
vi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1
National Maize Production
Maize is the most important staple food in Kenya. About 90 % of the Kenyan population
depends on the crop directly or indirectly in terms of food, employment and income.
Maize is a food security crop in the country as well as a commercial enterprise in Rift
Valley and some parts of Central, Western and Eastern Provinces. Last year 2,132,000
hectares were under maize crop which is a large percentage of the total land under crop
production.
Maize production in 2011
Province
Area
(Ha)
Dry maize
Green Maize
Total Production
yields (90kg
yields (90kg
(90kg bag)
bag)
bag)
Central
182,248
1,708,726
970,322
2,679,048
Rift Valley
650,270
19,196.203
1,775,132
20,971,334
Eastern
540,854
3,457,007
894,377
4,643,134
Western
255,511
5,795,028
405,990
6,201,018
Nyanza
319,483
5,864,990
308,684
6,173,674
Coast
179,499
1,482,225
303,442
1,785,666
North
3,130
8,995
Nil
8,995
2,131,887
35,520,694
4,662,960
42,183,654
Eastern
Total
Maize is grown in all the Provinces but the Rift Valley Province commands almost 50% of
the annual production. The other key production regions include Western, Nyanza and
Eastern provinces accounting for approximately 14% annual production each. Central
province produces about 6% of annual total yields. Annual consumption of maize is on
the increase and currently stands at approximately 38 million bags. There are many
commercial cultivars of maize available to the farmers. However the number of farmers
using certified seeds varies from region to region with the Rift Valley leading with
adoption at 70%.
Maize production is limited by several biotic and a biotic factors. Environmental
conditions such as drought and soil fertility have been the major a biotic factors. Low
rates of adoption of new technologies such as use of certified seeds and other agronomic
practices contribute to low yields.
1
Amongst the important biotic factors affecting maize production include the infestation
by weeds, insect pests especially the maize stalk borers. Diseases such as Grey leaf spot,
Northern leaf blight, rusts, rots (root, stalk and ear), smuts and maize streak virus. The
factors have often contributed to significant yield losses of the crop estimated at 30%
annually
1.2
Genesis of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease
In September, 2011 the occurrence of an unfamiliar disease was reported in the low
altitudes of Bomet District (Longisa Division, Alt 1900.masl) affecting the second season
maize crop. The disease was observed to spread to the high altitudes areas of Bomet
District (Bomet Central Division-Megiri, alt 2100m asl). Later the disease was noted
spreading into the neighboring Chepalungu, Narok South, Narok North and Naivasha
districts. By June 2012, a number of districts in South Rift had reported the disease.
The infected plants in the field show a diverse range of symptoms. Diseased plants
develop symptoms characteristic of virus diseases that include chlorotic mottle on the
leaves, usually starting from the base of the young leaves in the whorl and extending
upwards toward the leaf tips; mild to severe leaf mottling; dwarfing and premature aging
of the plants; necrosis of leaf margins that progress to the mid-rib resulting in drying up
of the whole leaf and necrosis of young leaves in the whorl before expansion, leading to a
‘dead heart’ symptom and plant death.
In September 2011, DAO Bomet submitted samples for analysis in KARI NARL and a
report was given. In January 2012 the Rift Valley Provincial Director of Agriculture sent
officers in conjunction with KARI, Egerton University and KEPHIS to carry out a rapid
assessment. Due to the magnitude of the disease, the PDA sought further guidance from
Plant Protection Services Division (PPSD) at Ministry of Agriculture Headquarters. The
head of PPSD, invited relevant institutions for a rapid field survey and followed by
consultative meeting of stakeholders (Egerton University, KARI, KEPHIS, Pest Control
Products Board, Twiga Chemicals, Bayer Crop Science, PPSD, Kenya Seed Ltd). During
this meeting, various recommendations were made including further diseased samples
analysis by KARI, Egerton University, University of Nairobi and MoA.
In
February/March 2012, samples collected from the infected maize fields were tested for
viruses at the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute’s (KARI) National Agricultural
Research Laboratories (NARL), Ohio State University (USA) and Food and Environment
Research Agency (FERA), UK. The investigation revealed the presence of a new virus in
Kenya, the Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) (genus Machlomovirus, Group
Tombusviridae). Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), a pathogen prevalent in many parts of
2
Kenya affecting cereal crops was also detected in these samples. The double infection of
MCMV and SCMV or any of the cereal viruses in the Potyviridae Group (e.g. maize
mosaic virus, wheat streak mosaic virus) gives rise to what is known as Maize Lethal
Necrosis (MLN) disease, also referred to as Corn Lethal Necrosis (CLN) disease.
The MCMV is reported to be transmitted mechanically and spread by several insect
vectors, maize (corn) thrips, maize (corn) rootworms and Leaf beetles while the SCMV is
spread by maize aphids. Due to many reports of suspected occurrence of this maize
disease in several parts of the country, the Ministry mandated members of the Multi
disciplinary team to carry out a National Maize Tour to all the important maize
producing areas. The objective of the Tour was to assess the extent of the spread of the
new disease and get glimpse of general performance of the long rains maize crop. The
Team comprised of representatives from MoA, PCPB, KARI, KEPHIS, STAK and CGA.
The Maize Tour was conducted in Rift Valley, Nyanza, Western and Eastern Provinces
from 2nd to 12th July, 2012.
3
CHAPTER TWO: FIELD OBSERVATIONS
2.1
Data Collection Methodology
The following methodology was used by the Multi Disciplinary Team (MDT) to asses’
disease conditions
a) Administration of questionnaire to farmers
b) Briefs from DAOs
c) Interacting and listening to farmers and Extension staff
d) Rapid field assessment by MDT
e) Observations of MLND and general crop performance during movement in
various regions by MDT,
A check list in form of questionnaire was developed to enable the fact finding multi
disciplinary team gather data giving approximate implication of MLND on resultant
yields, verify factors that influence this disease and give general crop performance for
long rains season 2012. Disease incidence was scored as Percentage of infected plants out
of total plants. Disease severity was scored on 1-5 scale depicting level of infestation. The
yield reduction percentage was based on projection of visual observation of crop, stage of
growth and possibility of crop ever reaching maturity.
2.2
Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease situation
Results of rapid assessment of disease incidence and severity on sampled farms, field
observations made as the team drove along the districts together with briefs presented by
DAOs were used to show variance of MLND across the regions as shown in Table 1.
However, due to the dynamic nature of this disease and the rapid spread noted once the
disease sets in, it is important to note that within a short interval of two weeks, the
disease situation can have drastic implications in areas currently rated low.
4
Table1. Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease (MLND) situation in visited areas
County
Date of MLND
MLND Expecte
d yield
st
(districts 1
incidence severit loss (%)
visited) observa (%) range y
due to
tion
(scale MLND
of 0-5)
Embu:
Sept 2011 60 -100
2.0 – 10 – 80
4.0
(Embu
North)
Meru :
June
2011
60 – 100
1.5 –
4.0
October- 70 – 100
Novembe
r 2011
2.0 –
4.5
Novembe 90 - 100
r 2011
3.0 –
5.0
Septemb 80 - 100
er 2011
2.5 –
4.5
(Igembe S,
Igembe N,
Imenti S,
Meru
Central)
Nakuru:
(Naivasha)
Narok:
(Narok
South)
Bomet:
(Bomet,
Chepalung
u Sotik)
Comments
Approximately only 5% of total maize
growing areas in Embu North district is
affected by MLND; On the few affected
farms, yield losses up to 80% have
occurred; But in comparison, the affected
population out of total population
currently is low. However due to rapid
spread, situation can drastically change.
There is irrigation and continuous maize
cropping in affected areas.
40 – 70 Onset and spread of MLND within
Igembe South, Igembe North, Imenti
South, and Meru Central districts is
higher. However disease damage on crop
planted in 2011 was not as severe
compared to incidence on crop planted in
2012. Severe attack of MSV in Imenti
South was observed. Approximated yield
losses, 70% in affected regions. Further
yield looses due to moisture stress in
lower regions (Igembe N especially) are
anticipated
60 –
The small scale farmers noted disease
80
from 2011, but situation become severe
from March 2012.The disease has spread
to main maize growing zone of district,
with observed 80% yield reduction. There
is remarkable moisture stress and low soil
fertility compounding the negative field
situation as one drives in the district.
Yield loss of up to 100% experienced in
Sweet corn and Baby corn cultivars
80 –
Observations made while driving in this
90
district portrays widespread infestation
over large portions of the farms by
MLND. The disease severity is high with
death of young crop about knee high,
implying 100% loss. Minimal disease
incidence found in Talent Farm, with
appr. 4,000 Ha under maize.
70 - 90 Within the districts of Bomet county, the
disease situation is very severe on crop
planted in 2012, with 100% loss in yields,
crop dies while at knee high. The disease
has spread throughout the entire region.
5
County
Date of MLND
MLND Expecte
d yield
st
(districts 1
incidence severit loss (%)
visited) observa (%) range y
due to
tion
(scale MLND
of 0-5)
Kisii:
February 90 - 100
4.0 – 80 –
2012
5.0
90
(Borabu)
Kakamega: Not yet
0
0
0
0
0
0
(Ikolomani
)
Not yet
Bungoma:
(Bungoma
East)
Trans
To be
Nzoia:
confirme
d
Kitale
Prison
Farm
Nyakinyua June
Farm
2012
80-90
2.5-4.0 50-70
Eldoret
North
(Moi’s
Bridge,Mat
unda,)
5-20
3.0
2080%
Machakos: Not yet
0
0
0
0
0
0
(Machakos
Kathiani)
Makueni:
Not yet
6
Comments
Affected farms in this district have high,
90% yield loss. In the area affected by
disease, farmers are agitated and volatile,
rigid on growing maize, rejected out
rightly advice given.
No symptoms of MLND were noted. Crop
appearing very promising (15 – 35 bags
per acre expected)
MLND was not observed, but yellowing,
stunting and death was noted, in
localized patches, samples collected for
lab analysis, suspected fungal infections
Stunting and yellowing was noted on crop
planted in prison farm. However only one
plant expressed symptoms very close to
MLND symptoms. Samples were taken
for lab analysis. Slow crop growth could
also be due to leaching after heavy rains
in the region.
Isolated pockets of severe attacks by
MLND infestation was identified at
Nyakinyua Farm. Reports were made by
farmers of similar disease in the adjacent
farms. Due to heavy population of
surrounding maize crop, this primary
source has potential to trigger an
epidemic in the region unless urgently
controlled. General crop very promising
MLND observed in a farm in Kampi
Chonjo. Inidence low in older crop (2%)
but more intense in younger crop (30%).
MSV severe, 80%. This is an isolated case
surrounded by many farms with young
crop that can be lost if infected by MLND.
MLND was not noted in this district.
However significant attacks by stalk borer
were noted. The farmers are keen on dry
planting, to maximize on rainfall, use of
certified seeds but no control for stalk
borer. Close survailance required in this
area. Moisture stress may reduce yields
by 20%
No MLND symptoms were noted.
Nutrient deficiency- phosphorus was
noted to be high, stalk borer incidence
80%. However a few farmers practicing
County
Date of MLND
MLND Expecte Comments
d yield
st
(districts 1
incidence severit loss (%)
visited) observa (%) range y
due to
tion
(scale MLND
of 0-5)
GAP may get yields of 6 bags per acre.
Moisture stress effect, 20% yield
reduction.
7
2.3
Crop diversification options and challenges
In areas where the disease has established, continuous planting of maize is a waste of
resources. The MLND kills the plants very early, such that even stovers that may be
harvested for animal fodder are greatly reduced. Promotion of alternative crops to break
disease cycle is crucial. From field observations made by MDT and interaction with
farmers, some farmers have already realized they have to adopt alternative crops to cope
with the disease. However, majority are still rigid and very fearful of losing out on maize
production and consumption, expressing maize meal as their main food. However,
majority of farmers had other crops growing in their farms as shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Crop Diversification Options
County
(districts
visited)
Embu (Embu
North)
Meru (Igembe
S, Igembe N,
Imenti S,
Meru Central)
Maize
varieties
grown
H614,
H6213,
H627,
H628,
H513,
H516
H614,
H624,
H627,
H628,
H513,
H515,
H516, DK
8053, PHB
3253,
Duma
H614,
H627,
H628, H
6210
H515,
H516
DUMA
Alternative Challenges
crops grown
Cabbages
Irish potatoes
Carrots
Kales ; Sweet
potatoes
Field Beans
Climbing
Beans



Availability of
clean planting
materials for
potato, sweetpotato
Black rot in
brasicas
Poor marketing
infrastructure
Frequent
drought
Exploitation by
middlemen
Availability of
quality seeds
and other
planting
materials
Beans,

Dolichos
Bananas,

Pawpaws,
Mangoes,

sorghums,
millets, pigeon
peas, green
grams, sweet
potatoes
Nakuru
Irish potatoes,
 Availability of
(Naivasha)
Sweet potato
quality seeds,
Pyrethrum
 Unreliable
Garden Peas,
rainfall
Shallots
 Cost of farm
Kales,
inputs
Cabbages
Climbing
beans,
Livestock
fodder
(Lucerne)
Narok (Narok PAN 691, Wheat,
Drought, crop diseases
South)
Olerai 22, sunflower,
Human wildlife
Olerai 46, potato
conflict
H500
Garden peas,
8
Comments


Promote
commodity
marketing chains
Boost availability
of clean planting
materials
New market constructed
in the area under
Programmes funded by
GoK/NGO/Developmen
t partners will boost
marketing of bananas
and horticultural
produce
Cold dry weather, low
soil fertility, Low use of
certified maize seed
besides poor agronomic
practices affect crop
production
Opportunity for large
scale farming, and
rapidly expanding
populations in town and
County
(districts
visited)
Bomet
(Bomet,
Chepalungu,
Sotik)
Maize
Alternative Challenges
varieties crops grown
grown
series
sorghum
H614,
H513
Olerai 22
Kisii (Borabu) H614,
Local Var
24
Kakamega
(Ikolomani)
H614 &
other
H600
series
Bungoma
(Bungoma
East)
Trans Nzoia
H614,
H6213,
H6210
Eldoret West
Machakos:
(Machakos
Kathiani)
Makueni:
Potato, Beans, Periods of moisture
Sorghum,
stress
Fodder for
dairy animals
Beans, finger
millets,
bananas,
sweet potato
Beans,
bananas,
sweet potato,
sorghum
Poor road
infrastructure, rigid
mentality, abuse of
local brews
-
Comments
tourist hotels offer
optimum marketing
channels
Community had overreliance on maize as
food and cash crop.
Maize grown to be sold
green for income.
Community had overreliance on maize as
food and cash crop.
Appreciable level on use
of fertilizers and
certified seeds.
Commercial maize
production.
Low financial capacity Potential for increased
to access farm inputs maize production is high
(seeds and fertilizers)
Maize is main crop in
this county
Sugarcane,
beans, finger
millet
Vegetables,
tomatoes,
beans,
sunflower,
sorghums
Beans, millets, Soil fertility
Stalk borer attack
Beans,
sorghums,
millets
Sweet
potatoes,
mangoes


Beans,
sorghums,
millets
Sweet
potatoes,
mangoes
Pawpaw






9
Community expressed
dietary preferences for
maize meal
Promote early maturing,
drought tolerant crops
Drought
Access to
affordable
inputs
Termites attack
Stalk borer
infestation
Drought
Promote early maturing,
Access to
drought tolerant crops
affordable
inputs
Termites attack
Stalk borer
infestation
2.4
The Maize Tour Pictorial
Public and private institutions were represented in the maize tour team that traveled to
several counties and interacted closely with extension officers and farmers.
The team listened to farmers and made observations in maize farms.
A wide range of symptoms of maize lethal necrosis disease were observed but there was a
common pattern of symptom expression, largely affecting the top leaves of the plants.
10
Maize ears were affected in some instances, resulting in poor grain set and occasional cob
rotting.
Farmers curiously came to listen to the team and commonly asked questions and
presented memoranda petitioning the government to intervene urgently on the maize
disease. Many farmers urged for help in subsidized seed for alternative crops and
fertilizers.
Some farmers abandoned their affected maize crops while others cut the plants for use
as fodder, albeit amid other difficulties; others decided to allocate sizeable portions of
their land to other crops.
Poor agronomic practices and other pests lower maize production potential.
11
2.5
Specific Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease Concerns
2.5.1
Farmers awareness on new maize disease
A)
When the unfamiliar disease, which has since been identified as
MLND, appeared in 2011 in Bomet County, farmers realized that it was not
one of the usual problems but were unable to distinguish whether the
condition was due to changes in weather patterns or a disease. Under the
circumstances, a few farmers reported the cases to agricultural officers,
local administration and agro-input dealers. The effect of the disease on
crop planted in April-June, 2011 was considered to be mild.
B)
In 2012, farmers in many more areas in the country noticed
unfamiliar symptoms on their maize crops and also received information
on the disease from mass media. With increased awareness of the
existence of the disease, farmers became more sensitive to any unhealthy
condition on their maize crops, thereby reporting even unrelated
symptoms.
2.5.2
Extension staff awareness of disease:
The extension staffs are aware of the new diseases; however some said
they were not able to differentiate the symptoms due to MLND from those
due to moisture stress combined with premature aging of plant. The DAOs
were able to access information passed via PDAs from Nairobi on MLND
management. The DAOs have been passing messages on this disease
during the District Commissioners open forums. The extension staffs were
sensitizing farmers on recommendations enlisted within first brochure
prepared in May. However, some recommendations have since been
amended, and this needs quick communication to all DAOs in affected
districts. The brochures prepared to guide on management of MLND need
to be serialized, to enhance uptake of new changes as more studies on this
disease get concluded.
2.5.3
Spread of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease (MLND)
The Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease (MLND) was noted to be prevalent in
the tea growing zones in Eastern and Rift Valley provinces. From the
seriously affected areas in Eastern and Rift valley regions, the maize crop is
grown continuously year round. This crop is usually sold as green maize
with high returns than dry maize.
In the North Rift, isolated pockets of the disease were noted, largely
surrounded by clean maize crop. The lower regions of Eastern Province and
12
sampled farms in Western Province were noted to be currently free of
MLND. Rapid spread within and outside outbreak zones with dramatic
death effects on crops were noted especially in Bomet County.
2.5.4
Effects of maize variety and crop growth stage to susceptibility to
Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease (MLND)
All commercial varieties planted are affected including crops from farmers’
own-saved seeds. Infestation with disease at early stages of crop growth
produces severe effects on crop yields as compared to late entry which allow
plant to partially escape. However, the disease was observed to attack crops
at all stages of growth. The disease expression is enhanced by drought
conditions
2.5.5
Effect of external factors on MLND infestation
It was noted that poor crop management aggravates the disease prevalence
and severity. Land degradation and low soil fertility aggravates this disease.
The team noted high levels of insect pests like aphids, thrips, and bugs on
infested plants. Many farmers noted that MLND is more severe during
periods of moisture stress, but disease levels decrease with increased
precipitation.
2.5.6 Alternative Hosts to MLND
The team noted ‘suspected’ viral symptoms on possible alternative host
crops like Napier and other grasses, and samples were taken for testing.
2.5.7
Opinions of the farmers concerning the source of the MLND
Farmers’ views on origin of MLND include;

Contaminated seeds from agro vet shops

Government relief seeds

Insects damage

Frost damage

Do not know the source

God’s vengeance due to sins
2.5.8 Perceived effects of MLND
The Public is scared about the likely implications of the new disease and its
effects on Food Security and Farm income. Many expressed fear that
suitable control measures will be identified after many years. The farmers’
13
capacity to repay bank loans and afford schools fees in the face of expected
food shortage is a major concern.
In Embu- Meru region, it was noted that the main maize growing areas are
not seriously affected by the disease. Food security may therefore not be
adversely affected. In Naivasha, Narok, Bomet County and Borabu area of
Nyamira County, it was noted that maize crop losses of up to 90% may be
incurred. In these regions, maize is ranked number one both as a food
security crop and for income generation.
2.5.9 Role of Maize in food security and income generation
The team observed that from the sampled farmers, about 50% grow maize for
income, 40% for both food and income while only 10% grow maize for subsistence.
Hence any factor that will interfere with maize production will have lasting
negative impact on the farming community.
2.5.10
Use of certified seeds and Fertilizers
Farmers’ source certified planting seeds from local agro vets while a certain group
of farmers use own saved seeds from previous seasons and also locally sourced
uncertified seeds due to financial constraint.
2.5.11
Cropping patterns in high MLND infestation
From sampled areas, farmers practice relay cropping due to continuous
availability of moisture and have no clear cropping calendar. Over 60% of farmers’
plant pure stands and 40% practice mixed cropping. Hence in these regions, there
is always a maize crop at different growth stages, implying availability of
susceptible host all the time.
2.5.12
Diversification of farm enterprises
Many farmers in affected regions plant maize as a commercial crop. However,
other suitable crop varieties such as brasicas, legumes, potato, banana, sorghums,
millets, and Napier grass are also planted.
2.5.13
Other Constraints in Maize farming
Others constraints affecting maize performance included;
 Drought - poor distribution of rainfall results in total or partial crop failures

Stalk borer infestation – infestation levels noted ranged from 60- 95%, many
farmers take no control measures especially in Makueni and Machakos.
14

For sampled farmers, only 20% practice regular scouting for pests and diseases.
This makes it more difficult to execute prevention measures and early eradication
for new emerging pathogens before they infest and cause damage.

Crops damage by wildlife was voiced by farmers that neighbor forested areas.

Fungal diseases with significant damage on leaves (Chlorosis and necrosis), stem
rot with lodging and molds growth on cobs were observed.

Birds damage especially in instances of isolated early maturing crop were
observed.

Nutritional deficiency symptoms i.e. phosphorus especially in lower Eastern
region were prevalent.

Maize streak infestation was prevalent in Meru, Bungoma and Transnzoia.

Lack of appropriate storage capacity and management of storage pests at small
scale farm level. Due to inadequate storage capacity at farm level, private stores
without appropriate capacity are undertaking crop storage with poor sanitation
practices that may lead to high post harvest losses.

Soil pests like termites, nematodes, cutworm, chaffer grubs were noted

Land subdivision is affecting seed production due to lack of isolation distances.

Encouragement of other crops like sugarcane and coffee on major maize growing
zones is reducing hectarage for maize production.
2.5.14
Large-scale maize farming
a) Sunripe Farm- Morendat (130 Ha)
The farm noticed strange symptoms on baby corn crop from January 2012, but
attributed the symptoms to frost. The farms capacity is 910 MT of baby corn per
week, sold as component of a ready to cook mixed vegetables packs in Europe
(the supermarkets cannot accept the mixed packs if one component is missing).
The farm has been realizing far below the expected 7MT/ Ha out of the total 130
Ha that is under cultivation for the last 26 weeks since the disease was noticed.
However, they continue to plant to sustain the export market of mixed vegetable
pack.
The farm has attempted to undertake control measures including application of
pesticides, high crop nutrition, and irrigation but has not observed marked effect
in reducing disease incidence. The MDT attributed the poor results in disease
controls in this farm to the presence of maize at different stages all the year
round.
15
b) Talent Farm (4,100 Ha)
The disease was first noticed in March 2012, but is not spreading within the farm which
is being attributed to the high standard of management. The farm undertakes routine
nutritional, pests and disease management through aerial spraying. They also undertake
additional seed treatment before sowing. In these two large scale farms, the management
levels are high, use of quality inputs (certified seed & fertilizers), enhanced crop feeding
with trace elements and undertake routine pest and disease management. But at sun ripe
farm various blocks had maize crop at different stages of growth, resulting to higher
significant losses due to the disease compared to Talent farm in Narok
2.5.15
KARI Trials Sites (Naivasha and Bomet)
Observations made pointed to the possibility of some of the maize varieties expressing
tolerance to the disease at this initial screening. There is need for screening for another
season to verify the results, since this was the first season.
2.5.16
Other Requests Made by Farmers
The following are other requests that the farmers made to the Government;

The farmer’s across all regions appreciated Government efforts towards provision
of affordable farm inputs - Seeds and fertilizers.

In regions highly affected by disease, farmers requested government support in
provision of subsidized alternative cropping materials, seeds, fertilizers and relief
food

The affected farmers expressed their fears and concerns about the impact of the
disease on their livelihood and urged for urgent action by the Government to
address this problem.

A number of farmers expressed concern on shifting from their dietary preference
of maize meal to proposed alternative crops

2.6
Some farmers are expecting Government compensation due to losses incurred
Observations on General Crop Performance
In general, the long rains maize crop is promising. Except in Bomet County where
Maize Lethal Necrosis Diseases has caused total devastation, moistures stress is
the next important factor that will cause yield reduction in Eastern Province. This
fact finding team’s general assessment on likely yields to be realized putting into
consideration the stage of growth and prevailing weather conditions are as
follows;
16

Embu-Meru Region: 80-90% of expected yields will be realized.

Machakos- Makueni region: 75-85% of expected yields

Naivasha: 50- 60% of expected yields

Narok: 40-50% of expected yields

Bomet: 0-20% of expected yields

Borabu: 60-70% of expected yields will be realized

Kakamega and Bungoma region: 90-98% expected yields

Trans Nzoia: 90-98% expected yields to be realized.

Uasin Gishu: 80-90% expected yields to be realized
The situation in Trans Nzoia and Uasin Gishu is still very dynamic. The
infection is in isolated pockets which are surrounded by large fields under
young maize that is vulnerable. Close surveillance is needed in these areas
to assess the disease spread.
17
CHAPTER THREE: RECOMMENDATIONS
The MDT made the following recommendations to enable the country cope with the
current epidemic of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease
3.1
Trans Nzoia and Eldoret North regions-Specific recommendation
Isolated pockets of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease infection was identified in these
districts. In the affected farms (Nyakinyua in Trans Nzoia and Matunda in Eldoret North)
disease incidence was 100% and 30% respectively. . These farms are surrounded by
plantations of maize, with even seed maize plots not so far away. There is need to
urgently;
1. Undertake foliar pesticide application in these hot spots and neighbouring farms
to reduce the vector population, thus protect the rest of the crop
2. Destroy all affected maize stovers by burning or deep ploughing
3. Keep close surveillance on adjacent farms
3.2
Short term Recommendations
a) In areas where rainfall is all year round or maize is produced under irrigation
all year round there is need to harmonize the maize planting season in order to
reduce disease inoculums and perpetuation. There is need to have a period
where there is no maize production in the area and this may need enforcement
for compliance. Each area should have defined planting period.
b) Enforce local quarantine and avoid movement of stovers and green maize from
affected areas to non-affected areas: Collaboration with the Local
Administration for enforcement of the recommendation including removal of
infected materials from the fields.
c) Seed companies/ seed units to ensure that seeds are treated with appropriate
seed dressers at the recommended rates. There is need to have guidance from
PCPB on products range which will be used for MLND management
d) There is need to give guidance on regime of MLND management including
pesticide application in the field. Towards this end, the Government support is
requested to support screening of pesticides
e) The PCPB will through AAK give open invitations to companies to front
products and support work on screening available pesticides products able to
control the virus vectors.
f) Diversify crops planted and practice crop rotation with non-cereal crops like
beans or other legumes, onions, pumpkins, bananas, potato and sweet potato.
18
Each area should have recommended rotation programs with specific crops.
This may require enforcement particularly in the major maize growing areas.
g) Promote Good Agricultural Practices (fertilizer, timely weeding and control of
pests and diseases) to boost plant vigor and eliminate alternate hosts for
vectors.
h) Support small scale farmers with subsidized registered systemic and contact
pest control products for management of vectors (aphids and thrips) especially
in main maize growing zones where MLND incidence is still low
i) All released maize varieties should be screened for resistance to this new
disease. This should be done in a coordinated manner at defined sites as in
NPT.
j) Support disease diagnostic laboratories at KEPHIS and KARI to boost capacity
for pests and disease identification and characterization.
k) Support rapid alert, emergency response and disease surveillance for early
detection for prevention of disease spread in the country.
l) Create awareness of the new disease through public campaigns supported by
Public /private partnership to Extension staff, Farmers and stakeholders via
 Mass media – Local FM, Press release, Technical materials like brochures,
poster,
 Sensitization forums like field days, workshops, shows etc.
 Farmers should be encouraged to report all cases of suspicious diseased
plants
m) Farmers whose fields are affected should get rid of the crop (minimize
inoculums buildup) and plant alternative crops.
n) Urgent research and screening of seed need to be done to determine if the
disease is seed borne.
o) 15: All MLND tolerant varieties among the on going NPT to be fast tracked for
release and commercialization.
p) 16: Cobs and grains from rotten plants should be destroyed by burning and not
be fed to animals or consumed by human
q) Government should consider supporting the farmers in the severely affected
areas, Perhaps with subsidized planting materials and fertilizers but not free
hand outs.
r) There may be maize shortage in the most severely MLND affected and water
stressed areas. There is need to prepare for additional supplies.
19
s) Constitute a recognized Secretariat which will be chaired by Ministry and a
technical team (scientific matters) to address issues related to MLND. Get the
TORs urgently (Action: MOA by 31 July 2012). All public communication on
MLND will be verified at the Ministry Headquarters.
t) The technical team will conduct rapid assessment of MLND to monitor spread
and epidemiology in various regions from time to time.
u) The Ministry will convene stakeholders’ consultative forums for up dates and
sharing of new information
v) The Ministry to set aside a fund for addressing issues related to MLND
3.3
Long term Recommendations
a) Research institution to be supported to identify/breed germplasm with
resistance to MLND and develop resistant varieties.
b) The Government to support screening and registration of new pest control
products for disease and vector control
c) Training of laboratory staff and supply of appropriate laboratory equipment at
KEPHIS and KARI to boost capacity for pests and disease identification and
characterization.
d) Support studies on how the disease was introduced so as to develop strategies
to prevent similar occurrences in future.
e) Enhance prevention of introduction and spread of new pests and diseases of
major crops through rapid alert, response and surveillance programs for early
detection.
f) Training and advisory services to small scale and agro dealers should be
enhanced on general management of pest and diseases.
g) Tolerance to MLND should be included as criteria for release of new maize
varieties.
h) More studies on disease epidemiology needs to be supported for development
of a suitable management strategy
3.4
Conclusions and Way forward
a) Interaction with farmers revealed that Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease has been
in Kenya since June 2011 in Bomet, Narok and Nakuru Counties. At the initial
attack, the plants were able to escape, with mild effects on leaves and cobs.
However, very severe symptoms with resultant plant death have been recorded
on maize planted later in these primary outbreak zones. The disease intensity
and spread has tremendously increased from June 2011 to June 2012, with
resultant 100% crop loss in these primary zones. Districts highly affected
includes Bomet, Sotik, Chepalungu and Borabu
20
b) The Multi-disciplinary Team observed that MLND is at initial stages of
establishment in the Embu, Meru, Uasin Gichu and Trans Nzoia Counties. The
percentage of affected farms from total farms in these regions is low. But in the
few farms the disease was noted, 90% yield loss will be incurred.
c) There are clean regions in the country where MLND was not observed
including Machakos and Makueni Counties in Eastern Province, Bungoma and
Kakamega Counties in Western Province
d) Other factors like moisture stress and stalk borer infestation will influence
yield of current long rains 2012 crop in areas like Embu, Meru, Naivasha,
Machakos and Makueni. Over 80% of maize crop in all sampling areas is at
silking, grain filling stages, with favorable moderate moisture levels, giving a
projection of the country realizing 85% of overall expected yields.
e) Propagation and spread of MLND has greatly been facilitated by continuous
presence of maize at different growth in all zones where disease has been
noted. However the disease is rapidly spreading to new regions in the country.
The disease incidence varies from 100% in the severely affected farms to below
5% in less affected farms.
f) Field observations made and interactions with farmers confirmed that all
commercial seed varieties and local varieties are susceptible to MLND. The
disease is affecting crop grown under small scale (moderate use of GAP) and
large scale (high GAP standards) as long as there is continuous planting of
maize.
g) Although it’s they are the first screening trials, the KARI demonstration sites,
gave some hope for a long term solution as some inbred lines and varieties
have displayed some tolerance to MLND.
h) To halt the spread of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease, there is urgency in fast
tracking implementation of the short and long term recommendations.
Constituting a secretariat to guide and identify officers who will form a Multi
Disciplinary Technical Team to consistently handle issues related to MLND to
completion is crucial.
21
CHAPTER FOUR: APPENDICES
4.1
Appendix 1: List of Participants
Name
Dr Johnson Irungu
Dr Esther Kimani
Mrs Teresia Karanja
Dr Paul Ngaruiya
Mr. S.M. Miyogo
Dr Evans Sikinyi
Dr Anne Wangai
Dr Z.M. Kinyua
Dr Jaw Ochieng
Mr. Mathew Mwarey
Institution
Director Crops-MOA
KEPHIS
MOA-PPSD
PCPB
PCPB
STAK
KARI
KARI
KARI
Kenya
Seed
Additional team members in Eastern Province
Mr. J.G. Ngatho
PDA Eastern
Mr. Felix Nduma
PDAs office
Mr. Peter Kiburih
Monsanto (K) Ltd
Mr Mululu
PDAs office
Mr Joash Wafula
RELO Katumani
Mr Peter Ragu
East Africa Seeds
Mr Stephen Agolla
Elgon kenya
Mr Francis Ndambuki Kenya Seed
Additional team members in Rift valley Province
Mrs. Hannah Odour
PDAs office
Esther Bii
Kenya Seed
Mr. Sammy Okite
Monsanto Kenya
Manish Tyagi
Elgon Kenya Ltd
Mr. Cyrus Mbaambu
Sun ripe Farm
Email
Irungu_waithaka@yahoo.co.uk,
ekimani@kephis.org,
trzkaranja1@gmail.com,
pcpboard@todays.co.ke,
pcpboard@todays.co.ke,
esikinyi@stak.or.ke,
anne_wangai@yahoo.com,
kinyuazm@gmail.com,
jawochieng@kari.org,
mwarey@kenyaseed.co.ke
Telephone
0722325917
0722226239
0722267909
0722894138
0723159475
0710575207
077799879
Pda_eastern@yahoo.com
Pda_eastern@yahoo.com
Peter.kiburih@monsanto.com
mululud@yahoo.com
relokatumani@yahoo.com
ragupeter@yahoo.com
Stephen@elgonkenya.com
ndambuki@kenyaseed.co.ke
0721940205
0721751092
0714606052
0722968844
0725890960
0722630084
0724711502
0733793415
pdarvp@yahoo.com
esther@kenyaseed.co.ke
Sammy.okite@monsato.com
0722726357
Additional team members in Nyanza Province
Mr Owiro J.O
PDA Nyanza
4.2
Appendix 2: Field Programme
Day - Date
Leave
Arrive
Monday – 2ND July
Nairobi
Embu
Tuesday – 3RD July
Embu
Meru
Wednesday – 4th July Meru-Embu
Naivasha
Wednesday – 5th July Naivasha
Two farms
Thursday – 6th July
Naivasha
Bomet
Friday – 7th July
Chepalungu
Sotik, Borabu
th
Saturday – 8 July
Kaka mega
Sunday – 9th July
Monday – 10th July
Tuesday
Wednesday – 11th July
Trans nzoia
Trans Nzoia
Eldoret
Makueni
Thursday
KARI
KATUMANI
Eldoret
Nairobi
Machakos,
Kathiani
0707222526
0722614639
0714606053
0733191512
0738900274
0711827785
0722485864
Activity of the day
Visit farms around Embu area
Visit farms around Meru area
Spend night in Naivasha
Visit 2 farms around Naivasha area
Visit 3 farms in Bomet county
Visit farms around Sotik, Borabu
Visit farms around Kaka mega and
Bungoma
Spend night in Kitale
Visit 2 farms Machakos/Makueni
areas Conclude field trip
Report writing
22
No. Days
1
2
0
1
2
1
2
0
1
4.3
Appendix 3:DATA COLLECTION CHECKLIST
Name of farmer:
Gender:
Telephone No.
No QUESTION
1
Do you grow maize for a)Food b) Income c) Both
2
During the last 3 seasons which maize variety did you plant and what was the
approximate hectare for each variety
3
Where do you get planting seeds and technical advice on varieties to grow
4
How do you grow your maize crop
a) Mixed cropping; Mono cropping, or both
District:
GPS coordinates:
Date:
RESPONSES
a)
b)
b) Seasonal; Continuous; Relay
c) which crop preceded the current maize stand
5
6
7
What major problems have you encountered as you grow maize in your farm in the last 5
years
Do you practice regular scouting for pests and diseases
When did farmer ( month/year) notice the new maize disease
a) At which stage was the crop
What do you think may have brought this disease to your farm
b) Did you notice insect pests and how was their population per plant
c) Which varieties are affected on your farm
d) How widespread is this disease in this geographical region
8
Which weather conditions were prevailing when disease was first noted, do you think
weather is influencing this disease
9
For how many seasons has your maize been affected by this disease
10
In comparison to when this disease had not come, can the farmer approximate % yield
reduction experienced on his farm due to MLND.
11
What coping strategies has the farmer undertaken to manage this disease
12
13
Has the farmer sprayed any pesticides on the maize crop
Name pesticide sprayed and farmer’s observed effects of spray in management of MLND
14
Has the farmer been sensitized on this new disease
a) What was the source of the information
b) Is the farmer aware of recommended control measures?
Is the farmer comfortable/ Not comfortable with the following
a) planting maize only one season per year
15
b) Rouging and burning all infected crop materials
c) Practicing crop rotation
d) Planting only certified seeds
e) Avoiding movement of plant materials out of their farms and also out of their
23
a)
b)
Name of farmer:
Gender:
Telephone No.
geographical region
f)
District:
GPS coordinates:
Date:
Controlling insects pests on maize crop
16
Which other crops or plants have been observed to be affected by this new maize disease
in this region
17
If MLND makes it difficult for farmers to grow maize, can the farmer name at least 5 in
order of priority alternative crops that he can plant
18
Is the farmer already growing any of the above crops?
a) How is the field performance
b) How is the market value
c) Are the planting materials/ seeds available locally
d) Do these crops meet cultural and dietary preferences of the community
e) Has the farmer experienced any problem when growing any of these crops
In the opinion of the farmer what roles should the following play to help manage MLND
19
a) Farmers
b) NGOs
c) Government
20
CROP MANAGEMENT ASPECTS
a) Which type of fertilizer did the farmer use at planting and what was the source
b) Which type of fertilizer did the farmer use to top dress the maize and what was
the source
c) How many times does the farmer weed maize crop
d) At what stage of crop growth is weeding done
21
22

Soon after germination

Knee height

Tassel ling
Opportunity for farmer to ask any questions on MLND or food security in general to the
team:
The team will seek permission from farmer to
a) assess current MLND incidence per maize variety in the farm
b) assess current MLND severity per maize variety in the farm
23
The Team will make overall comments on effects of MLND on the crop
24
a)
b)
4.4
County
(districts
visited)
Embu:
(Embu
North)
Appendix 4: Details of GPS readings and farms/sites visited
Farmer’s
name
Area name
Altitude Latitude
(m asl) range
Longitude
Kagumori village,
Manyatta Division
1818
S00º 22.226’
E037º 26.948’
Kagumori village,
Manyatta Division
1820
S00 22.212’
E037 26.955’
Manyatta Division
1898
S00 21.598’
E037 26.549’
Imenti South
1643
S00 03.456’
E037 37.960’
1926
S00 00.290’
E037 35.371’
Severe MLND
symptoms
1928
S00 00.233’
E037 35.258
Severe MLND
symptoms
1006
S00 01.076’
E037 48.548’
No symptoms of
MLND seen; crop
very good-looking
1440
S00 11.507’
E037 55.944’
Very severe MLND
symptoms
1867
S00 40.072’
E036 22.490’
1867
S00 39.161’
E036 22.553’
Very severe MLND
symptoms on baby
corn
1890
S00 39.916’
E036 23.383’
Joseph Muchu Gituamba, Naivasha 2050
Central Division
Tabitha Kuria Maraigushu, Kinungi, 2281
(0725-324049) Naivasha Central
Division
Talent Farm Narok South District 1973
(c/o Gavin,
Farm Manager
– 0713460740)
S00 44.044’
E036 38.300’
S00 45.662’
E036 31.075’
Variations
observed in MLND
severity among
screening entries
Very severe MLND
symptoms
Severe MLND
symptoms
S01 00.596’
E035 32.468’
Lawrence
Njeru Kathuri
(0718-540528)
Onesmus
Kariuki
(neighbour to
Kathuri)
David Nyaga
Ngoroi
Meru:
Elijah Gikunda
(Igembe S, (0788-102587)
Igembe N,
Imenti S,
Meru
Central)
Jennifer
Gichuru
Githongo,
Abothuguchi West
Division, Meru
Central
Stella Kirigia Githongo,
Abothuguchi West
Division, Meru
Central
Peter Kaburu Gakori village,
(0720-365908) Nkandone s/location,
Abothuguchi East
Division
Stanley
Kiohura village,
Mugambi
Igembe South District
(0733-221240)
Nakuru:
Silas Mbaabu Sunripe Farm,
(Naivasha) (Farm
Naivasha
manager,
Sunripe Farm)
Silas Mbaabu Sunripe Farm,
(Farm
Naivasha
manager,
Sunripe Farm)
KARI/CIMMYT Sunripe Farm,
trial site
Naivasha
Narok:
(Narok
South)
25
Altitudes Comments on
range (m disease situation
asl)
1818-1898 Phaeosphaeria leaf
spot very severe;
ear rots evident
Symptoms of maize
lethal necrosis
disease (MLND)
evident
MLND symptoms
evident
1006 MLND symptoms
1928
evident
1867 2281
1973 1997
Baby corn crop
affected by MLND
Reported to have a
very low incidence
of MLND; spraying
with insecticides
and fungicides
County
(districts
visited)
Farmer’s
name
Area name
Altitude Latitude
(m asl) range
Longitude
Bomet ATC, Bomet
1868
S00 47.771’
E035 20.439’
Nyambugo s/location, 1906
Sigor Division,
Chepalungu District
Aroiywut village,
1788
Sigor Location, Sigor
Division
Paul Tanui
Mutarakwa Division, 1814
(0729-018306) Sotik District
Lucy Moraa Borabu (roadside
1853
Andara
stop over)
S00 51.996’
E035 19.368’
S00 55.686’
E035 15.442’
Very severe MLND
symptoms
S00 45.764’
E035 13.860’
S00 43.354’
E035 02.299’
S00 46.875
E035 02.596
N00 17.216’
E034 45.377’
1505 1549
1627
N00 42.320’
E034 44.863’
1627 1692
Grace Nanjala Nasusi B village,
1692
Wafula (0707- Kamusinde location,
457312)
Kamukuywa Division,
Kimilili District
N00 49.114’
E034 45.264’
Kitale Prison GK Medium Prison
Farm c/o Mr. Kitale Farm, Trans
Okwayo, Farm Nzoia West District
Manager
(0725-730643)
1865
N01 01.239’
E034 59.919’
MLND symptoms
evident
Very severe MLND
symptoms; field
clearing in progress
and crop residue
left in the field; crop
at tasseling stage
Very severe MLND
symptoms; crop
mature/advanced
No MLND
symptoms seen;
crop very good and
at soft dough stage
Patches of maize
field with chlorotic,
stunted plants (root
system trimming
evident); suspected
symptoms of MLND
(samples taken)
Patches of maize
crop field with
rotting root system
and lower stem
(samples taken)
Only one plant with
suspected MLND
symptoms seen
Thomas
Three Rivers Farm, 1738
Wafula (0729- Kipyoywan s/location,
741625)
Kinyoro location,
Saboti Division Trans
Nzoia West District
Gerald
Nyakinywa, near
1776
Wambugu (c/o Bata Muhiu Primary
Kihenjo 0727- School, Trans Nzoia
167614)
East District
Uasin Gishu Samuel Birgen Sikaon village (Kambi 1852
N00 58.587’
E034 54.545’
N00 54.613’
E035 07.135’
N00 50.033
E035 10.449
Bomet:
KARI/CIMMYT
(Bomet,
trial site
Chepalungu
, Sotik)
John
Cheruiyot
(0720-815648)
Mike Ruto
Kisii
(Borabu)
Samson
Mainye (0721621365)
Kakamega Road side
(Ikolomani) stop over
Bungoma
(Bungoma
East)
Trans Nzoia
(Trans
Nzoia West,
Trans Nzoia
East)
Kineni sub-location, 1793
Nyansiongo location,
Borabu Division
Kakamega town
1549
outskirts
John
Upendo village,
Wepukhulu
Misikhu s/location,
(0719-584226) Webuye Division
26
Altitudes Comments on
range (m disease situation
asl)
done
1788 Variations
1906
observed in MLND
severity among
screening entries
Very severe MLND
symptoms
1793 1853
1738 –
1865
Crop affected by
MLND but farmer
got some harvest;
neighbours’ crops
affected
Severe MLND
symptoms
observed
1852
Mild symptoms of
County
(districts
visited)
(Eldoret
West)
Farmer’s
name
Area name
Altitude Latitude
(m asl) range
Longitude
Altitudes Comments on
range (m disease situation
asl)
MLND observed
arap Sambu
Makueni
Hon. Gideon
Ndambuki’s
farm
Chonjo), Matunda
s/location, Soy
Division
Mukuyuni, Kaiti
Division
1297
S01 45.219’
E037 27.873’
1280 –
1330
Francis
Mukuyuni, Kaiti
Kyongo (0713- Division
777736)
1280
S01 44.770
E037 28.104
Regina
Mukuyuni, Kaiti
Mwania (0727- Division
015313)
1330
S01 44.721
E037 26.434
Luka Muthoka Kimutwa location,
Central Division,
(Machakos,
Machakos District
Kathiani)
1568
S01 34.781’
E037 16.859
Samuel Mweu Mang’auni village,
(0722-335682) Kaathi s/location,
Kimutwa location,
Machakos District
1546
S01 33.834’
E037 16.346’
Mr. Kilonzo
Mitamboni village,
Mitamboni location,
Kathiani District
1516
S01 23.431’
E037 16.024
Philip Mutua Kinyau s/location,
Ndolo (0727- Mitamboni location,
206092)
Kathiani District
1495
S01 20.414’
E037 15.256
Machakos
27
1495 –
1568
No symptoms of
MLND observed;
some portions of
the crop affected by
moisture stress
No symptoms of
MLND observed;
very good water
trapping done
No symptoms of
MLND observed;
Good crop of
Pannar 4M19 but a
portion with
recycled Pioneer
seed performing
poorly.
No incidence of
MLND observed;
farmer pre-soaks
seed to hasten
germination due to
fear of shortage of
rains
No incidence of
MLND observed;
farmer uses own
selected seed of a
local variety;
applies manure and
DAP but no topdressing.
No incidence of
MLND observed;
stalk borer
incidence noted
No incidence of
MLND observed;
farmer with good
agronomic
practices
4.5
Appendix 5: Altitude range of visited farms per county
County (districts visited)
Embu (Embu North)
Meru (Igembe S, Igembe N, Imenti S, Meru Central)
Nakuru (Naivasha)
Narok (Narok South)
Bomet (Bomet, Chepalungu, Sotik)
Kisii (Borabu)
Kakamega (Ikolomani)
Bungoma (Bungoma East)
Trans Nzoia (Trans Nzoia West, Trans Nzoia East)
Makueni
Machakos (Machakos, Kathiani)
Altitudes range (m asl)
1818-1898
1006 - 1928
1867 - 2281
1973 - 1997
1788 - 1906
1793 - 1853
1505 - 1549
1627 - 1692
1738 – 1865
1280 – 1330
1495 – 1568
28