Document 11920380
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)NTERGOVERNMENTAL /CEANOGRAPHIC #OMMISION -ANUALSAND'UIDES 0/4%.4)!,,9(!2-&5,-)#2/!,'!% /&4(%7%34%2.).$)!./#%!. nAGUIDEBASEDONAPRELIMINARYSURVEY -)#2/!,'5%30/4%.4)%,,%-%.4.5)3)",%3 $%,/#»!.).$)%./##)$%.4!, 'UIDEBAS£SURUNEéTUDePR£LIMINAIRE BY'ERT(ANSEN*EAN4URQUET*EAN0ASCAL1UOD ,OÉC4EN(AGE#HARLES,UGOMELA-ARGARETH+YEWALYANGA -IRA(URBUNGS0ETER7AWIYE"ERNARD/GONGO3HANDRACK4UNJE (ENRI2AKOTOARINJANAHARY 5.%3#/ )/#-ANUAL'UIDESNO 4HE DESIGNATIONS EMPLOYED AND THE PRESENTA TIONS OF THE MATERIAL IN THIS PUBLICATION DO NOT IMPLYTHEEXPRESSIONOFANYOPINIONWHATSOEVER ONTHEPARTOFTHE3ECRETARIATSOF5.%3#/AND )/#CONCERNINGTHELEGALSTATUSOFANYCOUNTRY OR TERRITORY OR ITS AUTHORITIES OR CONCERNING THE DELIMITATIONS OF THE FRONTIERS OF ANY COUNTRY OR TERRITORY &ORBIBLIOGRAPHICPURPOSESTHISDOCUMENTSHOULD BECITEDASFOLLOWS 0OTENTIALLY(ARMFUL-ICROALGAEOFTHE7ESTERN)NDIAN /CEANnAGUIDEBASEDONAPRELIMINARYSURVEY )/#-ANUALSAND'UIDES.O )NTERGOVERNMENTAL /CEANOGRAPHIC #OMMISSION OF 5.%3#/ %NGLISH&RENCHONLY 4HE PREPARATION OF THIS PUBLICATION WAS SUPPORTED BYTHE$ANISH)NTERNATIONAL$EVELOPMENT!SSISTENCE $!.)$! 0UBLISHEDIN BYTHE5NITED.ATIONS%DUCATIONAL 3CIENTIlCAND#ULTURAL/RGANIZATION 0LACEDE&ONTENOY0ARIS30 0RINTEDIN5.%3#/S7ORKSHOPS Ú5.%3#/ 0RINTEDIN&RANCE (SC-2002/WS/29) #ONTENTS3OMMAIRE 0REFACEAND!CKNOWLEDGEMENT0R£FACEETREMERCIEMENTS )NTRODUCTION)NTRODUCTION 3TUDYAREASAMPLINGANDINDIVIDUALMETHODS3ITESD£TUDE£CHANTILLON NAGEETM£THODESINDIVIDUELLES 'ENERALMETHODS-£THODESG£N£RALES &IXATION&IXATION !CIDCLEANINGOFDIATOMS.ETTOYAGEDESDIATOM£ESÜLACIDE 3TAININGOFTHECATEDINOmAGELLATES#OLORATIONPOURLESDINOmAGELL£STHá QU£S #OLLECTIONANDQUANTITATIVEESTIMATIONOFDINOmAGELLATESONDEADCORALS 0R£LáVEMENTSETESTIMATIONQUANTITATIVEDESDINOmAGELL£SSURCORAUXMORTS 0OTENTIALLYHARMFULALGAEOBSERVEDDURINGTHISSURVEY!LGUESPOTEN TIELLEMENTNUISIBLESOBSERV£ESPENDANTCETTE£TUDE )LLUSTRATEDGUIDETOSELECTEDSPECIES'UIDEILLUSTR£DECERTAINESESPáCES $INOmAGELLATES$INOmAGELL£S $IATOMS$IATOM£ES (APTOPHYTES0RYMNESIOPHYTES(APTOPHYTES0RYMNESIOPHYTES 3ILICOmAGELLATES3ILICOmAGELL£S #YANOBACTERIABLUEGREENALGAE#YANOBACT£RIESn!LGUESBLEUES !LGALTOXINSnABRIEFOVERVIEW4OXINESALGALESBRáVESYNTHáSE 4OXINSAFFECTINGHUMANHEALTH4OXINESAFFECTANTLASANT£HUMAINE &ISHKILLINGTOXINS4OXINESAFFECTANTLESPOISSONS (UMANHEALTHPROBLEMSINTHE7ESTERN)NDIAN/CEANREGIONDUETOSEA FOODPOISONING0ROBLáMESDESANT£PUBLIQUEDUSÜLINTOXICATIONS PARDESPRODUITSMARINSDANSLAR£GIONDELOC£AN)NDIENOCCIDENTAL 2EFERENCES2£F£RENCES 0REFACEANDACKNOWLEDGEMENT 0R£FACEETREMERCIEMENTS 4HE PREPARATION OF THIS GUIDE TO POTENTIALLY TOXIC MARINEMICROALGAEOF7ESTERN)NDIAN/CEANCOASTAL WATERSISARESULTOFACOOPERATIVERESEARCHPROJECT 7)/(!" TO CONDUCT A BASIC STUDY OF THE OCCUR RENCEANDDISTRIBUTIONOFPOTENTIALLYHARMFULMARINE MICROALGAEINTHEREGION5PTONOWTHEREHAVEBEEN NOCOMPREHENSIVEPUBLICATIONSONHARMFULALGAEIN THE7ESTERN)NDIAN/CEAN ,£LABORATIONDECEGUIDESURLESMICROALGUESMARINES POTENTIELLEMENTTOXIQUES(!"DESEAUXC¹TIáRESDE LOC£AN)NDIENOCCIDENTAL7)/ESTLER£SULTATDUN PROJETDERECHERCHEENCOLLABORATION7)/(!"QUI A EFFECTU£ UNE £TUDE DE BASE SUR LAPPARITION ET LA DISTRIBUTIONDEMICROALGUESMARINESPOTENTIELLEMENT NUISIBLESDANSLAR£GION)LNEXISTAITJUSQUICIAUCUNE £TUDE APPROFONDIE DES ALGUES NUISIBLES DE LOC£AN )NDIENOCCIDENTAL 7)/(!"WASIMPLEMENTEDBETWEENAND BYTHE+ENYA-ARINEAND&ISHERIES2ESEARCH)NSTI TUTE-OMBASA)NSTITUTEOF-ARINE3CIENCE:ANZI BAR!LBION&ISHERIES2ESEARCH#ENTRE-AURITIUS #ENTRE .ATIONAL DE 2ECHERCHE /C£ANOGRAPHIQUE -ADAGASCAR!GENCEPOURLA2ECHERCHEETLA6ALOR ISATION-ARINES2£UNION)SLANDANDTHE)/#3CI ENCEAND#OMMUNICATION#ENTREON(ARMFUL!LGAE ATTHE5NIVERSITYOF#OPENHAGEN$ENMARK ,E PROJET 7)/(!" A £T£ MIS EN UVRE ENTRE ET PAR LE +ENYA -ARINE AND &ISHERIES 2ESEARCH)NSTITUTE-OMBASAL)NSTITUTEOF-ARINE 3CIENCE:ANZIBAR!LBION&ISHERIES2ESEACH#ENTRE -AURICELE#ENTRENATIONALDERECHERCHEOC£ANO GRAPHIQUE -ADAGASCAR L!GENCE POUR LA RECHER CHE ET LA VALORISATION MARINES ¦LE DE ,A 2£UNION ET LE #ENTRE DE RECHERCHE ET DE COMMUNICATION SUR LES EFmORESCENCES ALGALES NUISIBLES DE LA #/) Ü L5NIVERSIT£DE#OPENHAGUE$ANEMARK 4HEPROJECTWASINITIATEDANDIMPLEMENTEDWITHINTHE FRAMEWORKOFTHE)/#3UBCOMMISSIONFORTHE7EST ERN )NDIAN /CEAN )/#).#7)/ AND WAS FUNDED THROUGHTHE)/#BY3WEDEN3!2%#AND$ENMARK $!.)$! ,INITIATIVEETLAMISEENUVREDUPROJETSINSCRIVAIT DANS LE CADRE DU #OMIT£ DE LA #/) POUR LOC£AN )NDIENOCCIDENTAL)/#).#7)/ETA£T£lNANC£SUR DESFONDSVERS£SPARLA3UáDE3!2%#ETLE$ANE MARK$!.)$!ÜLA#/) )THASSINCETHEBEGINNINGOFTHE)/#(ARMFUL!LGAL "LOOM(!"0ROGRAMMEINBEENAMAINPRI ORITY FOR THE )/# TO DEVELOP REGIONAL COMPONENTS OFTHE0ROGRAMME4HENATUREANDSCOPEOFREGIONAL COMPONENTS OF THE GLOBAL )/# PROGRAMMES HAVE TO BE DESIGNED WITH CAREFUL CONSIDERATION OF THE REGIONAL SCIENTIlC RESOURCE BASE AND THE SPECIlC NEEDS OF THE REGION )N THE CASE OF )/#).#7)/ IT WAS AGREED AMONG THE PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS THAT lRST PRIORITY WAS A BASE LINE STUDY OF THE DIS TRIBUTION OF POTENTIALLY HARMFUL MICROALGAE IN THE REGION&ORTUNATELYTHEMARINERESEARCHINSTITUTIONS IN THE REGION HAD A CRITICAL MASS OF SCIENTISTS WITH THE REQUIRED BACKGROUND FOR FURTHER TRAINING IN THE IDENTIlCATIONOFHARMFULALGAE4HEPREPARATIONFOR THE7)/(!"PROJECTTHEREFOREBEGANWITHATRAIN INGCOURSEIN(!"SPECIESIDENTIlCATIONHELDATTHE 5NIVERSITYOF-AURITIUSIN&EBRUARY!SECOND TRAINING AND INTERCALIBRATION WORKSHOP WAS HELD AT )-3:ANZIBARIN*ANUARYANDTHEPROCESSING OFSAMPLESWASlNALIZEDANDMANUSCRIPTSDRAFTEDATA $EPUISQUELLEALANC£ENSONPROGRAMMESUR LES %FmORESCENCES ALGALES NUISIBLES (!" LA #/) SESTEFFORC£DEMETTREENPLACEDESACTIVIT£SR£GION ALESSURCESUJET,ANATUREETLESOBJECTIFSDESCOM POSANTESR£GIONALESDESPROGRAMMESMONDIAUXDELA #/)DOIVENTäTRESOIGNEUSEMENTIDENTIl£SETPRENDRE ENCOMPTELESBESOINSSP£CIlQUESETLESRESSOURCES SCIENTIlQUES EXISTANTES SUR PLACE $ANS LE CAS DE L)/#).#7)/ LES INSTITUTIONS PARTICIPANTES SONT CONVENUESQUELAPRIORIT£DEVRAITäTREACCORD£EÜLA R£ALISATIONDUNE£TUDEDER£F£RENCESURLADISTRIBU TIONDESMICROALGUESPOTENTIELLEMENTNUISIBLESDANS LAR£GION(EUREUSEMENTLESINSTITUTIONSDERECHERCHE MARINEDELAR£GIONPOSS£DAIENTUNEMASSECRITIQUEDE SCIENTIlQUESAYANTLEXP£RIENCEREQUISEPOURSUIVRE UNEFORMATIONAVANC£EENMATIáREDIDENTIlCATIONDES ALGUESNUISIBLES,APR£PARATIONDUPROJET7)/(!" D£BUTAPARUNATELIERDEFORMATIONSURLIDENTIlCATION DESESPáCESDE(!"QUISESTTENUÜL5NIVERSIT£DE -AURICEENF£VRIER5NSECONDATELIERDEFOR MATION ET DE CALIBRATION SEST ENSUITE TENU Ü L)-3 DE:ANZIBARENJANVIERPUISLETRAITEMENTDES £CHANTILLONS ET LES GRANDES LIGNES DU MANUSCRIT ONT )/#-ANUAL'UIDESNO CONCLUDINGWORKSHOPAT!26!-2£UNION)SLANDIN -ARCH7)/(!"SCIENTISTSALSOATTENDEDTRAIN INGCOURSESANDHADWORKINGVISITSATTHE)/#3CI ENCEAND#OMMUNICATION#ENTREON(ARMFUL!LGAE 5NIVERSITYOF#OPENHAGEN £T£ MIS AU POINT AU COURS DUN DERNIER ATELIER Ü L!26!-ÜLA2£UNIONENMARS#ERTAINSSCI ENTIlQUESDU7)/(!"ONTPARTICIP£ÜDESATELIERSDE FORMATIONETONTPUSERENDREAU#ENTREDERECHERCHE ET DE COMMUNICATION SUR LES EFmORESCENCES ALGALES NUISIBLESDELA#/)ÜL5NIVERSIT£DE#OPENHAGUE 4HE INFORMATION IN THIS PUBLICATION AS WELL AS THE RESEARCH CAPACITY BUILT UP DURING THE 7)/(!" 0ROJECTISINTENDEDTOASSIST)/#).#7)/-EMBER 3TATES IN FUTURE RELATED RESEARCH AND MONITORING OF HARMFUL ALGAE IN RELATION TO lSHERIES AQUACULTURE ANDSAFETYOFSEAFOODPRODUCTS7EHOPETHIS'UIDE WILLBECOMEAUSEFULTOOLINTHEPLANNINGANDIMPLE MENTATIONOFRATIONALANDSUSTAINABLEMONITORINGAND MANAGEMENTPOLICIESFORTHEEXPLOITATIONOFMARINE LIVINGRESOURCES)TMAYALSOSERVEASSUPPLEMENTARY TEACHINGMATERIAL ,E CONTENU DE CETTE PUBLICATION AINSI QUE LES COMP£TENCESSCIENTIlQUESACQUISESDURANTLEPROJET 7)/(!" SONT DESTIN£S Ü ASSISTER LES %TATS MEM BRESDEL)/#).#7)/DANSLEURSACTIVIT£SFUTURESDE RECHERCHESETDESURVEILLANCESURLESALGUESNUISIBLES ENRELATIONAVECLAPäCHELAQUACULTUREETLAS£CURIT£ ALIMENTAIREDESPRODUITSMARINS.OUSESP£RONSQUE CE'UIDEDEVIENDRAUNINSTRUMENTDEGRANDEUTILIT£ POUR LA PLANIlCATION ET LA MISE EN UVRE DE POLI TIQUES DE SURVEILLANCE ET DE GESTION RATIONNELLE ET DURABLEDELEXPLOITATIONDESRESSOURCESMARINES)L PEUTAUSSISERVIRDESUPPORTP£DAGOGIQUEDAPPOINT 7ETHANKALLTHEPARTICIPATINGSCIENTISTSANDINSTITU TIONSFORTHEIRCONTRIBUTIONTOTHEPREPARATIONOFTHIS PUBLICATION AND FOR THE GOOD FRIENDSHIPS THAT HAVE BEENESTABLISHED7EALSOWISHTOACKNOWLEDGETHE VERYVALUABLESUPPORTFROM3VEN*ANSON$EPARTMENT OF-ARINE3CIENCES5NIVERSITYOF+ALMAR3WEDEN FORASSISTINGINIDENTIlCATIONOF4RICHODESMIUM$R *ANE,EWIS5NIVERSITYOF7ESTMINSTER5NITED+ING DOMAND0ROFJVIND-OESTRUP"OTANICAL)NSTITUTE 5NIVERSITYOF#OPENHAGEN$ENMARKFORREVIEWING ANDIMPROVINGTHEMANUSCRIPT .OUS REMERCIONS TOUS LES PARTICIPANTS SCIENTIlQUES ETINSTITUTIONNELSDELEURCONTRIBUTIONÜLAPR£PARATION DECETTEPUBLICATIONETDESRELATIONSAMICALESQUILS ONT£TABLIESENTRETOUSLESPARTENAIRES.OUSD£SIRONS AUSSI REMERCIER VIVEMENT 3VEN *ANSON DU $EPAR TEMENT 3CIENCES OC£ANOGRAPHIQUES Ü L5NIVERSIT£ DE+ALMAR3UáDEDESONASSISTANCEENPARTICULIER POURLIDENTIlCATIONDES4RICHODESMIUMLE$R*ANE ,EWISDEL5NIVERSIT£DE7ESTMINSTERAU2OYAUME 5NI ET LE 0ROF JVIND -OESTRUP DE L)NSTITUT DE "OTANIQUE Ü L5NIVERSIT£ DE #OPENHAGUE AU $ANE MARKQUIONTBIENVOULUREVOIRETAM£LIORERLEMANU SCRIT 0ATRICIO"ERNAL %XECUTIVE3ECRETARY)/# 0ATRICIO"ERNAL 3ECR£TAIREEX£CUTIFDELA#/) )NTRODUCTION )NTRODUCTION -ARINEMICROALGAEAREIMPORTANTCONSTITUENTSOFTHE MARINEFOODWEB"YCONVERTINGCARBONDIOXIDEAND WATER INTO ORGANIC MATTER BY PHOTOSYNTHESIS THESE ORGANISMS FORM THE BASE FOR THE HIGHER LEVELS OF THE FOODWEB 4HE QUANTITY OF PRIMARY PRODUCTION BYMARINEMICROALGAEDETERMINESTHEPRODUCTIONOF CONSUMABLElSHMUSSELSOYSTERSPRAWNSANDOTHER SEAFOOD 3OMETIMES CERTAIN MICROALGAE FORM MASSSIVE MONOSPECIlC BLOOMS WHICH MAY CAUSE DISCOLORA TIONOFTHEWATER%XCEPTFORADECREASEINTHERECREA TIONALVALUEOFAREASWITHSUCHBLOOMSTHEYAREGE NERALLYHARMLESS(OWEVERTHEYOCCASIONALLYGROW SO DENSE THAT lSH LEAVE OR AVOID THE BLOOM AREA $URING THE DECAY OF SUCH BLOOMS BACTERIAL RESPI RATION MAY REACH LEVELS THAT LEAD TO ANOXIC CONDI TIONSANDCAUSEMORTALITYOFCAGEDlSHANDORBOTTOM FAUNA EG ,AM 9IP 0AERL ET AL 0LANKTONICSPECIESWHICHOFTENBLOOMINTHE)NDIAN /CEANREGIONARE.OCTILUCASCINTILLANS0ERIDINIUM QUINQUECORNE AND 4RICHODESMIUM ERYTHRAEUM EG $EVASSY$EVASSYETALPERSOBS ! LIMITED NUMBER OF MICROALGAE ABOUT SPECIES OR OF THE WORLD mORA 3OURNIA MAY BE HARMFUL AS THEY ARE CAPABLE OF PRODUCING TOXINS WHICH MAY RESULT IN HUMAN ANDOR MARINE FAUNAL INTOXICATION )T IS DIFlCULT TO DElNE A CELL CONCENTRATIONTHATCONSTITUTESAHARMFULALGALBLOOM (!"ASSOMESPECIESARESOTOXICTHATTHEIRPRE SENCEEVENINRELATIVELYLOWNUMBERSMAYBEHARM FUL4HUSTHERECOMMENDEDCONCENTRATIONLIMITSFOR SPECIESLIKE$INOPHYSISACUMINATAAND!LEXANDRIUM SPPAREONLYCELLS,IN$ANISHWATERS!NDERSEN (ARMFULALGALBLOOMSMAYINSTEADBEDElNED AShEVENTSWHERETHECONCENTRATIONOFONEORSEVERAL HARMFULALGAEREACHALEVELWHICHCANCAUSEHARM TOOTHERORGANISMSINTHESEAEGBYKILLINGlSHAND SHELLlSHv!NDERSEN (ARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS CONSTITUTE AN ANCIENT AND NATURALPHENOMENON/NEOFTHElRSTREPORTEDFATAL HUMANINTOXICATIONSFOLLOWINGINGESTIONOFSHELLlSH AFFECTED THE CREW MEMBERS OF 'EORGE6ANCOUVERS EXPEDITION TO "RITISH #OLOMBIA IN #APTAIN 6ANCOUVER NOTED THAT IT WAS TABOO FOR LOCAL )NDIAN TRIBESTOEATSHELLlSHWHENTHEWATERSBECAMEPHOS PHORESCENT SUCH PHOSPHORENCE CAN BE CAUSED BY ,ES MICROALGUES SONT UN MAILLON IMPORTANT DE LA CHA¦NEALIMENTAIREMARINE%NCONVERTISSANTLEDIOX YDE DE CARBONE ET LEAU EN COMPOS£S ORGANIQUES PAR PHOTOSYNTHáSE CES ORGANISMES CONSTITUENT LA BASE DES NIVEAUX SUP£RIEURS DE LA CHA¦NE ALIMEN TAIRE ,IMPORTANCE DE LA PRODUCTION PRIMAIRE LI£E AUXMICROALGUESMARINESCONDITIONNELAPRODUCTION DE POISSONS DE MOULES DHU¦TRES DE CREVETTES ET DAUTRESPRODUITSDELAMER 1UELQUEFOIS CERTAINES MICROALGUES FORMENT DES iEFmORESCENCESwMASSIVESETMONOSP£CIlQUESQUI PEUVENT ENTRA¦NER UNE COLORATION DES EAUX (ORMIS LEFAITQUECESEFmORESCENCESPEUVENTENTRA¦NERUNE BAISSE DES QUALIT£S TOURISTIQUES DE CERTAINES ZONES ELLESNESONTPASSOUVENTNUISIBLES4OUTEFOISELLES SONT PARFOIS SI DENSES QUE LES POISSONS LES FUIENT ,ORSQUELLES SE MANIFESTENT LA RESPIRATION BACT£RI ENNEPEUTATTEINDREDESNIVEAUXTELSQUELLESPROVO QUENT DES CONDITIONS ANOXIQUES LESQUELLES PEUVENT ENTRA¦NERLAMORTALIT£DEPOISSONSD£LEVAGEETDELA FAUNE BENTHIQUE CF ,AM 9IP 0AERL ET AL $ANSLAR£GIONDELOC£AN)NDIENLESESPáCES PLANCTONIQUES QUI PROLIFáRENT SOUVENT SONT .OC TILUCASCINTILLANS0ERIDINIUMQUINQUECORNEAND4RI CHODESMIUMERYTHRAEUMCF$EVASSY$EVASSY ETALOBSPERS 5NNOMBRELIMIT£DEMICROALGUESENVIRONÜ ESPáCES SOIT DE LA mORE MONDIALE 3OURNIA PEUVENT äTRE NUISIBLES CAR ELLES SONT CAPA BLES DE PRODUIRE DES TOXINES POUVANT EMPOISONNER LES HUMAINS ET LA FAUNE MARINE )L SAVáRE DIFlCILE DEDONNERUNECONCENTRATIONLIMITEPOURD£lNIRUNE PROLIF£RATION DALGUES NUISIBLES (!" #ERTAINES ESPáCES SONT SI TOXIQUES QUE MäME EN FAIBLE NOMBREELLESPEUVENTENTRA¦NERDESNUISANCES!INSI LES CONCENTRATIONS LIMITES RECOMMAND£ES POUR DES ESPáCES COMME $INOPHYSIS ACUMINATA ET !LEXAN DRIUM SPP SONT SEULEMENT DE CELLULESL DANS LES EAUX DANOISES !NDERSEN ,ES PROLIF£RA TIONSDALGUESNUISIBLESDOIVENTäTREPLUT¹TD£lNIES COMMEiDES£VáNEMENTSAUCOURSDESQUELSLACON CENTRATIONDUNEOUPLUSIEURSALGUESNUISIBLESATTEINT UN NIVEAU SUSCEPTIBLE DE NUIRE AUX AUTRES ORGANIS MESMARINSPAREXEMPLEENTUANTDESPOISSONSETDES COQUILLAGESw!NDERSEN ,ES PROLIF£RATIONS DALGUES NUISIBLES CONSTITUENT UNPH£NOMáNEANCIENETNATUREL5NEDESPREMIáRES DESCRIPTIONSDINTOXICATIONHUMAINEMORTELLEFAISANT SUITE Ü LA CONSOMMATION DE COQUILLAGES CONCERNE LESMEMBRESD£QUIPAGEDELEXP£DITIONDE'EORGE 6ANCOUVER EN #OLOMBIE "RITANNIQUE EN ,E )/#-ANUAL'UIDESNO DINOmAGELLATEBLOOMSASCITEDIN(ALLEGRAEFF (OWEVER THERE IS AN ONGOING DEBATE WHETHER THE APPARENTGLOBALINCREASEINTHEOCCURRENCEOFHARMFUL ALGALBLOOMSISDUETOANINCREASEINANTHROPOGENIC ENRICHMENT OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT INCREASED AQUACULTURALACTIVITIESTRANSPORTATIONOFDINOmAGEL LATE CYSTS VIA SHIPSBALLAST WATER TRANSLOCATIONS OF SHELLlSH STOCKS FROM ONE AREA TO ANOTHER ANDOR INCREASEDPUBLICANDSCIENTIlCAWARENESS(ALLEGRA EFF4HEANSWERTOMOSTOFTHESEQUESTIONSIS LIKELYTOBEYES &EW LONGTERM INVESTIGATIONS HAVE BEEN MADE THATILLUSTRATETHEEFFECTOFINCREASEDEUTROPHICATION ONTHEOCCURRENCEOF(!"S2ESULTSFROM4OLO(AR BOUR(ONG+ONGFROMTHEPERIODSHOWED AN FOLD INCREASE IN REDTIDE OUTBREAKS CONCURRENT WITH A FOLD INCREASE IN HUMAN POPULATION AND FOLDINCREASEINNUTRIENTENRICHMENTASCITEDIN 3MAYDA 3IMILARLY BETWEEN AND REDTIDE OUTBREAKS INCREASED PROGRESSIVELY ABOUT FOLD IN THE 3ETO )NLAND 3EA *APAN ACCOMPANIED BYAFOLDINCREASEINTHECHEMICALOXYGENDEMAND #/$DURING)NTHEMIDSINITIATIVES TOREDUCE#/$WERETAKENANDDURINGTHE NUMBEROFREDTIDEOUTBREAKSDECREASEDBYAS CITEDIN3MAYDA4HESESCENARIOSINDICATETHAT EUTROPHICATION MAY IN SOME CASES BE AN IMPORTANT FACTORINTHEOCCURRENCEOFALGALBLOOMS 7ITHWORLDWIDEPROBLEMSOFOVERlSHINGSMANY COUNTRIES HAVE INCREASED AQUACULTURAL ACTIVITIES 4HESESYSTEMSMAYFUNCTIONASSENSITIVEhBIOASSAY SYSTEMSv FOR HARMFUL ALGAL SPECIES NOT PREVIOUSLY KNOWNTOCAUSEPROBLEMS4HEINCREASEINSHELLlSH FARMING HAS PROBABLY LED TO MORE REPORTS OF PARA LYTICDIARRHETICNEUROTOXICORAMNESICSHELLlSHPOI SONING,IKEWISETHEINCREASEINlNlSHAQUACULTURE HASDRAWNATTENTIONTOALGALSPECIESTHATMAYDAMAGE GILL TISSUE OF lSH %ITHER PHYSICALLY FOR EXAMPLE THESPINESORSETAEOFCERTAINSPECIESOFTHEDIATOM GENUS #HAETOCEROS EG # 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CONVOLUTUS OU DUS Ü LA PRODUCTION DE SUB STANCESH£MOLYTIQUESCOMMEPAREXEMPLECHEZCER TAINESRAPHIDOPHYTESTELLESQUE(ETEROSIGMAAKASH IWO ET #HATTONELLA ANTIQUA CHEZ LE DINOmAGELL£ +ARENIA MIKIMOTOI 'YMNODINIUM MIKIMOTOI ET DINIUMCATENATUMAND!LEXANDRIUMCATENELLAHAVE BEEN INTRODUCED AS VIABLE CYSTS IN SHIPS BALLAST WATER(ALLEGRAEFF )T IS CLEAR AND EXPECTED THAT ADVERSE EFFECTS OF (!"SONHUMANHEALTHANDDAMAGETOAQUACULTURAL ACTIVITIES ARE RECEIVING INCREASED PUBLIC AND SCI ENTIlC ATTENTION !CTUALLY (!" 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SMALL ISLAND SITUATED NEAR THE NORTH EAST COAST OF THE MAIN ISLAND #ORAL REEFS ARE WELL DEVELOPED PARTICULARLY ON THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH EASTCOASTS4HEWESTERNPARTOFTHEISLANDISCHARAC TERISEDBYSMALLSANDYBAYSANDBASALTICROCKS3CAT TEREDCORALPATCHESAREALSOPRESENT .ET MESH SIZE ±M AND BENTHIC SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED AND PRESERVED IN NEUTRALISED FORMA LIN /NLY A FEW SAMPLES OF BENTHOS AND PLANKTON WEREANALYSEDFROMTHISISLAND -ADAGASCAR&IG 3AINTE-ARIE5NEPETITE¦LESITU£EÜPROXIMIT£DELA C¹TENORDESTDELAGRANDE¦LE,ESR£CIFSCORALLIENSY SONTBIEND£VELOPP£SENPARTICULIERSURLESC¹TESNORD ET SUDEST ,A PARTIE OUEST DE L¦LE EST CARACT£RIS£E PARDEPETITESBAIESSABLEUSESENCADR£ESDEROCHERS BASALTIQUES0R£SENCEDEZONESDECORAUX£PARS $ES£CHANTILLONSPR£LEV£SAUlLETVIDEDEMAILLE DE±MOUBENTHIQUESONT£T£COLLECT£SETPR£SERV£S DANSDUFORMOLNEUTRALIS£ 3EULS QUELQUES £CHANTILLONS DE BENTHOS ET DE PLANCTONONT£T£ANALYS£SPOURCETTE¦LE -AURITIUS&IG !LBION 4HIS SITE IS LOCATED ON THE WESTERN COAST OF-AURITIUS)TISENCLOSEDBYAFRINGINGREEFSITU ATEDMOFFSHORE4HEREEFEXTENDSINSHOREINTHE NORTHERNANDSOUTHERNDIRECTIONENCLOSINGANAREAOF ABOUTKM4HESAMPLINGSTATIONSWERELOCATEDAT THEOUTLETOFAQUACULTUREPONDSANDNEARTHE-ARINE #ONSERVATION #ENTRE OF!&2# -ARINE MACROALGAE WEREABUNDANTATTHESAMPLINGAREA 4ROU AUX "ICHES 4HIS SITE IS LOCATED IN THE NORTH WESTOF-AURITIUS)TISAPOPULARPUBLICBEACHUSED FORRECREATIONALACTIVITIESANDITHASEXTENSIVEHOTEL COMPOUNDS4WO STATIONS WERE SAMPLED DURING THE SURVEYPERIOD 3AMPLINGWASCARRIEDOUTMONTHLYBETWEEN-ARCH AND$ECEMBER&ORISOLATIONOFEPIPHYTIC DINOmAGELLATES SAMPLES OF MACROALGAE EG *ANIA -AURICE&IG !LBION#ESITEESTLOCALIS£SURLAC¹TEOUESTDEL¦LE -AURICE)L ESTENTOUR£DUN R£CIFFRANGEANTSITU£Ü M DU RIVAGE #E R£CIF S£TEND Ü LA C¹TE VERS LE NORDETLESUDD£LIMITANTUNESURFACEDENVIRON KM,ESSTATIONSD£CHANTILLONNAGESONTSITU£ESAU NIVEAUDUREJETDESBASSINSDAQUACULTUREETÜPROX IMIT£ DU -ARINE #ONSERVATION #ENTRE DE L!&2# ,ESMACROALGUESMARINESSONTABONDANTESDANSLAIRE D£CHANTILLONNAGE 4ROUAUX"ICHES#ESITEESTSITU£SURLAC¹TENORD OUEST DE L¦LE 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$EADCORALBRANCHESCOVEREDWITHALGALTURFARECOL LECTED BY SNORKELING &IG #ORAL BRANCHES ARE PICKED UP GENTLY AND PLACED UNDERWATER IN PLASTIC BAGSWITHASLITTLEDISTURBANCEASPOSSIBLE!MINI MUM OF CORAL BRANCHES ARE COLLECTED FROM EACH SITE3AMPLESARETRANSPORTEDBACKTOTHELABORATORY INTHEDARKATAMBIENTWATERTEMPERATURE4HECORAL PIECESARESCRUBBEDINlLTEREDSEAWATERINAPLASTIC CONTAINER USING A STIFF HOUSEHOLD BRUSH IN ORDER TO REMOVE THE DINOmAGELLATES FROM THE ALGAL TURF &IGS4HESUSPENSIONISTHENSIEVEDORlLTERED THROUGHFOURSETSlLTERSWITHMESHSIZESOF±M ±M±MAND±MRESPECTIVELYANDWASHED SEVERAL TIMES IN lLTERED SEA WATER &IG -ETAL SIEVESUSEDFORSEDIMENTGRAINSIZEANALYSISAREPAR TICULARLYUSEFULFORTHISPURPOSE$INOmAGELLATESRE TAINEDINTHEFRACTIONSAND±MARETHENIDENTI lEDANDCOUNTEDUSINGALIGHTMICROSCOPE&IG 4HECELLSMAYBELIVEORlXEDBEFORECOUNTING4HE WETWEIGHTOFTHEALGALTURFRETAINEDINTHElRSTFRAC TION±MISDETERMINEDANDDENSITYEXPRESSEDAS NUMBEROFCELLSCOUNTEDGALGALTURF 0R£LáVEMENTSETESTIMATIONQUANTITATIVEDESDINO 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BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE RESULTSISGIVENBELOW 5NTOTALDENVIRONESPáCESPOTENTIELLEMENTNUIS IBLES ONT £T£ OBSERV£ES PENDANT LA PR£SENTE £TUDE 4ABLEAUAPPARTENANTÜQUATRECLASSESDIFF£RENTES 5NBREFR£SUM£DESR£SULTATSESTPR£SENT£CIDESSOUS +ENYA 0OTENTIALLYTOXICALGAEWEREPRESENTATMOSTSAMPLING STATIONS DURING THE SAMPLING PERIOD 3EP !PR 4HEDIATOM0SEUDONITZSCHIAPUNGENSOCCASIO NALLYOCCURREDINHIGHNUMBERSABOUTCELLS, AT3HIRAZI&EBRUARYCELLS,AT+ILINDINI&EB RUARY AND CELLS , AT +ILIl .OVEMBER ! BLOOM OF THE NONTOXIC 0ERIDINIUM QUINQUECORNE REACHINGABOUTCELLS,WASNOTEDAT+ILINDINI 3T IN 3EPTEMBER &OUR SPECIES OF !LEXANDRIUM WERE OBSERVED ! AFlNE ! LEEI ! CF TAMARENSE AND!TAMIYAVANICHII3TRAINSOF!TAMIYAVANICHII FROM4HAILANDWATERSHAVEBEENSHOWNTOBETOXIC 4AYLORETAL!LTHOUGHNEVEROBSERVEDIN +ENYA $ES ALGUES POTENTIELLEMENT TOXIQUES SONT PR£SENTES DANS LA PLUPART DES STATIONS £CHANTILLONN£ES DURANT LAP£RIODESEPTAVR,ADIATOM£E0SEUDO NITZSCHIAPUNGENSESTOBSERV£EOCCASIONNELLEMENTEN GRAND NOMBRE ENVIRON CELLULESL Ü 3HIRAZI F£VRIER CELLULESL Ü +ILINDINI F£VRIER ET CELLULESLÜ+ILIlNOVEMBRE5NEPROLIF£RATION DE0ERIDINIUMQUINQUECORNENONTOXIQUEATTEIGNANT ENVIRONCELLULESLA£T£OBSERV£EÜ+ILINDINI STATION ) 1UATRE ESPáCES D!LEXANDRIUM ONT £T£ OBSERV£ES ! AFlNE ! LEEI ! CF TAMARENSE ET ! TAMIYAVANICHII $ES SOUCHES DE ! TAMIYAVANICHII DES EAUX THAÉLANDAISES AVAIENT MONTR£ UN CERTAIN DEGR£DETOXICIT£4AYLORETAL#EPENDANT 4ABLE0OTENTIALLYHARMFULALGAEOBSERVEDDURING THISSURVEY 4ABLEAU!LGUESPOTENTIELLEMENTNUISIBLES OBSERV£ESDURANTCESUIVI 3PECIES #OUNTRY 0AYS %SPáCE +ENYA #YANOPHYTES !NABAENASPP ,YNGBYASPP /SCILLATORIASPP 4RICHODESMIUMCFCONTORTUM 4ERYTHRAEUM 4TENUE 4THIEBAUTII 4SPP $IATOMS #HAETOCEROSPERUVIANUS 0SEUDONITZSCHIACFCUSPIDATA 0PUNGENS 0SPP $INOmAGELLATES !LEXANDRIUMAFlNE !LEEI !TAMAYAVANICHII !CFTAMARENSE !MPHIDINIUMCARTERAE !OPERCULATUM #OOLIAMONOTIS #TROPICALIS #SP $INOPHYSISACUMINATA $CAUDATA $DORYPHORUM $CFFAVUS $HASTATA $CFINFUNDIBULA $CFPARVULA $RAPA $ROTUNDATA $SCHUETTII $SPP 'AMBIERDISCUSBELIZEANUS 'TOXICUS 'YASUMOTOI ,INGULODINUMPOLYEDRUM /STREOPSISHEPTAGONA /LABENS /LENTICULARIS /MASCARENENSIS /OVATA /SIAMENSIS /SPP 0ROROCENTRUMARENARIUM 0BELIZEANUM 0BORBONICUM 0CONCAVUM 0ELEGANS 0EMARGINATUM 0HOFFMANNIANUM 0LIMA 0MACULOSUM 0MEXICANUM 0MICANS 0CFOBTUSUM 0PANAMENSIS 0SCULPTILE 0SPP 0ROTOCERATIUMRETICULATUM 3INOPHYSISCANALICULATA (APTOPHYTES 0RYMNESIUMCALATHIFERUM 3ILICOmAGELLATES $ICTYOCHAlBULA $ICTYOCHASPECULUM -ADAGASCAR -AURITIUS 4OXIC 4OXIQUE 2£UNION :ANZIBAR X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X )/#-ANUAL'UIDESNO HIGH CELL CONCENTRATIONS CELLS OF !LEXANDRIUM SPP WEREPRESENTINOFTHEANALYSEDSAMPLESFROM 3HIRAZI FROM +ILINDINI FROM +ILIl AND FROM .GOMENI INDICATING THAT !LEXANDRIUM SPECIESISACOMMONCOMPONENTOFTHEPHYTOPLANK TONASSEMBLAGEANDMAYBEAPOTENTIALRISK .OSAMPLINGFROM+ENYANCORALREEFAREASWERE MADEDURINGTHISSURVEY -ADAGASCAR 6ERYFEWSAMPLESWEREANALYSEDFROM-ADAGASCAR (OWEVERPOTENTIALLYTOXICBENTHICOREPIPHYTICSPE CIES OF DINOmAGELLATES EG !MPHIDINIUM CF CAR TERAE 0ROROCENTRUM ARENARIUM AND 0 CONCAVUM WERE OBSERVED -ORE EXTENSIVE SAMPLING WILL NO DOUBTREVEALAMOREDIVERSEREPRESENTATIONOFPOTEN TIALLYTOXICALGAE -AURITIUS 3EVERAL POTENTIALLY TOXIC SPECIES BELONGING TO THE GENERA !MPHIDINIUM #OOLIA 'AMBIERDISCUS /STREOPSIS AND 0ROROCENTRUM WERE OBSERVED IN THE LAGOONS OF -AURITIUS 4ABLE 4HE FOLLOWING PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS WERE MEASURED TEM PERATURERANGEo#SALINITYC 035 P( DISSOLVED / MG, ./. LESS THAN MG, AND 0/ MG,4HEREWASLITTLEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHETWO STATIONSMONITORED!LBIONAND4ROUAUX"ICHES -AXIMUM CELL DENSITIES PER G WET WEIGHT OF MACROALGAE OF SELECTED BENTHIC OR EPIPHYTIC DINO mAGELLATESWERE!MPHIDINIUMSP#OOLIAMONO TIS'AMBIERDISCUSTOXICUS/STREOPSISSPP AND0ROROCENTRUMSPP/NLYALIMITEDNUMBER OF PLANKTON SAMPLES WERE ANALYSED BUT THE BLUE GREENALGA4RICHODESMIUMERYTHRAEUMANDTHEDINO mAGELLATE$INOPHYSISHASTATAWEREOBSERVEDINSAM PLESFROM'RAND"AY 2£UNION SPECIES OF BENTHIC DINOmAGELLATES SEVERAL OF WHICH ARE POTENTIALLY TOXIC WERE OBSERVED 4ABLE 4HE MAXIMUM CELL DENSITIES OF SELECTED BENTHIC OR EPIPHYTICDINOmAGELLATESPERGWETWEIGHTOFALGAL TURF WERE 'AMBIERDISCUS SPP /STREOPSIS SPPAND0ROROCENTRUMSPP /BSERVATIONS OF PLANKTON SAMPLES SHOWED THAT THE OPEN WATERS OF 2£UNION ARE GENERALLY CHAR ACTERISED BY EXTREME OLIGOTROPHIC CONDITIONS AND CONCENTRATIONSOFPLANKTONICMICROALGAEWERETHERE JAMAISOBSERV£ESENGRANDESCONCENTRATIONSLESCEL LULESD!SPPSONTPR£SENTESDANSDES£CHAN TILLONS ANALYS£S DE 3HIRAZI DE +ILINDINI DE+ILIlETDE.GOMENIINDIQUANTQUELES ESPáCES D!LEXANDRIUM SONT UNE DES COMPOSANTES COMMUNES DE LASSEMBLAGE PHYTOPLANCTONIQUE ET CONSTITUENTDONCUNRISQUEPOTENTIEL !UCUN £CHANTILLONNAGE SUR LES R£CIFS CORALLIENS DU+ENYANA£T£EFFECTU£DURANTCETTE£TUDE -ADAGASCAR 4RáSPEUD£CHANTILLONSONT£T£ANALYS£SÜ-ADAGAS CAR#EPENDANTDESESPáCESBENTHIQUESOU£PIPHYTES POTENTIELLEMENTTOXIQUESEX!MPHIDINIUMCFCART ERAE 0ROROCENTRUM ARENARIUM ET 0 CONCAVUM ONT £T£ OBSERV£ES 5N £CHANTILLONNAGE PLUS IMPORTANT DEVRAITR£V£LERUNEPLUSGRANDEDIVERSIT£ENDINOmAG ELL£SPOTENTIELLEMENTTOXIQUES -AURICE 0LUSIEURSESPáCESPOTENTIELLEMENTTOXIQUESAPPARTE NANTAUXGENRES!MPHIDINIUM#OOLIA'AMBIERDIS CUS /STREOPSIS ET 0ROROCENTRUM ONT £T£ OBSERV£ES DANSLESLAGONSDEL¦LE-AURICE4ABLEAU,ESPAR AMáTRESPHYSICOCHIMIQUESSUIVANTSONT£T£MESUR£S TEMP£RATURE Ü # SALINIT£ 035P(/DISSOUSMGL./. MOINS DE MGL ET 0/ MGL )L EXISTE DE PETITES DIFF£RENCES ENTRE LES DEUX STATIONS £TUDI£ES !LBION ET 4ROU AUX "ICHES ,ES DENSIT£S CELLULAIRESMAXIMALESPARGDEMACROALGUEHUMIDE DES ESPáCES BENTHIQUES OU £PIPHYTIQUES S£LECTION N£ES£TAIENT!MPHIDINIUMSPP#OOLIAMONOTIS 'AMBIERDISCUSTOXICUS/STREOPSISSPPET 0ROROCENTRUMSPP3EULSQUELQUES£CHANTILLONS DEPLANCTONONT£T£ANALYS£SMAISLACYANOBACT£RIE 4RICHODESMIUMERYTHRAEUMETLEDINOmAGELL£$INO PHYSISHASTATAONT£T£OBSERV£SDANSLES£CHANTILLONS DE'RAND"AIE ,A2£UNION ESPáCES DE DINOmAGELL£S BENTHIQUES DONT PLUS IEURSSONTPOTENTIELLEMENTTOXIQUESONT£T£OBSERV£ES 4ABLEAU,ESDENSIT£SCELLULAIRESMAXIMALESDES ESPáCESBENTHIQUESOU£PIPHYTESS£LECTIONN£ESPARG DEGAZONALGALHUMIDE£TAIENT£LEV£ES'AMBIERDIS CUSSPP/STREOPSISSPPET0ROROCEN TRUMSPP ,ES OBSERVATIONS FAITES SUR LES £CHANTILLONS DE PLANCTON ONT MONTR£ QUE LES EAUX AU LARGE DE LA 2£UNION SONT G£N£RALEMENT CARACT£RIS£ES PAR DES CONDITIONSOLIGOTROPHESEXTRäMESAVECDESCONCEN TRATIONSENMICROALGUESPLANCTONIQUESQUISONTDONC TRáS FAIBLES ,ES ESPáCES POTENTIELLEMENT TOXIQUES OBSERV£ESOCCASIONNELLEMENT£TAIENT4RICHODESMIUM SPP$INOPHYSISSPPET0SEUDONITZSCHIACFCUSPI DATA,ENANOmAGELL£POTENTIELLEMENTTOXIQUE0RYM FOREVERYLOW0OTENTIALLYTOXICSPECIESOCCASIONALLY OBSERVEDWERE4RICHODESMIUMSPP$INOPHYSISSPP AND0SEUDONITZSCHIACFCUSPIDATA4HEPOTENTIALLY TOXIC NANOmAGELLATE 0RYMNESIUM CALATHIFERUM WAS FOUNDINANENRICHMENTSAMPLEFROM3T0AUL"AY :ANZIBAR !BOUT POTENTIALLY TOXIC ALGAL SPECIES WERE OBSERVEDFROM3EPTEMBERTO*UNE3PE CIESOF0SEUDONITZSCHIAWEREOBSERVEDIN3EPTEM BER.OVEMBERAND&EBRUARY!PRILATSTATIONS))) )6 5NFORTUNATELY NO DETAILED IDENTIlCATION BY THE USEOFELECTRONMICROSCOPYWASMADEANDITISNOT KNOWN WHETHER THESE SPECIES WERE TOXIC 3EVERAL POTENTIALLYTOXICBLUEGREENALGAEFOREXAMPLE!NA BAENASPP,YNGBYASPP/SCILLATORIASPPANDFOUR SPECIESOF4RICHODESMIUM4CFCONTORTUM4ERY THRAEUM4TENUEAND4THIBAUTIIWEREPRESENT3PE CIESOF4RICHODESMIUMAPPEAREDTOBEMOSTABUNDANT IN*ANUARYAND&EBRUARY !LTHOUGHSAMPLINGOFDEADCORALWASDONEONLY IN&EBRUARY-ARCHAND!PRILANDONLYATONESTA TION A HIGH DIVERSITY OF POTENTIALLY TOXIC BENTHIC DINOmAGELLAGELLATES WAS FOUND .INE DIFFERENT SPE CIESOF0ROROCENTRUMWEREOBSERVEDTOGETHERWITH 'AMBIERDISCUS TOXICUS /STREOPSIS HEPTAGONA / OVATAAND#OOLIACFMONOTIS NESIUMCALATHIFERUMA£T£TROUV£DANSUN£CHANTILLON ENRICHIDELABAIEDE3AINT0AUL :ANZIBAR %NVIRON ESPáCES DALGUES POTENTIELLEMENT TOX IQUES ONT £T£ OBSERV£ES DE SEPTEMBRE Ü JUIN $ES ESPáCES DE 0SEUDONITZSCHIA ONT £T£ OBSERV£ES EN SEPTEMBRENOVEMBRE ET F£VRIERAVRIL DANSLESSTATIONS)))ET)6-ALHEUREUSEMENTAUCUNE IDENTIlCATION PR£CISE PAR LUTILISATION DUN MICRO SCOPE£LECTRONIQUENA£T£R£ALIS£E,ECARACTáRETOX IQUEDECESESPáCESNESTDONCPASCONlRM£0LUS IEURSCYANOBACT£RIESPOTENTIELLEMENTTOXIQUESTELLES QUE!NABAENASPP,YNGBYASPP/SCILLATORIASPP ETQUATREESPáCESDE4RICHODESMIUM4CFCONTOR TUM 4 ERYTHRAEUM 4 TENUE ET4 THIBAUTII £TAIENT PR£SENTES,ESESPáCESDE4RICHODESMIUMSEMBLENT PLUSABONDANTESENJANVIERETF£VRIER "IENQUEL£CHANTILLONNAGEDESCORAUXMORTSAIT £T£ EFFECTU£ SEULEMENT EN F£VRIER MARS ET AVRIL ET UNIQUEMENTSURUNESTATIONUNEGRANDEDIVERSIT£DE DINOmAGELL£SBENTHIQUESPOTENTIELLEMENTTOXIQUESA £T£ TROUV£E .EUF ESPáCES DIFF£RENTES DE 0ROROCEN TRUM ONT £T£ OBSERV£ES ASSOCI£ES Ü 'AMBIERDISCUS TOXICUS/STREOPSISHEPTAGONA/OVATAET#OOLIACF MONOTIS #ONCLUSION 4HEPRESENTSTUDYHASSHOWNTHATSEVERALPOTENTIALLY TOXICALGAEOCCURINTHE7ESTERN)NDIAN/CEAN7)/ 5NDER CERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS THESE MAY CONSTITUTE A POTENTIAL RISK TO HUMAN HEALTH ANDOR ECONOMIC LOSSES TO THE lSHERY AND AQUACULTURE INDUSTRY)N2£UNION)SLANDANEFlCIENTMONITORING PROGRAMME HAS BEEN CONDUCTED SINCE (ERE CIGUATERA lSH POISONING IS COMMON CASES OF INTOXICATIONHAVINGBEENREPORTEDDURINGTHEPERIOD AND A RICH AND DIVERSE ASSEMBLAGE OF POTENTIALLY BENTHIC TOXIC DINOmAGELLATES HAS BEEN RECORDED1UOD4URQUET4URQUETETAL 4EN(AGE 4HE SAME DIVERSITY ALMOST CER TAINLY OCCURS IN NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES )T IS NOTE WORTHYTHATTHEMAXIMUMABUNDANCEOFPOTENTIALLY CIGUATERICDINOmAGELLATESISGENERALLYTIMES HIGHER IN 2£UNION THAN IN -AURITIUS !BUNDANCE OF CIGUATERIC DINOmAGELLATES MAY BE VERY PATCHY AND LARGE DIFFERENCES MAY OCCUR EVEN WITHIN SMALL AREAS (OWEVER THE DIFFERENCES OBSERVED MAY ALSO #ONCLUSION ,APR£SENTE£TUDEMONTREQUEPLUSIEURSALGUESPOTEN TIELLEMENT TOXIQUES SONT PR£SENTES DANS LA R£GION OUESTDELOC£AN)NDIEN7)/3OUSCERTAINESCON DITIONS ENVIRONNEMENTALES ELLES PEUVENT CONSTITUER UN RISQUE POTENTIEL POUR LA SANT£ HUMAINE ETOU DE PERTES £CONOMIQUES POUR LES INDUSTRIES DE PäCHE ET DAQUACULTURE ! L¦LE DE LA 2£UNION UN PRO GRAMME DOBSERVATION EFlCACE EST CONDUIT DEPUIS ,INTOXICATIONPARCIGUATERAYESTCOMMUNE CASONT£T£SIGNAL£SDURANTLAP£RIODE ETUNASSEMBLAGERICHEETDIVERSIl£DEDINOmAGELL£S BENTHIQUESPOTENTIELLEMENTTOXIQUESA£T£NOT£1UOD 4URQUET 4URQUET ET AL 4EN(AGE ,A MäME DIVERSIT£ DOIT CERTAINEMENT äTRE PR£SENTEDANSLESPAYSVOISINS)LESTREMARQUABLEQUE LABONDANCE MAXIMALE EN DINOmAGELL£S POTENTIELLE MENTTOXIQUESSOITG£N£RALEMENTÜFOISPLUS FORTEÜLA2£UNIONQUÜL¦LE-AURICE,ABONDANCE ENDINOmAGELL£SCIGUAT£RIQUESPEUTäTRETRáSVARIABLE DEGRANDESDIFF£RENCESPOUVANTSERENCONTRERMäME ENTREDEPETITESZONES#EPENDANTLES£CARTSOBSERV£S PEUVENTäTRESDUSÜDESSTRAT£GIESD£CHANTILLONNAGES DIFF£RENTES PR£LáVEMENT MANUEL DE MACROALGUES Ü )/#-ANUAL'UIDESNO BEDUETODIFFERENTSAMPLINGSTRATEGIESHANDPICKED MACROALGAE IN -AURITUS AS OPPOSED TO DEAD CORAL WITHALGALTURFIN2£UNION)TWOULDBEINTERESTINGTO FURTHERINVESTIGATETHISISSUE 4HEPRESENTSURVEYDIDNOTINCLUDETHENANOPLANK TONFRACTIONIEORGANISMSLESSTHAN±M0OTEN TIALLY TOXIC ORGANISMS WITHIN THIS FRACTION INCLUDE SPECIESOF#HRYSOCHROMULINAAND0RYMNESIUM4HE lNDING OF 0RYMNESIUM CALATHIFERUM IN AN ENRICH MENTSAMPLEFROM2£UNIONINDICATESTHATTHISGROUP MAYALSOBESIGNIlCANTINTROPICALWATERS4HISSIZE FRACTIONHASBEENRELATIVELYLITTLESTUDIEDINTROPICAL AREAS -AURICEPAROPPOSITIONAUXCORAUXMORTSRECOUVERTS DE GAZON ALGAL Ü LA 2£UNION )L SERAIT INT£RESSANT DEXAMINERCEFAITÜLAVENIR #ETTE PR£SENTE £TUDE NINCLUAIT PAS LA FRACTION NANOPLANCTONIQUE C Ü D LES ORGANISMES INF£RIEURS Ü ±M ,ES ORGANISMES POTENTIELLEMENT TOXIQUES CONTENUS DANS CETTE FRACTION INCLUENT ENTRE AUTRES LES ESPáCES DE #HRYSOCHROMULINA ET 0RYMNESIUM ,OBSERVATIONDE0RYMNESIUMCALATHIFERUMDANSUN £CHANTILLON ENRICHI DE LA 2£UNION MONTRE QUE CE GROUPEDOITäTRESIGNIlCATIFDANSLESEAUXTROPICALES #ETTEFRACTIONDEPETITETAILLEESTTRáSPEU£TUDI£EEN ZONETROPICALE )LLUSTRATEDGUIDETOSELECTEDSPECIES 'UIDEILLUSTR£DEQUELQUESESPáCES 4HESPECIESINTHEFOLLOWINGAREPRIMARILYSELECTED BASEDONTHETHEIRPOTENTIALLYTOXICITY(OWEVERNON TOXICSPECIESRESEMBLINGTOXICEG$INOPHYSISSPP 0ROROCENTRUM SPP AND 3INOPHYSIS CANICULATA OR WHICHMAYBEHARMFULDUETOPHYSICALDAMAGETOGILL TISSUEOFlSHHAVEALSOBEENINCLUDED4OXICSPECIES WHICHMOSTLIKELYOCCURINTHEREGIONBUTFORSOME REASONWERENOTOBSERVEDDURINGTHEPRESENTSURVEY HAVENOTBEENINCLUDED4HEMOSTOBVIOUSEXAMPLES OFTHISCATEGORYARE0YRODINIUMBAHAMENSEANDVARI OUS SPECIES OF RAPHIDOPHYTES &INALLY ONLY SPECIES FORWHICHWEHAVEPHOTOGRAPHICDOCUMENTATIONHAVE BEENINCLUDED ,ESESPáCESSUIVANTESONT£T£PRINCIPALEMENTS£LEC TIONN£ES SUR LA BASE DE LEUR TOXICIT£ POTENTIELLE #EPENDANT DES ESPáCES NON TOXIQUES RESSEMBLANT AUX TOXIQUES EX $INOPHYSIS SPP 0ROROCENTRUM SPP ET 3INOPHYSIS CANALICULATA OU QUI PEUVENT äTRENUISIBLESPARLESDOMMAGESPHYSIQUESQUELLES CAUSENTAUXTISSUSBRANCHIAUXDESPOISSONSONTAUSSI £T£INCLUSES,ESESPáCESTOXIQUESQUISONTCERTAINE MENT PR£SENTES DANS LA R£GION MAIS QUI POUR PLUS IEURS RAISONS NONT PAS £T£ OBSERV£ES DURANT CETTE £TUDENONTPAS£T£D£CRITES,EXEMPLELEPLUSMAR QUANT POUR CETTE CAT£GORIE EST 0YRODINIUM BAHA MENSEETDIVERSESESPáCESDERAPHIDOPHYTES%NlN SEULES LES ESPáCES POUR LESQUELLES NOUS AVIONS UNE ILLUSTRATIONPHOTOGRAPHIQUEONT£T£D£CRITES $INOmAGELLATES $INOmAGELL£S 4HIS GROUP OF ALGAE OR PROTISTS INCLUDES THE MOST TOXIC SPECIES EG 3OURNIA WITH REPRESENTA TIVESRESPONSIBLEFOR030.30$30CIGUATERA#&0 ANDlSHKILLS 4HE MAJORITY OF DINOmAGELLATES ARE FREELIVING UNICELLULARmAGELLATESWHICHMAYBEFOUNDINFRESH BRACKISHANDMARINEENVIRONMENTS3PECIESMAYBE PLANKTONICBENTHICOREPIPHYTICSOMELIVEASSYM BIONTS FOR EXAMPLE THE ZOOXANTHELLA OF CORALS AND OTHERINVERTEBRATESANDSOMEAREOBLIGATEPARASITES !BOUTOFTHECADESCRIBEDSPECIESAREHE TEROTROPHICIEOBTAINTHEIRORGANICCARBONENTIRELY #EGROUPEDALGUESOUDEPROTISTESINCLUTLAPLUPART DESESPáCESTOXIQUESCF3OURNIARESPONSABLES DES MORTALIT£S MASSIVES DE POISSONS ET DES INTOXI CATIONSHUMAINESDETYPE030.30$30ETCIGUA T£RIQUE ,AMAJORIT£DESDINOmAGELL£SSONTDESORGANISMES UNICELLULAIRESmAGELL£SLIBRESQUIPEUVENTäTRETROU V£SDANSLESEAUXDOUCESSAUM½TRESOUMARINES,ES ESPáCES PEUVENT äTRE PLANCTONIQUES BENTHIQUES OU £PIPHYTIQUES CERTAINES SONT SYMBIOTIQUES COMME PAREXEMPLELESZOOXANTHELLESASSOCI£ESAUXCORAUX OU Ü DAUTRES INVERT£BR£S DAUTRES SONT STRICTEMENT PARASITES %NVIRON DES ESPáCES D£CRITES SONT BYFEEDINGONOTHERORGANISMS'AINES%LBRÛCHTER PREDOMINANTLY OTHER PROTISTS !LTHOUGH THE REMAINING SPECIES ARE PHOTOTROPHIC IE HAVE CHLO ROPLASTS THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT MANY OF THESE ARE MIXOTROPHIC IE THEY ARE ALSO ABLE TO FEEDONPARTICULATEORGANICMATTERFOREXAMPLEOTHER PROTISTSEG"OCKSTHALER#OATS*ACOBSON !NDERSON 3KOVGAARD AB 3TOECKER ET AL 4YPICAL PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS INCLUDE CHLOROPHYLLACBBCAROTENEDINOXANTHINDIADINO XANTHINANDPERIDININ(OWEVERPIGMENTSTYPICALOF CHLOROPHYTESCHRYSOPHYTESCRYPTOPHYTESANDHAPTO PHYTESOCCURINSOMESPECIES*EFFREY6ESK $INOmAGELLATESARECHARACTERISEDBYTHEPRESENCE OFTWODISSIMILARmAGELLAONEISRIBBONSHAPEDAND ENCIRCLESTHECELLINASEMIHELICALFASHIONTHETRANS VERSE mAGELLUM THE SECOND IS WHIPLIKE AND TRAILS BEHINDTHECELLTHELONGITUDINALmAGELLUM)NMOST SPECIES mAGELLA ARE SITUATED IN FURROWS ON THE CELL BODYTHETRANSVERSEFURROWCINGULUMANDTHELON GITUDINAL FURROW SULCUS 4HE SIDE OF THE CELL FROM WHICHTHEmAGELLAORIGINATEISBYCONVENTIONTERMED THEVENTRALSIDEWITHLEFTANDRIGHTSIDESASINHUMANS 4AYLOR)NAFEWGROUPSLIKETHEPROROCENTRO IDSSEEBELOWTHEmAGELLAARISEANTERIORLYANDTHE CINGULUMANDSULCUSAREABSENT4AYLOR-OST DINOmAGELLATESHAVEADISTINCTNUCLEUSANDTHEPER MANENTLY CONDENSED CHROMOSOMES ARE USUALLY VIS IBLE AS EITHER DISCRETE hPOINTSv OR SHORT RODS UNDER THELIGHTMICROSCOPE $INOmAGELLATES MAY BE DIVIDED INTO ARMOURED AND UNARMOURED SPECIES BASED ON THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCEOFTHECALPLATES4HETAXONOMYOFARMOURED DINOmAGELLATESISPRIMARILYBASEDONTHEARRANGEMENT ANDNUMBEROFTHETHECALPLATESSEEBELOWWHEREAS THETAXONOMYOFTHEUNARMOUREDSPECIESHASPRIMA RILYBEENBASEDONCELLSHAPEANDCINGULARANDSULCAL ARRANGEMENTSEEBELOW H£T£ROTROPHES C Ü D QUELLES OBTIENNENT LEUR CAR BONE ORGANIQUE EN SE NOURRISSANT DAUTRES ORGAN ISMES PRINCIPALEMENT DAUTRES PROTISTES 'AINES %LBRÛCHTER "IEN QUE LES ESPáCES RESTANTES SOIENT PHOTOTROPHES C Ü D QUELLES POSSáDENT DES CHLOROPLASTESBEAUCOUPDENTREELLESSONTMIXOTRO PHESCÜDQUELLESSONTAUSSICAPABLESDESENOURRIR DEMATIáREORGANIQUEPARTICULAIRECF"OCKSTHALER #OATS*ACOBSON!NDERSON3KOVGAARD AB3TOECKERETAL,ESPIGMENTSPHO TOSYNTH£TIQUESRENCONTR£SCHEZLESDINOmAGELL£SSONT LESCHLOROPHYLLESACLECAROTáNELADINOXAN THINE LA DIADINOXANTHINE ET LA P£RIDININE #EPEND ANTONRENCONTREDESPIGMENTSCARACT£RISTIQUESDES #HLOROPHYTES#HRYSOPHYTES#RYPTOPHYTES(AP TOPHYTES CHEZ CERTAINES ESPáCES *EFFREY 6ESK ,ESDINOmAGELL£SSONTCARACT£RIS£SPARLAPR£SENCE DE DEUX mAGELLES BIEN DIFF£RENTS LUN APPEL£ mAG ELLE TRANSVERSAL A UNE FORME DE RUBAN QUI ENTOURE LACELLULELAUTREAPPEL£mAGELLELONGITUDINALESTEN FORMEDEFOUETETORIENTEVERSLARRIáREDELACELLULE #HEZLAPLUPARTDESESPáCESLESmAGELLESSONTSITU£S DANS DES GOUTTIáRES OU SILLONS /N DISTINGUE LA GOUTTIáRE TRANSVERSALE OU CINGULUM ET LA GOUTTIáRE LONGITUDINALEOUSULCUS0ARD£lNITIONLAFACEVENT RALEESTD£TERMIN£EPARLAZONEDINSERTIONDESmAG ELLES Ü DROITE ET Ü GAUCHE COMME CHEZ LHOMME 4AYLOR #HEZ QUELQUES GROUPES COMME LES PROROCENTROÉDES VOIR PLUS BAS LE CINGULUM ET LE SULCUSSONTABSENTSETLESDEUXmAGELLESSONTINS£R£S ANT£RIEUREMENT4AYLOR,APLUPARTDESDINO mAGELL£S ONT UN NOYAU TRáS PARTICULIER QUI SE CARA CT£RISE PAR DES CHROMOSOMES TOUJOURS CONDENS£S QUELQUESOITLESTADEDUCYCLECELLULAIRE!UMICRO SCOPE PHOTONIQUE CES CHROMOSOMES SONT HABITUEL LEMENT VISIBLES ET FORMENT DE PETITES T½CHES OU DE COURTESBANDES /NDISTINGUEPARMILESDINOmAGELL£SLESESPáCES THáQU£ES ET NON THáQU£ES CARACT£RIS£ES PAR LA PR£SENCEOULABSENCEDEPLAQUESTHáCALES,ATAXI NOMIE DES DINOmAGELL£S THáQU£S EST PRINCIPALEMENT BAS£E SUR LARRANGEMENT ET LE NOMBRE DES PLAQUES THáCALESVOIRPLUSBASTANDISQUECELLEDESESPáCES NONTHáQU£ESESTPRINCIPALEMENTBAS£ESURLAFORME CELLULAIREETLED£PLACEMENTCINGULAIREETSULCALVOIR PLUSBAS 5NARMOUREDSPECIES ,ESESPáCESNONTHáQU£ES !COMBINATIONOFCHARACTERSISUSEDTOIDENTIFYTHE UNARMOREDDINOmAGELLATESTOGENERAANDSPECIES SIZE SHAPE AND PROPORTIONS OF THE CELL CINGULAR 5NENSEMBLEDECARACTáRESESTUTILIS£POURIDENTIlER LESGENRESETLESESPáCESDEDINOmAGELL£SNONTHáQU£S LA TAILLE LA FORME ET LES PROPORTIONS CELLULAIRES )/#-ANUAL'UIDESNO POSITIONANDDISPLACEMENTSULCALPLACEMENTAND INTRUSIONONTHEEPICONEPRESENCEABSENCEOFAN APICAL GROOVE AND ITS SHAPE AND PRESENCE AND LOCATIONOFORGANELLESEGNUCLEUSNUCLEARCAPSULE CHLOROPLASTSPYRENOIDNEMATOCYSTSSTIGMAOROCEL LOIDSEEALSO3TEIDINGER4ANGEN)NORDER TOOBSERVEANYOFTHESECHARACTERSITISUSUALLYNECES SARYTOOBSERVELIVECELLSASMOSTUNARMOREDDINO mAGELLATES ARE VERY DELICATE AND WILL NOT WITHSTAND NORMALlXATIONSLIKE,UGOLSSOLUTIONORFORMALIN #INGULAR POSITION AND DISPLACEMENT HAVE BEEN USEDASAMAINCHARACTERATTHEGENERICLEVEL&IG &OR EXAMPLE THE GENERA 'YMNODINIUM AND 'YRO DINIUM HAVE BEEN SEPARATED ONLY ON THE DEGREE OF CINGULARDISPLACEMENTWHICHIN'YMNODINIUMMUST NOT EXCEED OF THE BODY LENGTH WHEREAS IN 'YRODINIUMITISMORETHAN+OFOID3WEZY (OWEVER IN MANY SPECIES THE DISPLACEMENT ISAROUNDTHISBORDERLINEMAKINGTHEIRGENERICAFlL IATION DIFlCULT &URTHERMORE CULTURE STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT CINGULAR DISPLACEMENT MAY VARY CONSI DERABLYWITHINACLONE+IMBALL7OOD4HIS ILLUSTRATESTHATCINGULARDISPLACEMENTISNOTARELIA BLEGENERICCHARACTER2ECENTPROGRESSINULTRASTRUC TURAL AND MOLECULAR SEQUENCE ANALYSIS HAS SHOWN THAT'YMNODINIUM'YRODINIUMASPRESENTLYDElNED ARE POLYPHYLETIC AND 'YMNODINIUM HAS BEEN SPLIT INTOSEVERALNEWGENERASEE$AUGBJERGETAL 'YMNODINIUMSENSUSTRICTOISNOWCHARACTERISEDBY THEPRESENCEOFAHORSESHOESHAPEDAPICALGROOVE &IG WHICH RUNS IN AN ANTICLOCKWISE DIRECTION AROUNDTHEAPEXOFTHECELLDISTINCTCHAMBERSIN THENUCLEARENVELOPEANDANUCLEARlBROUSCON NECTIVEWHICHINTERLINKSTHENUCLEUSANDTHEmAGEL LARAPPARATUS4HEIMPORTANTNEUROTOXICANDORlSH KILLING SPECIES 'YMNODINIUM BREVE AND ' MIKI MOTOI HAVE BEEN TRANSFERRED TO A NEW GENUS +ARE NIA WHICH IS CHARACTERISED BY THE PRESENCE OF A STRAIGHT APICAL GROOVE &IG ABSENCE OF NUCLEAR CHAMBERS AND ABSENCE OF A NUCLEAR lBROUS CON NECTIVE 4HE MAJOR CAROTENOIDS OF +ARENIA ARE FUCOXANTHIN HEXANOYLOXYFUCOXANTHIN ANDOR BUTANOYLOXYFUCOXANTHIN LA POSITION ET LE D£PLACEMENT CINGULAIRE LA POSITIONDUSULCUSETPARFOISSONINTRUSIONAUNIVEAU DE L£PICONE LA PR£SENCEABSENCE DUN SILLON APICAL ET SA FORME ET LA PR£SENCE ET LA POSITION DESORGANITESCÜDLENOYAULACAPSULENUCL£AIRE LESCHLOROPLASTESLEPYR£NOÉDELESN£MATOCYSTESLE STIGMAOUOCELLOÉDEVOIRAUSSI3TEIDINGER4ANGEN 0OURD£TERMINERCESCARACTáRESILESTPR£F£RA BLEDOBSERVERCESORGANISMESVIVANTS,APLUPARTDE CESESPáCESSONTFRAGILESETR£SISTENTMALÜLAlXATION PARLELUGOLOULEFORMOL ,APOSITIONDUCINGULUMETSOND£PLACEMENTONT £T£CHOISISCOMMEUNDESPRINCIPAUXCARACTáRESAU NIVEAU G£N£RIQUE &IG 0AR EXEMPLE LES GENRES 'YMNODINIUMET'YRODINIUMSEDISTINGUENTUNIQUE MENT PAR LE DEGR£ DE D£PLACEMENT DU CINGULUM QUINEDOITPASEXC£DERCHEZ'YMNODINIUMDE LA LONGUEUR DE LA CELLULE TANDIS QUIL LES D£PASSE CHEZ'YRODINIUM+OFOID3WEZY#EPEND ANT POUR DE NOMBREUSES ESPáCES LE D£PLACEMENT SESITUEAUTOURDECETTELIMITECEQUIRENDDIFlCILE LAFlLIATION AU GENRE $E PLUS DES £TUDES SUR DES SOUCHES EN CULTURE ONT MONTR£ QUE LE D£PLACEMENT CINGULAIREPEUTVARIERCONSID£RABLEMENTAUSEINDUN MäME CLONE +IMBALL 7OOD ,E D£PLACE MENTCINGULAIRENESTDONCPASUNCARACTáREG£N£RIQUE lABLE,ESPROGRáSR£CENTSDANSLES£TUDESULTRASTRUC TURALESETMOL£CULAIRESONTMONTR£QUELECOMPLEXE 'YMNODINIUM'YRODINIUMTELQUILESTD£lNIACTUEL LEMENTESTPOLYPHYL£TIQUE!INSILEGENRE'YMNOD INIUM A £T£ PARTAG£ EN PLUSIEURS NOUVEAUX GENRES VOIR$AUGBJERGETAL'YMNODINIUMiSTRICTO SENSUwESTMAINTENANTCARACT£RIS£PARLAPR£SENCE DUN SILLON APICAL EN FORME DE FER Ü CHEVAL &IG QUITOURNEAUTOURDELAPEXDANSLESENSINVERSE DESAIGUILLESDUNEMONTRELEXISTENCEDECHAM BRESMARQU£ESDANSLENVELOPPENUCL£AIREETLA PR£SENCEDUNCONNECTIFNUCL£AIRElBREUXQUIRELIE LENOYAUÜLAPPAREILmAGELLAIRE,ESESPáCESNEURO TOXIQUESETICHTYOTOXIQUES'YMNODINIUMBREVEET' MIKIMOTOIONT£T£TRANSF£R£ESDANSUNNOUVEAUGENRE LEGENRE+ARENIAQUIESTCARACT£RIS£PARLAPR£SENCE DUN SILLON APICAL DROIT &IG PAR LABSENCE DE CHAMBRES NUCL£AIRES ET LABSENCE DUN CONNECTIF NUCL£AIRElBREUX,ESCAROT£NOÉDESMAJEURSDUGENRE +ARENIASONTLAFUCOXANTHINELEHEXANOYLOXYFU COXANTHINETOULEBUTANOYLOXYFUCOXANTHIN !MPHIDINIUM 4HECINGULUMISSTRONGLYDISPLACEDTOWARDSTHEAPEX OF THE CELL AND THE EPICONE IS THEREFORE OFTEN VERY SMALLTONGUESHAPEDORAPPEARINGASASMALLCAP !MPHIDINIUM ,E CINGULUM EST SITU£ DANS LA R£GION ANT£RIEURE DE LACELLULE$ECEFAITL£PICONEESTG£N£RALEMENTTRáS R£DUITENFORMEDELANGUEOUSEPR£SENTECOMMEUN CAPUCHON,ESDONN£ESULTRASTRUCTURALESETMOL£CU !MPHIDINIUM 'YMNODINIUM &IG5NARMOUREDDINOmAGELLATESCLASSIlED ACCORDINGTOCINGULARDISPLACEMENT 'YRODINIUM #OCHLODINIUM &IG$INOmAGELL£SNONTHáQU£SCLASS£SSELONLE D£PLACEMENTCINGULAIRE APICALGROOVE MM 'YMNODINIUMAUREOLUM MM +ARENIAMIKIMOTOI &IG 5NARMORED DINOmAGELLATES CLASSIlED &IG$INOmAGELL£SNUSCLASS£SSELONLASPECT ACCORDINGTOTYPEOFAPICALGROOVEFROM$AUG DU SILLON APICAL DAPRáS $AUGBJERG ET AL BJERGETAL 5LTRASTRUCTURAL AND MOLECULAR DATA SUGGEST THAT THE GENUS AS PRESENTLY DElNED IS POLYPHYLETIC SEE $AUGBJERGETAL!BOUTPHOTOANDHETE ROTROPHICSPECIESHAVEBEENDESCRIBED-OSTSPECIES AREFOUNDINBRACKISHANDMARINEENVIRONMENTSAND MANYAREBENTHIC4AYLORETAL LAIRES SUGGáRENT QUE LE GENRE TEL QUIL EST D£lNI AUJOURDHUI EST POLYPHYL£TIQUE VOIR $AUGBJERG ET AL%NVIRONESPáCESPHOTOOUH£T£ROTRO PHESONT£T£D£CRITES,APLUPARTVIVENTDANSLESEAUX MARINESOUSAUM½TRESETBEAUCOUPSONTBENTHIQUES 4AYLORETAL !MPHIDINIUMCFCARTERAE(ULBURT 0LATE! #ELLSMOREORLESSOVALANDDORSOVENTRALLYmATTENED 4HE EPICONE IS SMALL AND SLIGHTLY DISPLACED TO THE LEFT)TMAYNOTBEPARTICULARLYCLEARINlXEDMATE RIAL 4HE SINGLE CHLOROPLAST IS LOCATED PERIPHERALLY USUALLY PERFORATED AND CONNECTS TO A LARGE CENTRAL PYRENOID,ENGTH±MWIDTH±M ,ES CELLULES SONT PLUS OU MOINS OVALES ET APLATIES DORSOVENTRALEMENT ,£PICONE EST R£DUIT ET L£GáRE MENTD£CAL£SURLAGAUCHE)LPEUTäTREDIFlCILEMENT OBSERVABLESURDESCELLULESlX£ES,UNIQUECHLORO PLASTEG£N£RALEMENTPERFOR£ESTSITU£ÜLAP£RIPH£RIE ETCONNECT£ÜUNLARGEPYR£NOÉDECENTRAL,ONGUEUR ±MLARGEUR±M )/#-ANUAL'UIDESNO 2EMARKS 4HIS SPECIES IS VERY SIMILAR TO !MPHIDI NIUMOPERCULATUMWHICHHASNUMEROUSCHLOROPLAST LOBESRADIATINGFROMACENTRALPYRENOIDANDTHECELL SIZEISUSUALLYCONSIDERABLYLARGERTHAN!CARTERAE SEE BELOW 4HE EXACT ARRANGEMENT OF THE CHLORO PLAST WAS NOT APPARENT IN THE lXED MATERIAL IN THIS STUDYRESULTINGINTHEUNCERTAINTYOFTHEIDENTIlCA TION 2EMARQUES #ETTE ESPáCE EST TRáS PROCHE D!MPHI DINIUMOPERCULATUMMAISCETTEDERNIáREPOSSáDEUN PLASTECENTRALMULTILOB£CONTENANTUNPYR£NOÉDEET LA TAILLE DES CELLULES EST HABITUELLEMENT BEAUCOUP PLUS LARGE QUE CELLE D! 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äTREDUNEEXTRäMEIMPORTANCE-ALHEUREUSEMENTCE NESTPASTOUJOURSCHOSEFACILECARCHEZLAMAJORIT£ DES ESPáCES LES PLAQUES THáCALES SONT RELATIVEMENT lNES ET LISSES LESQUELLES SONT DIFlCILES Ü OBSERVER SANSCOLORATIONPR£ALABLESOUSUNMICROSCOPEPHO TONIQUE ,ATERMINOLOGIEUTILIS£EPOURNOMMERLESPLAQUES SUIT LE SYSTáME SUGG£R£ PAR +OFOID L£GáREMENTMODIl£PAR"ALECH)LESTN£CES SAIREDECOMPRENDRECETTETERMINOLOGIEAPPEL£ETABU LATIONAlNDIDENTIlERLESESPáCESD!LEXANDRIUMET ENG£N£RALLESDINOmAGELL£STHáQU£S%NCOMMENÀANT PAR LES PLAQUES QUI FORMENT L£PITHáQUE SE R£F£RER ÜLA&IGÜLAPEXESTSITU£EUNEPETITEPLAQUE FENDUEENFORMEDEVIRGULEAPPEL£ELAPLAQUEPORALE PO,ESPLAQUESENCONTACTAVECCETTEPLAQUEPORALE SONT DITES PLAQUES APICALES ,E GENRE !LEXANDRIUM POSSáDE PLAQUES APICALES NUM£ROT£ES INDIVIDU ELLEMENT DANS LE SENS DES AIGUILLES DUNE MONTRE OU DE LA GAUCHE VERS LA DROITE EN PARTANT DU CENTRE DELAZONEVENTRALE,ESPLAQUESBORDANTLECINGULUM SONTAPPEL£ESPLAQUESPR£CINGULAIRESET!LEXANDRIUM EN POSSáDE #ERTAINS DINOmAGELL£S COMME LES GONYAULACOÉDESETP£RIDINOÉDESONTDEÜPLAQUES ENTRELESS£RIESAPICALESETPR£CINGULAIRES%LLESSONT NOMM£ESLESPLAQUESINTERCALAIRESANT£RIEURESMAIS LESESPáCESD!LEXANDRIUMENSONTD£POURVUES3UR LHYPOTHáQUE LES PLAQUES EN CONTACT AVEC LE CIN GULUM SONT APPEL£ES PLAQUES POSTCINGULAIRES ,ES ESPáCES D!LEXANDRIUM EN ONT ,ES PLAQUES QUI NE SONT PAS AU CONTACT DU CINGULUM MAIS ASSOCI£ES AU SULCUS SONT DITES PLAQUES ANTAPICALES SENSU "ALECH !LEXANDRIUM EN A ,ES PLAQUES ENTRE LES S£RIES POSTCINGULAIRES ET ANTAPI CALESSONTAPPEL£ESPLAQUESINTERCALAIRESPOST£RIEURES ,ESESPáCESD!LEXANDRIUMNENNONTPASCEPEND ANTDANSCERTAINSARTICLESLAPREMIáREPLAQUEANTAPI CALEESTCONSID£R£ECOMMEPLAQUEINTERCALAIRE POST£RIEURE,ESPLAQUESCOMPOSANTLECINGULUMSONT DITESPLAQUESCINGULAIRESCHEZ!LEXANDRIUMET ÜPLAQUESFORMENTLESULCUS#ONTRAIREMENTÜDE NOMBREUX AUTRES DINOmAGELL£S THáQU£S LES PLAQUES SULCALESSONTTRáSIMPORTANTESPOURLIDENTIlCATIONDE CERTAINESESPáCESD!LEXANDRIUM!LABASELATERMI NOLOGIEUTILIS£EPOURLESPLAQUESSULCALESA£T£SUG G£R£EPAR"ALECHVOIR&IG#HEZCERTAINES ESPáCESD!LEXANDRIUMLAPLAQUENESTPASJOIN TIVE Ü LA PLAQUE PORALE PO CE NEST DONC PAS UNE PLAQUESELONLAD£lNITIONDONN£EPARLESYSTáME +OFOIDIEN#EPENDANTCOMMECETTEPLAQUEESTMAN IFESTEMENTHOMOLOGUEDELAPLAQUEELLEESTHABIT UELLEMENTCIT£ECOMMETELLE 0OURLIDENTIlCATIONDESESPáCESD!LEXANDRIUM IDENTIFYING!LEXANDRIUMSPECIESARESHADEDGREYIN &IGSHAPEOFPLATEPRESENCEORABSENCEOFAN ASSOCIATIONBETWEENTHEPLATEANDPOPRESENCEOR ABSENCEOFAVENTRALPORESIZEANDSHAPEOFPLATE SIZEANDSHAPEOFTHESATHESPANDTHEPOPLATE 4HESHAPEANDSIZEOFTHECELLMAYALSOBEIMPORTANT CHARACTERS -OST SPECIES WITHIN THIS GENUS HAVE HAD A VERY CONFUSING TAXONOMIC HISTORY WITH EXTENSIVE SYNO NOMYOFGENERICNAMESSUCHAS'ONYAULAX0ROTO GONYAULAX'ESSNERIUM0YRODINIUMOR'ONIODOMA (OWEVERACONSENSUSWASREACHEDUSINGTHENAME !LEXANDRIUMATTHETH)NTERNATIONAL#ONFERENCEON 4OXIC0HYTOPLANKTONHELDIN,UND3TEIDINGER -OESTRUP AND THIS HAS SUBSEQUENTLY BEEN GENERALLYACCEPTED LESCARACT£RISTIQUESDECERTAINESPLAQUESTHáCALESSONT PARTICULIáREMENTIMPORTANTESGRIS£SDANSLA&IG FORME DE LA PLAQUE PR£SENCE OU ABSENCE DUNE LIAISONENTRELAPLAQUEETPOPR£SENCEOUABSENCE DUN PORE VENTRAL TAILLE ET FORME DE LA PLAQUE TAILLEETFORMEDESPLAQUESSASPETPO,ATAILLEETLA FORMEDESCELLULESSONTAUSSIDESCARACTáRESG£N£RAUX IMPORTANTS ,A PLUPART DES ESPáCES APPARTENANT Ü CE GENRE ONT UN HISTORIQUE TAXINOMIQUE TRáS CONFUS AVEC DE NOMBREUX SYNONYMES AU NIVEAU G£N£RIQUE COMME 'ONYAULAX 0ROTOGONYAULAX 'ESSNERIUM 0YRODIN IUMOU'ONIODOMA#EPENDANTUNCONSENSUSA£T£ TROUV£PARLUTILISATIONDUNOMDEGENRE!LEXANDRIUM Ü LA áME #ONF£RENCE INTERNATIONALE SUR LE 0HYTO PLANCTONTOXIQUETENUÜ,UNDEN3TEIDINGERET -OESTRUP ET A £T£ PAR LA SUITE G£N£RALEMENT ACCEPT£ !LEXANDRIUMAFlNE)NOUEET&UKUYO"ALECH 0LATE!% 3YNONYMS0ROTOGONYAULAXAFlNE)NOUEET&UKUYO !LEXANDRIUMFUKUYOI"ALECH 3YNONYMES0ROTOGONYAULAXAFlNE)NOUEET&UKUYO !LEXANDRIUMFUKUYOI"ALECH 4HISSPECIESISEASILYRECOGNISEDBYITSCHARACTERIS TIC POPLATE WHICH HAS A DORSALLY LOCATED CONNEC TINGPORE&IRSTAPICALPLATEISCONNECTEDWITHTHE POPLATEANDASMALLVENTRALPOREISPRESENT4HESP PLATEISOFTAMARENSETYPE"ALECHIELONGER THANWIDEANDFURNISHEDWITHADISTINCTPORE!LEX ANDRIUM AFlNE IS A CHAINFORMING SPECIES BUT THE CHAINMAYBREAKUPDURINGlXATION #ETTE ESPáCE EST FACILEMENT RECONNAISSABLE PAR SA PLAQUEPOCARACT£RISTIQUELAQUELLEPOSSáDEUNPORE LOCALIS£ DORSALEMENT ,A PREMIáRE PLAQUE APICALE ESTCONNECT£EÜLAPLAQUEPORALEPOETUNPETIT PORE VENTRAL EST PR£SENT ,A PLAQUE SP EST DE TYPE TAMARENSE "ALECH C Ü D PLUS LONGUE QUE LARGEETPOSSáDEUNPOREDISTINCT!LEXANDRIUMAFlNE EST UNE ESPáCE FORMANT DES CHA¦NES QUI PEUVENT SE CASSERPENDANTLAlXATION 2EMARKS !LEXANDRIUM AFlNE IS VERY SIMILAR TO ! FRATERCULUSALSOACHAINFORMINGSPECIESBUTDISTIN GUISHEDFROMTHISBYTHESHAPEOFTHEPOPLATEAND THEPOSITIONOFITSATTACHMENTPORE 2EMARQUES!LEXANDRIUMAFlNEESTTRáSPROCHED! FRATERCULUS ESPáCES FORMANT DES CHA¦NES MAIS SEN DISTINGUE PAR LA FORME DE LA PLAQUE PORALE PO ET LA POSITIONDESONPOREDATTACHEMENT $ISTRIBUTION(ASBEENRECORDEDFROMCOASTALWATERS OF *APAN +OREA 3PAIN 0ORTUGAL4HAILAND 0HILIP PINESAND6IETNAM"ALECH,AMPERSCOM $ISTRIBUTION %LLE A £T£ OBSERV£E DANS LES EAUX C¹TIáRESDU*APONDE#OR£ED%SPAGNEDU0ORTUGAL DE4HAÉLANDEDES0HILIPPINESETDU6IETNAM"ALECH ,AMCOMPERS 4OXICOLOGY0OTENTIALLYTOXIC 4OXICOLOGIE0OTENTIELLEMENTTOXIQUE )/#-ANUAL'UIDESNO 0LATE!LEXANDRIUM&IGS!%!LEXANDRIUMAFlNE+ILIl +ILINDINI +ENYA .OTICE 5SHAPED NUCLEUS N 6ENTRAL PORE IS INDICATED BY AN ARROW &IGS " # THE ATTACHMENT PORES IN THE POSTERIOR SULCAL PLATE &IG $ AND PORE PLATE &IG % BYARROWHEADS&IGS&,!LEXANDRIUMLEEI+ILIl+ILINDINI +ENYA6ENTRALPOREINDICATEDBYARROWSIN&IGS')&IG( SHOWSTHEAPICALPOREPLATE&IGS-0!LEXANDRIUMCFTAMARENSE .GOMENI+ENYA6ENTRALPOREINDICATEDBYARROWHEAD.OTICE THEPRESENCEOFALEFTSULCALWINGORLIST&IGS/0ARROWS &IGS13!LEXANDRIUMCFTAMARENSE+ILINDINI+ENYA6ENTRAL POREINDICATEDBYARROWHEADTHELEFTSULCALWINGWITHANARROW 0LANCHE!LEXANDRIUM&IGS!%!LEXANDRIUMAFlNE+ILIl +ILINDINI+ENYA.OTEZLENOYAUNENFORMEDE5,EPORE VENTRAL EST INDIQU£ PAR UNE máCHE &IGS " # LES PORES DE lXATION SUR LA PLAQUE SULCALE POST£RIEURE &IG $ ET LE PORE APICAL&IG%TäTEDEmáCHE&IGS&,!LEXANDRIUMLEEI+ILIl +ILINDINI +ENYA 0ORE VENTRAL INDIQU£ PAR UNE máCHE DANS LES&IGS')&IG(MONTRELAPLAQUEDUPOREAPICAL&IGS -0!LEXANDRIUMCFTAMARENSE.GOMENI+ENYA0OREVEN TRALINDIQU£PARUNETäTEDEmáCHE.OTEZLAPR£SENCEDUNEAILE SULCALEGAUCHE&IGS/0máCHE&IGS13!LEXANDRIUMCF TAMARENSE +ILINDINI +ENYA ,E PORE VENTRAL EST INDIQU£ PAR UNETäTEDEmáCHELAILESULCALEGAUCHEPARUNEmáCHE !LEXANDRIUMLEEI"ALECH 0LATE&, ! RELATIVELY LARGE SPECIES WHICH DOES NOT FORM CHAINS 4HE LEFT HYPOTHECAL LOBE IS USUALLY LONGER THAN THE RIGHT LOBE ! 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B )DENTIlCATION OF $INOPHYSISFORTIIASTHECAUSATIVEORGANISMOFDIARRHETICSHELLlSHPOISONING"ULL*AP3OC3CI&ISH 9ASUMOTO43EINO.-URAKAMI9-URATA-4OXINSPRODUCEDBYBENTHICDINOmAGELLATES"IOL"ULL 9ASUMOTO45NDERDAL"!UNE4(ORMAZABAL63KULBERG/-/SHIMA93CREENINGFORHEMOLYTIC ANDICHTHYOTOXICCOMPONENTSOF#RYSOCHROMULINAPOLYLEPISAND'YRODINIUMAUREOLUMFROM.ORWEGIANWATERS)N 'RAN£LI%3UNDSTRM"%DLER,!NDERSON$-EDS4OXICMARINEPHYTOPLANKTON%LSEVIER.EW9ORKP 9OO*3&UKUYO9!GURA9-ORPHOLOGICALVARIATIONOF0ROROCENTRUMLIMA$INOPHYCEAEINCULTURE)N 2EGUERA""LANCO*&ERNANDEZ-7YATT4EDS6))))NTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONHARMFULALGAEABSTRACTSAND POSTERCLASSIlCATION6IGO3PAINP 9UKI+9OSHIMATSU34WOlSHKILLINGSPECIESOF#OCHLODINIUMFROM(ARIMA.ADA3ETO)NLAND3EA*APAN )N /KAICHI 4!NDERSON $- .EMOTO 4 EDS 2ED TIDES BIOLOGY ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TOXICOLOGY %LSEVIER.EW9ORKP :HOU * &RITZ , 5LTRASTRUCTURE OF TWO TOXIC MARINE DINOmAGELLATES 0ROROCENTRUM LIMA AND 0ROROCENTRUM MACULOSUM0HYCOLOGIA IOC Manuals and Guides No. Title 1 rev. 2 Guide to IGOSS Data Archives and Exchange (BATHY and TESAC). 1993. 27 pp. (English, French, Spanish, Russian) 2 International Catalogue of Ocean Data Station. 1976. (Out of stock) 3 rev. 3 Guide to Operational Procedures for the Collection and Exchange of JCOMM Oceanographic Data. Third Revised Edition, 1999. 38 pp. (English, French, Spanish, Russian) 4 Guide to Oceanographic and Marine Meteorological Instruments and Observing Practices. 1975. 54 pp. (English) 5 rev. Guide for Establishing a National Oceanographic Data Centre, 1997. 42 pp. (English) 6 rev. Wave Reporting Procedures for Tide Observers in the Tsunami Warning System. 1968. 30 pp. (English) 7 Guide to Operational Procedures for the IGOSS Pilot Project on Marine Pollution (Petroleum) Monitoring. 1976. 50 pp. (French, Spanish) 8 (Superseded by IOC Manuals and Guides No. 16) 9 rev. Manual on International Oceanographic Data Exchange. (Fifth Edition). 1991. 82 pp. (French, Spanish, Russian) 9 Annex I (Superseded by IOC Manuals and Guides No. 17) 9 Annex II Guide for Responsible National Oceanographic Data Centres. 1982. 29 pp. (English, French, Spanish, Russian) 10 (Superseded by IOC Manuals and Guides No. 16) 11 The Determination of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Sediments. 1982. 38 pp. (French, Spanish, Russian) 12 Chemical Methods for Use in Marine Environment Monitoring. 1983. 53 pp. (English) 13 Manual for Monitoring Oil and Dissolved/Dispersed Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Waters and on Beaches. 1984. 35 pp. (English, French, Spanish, Russian) 14 Manual on Sea-Level Measurements and Interpretation. Vol. I: Basic Procedure. 1985. 83 pp. (English, French, Spanish, Russian) Vol. II: Emerging Technologies. 1994. 72 pp. (English) Vol. III: Reappraisals and Recommendations as of the year 2000. 2002. 55 pp. (English) 15 Operational Procedures for Sampling the Sea-Surface Microlayer. 1985. 15 pp. (English) 16 Marine Environmental Data Information Referral Catalogue. Third Edition. 1993. 157 pp. (Composite English/French/Spanish/Russian) 17 GF3: A General Formatting System for Geo-referenced Data Vol. 1: Introductory Guide to the GF3 Formatting System. 1993. 35 pp. (English, French, Spanish, Russian) Vol. 2: Technical Description of the GF3 Format and Code Tables. 1987. 111 pp. (English, French, Spanish, Russian) Vol. 4: User Guide to the GF3-Proc Software. 1989. 23 pp. (English, French, Spanish, Russian) Vol. 5: Reference Manual for the GF3-Proc Software. 1992. 67 pp. (English, French, Spanish, Russian) Vol. 6: Quick Reference Sheets for GF3 and GF3-Proc. 1989. 22 pp. (English, French, Spanish, Russian) 18 User Guide for the Exchange of Measured Wave Data. 1987. 81 pp. (English, French, Spanish, Russian) No. Title 19 Guide to IGOSS Specialized Oceanographic Centres (SOCs). 1988. 17 pp. (English, French, Spanish, Russian) 20 Guide to Drifting Data Buoys. 1988. 71 pp. (English, French, Spanish, Russian) 21 (Superseded by IOC Manuals and Guides No. 25) 22 GTSPP Real-time Quality Control Manual. 1990. 122 pp. (English) 23 Marine Information Centre Development: An Introductory Manual. 1991. 32 pp. (English, French, Spanish, Russian) 24 Guide to Satellite Remote Sensing of the Marine Environment. 1992. 178 pp. (English) 25 Standard and Reference Materials for Marine Science. Revised Edition. 1993. 577 pp. (English) 26 Manual of Quality Control Procedures for Validation of Oceanographic Data. 1993. 436 pp. (English) 27 Chlorinated Biphenyls in Open Ocean Waters: Sampling, Extraction, Clean-up and Instrumental Determination. 1993. 36 pp. (English) 28 Nutrient Analysis in Tropical Marine Waters. 1993. 24 pp. (English) 29 Protocols for the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) Core Measurements. 1994. 178 pp . (English) 30 MIM Publication Series: Vol. 1: Report on Diagnostic Procedures and a Definition of Minimum Requirements for Providing Information Services on a National and/or Regional Level. 1994. 6 pp. (English) Vol. 2: Information Networking: The Development of National or Regional Scientific Information Exchange. 1994. 22 pp. (English) Vol. 3: Standard Directory Record Structure for Organizations, Individuals and their Research Interests. 1994. 33 pp. (English) 31 HAB Publication Series: Vol. 1: Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning. 1995. 18 pp. (English) 32 Oceanographic Survey Techniques and Living Resources Assessment Methods. 1996. 34 pp. (English) 33 Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae. 1995. (English) 34 Environmental Design and Analysis in Marine Environmental Sampling. 1996. 86 pp. (English) 35 IUGG/IOC Time Project. Numerical Method of Tsunami Simulation with the Leap-Frog Scheme. 1997. 122 pp. (English) 36 Methodological Guide to Integrated Coastal Zone Management. 1997. 47 pp. (French, English) 37 Post-Tsunami Survey Field Guide. First Edition. 1998. 61 pp. (English, French, Spanish, Russian) 38 Guidelines for Vulnerability Mapping of Coastal Zones in the Indian Ocean. 2000. 40 pp. (French, English) 39 Improved Global Bathymetry; Final Report of SCOR Working Group 107. (under preparation) 40 Guidelines for the Study of Shoreline Change in the Western Indian Ocean Region. 2000. 73 pp. (English) 41 Potentially Harmful Marine Microalgae of the Western Indian Ocean Microalgues potentiellement nuisibles de l'océan Indien occidental. 2001. 104 pp./ (English/French)
