Biology 2230 – Microbiology Lecture
Learning Objectives and Assessment Measures
A student who successfully completes the Lecture component of Biology 2230
(Microbiology) will have mastered the learning objectives in nine core themes:
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1.
1a.
1b.
1c
1d.
1e.
1f,
2.
2a.
2b.
2c.
2d,
2e.
2f.
2g.
2h.
2i,.
2i.
2j.
2k.
2l..
2m.
2n.
Learning Objective
Understand the nature of what is studied in Microbiology and be
able to:
Define microbiology..
Discuss several reasons why an understanding of microbiology is needed
for a career in allied health.
Describe five ways in which microorganisms are good for humans
and/or the environment.
Describe three ways in which microorganisms are harmful to humans
and/or the environment.
List and describe the five basic groups of microbes.
Know the proper nomenclature used for naming microbes and be able to
use it correctly
Understand the structural organization and functions of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells and be able to:
List and describe ten key differences between a prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cell.
List the three basic shapes of bacteria.
List and describe the five different arrangements of cocci.
List and describe the two different arrangements of bacilli.
List and describe the three different spiral forms of bacteria
List the various cellular components that are often found external to the
prokaryotic cell wall.
Describe the composition, function and relevance to human health of the
glycocalyx.
Describe the structure and function of bacterial flagella
List and describe (or draw) the four prokaryotic flagellar arrangements
Compare and contrast the structures and function of the conjugation pili
and attachment pili.
Describe the chemical makeup and function of peptidoglycan in the
prokaryotic wall.
Describe the composition of the Gram-positive cell wall, indicating the
possible function of peptidoglyan, teichoic acids and surface proteins.
Describe the composition of the Gram-negative cell wall, indicating the
possible function of peptidoglyan, porin proteins, lipopolysaccharides,
periplasmic space and surface proteins.
Briefly describe how the LPS of the Gram-negative cell wall can
promote inflammation.
Describe the composition of the acid fast cell wall.
Assessment
Measure
D, E
D, E, H
D, E
D, E
D, E
D, E, H
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E, H
E
E, H
E, H
E, H
E, H
E, H
2o.
2p
2q.
2r,
2s.
2t.
2u
2v.
3.
3a.
3b.
3c.
3d.
3e.
3f.
3g.
3h.
3i.
3j.
4.
4a.
4b.
4c.
4d.
4f.
4g.
4h.
5..
5a.
5b.
5c.
Describe the atypical ell walls of archaea, L-forms and mycoplasmas.
Describe the chemical composition and major functions of the
prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane.
Name and describe the various structures that may be located within the
cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.
Describe the chemical makeup and the functions associated with the
nucleoid of bacteria.
Describe plasmids and indicate their possible benefit to bacteria
Describe structure and chemical composition of bacterial ribosomes and
state their function
Describe the structure and function of a bacterial endospore
State the function of inclusion bodies and describe six main types.
Understand the flow of genetic information in microorganism and
be able to:
Describe the chemical composition and organization of DNA
Describe the process of DNA replication
Describe the process of transcription.
Describe the process of translation.
Describe tw0different mechanisms of spontaneous mutation and describe
four possible results that may occur as a result of these mutations
Briefly describe three ways chemical mutagens work.
Describe the mechanisms for transformation in bacteria
Briefly describe mechanisms of generalized transduction and specialized
transduction in bacteria:
Briefly describe mechanisms of conjugation in bacteria:
Describe R-plasmids, R-plasmid conjugation, and the significance of Rplasmids to medical microbiology
Understand the basic concepts of microbial metabolism and be able
to:
Define energy and explain why cells require energy
Define the following: photoautotroph, photoheterotroph,
chemolithoautotroph, and hemoorganoheterotroph
Define aerobic respiration.
Give the overall chemical reaction for aerobic respiration.
Describe the main events of the four stages of aerobic respiration
Define anaerobic respiration and state the pathways involved
Define fermentation.and indicate the reactants and products.
Understand the chemical and physical factors that affect bacterial
growth.
Define the following in terms of bacterial growth: binary fission
and generation time.
Classify microorganisms into five groups on the basis of their preferred
temperature range
Distinguish among anaerobes, aerobes, aerotolerant anaerobe, facultative
anaerobes, and microaerophiles
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E, H
E
E, H
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E, H
5d.
5e.
5f.
5g.
6.
6a.
6b.
6c.
6d.
6f.
6g.
6h.
6i.
7.
7a.
7b.
7c.
7d.
7e.
7f.
7g.
7h.
7i.
7j.
8.
8a.
8b
8c.
Explain how oxygen can be fatal to organisms and describe how
organisms protect themselves from toxic forms of oxygen
Distinguish between chemically defined and complex media.
Describe the use of selective media and differential media in the
microbiology laboratory
Describe the phases of bacterial growth
Understand the physical and chemical methods employed to control
the growth of microorganisms in the environment, and be able to:
Contrast sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis and sanitization and
describe their practical uses
Contrast the terms sanitization and pasteurization
Compare the effects of “-static” versus “-cidal” control agents on
microbial growth
Define microbial death rate and describe its significance in microbial
control
List factors to consider in selecting a microbial control agent
Describe five types of physical methods of microbial control
Compare and contrast eight major types of antimicrobial chemicals, and
discuss the positive and negative aspects of each
Describe ways it might be argued that the widespread commercial use of
antiseptics and disinfectants has hurt rather than helped American health
Understand the control of microbial growth in humans with
chemotherapeutic agents and be able to:
Explain how semisynthetic and synthetic antimicrobials differ from
antibiotics
Explain the principle of selective toxicity
List five mechanisms by which antimicrobial drugs affect the growth of
pathogens
List six clinical considerations when prescribing antimicrobial drugs
Briefly describe how antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, and
vancomycin affect bacterial cell wall synthesis.
State how the antibiotic polymyxin affects the bacterial cytoplasmic
membrane.
Give examples of drugs that inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria
Give examples of drugs that inhibit metabolic pathways of bacteria
Give examples of drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis of bacteria
Briefly describe four different mechanisms as a result of genetic
changes in a bacterium that may enable that bacterium to resist an
antibiotic
Understand the principles of how infection and disease are
contracted and spread in a population, and be able to:
Define normal and transient microbiota
Define the three types of symbiosis and list them in order from most
beneficial to most harmful to the host
Contrast normal and transient microbiota with opportunistic pathogens
E, H
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E, H
E
E
E
E
E
E
D, E. H
E
E
E
8d.
8e.
8f.
8g
8h.
8i.
8j.
8k.
8l.
8m.
8n.
8o.
8p.
8q.
8r.
8s.
8t.
8u.
9.
9a.
9b.
9c.
9d.
9e.
9f.
9g.
9h.
9i.
9j.
10.
Explain how a human is colonized with their microbiota
Describe three conditions that create opportunities for normal microbiota
to cause disease
List Koch’s postulates, explain their function and describe their
limitations
Describe the three types of pathogens.
Differentiate between a communicable and a noncommunicable disease.
Categorize diseases according to frequency of occurrence and severity.
Compare and contrast: bacteremia, toxemia, septicemia, and viremia
Distinguish between a primary infection, secondary infection and
subclinical infection
Contrast symptoms, signs and syndromes
List and describe the five typical stages of infectious diseases
Define reservoir of infection and describe the three types of reservoirs of
infection in humans
Explain the three methods of disease transmission and give and example
of each.
Define nosocomial infections, and explain their importance
Define epidemiology and discuss its importance
Differentiate among the terms endemic, sporadic, epidemic and
pandemic.
Describe the portals through which pathogens invade the body and
describe the portals of exit that pathogens take from the host’s body.
Explain how microbes adhere to host cells and why this is important to
pathogenicity
Describe how microbial extracellular enzymes, toxins, adhesion factors,
and antiphagocytic factors affect virulence.
Understand the nonspecific lines of defense that humans have
against infection and disease and be able to:
Define the following: resistance, susceptibility, innate resistance,
acquired resistance.
List and briefly describe the three lines of defense in the human body.
Compare and contrast the body’s first and second lines of defense
against disease.
Discuss the components of blood and their functions in the body’s
defense.
Name and describe the five steps of phagocytosis.
Describe the complement system, including its classical, alternate and
lectin pathways
List the components of the complement system. And describe three
consequences of complement activation
Explain the roles of interferons and defensins in nonspecific defense.
Define inflammation and lists its characteristics
Describe the cause and effects of fever
Understand the specific lines of defense that humans have against
E
E
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E
E
E
E
E
E, H
E
E
E
D, E, H
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
infection and disease and be able to:
10a. Define antigen, immunogen, and epitope
10b. Distinguish between innate and acquired immunity
10c. Differentiate humoral from cell-mediated immunity
10d. Distinguish among exogenous antigens, endogenous antigen, and
autoantigens
10e. Describe the characteristics of B lymphocytes
10f. Describe the basic structure of an antibody (immunoglobulin).
10g. Contrast the structure and function of the five classes of
immunoglobulins.
Describe the five functions of antibodies.
10h. Describe the formation and functions of plasma and memory B cells.
10i. Describe the steps and effect of clonal selection.
10j. Contrast primary and memory immune responses.
10k. Describe the basic characteristics of T lymphocytes.
10l. Describe and contrast the four types of T cells.
10m. Describe a cell-mediated immune response.
10n.
11.
11a.
11b.
11c,
11d.
11e.
11f.
11g.
11h.
11i.
Contrast active versus passive acquired immunity, and naturally acquired
versus artificially acquired immunity. Give an example of each.
Understand the general characteristice of viruses and how they may
be cultivated in the laboratory, and be able to:
State two living andt hree nonliving characteristics of viruses.
List the three criteria used to define a virus.
List three methods of cultivating viruses in the lab
Define bacteriophage
List four shapes of viruses.
Describe what an animal virus consists of structurally
List the six types of nucleic acid that may be found among the viruses.
Define prion and name an infection caused by a prion
State what happens during each of the following steps of the productive
life cycle of an enveloped animal virus and describe how the virus
accomplishes each event: adsorption, penetration, uncoating, replication,
maturation and release
D = Discussion; E = Exam; H = Homework
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