Linking Finance to Performance/Outcomes
presented to
Montana University System
Helena, Montana
March 11, 2010
National Center for Higher Education Management Systems
3035 Center Green Drive, Suite 150
Boulder, Colorado 80301
Why?
What’s driving this policy shift?
slide 2
What’s Driving this Policy Shift?
1. Increasing clarity of goals and an urgency about
attaining them
– National level
– State level
2. Resource constraints
3
National Level
“By 2020, America will once again have the highest
proportion of college graduates in the world”
President Barack Obama, February 24, 2009
slide 4
State Level
• Board of Regents Goals
– Increase educational attainment of Montanans
– Assist in the expansion and improvement of the economy
– Improve institutional efficiency and effectiveness
5
Comparing Montana with Nations
& Other States in the Percentage
of Young-Adult Degree
Attainment (ages 25-34)
United States % OECD Counties
56
Canada • Korea
54
Japan
Massachusetts
52
North Dakota
50
Minnesota • New York
48
Connecticut • Iowa • New Hampshire • New Jersey
Maryland
Nebraska • South Dakota • Vermont
Illinois • Pennsylvania • Rhode Island
Virginia
Colorado • Hawaii• Kansas
Wisconsin
Washington
Utah
Missouri
California • Delaware • Indiana • Maine • MONTANA • Michigan • Ohio • North Carolina • Oregon
Florida
Georgia • Idaho • South Carolina • Wyoming
46
Alabama • Kentucky • Mississippi
Arizona • Tennessee • Texas
Alaska • Oklahoma
New Mexico
Louisiana • Nevada • West Virginia
32
Arkansas
26
New Zealand
44
Ireland
Norway
42
40
Australia • Belgium • France
Denmark • Sweden • UNITED STATES
Finland • Spain
38
36
Netherland • United Kingdom
Luxembourg
Switzerland
34
30
Iceland
Poland
28
Greece
24
22
Germany
Hungary
Portugal
20
Austria • Italy • Mexico
18
6
Source: OECD Education at a Glance 2009
Slovak Republic (17%)
Czech Republic (15%)
Turkey (14%)
Associate and Bachelors Degrees Needed to Become the Most Educated Country by 2020
4,500,000
Current Annual Degree Production
Additional Degrees Needed to Meet Goal
4,000,000
3,500,000
3,000,000
Additional Annual Degree Production Needed – 150,528 per Year
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
Current Annual Degree Production – 2,252,212
1,000,000
500,000
0
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Increase in State and Local Funding at Current Cost per FTE
50%
40%
35%
30%
30%
32%
25%
21%
17%
20%
12%
10%
5%
7%
14%
9%
3%
0%
2009
slide 7
7
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Note: Assumes private institutions will maintain current share
Colorado
New Jersey
Minnesota
North Dakota
Connecticut
New Hampshire
Massachusetts
Annual Percent Increase Needed to Reach 2020
Goal of 51%
Note: for Montana this translates to 596 per year.
Undergraduate FTE Enrollment by Sector (2006-07)
9
How Montana Ranks Among Other States on Selected
Measures for Education and Economic Development
Education Measures
Economic Development Measures
Public High School Graduation Rates
College-Going Rates of Students Directly Out of High School
Three-Year Graduation Rates of Associate Students
Six-Year Graduation Rates of Bachelor's Students
Overall Results on Student Pipeline
(Transition & Completion Rates, 9th Grade to College Completion)
Migration Rate of College Graduates (Age 22-64)
Difference in Earnings Between Associate & High School Diploma
Difference in Earnings Between Bachelor's & High School Diploma
Personal Income per Capita
State New Economy Index
10
Source: Tom Mortenson, Postsecondary Opportunity; US Census Bureau, 2006 ACS Public
Microdata Sample (PUMS) File, Kauffman Foundation, Regional Economic Information
System, Bureau of Economic Analysis, US Department of Commerce
58.7
60
48.7
32.0
33.5
14.7
ka
Alas da
Neva iana
Louis
s
Texa ersey
J
New essee
Tenn sas
n
Arka sippi
is
Miss Mexico
New ma
a
Alab Carolina
h
inia
Sout
t Virg
We s
e
Main rnia
o
Calif ecticut
Conn ia
g
Geor ii
a
Haw n
o
Oreg
o
Idah land
Mary oma
h
Okla Carolina
North
Ohio na
ta
Mon
nia
Virgi gan
i
Mich d States
Unitena
India are
w
Dela
da
Flori uri
o
Miss cky
u
Kent York
New ington
h
Wa s
rado
Colo sylvania e
r
Penn ampshi
H
New
is
Illino onsin
Wisc Dakota
s
h
Sout achusett
Mass a
n
Arizo s
a
Kans ont
Verm ska
a
Nebr sota
e
Minn
Utah ing
m
Wyo e Island
Rhod Dakota
North
Iowa
slide 11
Certificates/Diplomas
Associate
Bachelor's
50
Undergraduate Credentials & Degrees Awarded at All Colleges per
1,000 Adults Age 18-44 with No College Degree, 2006
40
30
20
10
0
Source: NCES, IPEDS Completions Survey 2005-06; U.S. Census Bureau, 2006 ACS
Undergraduate Awards per 100 FTE Undergraduates
2006-07
Source: NCES IPEDS Peer Analysis System (http://www.nces.ed.gov/ipedspas/), IPEDS 2006-07 efia2007 Early Release Enrollment File; NCES IPEDS
Peer Analysis System (http://www.nces.ed.gov/ipedspas/), IPEDS 2005-06 c2006_a Final Release Completions File
12
Note: Completions reflect 2006-07 total undergraduate degrees (Associate, Bachelors) and certificates (less than 1-year, 1-2 year, 2-4 year) awarded at Title IV degree
granting public and private institutions. Enrollments reflect 2006-07 annual FTE undergraduate enrollments at Title IV degree-granting public and private institutions as
reported in the IPEDS 2006-07 12-month instructional activity enrollment file. Enrollment data were aggregated from an early release data file and are subject to change.
Public Research Institutions - Bachelors Degrees
Awarded per 100 FTE Undergraduates, 2006-07
Sources: NCES, IPEDS 2006-07 Completions File; c2007_a Early Release Data File Downloaded 04-28-08; NCES, IPEDS 2006-07
Instructional Activity File; efia2007 Final Release Data File; NCES, IPEDS 2006-07 Unduplicated Headcount File; effy2007 Final
Release Data File.; NCES, IPEDS Fall 2006 Enrollment File; ef2006a Final Release Data File.
13
Public Masters & Bachelors Institutions - Bachelors Degrees
Awarded per 100 FTE Undergraduates, 2006-07
14
Sources: NCES, IPEDS 2006-07 Completions File; c2007_a Early Release Data File Downloaded 04-28-08; NCES, IPEDS 2006-07
Instructional Activity File; efia2007 Final Release Data File; NCES, IPEDS 2006-07 Unduplicated Headcount File; effy2007 Final
Release Data File.; NCES, IPEDS Fall 2006 Enrollment File; ef2006a Final Release Data File.
Public Associate Colleges - Total Credentials Awarded (Less than Bachelors) per
100 FTE Undergraduates, 2006-07
THE FISCAL REALITIES
slide 16
The Flow of Funds
Economy
Federal
Government
Available
State and Local
Govt. Funds
•
•
•
•
Higher
Education
Student Aid
Appropriations/Grants
Tuition
Institutions
Students
Scholarships &
Waivers
Student Aid (Restricted)
Federal
Government
17
K-12
Corrections
Health Care
Other Govt.
Donors
Foundations
Corporations
The Flow of Funds - State
Economy
Available
State and Local
Govt. Funds
Higher
Education
Student Aid
Appropriations/Grants
Tuition
Students
Institutions
Scholarships &
Waivers
Student
Aid
Federal
Government
18
State Tax Capacity and Effort—Indexed to U.S. Average
1.7
State Tax Capacity (Total Taxable Resources Per Capita)
DE
1.6
1.5
1.4
CT
NJ
1.3
MA
AK
1.2
VA
NH
1.1
WY
MD
CO
NV
1.0
IL
WA
CA
US
PA NE
SD
0.9
NC GA
KS
MO
FL IN IA
ORTX
TN
SC
0.8
AL
ID
AZ ND
UT KY
MT
0.7
NY
MN
RI
OH
WI
HI
VT
ME
MI
NM
OK
AR
LA
WV
MS
0.6
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
State Tax Effort (Effective Tax Rate)
Source: State Higher Education Executive Officers (SHEEO)
Slide 19
-6
-8
-10
-12
slide 20
-10.6
-10.8
-10.9
-4
-2.1
-2.2
-2.3
-2.3
-2.4
-2.6
-2.7
-2.9
-3
-3.3
-3.5
-3.5
-3.8
-4.1
-4.6
-4.7
-4.8
-4.9
-5
-5.1
-5.2
-5.4
-5.7
-5.7
-5.8
-5.8
-6
-6.2
-6.3
-6.3
-6.7
-6.7
-6.8
-7.2
-7.4
-7.8
-8
-8.1
-8.1
-8.5
-8.5
-8.5
-8.7
-8.9
-9.1
-9.4
-9.5
-9.7
Maryland
Maine
Vermont
New Jersey
Connecticut
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
North Dakota
Wisconsin
Massachusetts
Michigan
Wyoming
California
Ohio
Delaware
Kansas
Oregon
Virginia
New York
Minnesota
West Virginia
Pennsylvania
Illinois
Alaska
Nebraska
Montana
United States
Louisiana
Indiana
Hawaii
Oklahoma
New Mexico
Missouri
Kentucky
Iowa
South Dakota
Washington
Florida
South Carolina
Arkansas
Georgia
Colorado
Tennessee
North Carolina
Idaho
Utah
Arizona
Nevada
Alabama
Texas
Mississippi
Projected State & Local Budget Surplus (Gap) as a
Percent of Revenues, 2016
0
-2
Source: NCHEMS; Don Boyd (Rockefeller Institute of Government), 2009
State/Local Funding plus Tuition Revenue per FTE Student
All Institutions (Public)
Source: SHEEO SHEF
21
Revenues Per Student from Net Tuition, State, &
Local Appropriations
$30,000
$29,172
$9,682
$11,243
$11,620
$12,324
$12,449
$12,666
$13,121
$13,675
$14,006
$14,018
$14,777
$14,865
$15,003
$15,093
$15,125
$15,180
$15,406
$15,541
$15,568
$15,714
$15,774
$15,837
$16,057
$16,059
$16,092
$16,155
$16,172
$16,195
$16,275
$16,774
$16,974
$17,267
$17,360
$17,610
$18,537
$18,657
$18,773
$18,843
$18,989
$19,227
$19,545
$19,721
$19,783
$19,865
$20,010
$21,384
$21,640
$22,095
$23,263
$24,184
$25,000
$20,000
$15,000
$10,000
Colorado
Montana
South Dakota
Oregon
Mississippi
Louisiana
Texas
New Hampshire
North Dakota
Florida
Illinois
Arkansas
Arizona
West Virginia
Ohio
Nevada
Oklahoma
Wisconsin
Utah
Georgia
Virginia
Kansas
Rhode Island
Missouri
Michigan
Indiana
Idaho
Nation
New Mexico
Pennsylvania
Maine
South Carolina
Washington
Tennessee
New Jersey
Delaware
Iowa
California
Alabama
Nebraska
Maryland
Wyoming
Kentucky
Massachusetts
North Carolina
Vermont
New York
Connecticut
Hawaii
Minnesota
Alaska
Sources: NCES, IPEDS 2006-07 Finance Files; f0607_f1a and f0607_f2 Final Release Data Files.
NCES, IPEDS 2007-08 Institutional Characteristics File; hd2007 Final Release Data File.
NCES, IPEDS 2006-07 Enrollment Files; ef2006a, effy2007, and efia2007 Final Release Data Files.
slide 22
Public Research
$35,000
$5,000
$0
Revenues Per Student from Net Tuition, State, &
Local Appropriations
$17,984
$5,105
$6,311
$7,209
$7,877
$7,964
$8,400
$8,414
$8,748
$8,846
$8,959
$9,185
$9,410
$9,622
$9,630
$9,701
$9,702
$9,933
$9,945
$9,957
$10,039
$10,162
$10,179
$10,251
$10,275
$10,312
$10,343
$10,370
$10,405
$10,464
$10,721
$10,778
$10,788
$10,836
$11,063
$11,249
$11,266
$11,284
$11,389
$11,443
$11,443
$11,862
$12,011
$12,105
$12,324
$12,929
$13,683
$14,426
$14,440
$14,587
$16,148
$18,000
$16,000
$14,000
$12,000
$10,000
$8,000
$6,000
Colorado
Utah
Arizona
South Dakota
West Virginia
Georgia
Louisiana
Oklahoma
Nevada
Wisconsin
Nebraska
Arkansas
North Dakota
Oregon
Tennessee
Indiana
Texas
Minnesota
New Hampshire
California
Pennsylvania
Kansas
DC
Missouri
Idaho
Nation
Mississippi
Ohio
Kentucky
South Carolina
Michigan
Florida
New York
Washington
Illinois
Montana
Alabama
Rhode Island
Virginia
Vermont
Maine
Massachusetts
Maryland
Iowa
New Mexico
New Jersey
Alaska
North Carolina
Connecticut
Hawaii
Delaware
Sources: NCES, IPEDS 2006-07 Finance Files; f0607_f1a and f0607_f2 Final Release Data Files.
NCES, IPEDS 2007-08 Institutional Characteristics File; hd2007 Final Release Data File.
NCES, IPEDS 2006-07 Enrollment Files; ef2006a, effy2007, and efia2007 Final Release Data Files.
slide 23
Public Masters and Baccalaureate
$20,000
$4,000
$2,000
$0
Revenues Per Student from Net Tuition, State, &
Local Appropriations
$14,793
$5,297
$5,517
$5,712
$5,939
$5,945
$5,970
$6,028
$6,082
$6,353
$6,465
$6,510
$6,630
$6,676
$6,714
$6,823
$6,844
$6,895
$6,918
$7,018
$7,117
$7,222
$7,239
$7,329
$7,403
$7,416
$7,432
$7,448
$7,507
$7,509
$7,566
$7,633
$7,772
$8,044
$8,067
$8,214
$8,378
$8,411
$8,449
$8,480
$8,625
$8,705
$8,801
$8,844
$9,125
$9,953
$9,964
$10,287
$10,683
$11,197
$12,000
$10,000
$8,000
$6,000
$3,369
West Virginia
Kentucky
Indiana
Colorado
South Dakota
Virginia
Mississippi
Georgia
Florida
South Carolina
Oklahoma
New Jersey
Arkansas
Iowa
Tennessee
Louisiana
Missouri
Nebraska
Illinois
Alabama
Nevada
Maine
Washington
California
Montana
Nation
Texas
North Carolina
Utah
Ohio
Rhode Island
Arizona
Minnesota
North Dakota
Pennsylvania
Michigan
Alaska
New Mexico
Massachusetts
Idaho
New Hampshire
New York
Oregon
Kansas
Vermont
Connecticut
Delaware
Maryland
Wyoming
Hawaii
Wisconsin
Sources: NCES, IPEDS 2006-07 Finance Files; f0607_f1a and f0607_f2 Final Release Data Files.
NCES, IPEDS 2007-08 Institutional Characteristics File; hd2007 Final Release Data File.
NCES, IPEDS 2006-07 Enrollment Files; ef2006a, effy2007, and efia2007 Final Release Data Files.
slide 24
Public 2-Year
$16,000
$14,000
$4,000
$2,000
$0
0%
13.0%
20%
Wyoming
New Mexico
California
Nevada
Georgia
Idaho
North Carolina
Hawaii
Louisiana
Florida
Alaska
Washington
New York
Illinois
Utah
Oklahoma
Nebraska
Tennessee
Mississippi
Texas
Arkansas
US
Wisconsin
Connecticut
Missouri
Massachusetts
Arizona
Kansas
North Dakota
Alabama
Kentucky
Minnesota
Maryland
New Jersey
West Virginia
Oregon
Virginia
South Carolina
Iowa
Maine
Montana
Indiana
Ohio
South Dakota
Pennsylvania
Colorado
Michigan
Rhode Island
Delaware
New Hampshire
40%
36.3%
60%
50%
49.6%
80%
69.9%
Net Tuition as a Percent of Public Higher Education
Total Educational Revenue by State, FY 2008
70%
30%
10%
Note: Dollars adjusted by 2008 HECA, Cost of Living Adjustment, and Enrollment Mix
Source: SHEEO SHEF
25
Net Tuition Revenues per FTE and State-Funded Tuition Aid
per FTE by State, FY 2008
(Public Institutions Only)
$1,800
NET TUIT/FTE: below avg
TUIT AID/FTE: above avg
NET TUIT/FTE: above avg
TUIT AID/FTE: above avg
SC
$1,600
GA
$1,400
TN
FY 2008 Tuition Aid per FTE
$1,200
$1,000
FL
$800
NY
OK
LA
WYWA
NC
NV
$600
NJ
US
$400
CA
NM
MO
MS
ID
NET TUIT/FTE: below avg
TUIT AID/FTE: below avg
$0
$0
$1,000
$2,000
UT
HI
$3,000
PA
IN
IL
WI
AR
$200
KY
WV
KS
ND
TX
NE AK
$4,000
CO
MD
MN
MA
VA
OR
OH
MT
AZ
$5,000
DE
VT
MI
ME
AL
SD
IA
CT
$6,000
RI
NET TUIT/FTE: above avg
TUIT AID/FTE: below avg
NH
$7,000
$8,000
$9,000
$10,000
Fiscal 2008 Net Tuition Revenues per FTE
Note: Figures are adjusted for inflation, public system enrollment mix, and state cost of living.
Funding and FTE data are for public non-medical students only.
Source: SHEEO SHEF
26
96%
82%
84%
84%
86%
88%
70%
74%
56%
57%
59%
62%
0%
0%
1%
1%
3%
5%
5%
5%
6%
8%
8%
9%
10%
13%
16%
17%
19%
20%
21%
24%
28%
28%
28%
29%
32%
33%
36%
37%
41%
41%
43%
46%
48%
48%
49%
50%
South Dakota
Georgia
Wyoming
Mississippi
Arizona
Idaho
Hawaii
Alabama
Alaska
Utah
Louisiana
Montana
North Dakota
New Hampshire
Tennessee
Kansas
Nebraska
New Mexico
Florida
Oregon
Rhode Island
Michigan
Arkansas
Missouri
Texas
Iowa
South Carolina
Maine
Oklahoma
Colorado
West Virginia
Ohio
Nevada
Kentucky
Delaware
Virginia
California
Massachusetts
Maryland
Wisconsin
North Carolina
Connecticut
Illinois
Minnesota
Indiana
Pennsylvania
New York
Vermont
New Jersey
Washington
0%
State need-based aid as a proportion of federal need-based aid.
102%
108%
100%
Affordability: Need-based Financial Aid
120%
80%
60%
40%
20%
Source: Measuring Up 2008
slide 27
Measuring Up: Affordability
Source: Measuring Up 2008
28
Median Earnings of Population Age 25-64 by Level
of Education, 2006
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2006 American Community Survey PUMS File
29
Education Attainment & Personal Income by Montana Counties
$40,000
$35,000
Yellowstone
Personal Income Per Capita
Gallatin
Lewis and Clark
Fallon
Missoula
$30,000
MT
$25,000
Mineral
Judith Basin
Powell
Big Horn
$20,000
$15,000
10
15
20
25
30
35
Adults aged 25-64 with a Bachelor’s Degree or Higher (%)
30
40
45
Adjusting to Changed Circumstances
Improving Productivity
31
Productivity: Total Funding per Degree/Certificate
(Weighted*, 2006-2007)
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
29,075
30,619
33,273
33,756
34,330
34,594
36,498
37,823
38,364
38,365
39,516
39,516
39,918
42,177
42,198
42,408
42,693
42,847
42,873
42,948
43,820
44,272
44,371
45,833
45,904
46,522
46,880
47,453
47,672
47,749
48,611
49,894
52,491
52,572
52,888
53,535
54,553
56,090
56,280
56,888
56,960
59,420
59,465
63,822
64,934
65,975
66,623
72,846
75,744
79,794
86,009
100,000
Tuition and Fees
State and Local
20,000
10,000
-
Alaska
Wyoming
Delaware
Rhode Island
Connecticut
Hawaii
Massachusetts
New Jersey
Vermont
Maryland
Nevada
New York
Alabama
Pennsylvania
Maine
California
New Mexico
Tennessee
Michigan
North Carolina
South Carolina
Texas
Nebraska
Indiana
Ohio
Nation
Missouri
Virginia
Iowa
Kentucky
Oregon
Minnesota
Arkansas
Arizona
Mississippi
Illinois
New Hampshire
Idaho
Wisconsin
Louisiana
Georgia
Kansas
South Dakota
Montana
West Virginia
Oklahoma
North Dakota
Utah
Washington
Colorado
Florida
Sources: SHEEO State Higher Education Finance Survey 2008; NCES, IPEDS Completions Survey; U.S. Census Bureau,
American Community Survey (Public Use Microdata Samples)
slide 32
*Adjusted for value of degrees in the state employment market (median earnings by degree type and
level)
Degrees & Certificates awarded per FTE vs. Total Funding
per FTE (2006-2007)
32
Low Resources, High Production
High Resources, High Production
CO
29
UT
OK
FL
KY
WA
26
Performance:
Degrees
Awarded per
100 FTE 23
KS WI
SDGA MN
AZ
ND
WV
MT
LA
NH
IA
CT
MI
IDIL
VA IN
OH SC
US
NE
TX TN
AR OR
MS MO
PA
ME AL MD
VT
HI
NJ
MA
NY
DE
WY
AK
NC NM
20
RI
NV
17
CA
Low Resources, Low Production
14
5,000
8,000
High Resources, Low Production
11,000
14,000
17,000
20,000
Resources: Total Funding per FTE
Source: SHEEO State Higher Education Finance Survey 2008: NCES IPEDS Completions Survey
slide 33
Performance Relative to Funding: Bachelors Degrees
Awarded per 100 FTE Undergraduates
(Public Research Institutions)
27
CT
WA
UT
CA
Performance (2006-07)
IL
24
FL
MO
OR TX
MD
PA
OK
21
GA
VA US
CO
OH
KS
WI
NH
MS
ID
IN
AZ
ND
NM
18
MT
SD
15
5,000
10,000
LA
MI
NE
IA
DE
NVTN
RI
WV
HI
MA
WY
SC NJ
ME
NY
NC
VT MN
KY
AL
AR
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
Total Funding per FTE (2006-07)
slide 34
Source: NCES, IPEDS
Performance Relative to Funding: Bachelors Degrees
Awarded per 100 FTE Undergraduates
(Public Bachelors and Masters)
30
WA
25
NJ
Performance (2006-07)
IL
KS CA
OR
20
MD
VA
NY
IA
ME
RI
NH SC
WI
MN
FL
US
NE TX
ND
MI MA
MO
TN
MS VTPA
AL
KY
WV
MT
AR
GA
OK
CO
AZ
15
SD
LA
NC
NM
DE
INID
NV
10
HI
CT
OH
UT
AK
5
2,000
5,000
8,000
11,000
14,000
17,000
20,000
Total Funding per FTE (2006-07)
slide 35
Source: NCES, IPEDS
Performance Relative to Funding: All Credentials Awarded per
100 FTE Undergraduates
(Public Two-Year Institutions)
48
KY
40
Performance (2006-07)
SD
WI
LA
ND
GA
32
MN
AZ
24
MS
MO
16
OK
IN TN
VA
KS
NH
FL
AR
CO SC IAWA
MT
IL
VT
NC UT
US
NE
ME
AL OH
NJ
DE
ID
MA
HI
NMMI NY
TX PA
CA
ORCT
RI
WY
MD
AK
NV
8
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
Total Funding per FTE (2006-07)
slide 36
Source: NCES, IPEDS
How?
What are Emerging Best Practices?
slide 37
Basic Principles
• Applied to allocation of base – not just a small add-on
• Few factors that can be measured unambiguously
• Different factors for different types of institutions
– Research
– 4-Year teaching
– 2-Year
• Methodology is transparent – incentives created are
linked to goals in obvious ways
• They can be applied in good times and bad
38
Emerging Practices
• Using completed SCH – not enrolled SCH – as driver in
calculating base
• Additional funds tied to specific goals
– Increasing number of graduates – with variations for
• At-risk students
• Students in priority fields
– Increasing research funding from sources other than state or
institution’s own funds
– “Momentum Point” attainment in two-year institutions
39