Extensional Rheology
Produ c t Spe ci f i cat i ons
Thermo Scientific
HAAKE CaBER 1
Analyzing and Quantifying Extensional Flow Properties
Complex flows that contain strong
extensional flow fields occur in many
industrial processes and applications.
Some examples are coating flows, fiber
spinning, spraying and printing as well
as chewing and swallowing.
Materials that might behave very
similar in steady shear or Oscillation
can behave completely different in
an extensional flow field. Hence,
knowledge of the extensional behavior
is crucial in understanding your fluids
behavior towards a certain application
or process. Knowledge you will only
be able to gain via working with the
Thermo Scientific HAAKE CaBER 1*, the
only commercially available Extensional
Rheometer for fluids on the market.
* The HAAKE CaBER was developed by Cambridge Polymer
Group (CPG) based on the pioneering work of Russian
scientists Entov, Rozhkov and co-workers in capillary
break-up rheometry.
Principle of Operation:
A small quantity of sample is placed between
two circular plates. The top plate is rapidly
separated from the bottom plate at a userdefined speed, thereby forming a filament
by imposing an instantaneous level of
extensional strain on the fluid sample.
After stretching, the fluid is squeezed
together by the capillary force imposing
an extensional strain on the fluid. A laser
micrometer monitors the midpoint diameter
of the thinning fluid filament as a function
of time.
The relevant extensional parameters of a
given fluid, i.e. extensional viscosity and
extensional relaxation times can then be
quantified.
Filament thinning during HAAKE CaBER experiment
Normalized filament diameter during HAAKE CaBER
experiment for PDMS mixtures
2
Application Solutions
Food
No matter if you are formulating food products or designing specific food
additives, understanding the extensional flow properties is key to success as
they play a major role in a wide range of applications and processes present
in food industry.
No matter if you need to understand specific processing steps like pumping or
filling of a fruit juice or the mouthfeeling of a polymer stabilized yoghurt during
oral processing, the HAAKE CaBER provides you with quick and reliable results.
Those results in regards to your product’s extensional behavior can then be
correlated directly with its performance towards described processes, like i.e.:
• Chewing
• Swallowing
• Coating
• Spraying
• Pumping
• Filling
Petroleum
Due to its very distinct chemical composition, every crude oil behaves differently
towards flow fields occurring at various upstream processes in a wide range of
temperatures. Extensional flow fields are present during exploration and recovery as
well as during transport.
Here the knowledge of the extensional properties of your crude as well as the
individually composed additives you are dealing with is key to success, no matter
if you need to manage an oilfield, operate a pipeline at top performance or design
supporting fluids for the petroleum industry.
Minimizing cost while keeping the performance at an optimum level is of utmost
importance, no matter if you are dealing with:
• Crude Oil
• Emulsions
• Dispersions
• Polymer Solutions
• Surfactant Solutions
Inks and Coatings
In most industrial coating techniques like spraying, curtain coating, or blade coating, strong extensional flow fields
occur. Accordingly, not only shear but also extensional flow properties of the corresponding complex formulations have
to be investigated intensively with respect to processing or application properties like i.e. droplet formation, misting,
atomization or curtain stability.
• Curtain Coating
• Offset Printing
• Spraying
• Droplet Formation
• Misting
3
No matter if you are interested in emulsions, solutions or dispersions, the visco-elastic
properties determining a food behavior towards the described applications and processes,
of course, depend strongly on its formulation.
Polymer or protein additives, as well as solid particles that you introduce to your food
products in order to perform a certain task like i.e. stabilizing or gelling, that enhance the
customers’ perception have a strong influence on the visco-elastic response towards
described extensional flow fields.
Food products where the extensional flow properties have a pronounced impact of its
industrial and oral processing behavior are:
• Dairy Products • Beverages
• Condiments
• Pastries • Chocolates and Sweets
No matter if you are involved in enhanced oil recovery (EOR), polymer flooding or drag
reduction, adding polymers, solids or surfactants will change the visco-elastic behavior of
either your crude oil or supporting fluid towards extensional flow fields.
This very behavior has to be custom-tailored towards optimum performance in extensional
flow fields occurring during flow through porous media and pumping for a wide range of fluid
types and applications like i.e.:
• Polymer Flooding
• Surfactant Flooding
• Displacement Fluids
• Retention Fluids
• Drag Reduction
Independent, if you are working with low visco-elastic, waterborne coatings or high viscoelastic printing pastes, your product will show significant differences in its processability,
depending on its formulation.
Understanding the relation between extensional flow behavior and composition of your product
is the key to your success.
• Water-borne/ solvent-borne Coatings
• Printing Inks
• Inkjet Inks
• Adhesives
Combined Methods:
Produ c t Spe ci f i cat i ons
Even for the most demanding applications, i.e. cosmetic emulsions,
the HAAKE CaBER 1 can deliver meaningful results via optionally
probing for additional information simultaneously.
Simultaneous Force Measurement*:
In order to get a deeper understanding of the macroscopic material
properties of your product towards an extensional deformation,
like i.e. tackiness, the HAAKE CaBER 1 can detect normal forces
that arise in the fluid filament during the stretching process. The
measurement of the normal forces is achieved by utilizing a highly
sensitive and fast piezoelectric force sensor.
* This normal force option has been developed in cooperation with Prof. Dr. Manfred Wilhelm,
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer
Chemistry, Polymeric Materials, Karlsruhe/Germany
Apparent extensional viscosity as a function of strain for a viscoelastic polymer solution
Filament diameter versus time for a viscoelastic polymer solution
Force evolution and filament diameter as a function of time in a HAAKE CaBER experiment
Application Support
We provide comprehensive product and application solutions and our application specialist team is on hand to answer your questions.
Note
Application
V-206
Selected Product Information:
• V-204 Optimization of the filling process of shampoo sachets
with the HAAKE CaBER 1
• V-206 The influence of thickeners on the application method
of automotive coatings and paper coatings – HAAKE CaBER 1
• V-208 Correlation of misting during printing with extensional
rheological investigations on offset printing inks with the
HAAKE CaBER 1
• V-211 Optimizing and forecasting the filling behavior of coatings
with the HAAKE CaBER
• Further information on request
Application Note
V-204
ion
applicat
ers on the paper
thicken
ngs and
luence of
ve coati
th the
The inf
tions wi
automoti
iga
of
est
d
inv
metho
gical
s – rheolo
coating
R1
E CaBE
HAAK
Optimization of the filling process
of shampoo sachets with the
HAAKE CaBER 1 Rheometer
Abstract
tested on a high speed packing line
with differing degrees of success.
Some exhibited the string formation
problem that resulted in failure of
Key words
the sachet seams.
:
Key Words:
Application
Notes
r,
Willenbache
:
Key words
gs
• Paper coatin
coatings
• Automotive
• Mistingtional viscosity
• Elonga application
• Roller CaBER 1
• HAAKE
With certain shampoo formulations,
‘strings’ of shampoo are formed
when filling sachets during production. This causes the product to spill
across the sachet seam area. As a
consequence, the sachet cannot be
properly sealed. Using the HAAKE
CaBER 1 extensional rheometer
‘string forming’ shampoo formulations were easily and quickly distinguished from ‘well performing’
samples. Rotational rheometers were
not able to provide this information.
• Shampoo
• filling
• elongational
viscosity
a)
• stringiness
gs are deter• HAAKE CaBER
paper coatin used and
tings and
thickeners
recipe
by the
the other
mined
tions with
experitheir interac In the CaBER ner disnents.
of thicke
compo
nt types
se in the
ment, differe teristic decrea on of
rt
play a charac ter as a functi are deDr. Norbe
diame
times
Benz
filament
b)
break-up applicaRichard
gesellschaft,
Different
the
on
Aktien
time.
any
are
ding
BASF
, depen
en, Germ
coatings
Introduction
sirable
,
Ludwigshaf
automotive times are
ndra Ewers
-up
tion. When
Dr. Alexa
short break to obtain the
n,
While most commercial rheometers
sprayed,
fic,
s in order
Jint Nijma
ution.
are capable of generating only shear
Fisher Scienti
advantageou le drop distrib
d with
Thermo
flows, in many industrial processes
finest possib coatings are applie
extenGermany
ing“
between
and applications the flow is predomand „mist
When paper
Comparisonshear flow (b).
spraying
much as
Figure 1:
inantly extensional in nature.
ted as
(a) and
rollers,
be preven
sional flow
that formu
Typical examples of this type of flow
should
Abstra ct
which means -up times
and
are fiber spinning, paper coating, exbreak
possible,
coatings
with long
trusion and filling food or toiletries
automotive coatings are
lations
s.
Metho ds
Spraying
paper
and
tageou
of
elonin bottles. This paper describes the
ation
Mater ial
are advan
in which
the applic
1 extenoptimization of filling shampoo into
processes, important role.
E CaBER Breakan
industrial
HAAK
sachets. With certain shampoo forflows play ation behaviour
With the
(Capillary is
al
eter
it
gation
the applic
mulations, ‘strings’ of shampoo are
be suffisional rheom Rheometer)
Introd uction
incannot
As a result,
sional
ment to
in many
formed when filling the sachets,
fluids often with traditional
up Exten a simple experi
flows occurworking prout comof these
in
le
ation
terised
witho
with
which causes the product to spill
and
possib
and
Elong
charac
rties
flows
Products
ciently
quickly
production
ments.
product
gical prope
across the seam area. As a consehave veexamine
dustrial
lly where changes or
the rheolo
shear experi viscosities can rties.
flow.
quence, the sachet cannot be properly
plications an elongation
cesses, especia
shear
section
en
prope
cross
tion
in
betwe
these
similar
s
ine
sealed. This failure is expensive as it
nt elonga
is placed
1 extenof liquid
experience and determ
E
g, pumof liquid
ry differe
ed,
is
E CaBER
the HAAK
A drop
will result in the disposal of many
HAAK
ng, coatin
filament
are divert
l
plates in
With the
is then
cantly. Sprayi ses are typica t
eter, a liquidunder the
parallel
plate
improperly sealed sachets.
two
signifi
rheom
upper
ed
sional
in almos
1. The
filling proces
the
stretch
(in 50 ms),
Using classical rotational or
CaBER
. Using
that is
relevant
ping or
quickly
characcreated
e tension
that are
up very
e is elonter as
ry. The
of surfac
moved
examples
the sampl filament. oscillatory shear experiments, no
rties
influence the filament diameof the
es of indust
which
prope
discernible differences could be obin
life
a liquid
during
all branch elongational
quality
and the
decrease
of
producing breakage of the served between the five shampo of
gated,
on of time le to characterise
terisation development and in orle
g and
a functi
ial
ct
valuab ormulations investigated. The use
of lowit is possib
The neckin nt provides
ore essent rties
in produ
nt,
iour
and
ct
theref
filame
is
tional behav in a simple
liquid filame about the produ nceof the HAAKE CaBER 1 (Capillary
assurance ise product prope
the elonga pasty liquids
ation
rties of
of the substa Breakup Extensional Rheometer)
to
inform
der to optim processes.
run
viscosity
gical prope
properties
2).
s
coaction
e
lines
rheolo
otive
flow
proces
or produ
ned (Figur shown inhowever, allowed the characterizaautom
they
way. The
flow, the
tion of the formulations’ extensional
being examiring principle
water-based
In a shear elongational flow l
typical
microationa
– in an
properties in a quick and easy exThe measu simple: A laser
the
parallel
1). Elong
e
in
of
is
se
3
rties
(figur
decrea
thus providing a solution
Figure
of
converge
tion prope simures the
onperiment,
elonga
t be
meter measu ter D as a functi to
hasthe problem.
re canno
flows and
nal
diame
therefo
upper plate reShampoos consist of 80 -90%
sample
with rotatio y
substances
t after the
n. The
analysed
that displa
positio
water with more then 2% detergent,
the time
lated and
Materials
in its final viscosity is caliour in
foaming
agents and about 1% fraarrived
rheometers.
tional
t
gical behav
y
remengrances
r rheolo
and preservatives [1]. Often
may displa lative elonga
a simila
1from the measu
experiment
in elonga
culated
the shear nt properties
sample
= f(t)).
n of the
result (D
very differe
tional
e tensio
rheologiIf the surfac absolute elongaThe
tional flows.discusses the
n, the
ined.
and shear
is know
This article elongational
be determ
ners
ter as a
of
ity can
thicke
diame
s
viscos
results
cal
of variou
such
in the string
decrease
to which
experiments
lations,
added.
and formu
have been
thickeners
Rheology
Rheology
Application
Notes
• Coatin
to the printin
• Elonga g
Dr. Eberh
g plate
tional viscos
ard Pietsc
latter is
and when
• Mistin
moiste
h
ity
Thermo
the
The measurements were carried
outg
ned, water
are forme
Fisher
•
Scientific,
droplets
d
with the HAAKE CaBER 1 Offset printin
When there in the printin
Germany
g ink
• CaBER
g ink.
extensional rheometer. The HAAK
E CaBER
ink string are such drople
1
that forms
ts in
experiment gives a quick insight into
ween the
in the gap an
printing
betthe material properties under an
roller and
ber blank
Abstract
et, the ink
the rubextensional deformation which occur,
In practi
ce, relativ can spray.
for example, during the sachet filling.
stickin
The tenden
ess (short e terms such
as
It impossible to determine the
,
cy
long)
are
for
often used
printin
misting
and rigidit
g inks was
on offset
to descri
extensional properties of a fluid
y
perties
samples
examined
be the proof a printin
using
using a traditional rotational rheoon two
besides
g
meter HAAK the rotatio
rheological ink. In additi
nal
meter.
on,
rheovalue (sticki
E RheoS
variables
the extens
the tack
In an extensional flow the streamional rheom tress 600 and
lative value. ness) is defied
CaBER
as a reeter HAAK
A foreca
lines converge and the velocity
1.
tenden
E
The results
cy of printi st regarding
increase (i.e. the acceleration) is in
the
and to
ng inks
frequency for the amplit
spray
to foam
the direction of the flow (Figure 1a).
ude and
curve, the
development is desirable
very test
This in contrast to the situation in a
creep and
for ink
and the
the printin and for their
flow curve recorement
shear flow where the streamlines are
use in
g machi
with the
measune.
rotational
parallel and the velocity increase is
do not
correlate
rheometer
perpendicular to the direction of
with mistin
printin
g.
g during Mater
the flow (Figure 1b).
With the
ial and
rotational
metho ds
form (samp
possible
rheometer,
with the
le B).
it was
Two offset
aid of the
break-up
meter HAAK The rotatio
nal rheofilament
time
E RheoS
mined at printing inks
draw distinc to easily and
air bearin
were exatress 600
a)
a tempe
quickly
tions betwe
gs permit
rature of
with
regard
tenden
ological
s all the
to their
en differe
40°C with
cies for
usual rheexami
tenden
misting
nt
The inks
printin
curve measu nations such
with offset
were availa cy to mist.
g inks.
as flow
modified
ble in their
surements, rements, flow
(sample
limit meauncreep and
A) and
mation
Introduction
modified
recovery,
jump and
oscillation deforwell as
normal
force measu tests, as
Offset
printin
rements.
used metho g is the most
widely
d in the
A thin
printing
film
industry.
Comparison
onto the of printing ink
of
offset printin
is applie
printin
g form
of rollers
g inks
b)
via a systemd
. In one
hour,
to print
approximate it is possib
le
using this
ly 10,000
method.
sheets
crucial
to printin Factors that
are
g quality
printing
include
inks
the
their wettab used with
ility, gradat regard to
drying.
ion, sheen
and
Offset
printin
g ink consis
compo
Figure 1: Comparison between
nents
ts of
extensional flow (a) and shear flowand
(b).additiv pigment, bindin the 3
g
es.
agent
It
is a suspen
complex
sion with
rheological
are influe
properties
nced by
that
used.
the compo
nents
In the printin
that smoot g process, it
h and sharpl is required
tear-off
1
y define
edges are
d
scumm
obtained
ing (misti
and that
ng)
voided.
When the of the ink is
aink is transf
erred
Figure
1: Ampli
tude curve
in CS mode
shampoos contain antistatic agents,
thickeners and conditioners [2].
Current health and beauty trends
make it important to stabilize specialeffect particles in gels, body washes
or shampoos, hence the addition of
thickeners to prevent the sedimentation of these particulate phases [3].
A problem with thickeners, however,
is that they can be the cause of
unwanted extensional properties,
i.e. they can cause string formation.
These unwanted rheological
properties can manifest themselves
in an unpleasant and ”slimy” feeling while using the product. They
can also cause string formation during the high speed filling of shampoo
into sachets or bottles, resulting in
improper sealing of the sachet or
messy bottles. Slowing down the filling speed would solve the problem,
but that has implications for the
throughput capability of the production line. A far better solution
would be to modify the formulation
of the shampoo in such a way that
the highest filling speed can be used.
In this investigation five shampoos
with different formulations were
tested to find out which formulation could be filled into the sachets
successfully at a high filling speed.
All formulations were previously
1
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Correlat
ion
extension of misting du
ring pri
al rheolo
nting wi
gical inv
printing
th
est
inks wi
th the HA igations on off
set
AKE Ca
BER 1
Experimental
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Application
Note
V-208
Kevin Barber, Thermo Electron Stone, UK
Dr. Alexandra Ewers, Jint Nijman,Thermo Fisher Scientific, Karlsruhe, Germany
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