Contents
Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................... i
Executive Summary.......................................................................................................................... iii
Chapter 1. Valles Caldera National Preserve Land Use History...................................................................1
Kurt F. Anschuetz
Overview.......................................................................................................................................1
Study Area.....................................................................................................................................2
Goals and Methods.......................................................................................................................4
Preliminary Identification of Associated Traditional Native American Communities.................6
Report Organization......................................................................................................................7
References.....................................................................................................................................9
Chapter 2. A Sketch of the Cultural-Historical Environment—Part 1: The Pre-Columbian
Past.................................................................................................................................................11
Kurt F. Anschuetz
Introduction.................................................................................................................................11
Paleoindian Occupation (10000/9500–5500 B.C.).....................................................................11
Archaic Occupation (5500 B.C.– A.D. 600)...............................................................................12
Pueblo Occupation(A.D. 600–1600)...........................................................................................13
Postscript.....................................................................................................................................18
References...................................................................................................................................19
Chapter 3 A Sketch of the Cultural-Historical Environment—Part 2: Spanish Entradas
to the Present.................................................................................................................................25
Thomas Merlan
Introduction.................................................................................................................................25
The Spanish Entradas (1540–1598)...........................................................................................25
Early Spanish Colonial Settlement (1598–1680)........................................................................25
The Pueblo Revolt, the Reconquest, and Spanish Colonial Rule (1680–1821)..........................26
The Mexican Period (1821–1846)..............................................................................................26
The U.S. Territorial Period (1846–1912)....................................................................................27
Early Statehood to World War II (1912–1945)...........................................................................28
Post-World War II to Present (1945–2003).................................................................................28
References...................................................................................................................................29
Chapter 4. History of the Baca Location No. 1...........................................................................31
Thomas Merlan and Kurt F. Anschuetz
Introduction.................................................................................................................................31
Birth and Confirmation of the Baca Location Land Grant.........................................................37
Competing Interests: The Basis for the Baca Location Partition Suit........................................38
The Partition Suit of 1893–1899.................................................................................................38
The Otero Family’s Tenure.........................................................................................................40
Redondo Development Company: Mortgaging the Baca Location’s Future..............................41
Divided Rights, Part I: Bond Family Ranching and the Beginning of Commercial Timbering.42
Divided Rights, Part II: James Patrick Dunigan vs. New Mexico Timber.................................43
Federal Acquisition of the Baca Location...................................................................................45
References...................................................................................................................................46
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Chapter 5. Plant Gathering, Game Hunting, Fishing, Mineral Collecting,
and Agriculture.............................................................................................................................49
Kurt F. Anschuetz
Introduction.................................................................................................................................49
Native Plant Gathering................................................................................................................50
Hunting.......................................................................................................................................56
Fishing........................................................................................................................................58
Mineral Collection......................................................................................................................59
Agriculture..................................................................................................................................61
References...................................................................................................................................62
Chapter 6. Ranching History......................................................................................................107
Thomas Merlan and Kurt F. Anschuetz
Introduction...............................................................................................................................107
Cattle and Sheep.......................................................................................................................107
Partido.......................................................................................................................................108
The Nineteenth Century............................................................................................................108
The Twentieth Century..............................................................................................................110
Today.........................................................................................................................................114
References.................................................................................................................................114
Chapter 7. Industrial Timbering................................................................................................117
Kurt F. Anschuetz and Thomas Merlan
Establishing the Foundations for a History of Leveraged Buyouts..........................................117
The Severing of Timber Rights from Grazing Rights...............................................................117
The Early History of Timbering on the Baca Location.............................................................118
The Intensification of Timbering..............................................................................................120
James Patrick Dunigan vs. New Mexico Timber Revisited......................................................121
The Persistence of the Timbering Tradition..............................................................................123
References Cited.......................................................................................................................124
Chapter 8. Industrial Mineral Extraction and Geothermal Exploration...............................125
Thomas Merlan
Introduction...............................................................................................................................125
Historical Overview..................................................................................................................125
References.................................................................................................................................127
Chapter 9. The Valles Caldera National Preserve as a Multi-Layered Ethnographic
Landscape....................................................................................................................................129
Kurt F. Anschuetz
Introduction...............................................................................................................................129
Distinguishing Land Use Traditions: Landscapes as Memory and Landscapes of Memory....130
Building Blocks of Land Use Traditions in Constructing Landscapes as Memory..................131
Landscapes as Memory and Vernacular Land Use History in the VCNP.................................141
Summary and Conclusions.......................................................................................................152
References.................................................................................................................................154
Chapter 10. Summary and Conclusions....................................................................................163
Kurt F. Anschuetz
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Appendix I. Annotated Bibliography.........................................................................................167
Kurt F. Anschuetz and Thomas Merlan
Appendix II. Introducing a Landscape Approach for Evaluating Communities’
Traditional Senses of Time and Place.......................................................................................249
Kurt F. Anschuetz
(adapted from Anschuetz 2001; Anschuetz and Scheick 1998)
Introduction...............................................................................................................................249
National Park Service Landscape Concepts.............................................................................249
Landscapes as Worlds of Cultural Meaning.............................................................................251
The Challenge of Terra Incognita.............................................................................................252
Implementing an Ethnographic Landscape Approach..............................................................256
References.................................................................................................................................257
Appendix III. Perspectives on Culture, Tradition,Vernacular Knowledge, and
Culture Change to Understand Landscape as a Cultural Process.........................................263
Kurt F. Anschuetz
Introduction...............................................................................................................................263
Culture With a Capital “C”.......................................................................................................263
Tradition: Sustaining Senses of Continuity Within Culture Change........................................264
Vernacular Knowledge: Reigning Conventional Wisdom........................................................264
The Inevitability of Culture Change.........................................................................................265
Traditions and Traditionalism as Instruments of Culture Change............................................265
Discussion: The Need for a Historical-Ecological Perspective................................................266
References.................................................................................................................................267
Index.................................................................................................................................................271
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