Electric Vehicles
Alex Asbury
Ryne Clinard
Ling Wu
Christopher Bruffey
Bradley Bowles
Wenyun Ju
Objectives
▪ History & Basic
Theory
▪ Challenges and
R&D
▪ State of the Art
Designs
▪ Applications &
Demonstrations
▪ Impacts
▪ Research Papers
Basic Theory and History
Alex Asbury
Basic Theory
• Energy from an
external source
charges a battery
• Battery Energy is
used to power an
electric motor
History
Early EVs
(Clockwise from left: Thomas Parker’s Car, a
typical EV from 1912, and a German electric
taxi.)
Early Developments
History
Intervening Years
• After gas cars
improved there was
little development in
the technology
• Petroleum concerns in
the 1970s created
some short lasting
interest in EVs
History
GM EV1
Modern Developments
• As a result of the
actions taken by the
California Air
Resources Board, EV
development projects
were started by major
car manufactures
Start-of-the-Art Designs
Christopher Bruffey
Tesla Model D
• Dual motor version of
the Tesla Model S
• 0-60 mph in 3.2 sec
• Top speed 155 mph
• Range: 275 miles
• Performance at a price:
$105k-$120k
Detroit Electric SP.01
• Tesla’s newest competitor
• 0-62 mph in 3.9 sec.
• Range: 180 miles
• Charge time 4.3 hours
• Air cooled battery pack,
centrally monitored by
Detroit Electric
• Cost: $135k
Harley-Davidson Project LiveWire
• All electric prototype
• Powered by a 74 HP, 3
phase, AC motor and
Lithium-Ion Battery
• Engineered to have a
distinctive sounding electric
motor
• Not a production vehicle yet
Impacts
Ryne Clinard
Impact(Technical and Social)
Technical Impact – Emissions
Gas Vehicle Emissions:
-Assuming 25 mpg
-8,887 grams CO2 /gal = 8.887x10-3 metric tons CO2 /gal
-2,813.1 miles/metric tons CO2
Average Power Plant Emissions:
-6.89551x10-4 metric tons CO2 /kWh
Electric Vehicle Emissions:
-Using the Tesla P85
-265miles/charge
-85 kWh/charge
-4,521.3 miles/metric tons CO2
http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-resources/refs.html
http://www.teslamotors.com
Impact(Technical and Social)
Technical Impact – Area Matters
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station
Impact(Technical and Social)
Social Impact – Cost
Americans drive an average of 13,676 miles per year or 1123 miles per month.
Neglecting maintenance costs.
Gas Vehicle Cost:
-Assuming 25 mpg, $3.00 per gallon
-$135 per month
Electric Vehicle Cost:
-Assuming $0.11 per kWh
-$39.64 per month
https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/onh00/bar8.htm
Impact(Technical and Social)
Social Impact – Charging
-8,661 Charging stations
-21,512 Charging outlets
-Charging times can be lengthy
-Limited to daily driving, no roadtrips
http://www.pluginrecharge.com/2010/05/ucfs-new-solar-powered-charging-station.html
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_locations.html
http://www.teslamotors.com/supercharger
Challenges/R&D
Bradley Bowles
Challenges/R&D
Initiatives
● EV Everywhere
Initiative
The ORNL campus
ORNL plays an important role in
advanced vehicle technology research
and development.
○ Goal: Produce EVs that are
as convenient and affordable
for the average family as
today’s gas powered
vehicles by 2022.
○ Success is dependent upon
■ cutting battery and
drivetrain costs
■ weight reduction
■ increasing fast charge
rates
■ developing supporting
infrastructure
Challenges/R&D
A prototype Lithium-Sulfur battery
This technology has higher energy density
and is lighter and cheaper than its
conventional Lithium-ion counterpart.
Battery Technology
●
Largest R&D focal point
●
Battery cost is currently a major
barrier to EV affordability
●
Development of technologies
providing higher energy/power
densities without sacrificing
safety is key.
Challenges/R&D
Powertrain/Motors
● Powertrain
o
o
friction and wear reduction
via advanced lubricants
lightweight materials
● Motor
o
To meet 2022 goals, research must net a 50%
reduction in motor cost.
o
reduction in use of rare earth
materials in rotor
thermal management
Challenges/R&D
Power Electronics
● Modern inverter and
converter issues
o
Specific material limitations
o
Inefficient insulators leading to
premature component failure
● Research Areas
High performance power inverter
designed by ORNL
o
wide band gap semiconductors
o
high temperature capacitors
o
inverter size reduction
o
device packaging
o
improving cost and efficiency
of on-board chargers
Challenges/R&D
Grid Integration
● Challenges
o increased transmission,
distribution, and generation
requirements
o grid strain during peak hours
One main focus of grid integration is
the use of renewable energy sources for
charging stations.
o impacts on neighborhood
distribution systems (potential
overheating of transformers)
o installation, access, billing, and
management of vehicle
charging locations in dense
residential and commercial
areas
Success Stories
Ling Wu
EV Application I
-- Tesla Motor
Elon Musk
Three Cornerstones
1: State-of-the-art Technologies: Battery pack,
Power electronics
2: Marketing Strategy: High-end customers
3: Government Support and Sound After-sell
Service: Bank loan, batteries maintenance,
flexible exchange
Technologies – Battery pack
the most energy dense
pack in the industry,
storing 56 kWh of
energy
Being able to charge
from nearly any 120-volt
or 240-volt outlet.
Power Electronics Module
Charging:
Charge port --Battery
Driving:
Battery -- Motor
How to deal with the range
concern?
EV Application II
-- Chevrolet Volt
Top selling Plug-in
Hybrid Electric
Vehicle in USA
Another way to solve
range anxiety
Combination of a
large lithium-ion
battery and a small
gas-powered engine
Two energy patterns
1. Battery
2. Combustion engine
Related Research
Literature on Electric
Vehicles
Wenyun Ju
Reference:
Yutaka Ota, Haruhito Taniguchi, Tatsuhito Nakajima, et al, “Autonomous Distributed V2G
(Vehicle-to-Grid) Satisfying Scheduled Charging,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 1, no. 1, pp.
559-564, Mar. 2012.
Renewable energy sources (RES)
◆ Fluctuation
◆ Uncertainty
◆ No-dispatching
Power dispatch
and frequency
regulation
◆ thermal power generations
◆ pumped storages
◆ battery energy storages
◆ Large scale integration of EV
Impact on primary frequency regulation with the integration of EV
Maneuver of
charging and
discharging
p
c
b
p0
a
Controller
f
f2 f1 f0
Change the status of charging
and discharging based on the
frequency deviation
Without EV： a→c，f2
With EV：
a→b，f1
● Strengthen the ability of primary frequency regulation.
●Change the frequency response of load, decrease the variation of frequency.
Impact on secondary frequency regulation with the integration of EV
Load increment: p1-p0
p
b
• Without EV: the generators are responsible
p1
for the active power increment
p2
• With EV: the generator and EV are responsible for
p0
the active power increment
c
a
f
f2
● Strengthen the ability of secondary frequency regulation.
●Restore to the rated frequency.
f0
Impact on frequency regulation with the integration of EV
◆ Support frequency regulation
and provide spinning reserve (V2G)
◆ Smart charging control (vehicle user)
◆ Smart charging (SC)
Reference:
Yutaka Ota, Haruhito Taniguchi, Tatsuhito Nakajima, et al, “Autonomous Distributed V2G (Vehicle-toGrid) Satisfying Scheduled Charging,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 559-564, Mar. 2012.
Impact on frequency regulation with the integration of EV
SC Charge
V2G
SC Charge
EV1
EV1
EV2
EV2
PHV1
0.0288
0.0176
0.0169
0.0176
GridA
PHV1
GridB
Reference:
Yutaka Ota, Haruhito Taniguchi, Tatsuhito Nakajima, et al, “Autonomous Distributed V2G (Vehicle-toGrid) Satisfying Scheduled Charging,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 559-564, Mar. 2012.