. Statistical Appendix T HE SUMMARY STATISTICAL TABLES are divided into six sections (see index of tables overleaf for full details): • • • • • Summary tables. These tables provide a snapshot of recent history and the outlook for the global economy and each of the six developing country regions (for the full World Bank classification of countries by region and income level, see table A.51). Key macro variables. These provide detail on growth and inflation indicators by region and (historically) for selected economies. Although detailed country forecasts form the basis for the regional growth and inflation projections, detailed developing country forecasts are not shown separately. Current account tables. These tables combine data from the IMF’s balance of payments statistics, with aid-related data from the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee publications, and our own preferred measure of workers’ remittances. Capital account tables. New external financing tables have been developed. They combine the IMF’s current account, foreign exchange reserve and net inward foreign direct investment data with the World Bank’s portfolio equity and debtor reporting system (DRS) data to produce an overall tabulation of how regions finance themselves externally. External liabilities and assets. These provide a summary of the DRS debt data that is provided on a country-by-country basis in volume 2. • Key debt ratios and country classifications. These tables provide a summary of indicators typically used by country risk analysts to monitor and classify countries. The World Bank’s own debt classifications are defined and tabulated. The precise method used to categorize countries as severely, moderately or less indebted is shown by a box in table A.50. The two key ingredients used are the present value of future debt-service streams to (i) gross national income and (ii) to exports of goods and services. These variables are averaged over the three years, 2001–2003. The use of critical values to define the boundaries between indebtedness categories implies that changes in country classifications should be interpreted with caution. If a country has an indicator that is close to the critical value, a small change in the indicator may trigger a change in indebtedness classification even if economic fundamentals have not changed significantly. Moreover, these indicators do not represent an exhaustive set of useful indicators of external debt. They may not, for example, adequately capture the debt servicing capacity of countries in which government budget constraints are key to debt service difficulties. Moreover, rising external debt may not necessarily imply payment difficulties, especially if there is a commensurate increase in the country’s debt servicing capacity. Thus, these indicators should be used in the broader context of a country-specific analysis of debt sustainability. 115 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Contents Summary tables A.1: A.2: A.3: A.4: A.5: A.6: A.7: Global outlook in summary, 2003–2007 East Asia and Pacific outlook in summary, 1981–2005 Europe and Central Asia outlook in summary, 1981–2005 Latin America and the Caribbean outlook in summary, 1981–2005 Middle East and North Africa outlook in summary, 1981–2005 South Asia outlook in summary, 1981–2005 Sub-Saharan Africa outlook in summary, 1981–2005 Page 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 Key macro variables A.8: A.9: A.10: A.11: A.12: Global real GDP growth, 1981–2005 Global inflation, 1991–2004 Commodity prices, 1980–2005 Commodity price indexes, 1980–2005 Global nominal GDP growth, 1981–2005 125 126 127 128 129 Current account A.13: A.14: A.15: A.16: A.17: A.18: A.19: A.20: Global goods export growth, 1981–2005 Global goods import growth, 1981–2005 Global goods trade balances, 1997–2005 Global trade prices and volumes, 1981–2005 Global current account balances, 1999–2005 Global current account balances, 1981–2005 Workers’ remittances received by developing countries, 1996–2004 Net official development assistance from DAC countries, 1996–2003 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 Capital account A.21: A.22: A.23: A.24: A.25: A.26: A.27: A.28: A.29: A.30: A.31: A.32: A.33: A.34: A.35: A.36: A.37: A.38: A.39: A.40: 116 External financing: all developing countries, 1998–2004 External financing: East Asia and Pacific, 1998–2004 External financing: Europe and Central Asia, 1998–2004 External financing: Latin America and the Caribbean, 1998–2004 External financing: Middle East and North Africa, 1998–2004 External financing: South Asia, 1998–2004 External financing: Sub-Saharan Africa, 1998–2004 Net inward foreign direct investment, 1996–2004 Net inward portfolio equity flows, 1996–2004 Net inward debt flows to developing countries, 1996–2004 Net inward short-term debt flows to developing countries, 1996–2004 Net inward debt flows to public sector and publicly guaranteed borrowers, 1996–2004 Net inward debt flows to private sector borrowers, 1996–2004 Net inward debt flows from public sector creditors, 1996–2004 Net inward debt flows from private sector creditors, 1996–2004 Gross market-based capital flows to developing countries, 1996–2004 Gross international equity issuance by developing countries, 1996–2004 Gross international bond issues in developing countries, 1996–2004 Gross international bank lending to developing country borrower, 1996–2004 Change in foreign exchange reserves, 1996–2004 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X External liabilities and assets A.41: A.42: A.43: A.44: A.45: A.46: A.47: A.48: Total external debt of developing countries, 1996–2004 Total external medium- and long-term debt of developing countries, 1996–2004 Total external short-term debt of developing countries, 1996–2004 Total external debt of developing countries owed by public and publicly guaranteed borrowers, 1996–2004 Total external debt of developing countries owed by private sector borrowers, 1996–2004 Total external debt of developing countries owed to public sector creditors, 1996–2004 Total external debt of developing countries owed to private sector creditors, 1996–2004 Gross foreign exchange reserves of developing countries, 1996–2004 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 Key debt ratios and country classifications A.49: A.50: A.51: Key external debt ratios for developing countries Classification of countries by levels of external indebtedness Classification of countries by region and level of income 166 169 170 117 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.1 Global outlook in summary, 2003–2007 % change from previous year, except interest rates and oil price GEP 2005 forecasts 2007f 2004 2005 7.7 8.0 10.2 8.4 1.6 2.0 1.6 3.5 1.6 3.2 1.7 2.7 1.4 2.2 17.5 37.7 30.6 7.0 4.7 42.0 11.3 3.0 5.2 36.0 14.3 2.8 5.4 33.0 8.3 1.9 17.0 39.0 35.0 5.2 3.1 36.0 7.7 0.8 1.2 2.3 1.6 2.1 3.5 2.1 4.6 2.8 5.0 3.2 1.6 2.1 3.5 2.4 Real GDP growthd World Memo item: World (PPP weights)e High income OECD Countriesf Euro Area Japan United States Non-OECD countries Developing countries East Asia and Pacific Europe and Central Asia Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and N. Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 2.5 3.9 1.9 1.8 0.5 1.4 3.0 3.2 5.3 8.0 5.9 1.7 5.8 7.8 3.4 3.8 5.0 3.2 3.1 1.8 2.6 4.4 6.2 6.6 8.3 6.8 5.7 5.1 6.6 3.8 3.1 4.3 2.4 2.4 1.3 0.8 3.9 4.4 5.7 7.4 5.5 4.3 4.9 6.2 4.1 3.1 4.2 2.6 2.5 2.1 1.9 3.0 4.5 5.2 6.9 4.9 3.7 4.3 6.4 4.0 3.2 4.3 2.6 2.6 2.6 1.9 2.6 4.1 5.4 7.2 5.0 3.7 4.3 6.7 4.1 4.0 4.9 3.5 3.5 1.8 4.3 4.3 5.9 6.1 7.8 7.0 4.7 4.7 6.0 3.2 3.2 4.2 2.7 2.6 2.1 1.8 3.2 4.6 5.4 7.1 5.6 3.7 4.7 6.3 3.6 Memorandum items Developing countries Excluding transition countries Excluding China and India 5.2 3.9 6.7 5.8 5.7 4.8 5.3 4.4 5.5 4.4 5.9 5.4 5.4 4.6 Global Conditions World Trade Volume Consumer Prices G-7 Countriesa,b United States Commodity Prices ($ terms) Non-oil commodities Oil Price (OPEC average) Oil price (percent change) Manufactures unit export valuec Interest Rates $, 6-month (%) €, 6-month (%) 2003 2004e 2005f 5.6 10.3 7.7 1.6 2.3 1.8 2.7 10.2 28.9 15.9 7.5 2006f Note: PPP purchasing power parity; e estimate; f forecast; GEP 2005 Global Economic Prospects and the Developing Countries, World Bank, January 2005. a. Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK, and the United States. b. In local currency, aggregated using 1995 GDP Weights. c. Unit value index of manufactured exports from major economies, expressed in $. d. GDP in 1995 constant $; 1995 prices and market exchange rates. e. GDP mesaured at 1995 PPP weights. f. Now excludes the Republic of Korea, which has been reclassified as high-income OECD. 118 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.2 East Asia and Pacific outlook in summary, 1981–2005 Real economy (% change, unless stated) 1981–90 1991–2000 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Estimate Forecast 2004 2005 Real GDP growth Private consumption per capita GDP per capita Population Gross domestic investment/GDPa 7.3 5.1 5.6 1.6 26.8 7.7 5.5 6.4 1.2 31.9 5.6 4.9 4.4 1.2 30.1 7.2 5.4 5.9 1.3 31.1 5.6 3.6 4.6 0.9 32.1 6.9 4.4 6.0 0.9 34.0 8.0 4.9 7.0 0.9 37.4 8.3 6.0 7.4 0.9 40.9 7.4 6.3 6.5 0.8 42.8 Inflationb Central Government Budget Balance/GDP 5.5 1.3 5.6 1.2 2.9 2.7 4.1 3.1 2.0 3.1 3.9 3.3 3.6 2.8 5.3 2.4 2.2 2.4 Export market growthc Export volumed Terms of Trade/GDPe Current Account/GDP Workers remittances ($, billions) 6.9 8.4 0.2 0.3 2.4 8.2 12.0 0.1 0.4 8.5 7.2 4.2 0.6 4.1 11.4 14.1 22.8 0.3 3.4 11.2 1.8 2.4 0.3 2.4 12.9 4.3 14.8 0.5 3.4 16.5 8.2 21.2 0.2 3.7 19.7 12.1 23.1 0.9 3.1 20.3 8.3 14.9 0.8 2.5 — 5.7 4.6 3.2 5.9 2.4 4.6 5.4 6.0 5.4 Memorandum items GDP growth: East Asia excluding China External Financing and debt ($ billions, unless stated) 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004e Net inward fixed direct investment (FDI) Net inward portfolio equity flows Net inward debt flows From public sources From private sources 58.6 9.7 52.2 3.6 48.6 62.1 3.9 44.9 17.3 27.6 57.7 3.4 32.5 14.7 47.1 49.9 2.3 12.2 12.6 24.7 44.2 4.8 16.2 7.0 23.2 48.2 1.4 9.1 3.2 12.3 55.6 4.0 13.2 7.9 5.3 59.6 11.8 1.7 7.5 9.3 63.6 13.6 17.2 9.2 26.4 Gross market-based capital flows 69.2 73.1 31.6 32.4 49.7 21.8 44.5 53.1 60.0 Total external debt Medium- and long-term Short-term Owed by public-sector borrowers Owed by private-sector borrowers Owed to public-sector creditors Owed by private-sector creditors 494.0 365.3 128.7 256.8 237.2 153.7 340.3 526.3 394.3 132.1 272.0 254.4 152.5 373.8 533.2 447.3 85.9 288.6 244.6 179.1 354.1 538.6 464.9 73.8 307.5 231.1 200.3 338.3 500.7 437.5 63.2 288.1 212.6 188.2 312.5 502.0 411.2 90.8 277.8 224.2 180.6 321.4 498.2 399.3 99.0 277.7 220.6 183.4 314.8 525.5 400.1 125.5 279.6 246.0 190.8 334.8 536.5 391.1 145.4 272.6 263.9 179.4 357.2 Gross foreign exchange reserves 199.7 212.5 233.2 262.5 272.6 320.3 408.2 544.8 775.1 Note: — not available; e estimate; f forecast. a. Fixed investment, measured in real terms. b. Local currency GDP deflator, median. c. Weighted average growth of import demand in export markets. d. Goods and non-factor services. e. Change in terms of trade, measured as a percentage of GDP. 119 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.3 Europe and Central Asia outlook in summary, 1981–2005 Real economy (% change, unless stated) 1981–90 Estimate Forecast 1991–2000 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Real GDP growth Private consumption per capita GDP per capita Population Gross domestic investment/GDPa 1.8 0.6 0.9 0.9 40.6 1.4 0.3 1.6 0.2 23.9 3.0 0.2 2.8 0.2 20.9 6.7 4.4 6.2 0.5 21.5 2.4 3.4 2.4 0.0 20.6 4.6 5.7 4.6 0.0 20.3 5.9 6.7 5.9 0.0 21.0 6.8 7.0 6.8 0.0 22.2 5.5 6.3 5.4 0.0 22.7 Inflationb Central Government Budget Balance/GDP 1.1 0.5 52.5 4.4 6.0 4.2 7.6 2.5 6.5 3.5 4.2 3.7 5.4 3.1 6.8 2.1 6.2 2.5 Export market growthc Export volumed Terms of Trade/GDPe Current Account/GDP Workers remittances ($, billions) 3.9 3.1 0.3 0.3 2.1 5.4 1.3 0.7 1.1 8.0 0.5 4.0 0.5 0.1 10.7 11.4 15.9 2.5 1.8 11.0 4.9 6.3 0.6 2.0 11.4 5.9 7.9 0.7 0.5 11.5 8.5 12.0 0.4 0.0 12.9 10.5 15.3 0.7 0.6 12.9 6.7 9.4 0.6 0.1 — 1.4 0.4 2.0 2.2 1.0 4.2 4.7 4.0 5.4 6.6 3.7 9.2 4.4 2.8 5.8 4.0 2.9 5.0 6.0 4.0 7.6 6.5 5.0 7.7 5.5 4.5 6.2 Memorandum items GDP growth: Transition countries Central and Eastern Europe Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) External Financing and debt ($ billions, unless stated) 1996 1997 1998 1999 Net inward FDI Net inward portfolio equity flows Net inward debt flows From public sources From private sources 16.4 4.3 24.1 8.6 15.4 22.6 4.0 35.3 6.6 28.7 26.1 4.0 43.0 7.5 35.5 28.4 2.0 18.9 0.6 19.5 29.2 1.3 19.9 0.0 19.9 Gross market-based capital flows 25.7 46.0 42.9 30.1 368.3 315.1 53.2 286.9 81.5 160.0 208.3 391.2 331.7 59.5 288.9 102.3 156.2 235.0 490.3 414.8 75.5 321.2 169.1 172.4 317.9 83.4 90.8 95.9 Total external debt Medium- and long-term Short-term Owed by public-sector borrowers Owed by private-sector borrowers Owed to public-sector creditors Owed by private-sector creditors Gross foreign exchange reserves Note: — not available; e estimate; f forecast. a. Fixed investment, measured in real terms. b. Local currency GDP deflator, median. c. Weighted average growth of import demand in export markets. d. Goods and non-factor services. e. Change in terms of trade, measured as a percentage of GDP. 120 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004e 31.4 0.4 2.7 2.2 0.6 35.0 0.1 28.0 2.6 25.4 35.6 0.6 56.9 6.2 63.1 37.6 3.6 56.0 6.2 62.3 45.5 26.0 34.6 58.5 87.0 503.5 423.7 79.7 316.5 186.9 171.4 332.1 510.8 424.1 86.7 305.0 205.8 166.8 344.0 507.8 425.1 82.6 292.6 215.2 159.2 348.6 560.2 472.0 88.2 309.8 250.4 165.4 394.8 676.0 541.2 134.8 334.6 341.4 176.2 499.8 728.5 562.9 165.6 340.3 388.2 169.6 558.9 102.3 120.4 131.5 175.3 236.2 303.8 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.4 Latin America and the Caribbean outlook in summary, 1981–2005 Real economy (% change, unless stated) 1981–90 1991–2000 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Estimate Forecast 2004 2005 Real GDP growth Private consumption per capita GDP per capita Population Gross domestic investment/GDPa 1.1 1.1 0.9 2.0 20.2 3.3 2.3 1.6 1.7 20.0 0.1 1.8 1.5 1.6 19.9 3.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 19.8 0.3 0.9 1.2 1.5 19.1 0.8 3.3 2.3 1.5 17.9 1.7 0.2 0.3 1.4 17.7 5.7 3.2 4.2 1.4 18.6 4.3 2.0 2.9 1.4 19.3 Inflationb Central Government Budget Balance/GDP 17.3 9.1 11.9 3.3 5.4 3.1 7.6 2.4 5.7 2.8 6.4 3.0 8.4 2.8 4.0 1.4 4.0 1.6 Export market growthc Export volumed Terms of Trade/GDPe Current Account/GDP Workers remittances ($, billions) 4.5 5.4 0.4 0.3 3.3 9.1 8.7 0.1 2.8 13.0 5.1 7.2 0.2 3.1 17.7 11.7 10.3 1.1 2.4 20.2 1.1 0.6 0.7 2.8 24.2 0.7 1.9 0.1 1.0 28.1 6.9 4.8 0.1 0.5 34.4 10.9 11.9 0.4 1.5 36.9 6.8 6.1 0.2 0.7 — Memorandum items GDP growth: Central America Caribbean 1.0 1.1 4.5 4.1 4.6 5.7 2.9 5.8 1.7 2.8 2.3 3.2 3.4 2.8 3.0 2.2 3.2 3.4 External Financing and debt ($ billions, unless stated) 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004e Net inward FDI Net inward portfolio equity flows Net inward debt flows From public sources From private sources 44.2 12.2 40.8 10.7 51.5 66.7 13.3 25.2 8.6 33.8 74.0 2.2 37.3 10.9 26.4 88.2 3.6 12.1 1.6 10.5 78.9 0.6 8.4 11.1 2.8 70.2 2.5 5.4 20.4 15.0 45.7 1.4 8.5 13.0 21.5 36.5 3.4 3.3 4.9 1.6 42.4 1.5 2.5 10.3 12.8 Gross market-based capital flows 75.7 105.4 74.8 67.0 85.5 71.1 44.3 63.3 77.7 Total external debt Medium- and long-term Short-term Owed by public-sector borrowers Owed by private-sector borrowers Owed to public-sector creditors Owed by private-sector creditors 638.5 517.1 121.4 399.9 238.6 164.1 474.3 670.4 542.2 128.2 379.6 290.8 145.9 524.5 752.2 633.2 119.0 413.1 339.1 161.0 591.2 771.8 662.5 109.3 420.1 351.7 163.2 608.6 755.1 647.6 107.5 406.2 348.9 150.1 605.0 749.2 655.7 93.5 417.2 332.0 162.9 586.3 746.2 667.3 78.9 441.5 304.7 183.1 563.1 779.6 696.3 83.3 468.5 311.2 196.9 582.8 773.5 680.0 93.5 484.3 289.1 189.2 584.2 Gross foreign exchange reserves 153.0 166.5 157.3 149.9 152.8 155.7 156.5 189.7 211.5 Note: — not available; e estimate; f forecast. a. Fixed investment, measured in real terms. b. Local currency GDP deflator, median. c. Weighted average growth of import demand in export markets. d. Goods and non-factor services. e. Change in terms of trade, measured as a percentage of GDP. 121 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.5 Middle East and North Africa outlook in summary, 1981–2005 Real economy (% change, unless stated) Estimate Forecast 1981–90 1991–2000 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Real GDP growth Private consumption per capita GDP per capita Population Gross domestic investment/GDPa 3.6 1.7 1.1 3.1 25.5 3.7 0.2 1.2 2.1 20.5 2.8 0.2 0.4 2.1 21.0 4.0 1.3 2.1 2.2 20.7 4.0 2.3 1.2 1.7 21.2 4.5 1.3 1.3 1.8 21.7 5.2 2.9 3.9 1.9 21.7 5.1 1.6 3.1 1.9 22.3 5.0 1.9 2.9 1.9 22.9 Inflationb Central Government Budget Balance/GDP 8.4 3.9 6.4 0.9 7.5 0.6 10.7 1.4 1.9 2.4 2.0 3.0 3.6 0.6 4.2 0.0 4.0 0.5 Export market growthc Export volumed Terms of Trade/GDPe Current Account/GDP Workers remittances ($, billions) 2.9 0.8 0.6 0.3 6.7 6.9 4.8 0.1 0.2 13.3 7.0 0.2 4.5 1.3 12.2 13.2 8.1 4.2 6.7 12.3 1.0 0.9 0.2 4.5 14.4 4.9 2.9 1.1 4.2 14.8 7.9 9.4 1.7 6.1 16.1 10.0 5.9 4.1 9.3 17.0 7.5 4.0 0.1 8.0 — Memorandum items GDP growth: Resource poor, labor abundant Resource rich, labor abundant Resource rich, labor importing 4.5 2.8 0.6 3.8 3.4 3.5 4.3 1.9 0.3 3.9 4.0 6.2 4.5 3.2 1.4 3.0 6.1 0.5 4.1 6.3 7.2 4.3 6.0 5.2 4.6 5.5 4.8 External Financing and debt ($ billions, unless stated) 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004e Net inward FDI Net inward portfolio equity flows Net inward debt flows From public sources From private sources 1.7 0.2 0.7 0.8 1.5 3.2 0.7 3.5 4.0 0.5 3.1 0.2 3.6 1.6 5.2 3.7 0.6 3.0 2.5 0.5 4.3 0.2 4.5 2.8 1.8 5.7 0.1 0.1 1.2 1.3 3.8 0.2 2.1 2.6 4.6 4.8 0.1 0.7 2.5 1.8 4.1 0.2 0.1 2.6 2.6 Gross market-based capital flows 3.2 7.9 4.8 8.7 6.5 10.1 8.8 7.3 15.5 163.2 144.4 18.8 140.3 22.9 107.3 55.9 151.3 132.7 18.6 127.7 23.6 99.6 51.7 160.9 138.9 22.1 131.8 29.1 103.9 57.0 155.8 132.6 23.2 125.6 30.2 98.3 57.5 144.6 123.8 20.8 117.2 27.3 90.7 53.8 142.1 123.8 18.3 117.2 24.9 88.3 53.9 150.2 131.7 18.5 125.2 24.9 91.3 58.8 158.8 138.5 20.3 131.8 27.0 96.2 62.7 155.5 134.9 20.5 127.4 28.1 93.1 62.4 37.6 43.7 42.0 40.8 45.6 55.1 67.1 89.1 101.3 Total external debt Medium- and long-term Short-term Owed by public-sector borrowers Owed by private-sector borrowers Owed to public-sector creditors Owed by private-sector creditors Gross foreign exchange reserves Note: — not available; e estimate; f forecast. a. Fixed investment, measured in real terms. b. Local currency GDP deflator, median. c. Weighted average growth of import demand in export markets. d. Goods and non-factor services. e. Change in terms of trade, measured as a percentage of GDP. 122 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.6 South Asia outlook in summary, 1981–2005 Real Economy (% change, unless stated) Real GDP growth Private consumption per capita GDP per capita Population Gross domestic investment/GDPa Inflationb Central Government Budget Balance/GDP Export market growthc Export volumed Terms of Trade/GDPe Current Account/GDP Workers remittances ($, billions) Memorandum items GDP growth: South Asia excluding India 1981–90 1991–2000 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Estimate Forecast 2004 2005 5.6 1.7 3.3 2.2 20.2 5.2 2.3 3.3 1.9 21.6 6.4 3.9 4.5 1.8 22.3 4.2 0.9 2.3 1.9 22.5 4.7 3.1 2.9 1.7 22.3 4.6 2.2 2.9 1.7 23.1 7.8 6.0 6.1 1.6 23.4 6.6 4.3 4.9 1.6 23.7 6.2 3.5 4.6 1.6 24.0 8.9 12.6 8.1 10.3 4.4 12.2 3.9 9.1 3.8 8.5 3.6 9.1 4.7 7.9 4.4 8.3 7.2 8.3 6.3 5.7 0.0 0.3 5.7 7.2 11.1 0.1 1.5 10.9 5.5 12.5 1.2 0.9 15.1 12.5 21.2 0.9 1.0 16.0 0.3 7.3 0.4 0.2 16.0 3.9 18.3 1.2 1.6 22.2 7.9 13.0 0.1 1.6 26.8 10.3 13.3 1.2 0.1 32.7 6.9 12.4 0.8 0.7 — 5.1 4.4 4.2 5.1 3.1 4.5 5.7 5.9 5.8 External Financing and debt ($ billions, unless stated) 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004e Net inward FDI Net inward portfolio equity flows Net inward debt flows From public sources From private sources 3.5 4.1 2.7 1.0 1.6 4.9 2.9 0.7 0.3 0.4 3.5 0.6 4.7 2.3 2.4 3.1 2.4 0.5 2.5 2.0 3.3 2.5 3.5 0.5 3.0 4.4 2.8 0.9 2.2 3.1 4.8 1.1 0.4 2.4 2.9 5.2 8.2 4.0 1.8 2.2 6.5 7.5 4.4 1.6 2.8 Gross market-based capital flows 10.3 12.4 4.9 4.1 4.3 3.2 2.5 7.0 17.5 149.6 139.3 10.3 129.9 19.8 104.1 45.5 149.6 141.4 8.2 129.7 19.9 98.9 50.7 157.6 150.5 7.1 139.3 18.3 104.6 53.0 162.0 155.0 7.0 144.6 17.4 113.3 48.7 160.0 154.0 6.1 138.6 21.5 102.7 57.3 156.2 151.3 5.0 137.1 19.1 101.1 55.1 170.2 162.9 7.3 147.0 23.2 106.3 63.9 182.8 175.6 7.2 157.8 25.0 113.8 68.9 184.7 178.2 6.5 158.8 25.9 113.7 71.0 24.8 30.0 32.9 37.9 42.6 52.8 79.8 114.8 141.7 Total external debt Medium- and long-term Short-term Owed by public-sector borrowers Owed by private-sector borrowers Owed to public-sector creditors Owed by private-sector creditors Gross foreign exchange reserves Note: — not available; e estimate; f forecast. a. Fixed investment, measured in real terms. b. Local currency GDP deflator, median. c. Weighted average growth of import demand in export markets. d. Goods and non-factor services. e. Change in terms of trade, measured as a percentage of GDP. 123 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.7 Sub-Saharan Africa outlook in summary, 1981–2005 Real economy (% change, unless stated) Estimate Forecast 1981–90 1991–2000 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Real GDP growth Private consumption per capita GDP per capita Population Gross domestic investment/GDPa 1.6 1.0 1.3 3.0 19.0 2.3 0.4 0.3 2.6 17.1 2.5 0.1 0.1 2.6 17.9 3.6 2.2 0.8 2.7 18.1 3.1 3.8 0.8 2.3 18.1 2.8 5.9 0.7 2.2 19.4 3.4 2.5 1.2 2.1 19.4 3.8 2.8 1.7 2.0 19.9 4.1 2.0 2.1 2.0 20.2 Inflationb Central Government Budget Balance/GDP 9.6 4.5 9.5 4.6 5.8 3.0 7.5 2.7 6.0 2.4 6.5 2.7 8.2 2.7 4.1 2.9 4.0 3.0 Export market growthc Export volumed Terms of Trade/GDPe Current Account/GDP Workers remittances ($, billions) 3.2 0.8 1.0 0.3 1.3 7.0 4.9 0.2 1.5 3.3 6.8 2.5 0.9 2.1 4.7 11.1 8.4 2.1 1.2 4.9 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.8 4.9 3.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 5.2 6.9 5.7 1.2 0.8 6.0 9.6 7.3 0.5 0.6 6.1 6.8 8.4 0.1 0.3 — 2.3 1.6 3.3 2.3 3.7 0.9 2.4 3.9 3.4 3.5 2.0 1.9 1.7 8.5 4.2 3.5 4.6 5.1 Memorandum items GDP growth: Sub-Saharan Africa excluding South Africa Oil exporters External financing and debt ($ billions, unless stated) 1996 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004e Net inward FDI Net inward portfolio equity flows Net inward debt flows From public sources From private sources 4.2 2.4 3.2 2.0 1.2 8.4 5.6 4.4 1.4 3.0 7.0 8.7 1.3 0.5 1.8 9.1 9.0 1.0 0.3 1.3 6.3 4.2 0.5 0.7 1.2 14.9 1.0 1.7 0.3 2.0 9.0 0.4 0.3 2.5 2.8 10.1 0.7 2.7 1.3 1.5 11.3 3.5 3.6 1.4 2.2 Gross market-based capital flows 7.5 9.3 7.9 9.2 13.9 11.9 8.6 13.7 11.1 231.3 188.8 42.6 178.5 52.9 144.0 87.3 220.8 180.0 40.8 171.1 49.7 138.2 82.6 228.6 186.2 42.4 177.9 50.7 145.7 82.9 215.0 174.0 41.0 163.6 51.4 135.2 79.8 211.3 178.2 33.1 166.9 44.5 140.9 70.4 203.2 171.5 31.7 159.1 44.1 134.9 68.3 211.4 182.4 29.0 170.0 41.5 145.1 66.3 231.4 200.3 31.1 184.7 46.7 159.6 71.8 218.4 189.6 28.8 171.5 46.9 151.6 66.8 20.6 28.2 26.7 28.0 34.2 34.5 34.8 39.0 58.4 Total external debt Medium- and long-term Short-term Owed by public-sector borrowers Owed by private-sector borrowers Owed to public-sector creditors Owed by private-sector creditors Gross foreign exchange reserves Note: — not available; e estimate; f forecast. a. Fixed investment, measured in real terms. b. Local currency GDP deflator, median. c. Weighted average growth of import demand in export markets. d. Goods and non-factor services. e. Change in terms of trade, measured as a percentage of GDP. 124 1998 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.8 Global real GDP growth, 1981–2005 GDP in 1995 prices and exchange rates, average annual growth (%) Average GDP 2003 (1995 $) 1981–90 1991–2000 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Estimate 2004 Forecast 2005 World 35,249 3.1 2.7 3.0 4.0 1.4 1.7 2.5 3.8 3.1 High income Industrial countries European Union (15) Japan United States Other high income Asian newly industrialized economies (NIEs) 28,448 27,556 9,675 5,702 9,562 892 657 3.1 3.1 2.4 4.0 3.2 4.9 7.3 2.6 2.5 2.1 1.4 3.3 5.6 6.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 0.1 4.4 4.5 5.1 3.7 3.5 3.7 2.4 3.7 7.7 7.6 1.1 1.1 1.8 0.2 0.8 0.9 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.0 0.3 1.9 2.4 3.1 1.9 1.8 0.8 1.4 3.0 3.2 2.9 3.2 3.1 2.0 2.6 4.4 6.2 6.7 2.4 2.4 1.5 0.8 3.9 4.4 4.4 6,801 5,477 5,641 1,650 1,722 3,429 5,590 2,216 3,374 1,210 2.7 2.2 3.2 1.5 2.8 3.4 2.4 1.1 3.4 4.4 3.2 2.2 4.7 3.3 0.8 4.7 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.0 2.2 2.7 0.1 1.9 5.4 2.7 0.9 4.2 4.4 5.3 4.7 5.0 3.4 6.3 5.8 5.5 4.1 6.6 4.4 3.0 2.0 2.7 0.9 1.7 4.7 2.6 0.6 4.2 4.6 3.5 2.4 3.4 0.1 3.6 5.2 3.3 0.4 6.0 4.2 5.3 4.3 5.1 2.8 5.0 6.6 5.0 2.1 6.9 6.7 6.6 6.0 6.7 5.7 6.8 7.0 6.7 5.8 7.3 6.2 5.7 5.0 5.7 4.9 5.3 6.3 5.7 4.5 6.4 5.9 East Asia and Pacific China Indonesia 2,010 1,324 263 7.3 9.3 6.4 7.7 10.1 4.3 5.6 7.1 0.8 7.2 8.0 5.4 5.6 7.5 3.8 6.9 8.3 4.3 8.0 9.4 4.5 8.3 9.5 5.4 7.4 — — Europe and Central Asia Russian Federation Turkey Poland 1,376 506 216 186 1.8 2.0 5.2 0.3 1.4 3.9 3.6 3.7 3.0 6.4 4.7 4.1 6.7 10.0 7.4 4.0 2.4 5.1 7.5 1.0 4.6 4.7 7.9 1.4 5.9 7.3 5.5 3.8 6.8 7.1 8.2 5.4 5.5 — — — Latin America and Caribbean Brazil Mexico Argentina 1,954 807 380 272 1.1 1.5 1.8 1.5 3.3 2.7 3.5 4.5 0.1 0.8 3.7 3.4 3.7 4.4 6.6 0.8 0.3 1.4 0.3 4.4 0.8 1.5 0.7 10.9 1.7 0.2 1.3 8.8 5.7 5.1 4.1 8.6 4.3 — — — Middle East and North Africa Algeria Iran, Islamic Rep. of Egypt, Arab Rep. of 393 56 134 86 3.6 2.8 2.7 5.5 3.7 1.7 4.0 4.3 2.8 3.2 1.7 6.3 4.0 2.4 5.0 5.1 4.0 2.6 3.4 3.5 4.5 4.1 7.4 3.2 5.2 6.8 6.6 3.2 5.1 5.9 6.5 4.3 5.0 — — — South Asia India 723 561 5.6 5.8 5.2 5.5 6.4 7.1 4.2 3.9 4.7 5.2 4.6 4.6 7.8 8.4 6.6 6.8 6.2 — Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa Nigeria 344 190 37 1.6 1.3 1.1 2.3 1.8 2.7 2.5 2.4 1.1 3.6 4.2 4.2 3.1 2.7 3.1 2.8 3.6 1.5 3.4 2.8 10.7 3.8 3.6 3.6 4.1 — — Developing countries Excluding China Excl. C.E. Europe/C.I.S. Severely indebted Moderately indebted Less indebted Middle-income countries Upper middle-income countries Lower middle-income countries Low-income countries Note: — not available. 125 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.9 Global inflation, 1991–2004 Consumer price indexes; local currency (% change)a Weights 1995 World Average 1991–00 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Estimate 2004 100.0 3.3 2.0 1.7 2.6 1.5 2.0 1.8 2.6 High income Industrial countries European Union (15) Japan United States Other high income Asian NIEs 82.4 80.2 29.8 18.3 25.3 2.2 1.7 2.2 2.2 2.6 0.7 2.7 3.9 3.1 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.6 1.6 1.8 0.4 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.1 2.7 0.1 1.0 2.1 2.1 2.3 0.2 3.4 0.8 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.9 1.2 1.6 1.0 2.0 1.7 1.8 2.2 0.3 2.4 1.2 0.0 1.3 1.3 1.8 0.4 1.9 0.4 0.4 2.1 2.1 2.2 0.2 3.3 1.3 1.2 Developing countries Excluding China Excl. C.E. Europe/C.I.S. Severely indebted Moderately indebted Less indebted Middle-income countries Upper middle-income countries Lower middle-income countries Low-income countries 17.6 15.1 14.8 4.9 4.7 8.0 14.6 6.8 7.8 3.0 8.6 8.6 8.5 13.4 8.2 7.7 8.2 7.3 8.3 10.2 5.6 5.6 5.8 5.9 4.5 6.4 4.5 4.3 6.0 6.4 3.3 3.3 3.2 2.8 4.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.3 5.1 5.1 4.9 5.9 4.9 4.3 4.6 4.3 6.1 5.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 3.8 4.5 3.6 4.1 3.2 4.6 3.8 3.4 3.6 4.1 6.2 3.8 3.0 3.0 1.9 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 5.2 3.9 3.7 3.6 2.6 4.2 5.2 5.0 5.1 5.3 6.1 5.0 4.0 4.6 5.0 4.0 6.4 East Asia and Pacific China Indonesia 4.4 2.4 0.7 4.3 7.1 13.4 7.0 1.0 77.7 1.3 1.0 1.9 2.7 1.5 9.3 3.2 0.3 12.6 3.2 0.4 10.0 3.3 3.2 5.1 2.9 2.4 6.4 Europe and Central Asia Russian Federation Turkey Poland 3.4 1.4 0.6 0.4 49.4 — 74.7 24.2 5.3 84.4 69.7 8.4 7.0 36.5 68.8 9.6 6.1 20.2 39.0 8.4 3.6 18.6 68.5 3.6 2.1 15.1 29.7 0.8 3.6 12.0 12.7 1.6 4.6 11.7 9.4 4.2 Latin America and Caribbean Brazil Mexico Argentina, R. B. de 5.8 2.4 1.0 0.9 13.6 180.2 17.5 9.2 7.4 2.4 18.6 0.7 4.9 8.4 12.3 1.8 5.3 5.3 9.0 0.7 4.4 9.4 4.4 1.5 7.0 14.7 5.7 41.0 5.7 10.4 4.0 3.7 5.3 6.1 5.2 6.1 Middle East and North Africa Algeria Iran, Islamic Rep. of Egypt, Arab Rep. of 1.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 4.0 15.0 24.1 8.6 1.8 3.9 20.2 3.6 2.0 1.2 19.0 3.1 0.6 0.1 12.8 2.3 2.7 7.5 10.6 2.4 1.0 1.5 16.4 3.0 3.6 3.9 15.9 5.8 — — — — South Asia India 1.6 1.2 8.6 8.4 12.7 15.3 3.0 0.5 3.5 3.5 2.7 5.2 3.3 3.2 4.9 3.7 7.4 3.8 Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa Nigeria 1.0 0.5 0.1 8.5 8.5 29.0 5.6 9.0 11.9 4.5 2.2 0.2 7.0 7.0 14.5 4.7 4.6 16.5 5.0 12.4 12.2 3.9 0.3 23.8 — 3.4 — Note: — not available. a. Developing country aggregates computed using median. Industrial aggregates use 1995 $ GDP weights. World total is GDP weighted average of developing and high-income total. Inflation is calculated on a December/December basis. Where country CPI series ended before December 2004, estimates were made by extending the index series using the last available y/y change (effectively making the December inflation reading identical with the latest available one). These were then aggregated. 126 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.10 Commodity prices, 1980–2005 Current $ Unit Energy Coal, Australia Crude oil, average Natural gas, Europe 1980 1990 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Forecast 2005 $/mt $/bbl $/mmbtu 29.4 36.9 3.4 39.7 22.9 2.5 25.9 18.1 2.1 26.3 28.2 3.9 32.3 24.4 4.1 27.1 24.9 3.1 27.8 28.9 3.9 54.7 37.7 4.3 50.0 42.0 5.3 Beverages Cocoa Coffee, arabica Coffee, robusta ¢/kg ¢/kg ¢/kg 260.3 346.6 324.3 126.7 197.2 118.2 113.5 229.1 148.9 90.6 192.0 91.3 106.9 137.3 60.7 177.8 135.7 66.2 175.1 141.5 81.4 155.0 177.4 79.3 162.0 198.4 88.2 Food Fats and oils Palm oil Soybean meal Soybeans $/mt $/mt $/mt 583.7 262.4 296.2 289.8 200.2 246.8 436.0 152.2 201.7 310.3 189.2 211.8 285.7 181.0 195.8 390.3 175.2 212.7 443.3 210.9 264.0 471.3 241.2 306.5 450.0 200.0 240.0 Grains Maize Rice, Thailand, 5% Wheat, U.S., HRW $/mt $/mt $/mt 125.3 410.7 172.7 109.3 270.9 135.5 90.2 248.4 112.0 88.5 202.4 114.1 89.6 172.8 126.8 99.3 191.9 148.1 105.4 197.6 146.1 111.8 237.7 156.9 100.0 250.0 145.0 Other food Bananas, U.S. Sugar, world $/mt ¢/kg 377.3 63.2 540.9 27.7 373.8 13.8 424.0 18.0 583.2 19.0 528.6 15.2 374.8 15.6 524.6 15.8 460.0 19.0 ¢/kg ¢/kg $/cum 206.2 142.5 536.5 181.9 86.5 814.5 117.1 62.8 507.8 130.2 69.1 664.3 105.8 60.0 517.3 101.9 77.1 452.3 139.9 105.6 525.7 136.6 144.7 640.8 116.8 198.3 110.3 Fertilizers Triple superphosphate $/mt 180.3 131.8 154.5 137.7 126.9 133.1 149.3 186.3 185.0 Metals and minerals Aluminum Copper Gold Nickel $/mt $/mt $/toz $/mt 1,456.0 2,182.1 607.9 6,518.7 1,639.4 2,661.5 383.5 8,864.1 1,361.1 1,572.9 278.8 6,011.2 1,549.1 1,813.5 279.0 8,637.7 1,443.6 1,578.3 271.0 5,944.7 1,349.9 1,559.5 310.0 6,771.8 1,431.3 1,779.1 363.5 9,629.5 1,715.5 2,865.9 409.2 13,823.2 1,900.0 3,000.0 435.0 14,000.0 78.8 100.0 99.3 97.2 94.3 93.1 100.1 107.1 110.7 Non-energy Agriculture Raw materials Cotton (“A” Index) Rubber, Malaysia Sawnwood, Malaysia Memo: Deflator Index (MUV 1990 100)a Reuters/CRB Commodity Futures Index (1967 100) Note: bbl barrel; cum cubic meter; kg kilogram; mmbtu million British thermal units; mt metric ton; n.a. not available; toz troy oz. a. Unit value index in $ terms of manufactures exported from the G-5 countries weighted by exports to developing countries. 127 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.11 Commodity price indexes, 1980–2005 Real dollar terms, deflated by $MUV (1990 100) Weights Energy Coal, Australia Crude oil, average Natural gas, Europe 1980 1990 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Forecast 2005 29.4 36.9 3.4 39.7 22.9 100.0 25.9 18.1 2.1 66.2 123.4 151.3 81.5 106.4 159.1 68.2 109.0 119.7 70.2 126.3 153.2 137.9 164.9 167.7 134.2 191.9 214.7 125.5 138.1 100.0 100.0 88.0 92.8 86.7 87.5 78.8 79.5 83.0 86.4 91.5 94.7 107.4 104.7 112.5 103.3 Beverages Cocoa Coffee, arabica Coffee, robusta 181.4 260.3 346.6 324.3 100.0 126.7 197.2 118.2 107.7 113.5 229.1 148.9 88.4 71.5 97.3 77.3 72.1 84.4 69.6 51.4 84.6 140.4 68.8 56.0 87.1 138.2 71.8 68.9 94.0 122.4 89.9 67.1 102.4 125.8 127.4 72.9 Food Fats and oils Palm oil Soybean meal Soybeans 139.3 148.7 583.7 262.4 296.2 100.0 100.0 289.8 200.2 246.8 87.6 105.0 436.0 152.2 201.7 84.5 96.2 107.1 94.5 85.8 86.0 89.0 98.6 90.4 79.4 90.1 101.2 134.7 87.5 86.2 96.4 120.6 153.0 105.4 107.0 110.0 137.1 162.7 120.5 124.2 102.5 118.4 132.0 102.5 105.7 Grains Maize Rice, Thailand, 5% Wheat, U.S., HRW 134.3 125.3 410.7 172.7 100.0 109.3 270.9 135.5 86.4 90.2 248.4 112.0 79.5 81.0 74.7 84.2 78.2 82.0 63.8 93.6 88.1 90.8 70.8 109.3 90.2 96.4 73.0 107.8 100.2 102.3 87.7 115.8 96.5 87.1 106.5 112.4 Other food Bananas, U.S. Sugar, world 134.3 377.3 63.2 100.0 540.9 27.7 74.0 373.8 13.8 77.7 78.4 65.2 87.9 107.8 68.8 82.1 97.7 54.9 80.1 69.3 56.5 93.2 97.0 57.1 92.7 135.0 71.0 104.6 206.2 142.5 536.5 100.0 181.9 86.5 814.5 88.5 117.1 62.8 507.8 90.8 71.6 79.9 81.6 76.7 58.2 69.4 63.5 83.1 56.0 89.1 55.5 98.2 76.9 122.1 64.5 105.8 75.1 191.2 78.7 104.9 62.8 264.8 81.2 128.9 180.3 100.0 131.8 114.1 154.5 105.8 104.5 98.8 96.2 100.5 100.9 106.2 113.3 126.6 141.3 126.9 153.2 94.2 1,456.0 2,182.1 607.9 6,518.7 100.0 1,639.4 2,661.5 383.5 8,864.1 73.7 1,361.1 1,572.9 278.8 6,011.2 83.0 94.5 68.1 72.8 97.4 75.1 88.1 59.3 70.7 67.1 72.8 82.3 58.6 80.8 76.4 82.0 87.3 66.8 94.8 108.6 112.4 104.6 107.7 106.7 155.9 133.8 113.4 120.7 110.5 168.4 78.8 100.0 99.3 97.2 94.3 93.1 100.1 107.1 110.7 Non-energy Agriculture Raw materials Cotton (“A” Index) Rubber, Malaysia Sawnwood, Malaysia Fertilizers Triple superphosphate Metals and minerals Aluminum Copper Gold Nickel Memo: Deflator Index (MUV 1990 100)a Reuters/CRB Commodity Futures Index (1967 100) Note: a unit value index in dollar terms of manufactures exported from the G-7 countries, weighted by exports to developing countries. 128 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.12 Global nominal GDP growth, 1981–2005 % change from a year earlier Average 1981–90 World 1991–2000 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Estimate 2004 Forecast 2005 9.7 6.7 4.8 4.4 6.1 3.6 3.5 4.3 5.4 4.7 High income Industrial countries European Union (15) Japan United States Other high income Asian NIEs 8.5 8.0 8.8 6.2 7.6 25.5 12.2 4.6 4.5 5.0 1.5 5.4 9.6 8.5 3.6 3.6 5.5 1.2 5.3 1.9 1.9 3.4 3.4 3.4 1.4 6.0 4.3 1.6 4.8 4.7 5.1 0.8 5.9 8.5 5.6 2.5 2.6 4.1 1.1 3.2 1.7 1.9 2.5 2.5 3.5 1.6 3.5 1.9 1.6 3.0 3.0 2.9 0.1 4.9 1.7 0.1 4.4 4.4 3.8 1.4 6.6 6.6 5.7 3.7 3.6 3.3 0.3 6.2 6.7 5.8 Developing countries Excluding China Excl. C.E. Europe/C.I.S. Severely indebted Moderately indebted Less indebted Middle-income countries Upper middle-income countries Lower middle-income countries Low-income countries 15.3 15.3 16.6 19.0 15.4 14.1 14.4 14.0 14.6 16.0 16.7 16.7 14.4 15.7 19.0 15.5 17.2 17.4 16.8 16.9 10.5 10.8 9.5 8.1 12.1 10.8 9.8 9.9 9.8 12.0 9.2 9.4 9.2 8.2 8.0 10.9 8.5 6.5 9.1 12.4 12.0 12.1 11.8 12.3 12.6 11.5 12.0 11.0 12.1 11.6 8.8 8.9 8.5 8.8 9.2 9.2 8.4 7.7 9.9 9.8 8.5 8.6 8.1 8.4 8.9 8.2 8.7 8.1 9.4 8.3 10.5 10.5 10.7 10.3 11.2 10.5 9.8 9.0 10.4 13.2 10.2 10.2 9.2 10.5 10.2 9.8 9.5 9.0 10.2 10.4 9.4 9.4 9.0 9.7 8.8 9.5 9.0 8.4 9.4 11.5 East Asia and Pacific China Indonesia 12.2 15.2 15.7 12.1 17.0 19.6 6.2 5.2 52.3 8.9 4.8 15.1 10.9 9.0 14.4 7.7 8.8 21.2 8.1 8.1 12.7 9.1 11.5 10.0 12.5 12.9 11.3 11.5 — — Europe and Central Asia Russian Federation Turkey Poland 11.2 40.0 54.0 71.8 48.4 99.6 77.9 29.2 14.6 12.3 81.2 16.8 10.9 83.5 47.9 10.9 12.1 51.5 61.8 11.0 12.7 22.4 42.9 4.9 12.0 21.1 55.7 2.7 10.5 22.6 31.7 3.2 13.3 18.3 19.4 8.3 11.7 — — — Latin America and Caribbean Brazil Mexico Argentina, R. B. de 25.1 337.4 66.7 431.4 17.3 214.7 22.2 15.2 12.2 5.0 21.0 2.1 6.6 6.5 19.5 5.2 11.1 13.1 19.4 0.2 7.6 8.9 5.1 5.5 8.3 12.3 5.9 16.3 12.2 15.6 10.5 20.3 8.0 12.6 8.0 17.4 7.7 — — — Middle East and North Africa Algeria Iran, Islamic Rep. of Egypt, Arab Rep. of 13.0 13.1 18.6 19.3 13.3 21.9 31.1 13.4 8.0 0.7 9.8 8.1 9.4 13.9 18.2 8.6 12.1 27.0 42.2 12.1 5.7 5.3 23.9 6.8 5.2 5.2 32.5 7.1 7.1 15.6 24.1 7.1 8.5 11.2 14.1 8.5 9.2 — — — South Asia India 14.7 14.7 13.1 13.9 10.8 14.4 9.8 11.2 7.9 7.9 8.8 9.2 8.2 8.2 10.4 14.3 10.2 10.2 12.8 — Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa Nigeria 17.1 16.5 17.9 15.5 12.3 32.3 11.4 8.3 3.8 9.6 9.6 13.5 13.0 13.3 33.3 10.6 10.6 24.8 9.1 14.2 5.5 13.2 7.4 34.0 10.2 9.8 13.2 9.5 — — Note: — not available. Developing counties aggregated using median growth rates. Industrial aggregates use 1995 $ GDP weights. World total is GDP weighted average of developing and high-income total. 129 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.13 Global goods export growth, 1981–2005 BOP goods exports (current $); average annual growth (%) Exports 2002 ($ bn.) 1981–90 1991–2000 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Estimate 2004 Forecast 2005 World 6,025 6.1 6.5 3.2 12.4 3.8 4.4 15.6 20.6 12.1 High income Industrial countries European Union (15) Japan United States Other high income Asian NIEs 4,480 3,916 2,185 395 697 564 468 6.8 7.3 7.5 8.3 5.7 3.4 5.0 5.6 5.4 4.3 5.0 7.2 7.4 7.2 2.4 2.1 0.7 7.4 2.4 4.2 4.0 9.6 7.9 2.8 14.0 12.5 22.0 19.0 4.7 3.9 0.5 16.2 6.8 9.7 9.8 2.9 2.8 5.8 2.8 4.7 4.1 6.1 14.2 14.2 18.0 13.5 4.2 13.8 12.4 17.8 17.4 17.1 19.8 12.3 21.3 19.5 11.8 12.1 12.7 8.8 9.7 9.5 10.3 Developing countries Excluding China Excl. C.E. Europe/C.I.S. Severely indebted Moderately indebted Less indebted Middle-income countries Upper middle-income countries Lower middle-income countries Low-income countries 1,545 1,219 1,225 207 502 836 1,360 569 790 185 3.4 2.9 4.3 1.5 3.9 4.1 3.9 3.8 4.0 1.2 10.0 9.0 10.4 6.3 9.9 11.5 10.4 10.4 10.4 7.9 6.3 6.3 7.9 0.6 7.1 7.9 6.2 6.7 5.7 7.2 22.4 21.3 22.0 20.5 23.0 22.6 22.1 19.5 24.3 24.5 1.1 2.8 2.7 1.8 5.9 2.3 0.7 1.7 0.0 4.0 9.0 5.9 8.7 2.7 5.8 12.7 9.4 4.9 12.9 6.2 19.9 16.0 19.9 14.8 16.4 23.3 20.1 11.6 26.2 18.9 28.0 25.9 28.4 26.1 27.2 29.0 28.8 26.8 30.0 22.5 13.1 9.5 13.5 4.5 10.9 16.3 13.4 8.7 16.3 11.1 East Asia and Pacific China Indonesia 597 326 57 8.5 11.8 3.3 14.2 17.1 9.2 8.6 6.1 0.4 23.0 27.9 27.6 1.8 6.8 9.3 14.3 22.4 1.5 24.0 34.6 6.8 28.0 34.8 14.4 20.1 — — Europe and Central Asia Russian Federation Turkey Poland 360 107 40 47 1.5 — 16.2 — 8.8 10.8 9.0 8.5 0.9 1.5 5.9 7.4 22.4 39.0 6.5 19.4 6.0 3.0 11.9 16.0 10.9 5.3 16.7 12.2 20.4 26.7 24.3 21.7 26.2 34.3 22.6 20.7 11.2 — — — Latin America and Caribbean Brazil Mexico Argentina, R. B. de 352 60 161 26 3.9 4.5 8.5 4.4 10.1 5.8 15.1 7.9 5.7 6.1 16.1 11.8 20.1 14.7 22.0 13.0 4.3 5.7 4.8 0.8 0.9 3.7 1.5 3.1 9.4 21.1 2.6 15.0 30.4 29.8 29.1 16.6 6.6 — — — Middle East and North Africa Algeria Iran, Islamic Rep. of Egypt, Arab Rep. of 93 18 28 7 3.2 0.5 — 0.2 5.1 5.2 3.9 6.1 28.3 21.5 60.3 18.9 37.3 75.7 34.8 34.8 6.8 11.8 16.0 0.5 7.7 2.4 17.9 1.3 24.4 35.4 42.2 26.3 29.5 32.5 33.5 25.0 4.2 — — — South Asia India 73 51 7.9 8.2 8.9 9.0 5.5 8.2 16.8 17.0 1.4 3.4 11.4 13.6 26.7 32.0 19.8 20.8 12.0 — Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa Nigeria 71 31 14 2.1 0.7 6.3 3.1 2.7 3.7 5.7 2.0 43.5 18.6 11.0 51.4 5.5 2.7 17.7 0.4 1.4 12.5 22.3 23.2 31.6 34.0 26.2 58.0 6.5 — — Note: — not available. 130 Average S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.14 Global goods import growth, 1981–2005 BOP goods imports (current $); average annual growth (%) Imports 2002 ($ bn.) Average 1981–90 1991–2000 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Estimate 2004 Forecast 2005 World 6,062 5.8 6.7 4.2 14.0 3.8 3.7 15.6 20.4 11.9 High income Industrial countries European Union (15) Japan United States Other high income Asian NIEs 4,647 4,125 2,065 301 1,190 522 436 6.5 6.8 6.8 5.5 7.2 4.2 5.0 6.0 5.8 4.2 4.9 9.4 7.2 7.2 5.7 6.1 1.6 11.4 12.5 2.6 2.6 12.5 11.6 5.5 23.0 18.9 19.8 21.7 5.2 4.4 1.8 8.6 6.1 10.8 12.2 2.8 2.6 3.8 4.1 1.9 4.0 3.9 14.3 14.6 18.9 13.5 7.8 11.6 11.6 18.5 18.0 18.5 18.7 16.1 22.6 23.8 11.0 11.2 12.0 12.0 7.0 9.6 10.2 Developing countries Excluding China Excl. C.E. Europe/C.I.S. Severely indebted Moderately indebted Less indebted Middle-income countries Upper middle-income countries Lower middle-income countries Low-income countries 1,416 1,134 1,112 143 433 840 1,246 531 715 170 2.9 2.5 3.7 1.1 4.5 3.4 3.2 1.8 4.2 1.7 9.7 8.7 10.2 7.7 7.7 11.6 10.2 12.5 8.5 6.7 1.2 3.6 1.3 13.4 5.3 5.1 1.0 0.3 1.6 2.7 19.6 17.0 21.4 12.6 18.3 22.1 19.5 16.2 22.5 20.5 1.0 0.4 1.3 1.1 2.0 3.1 1.1 1.1 3.0 0.2 6.8 3.7 5.6 11.7 6.7 10.7 7.1 0.2 13.1 4.7 20.0 15.1 20.1 12.6 16.6 23.1 19.8 9.1 27.7 22.1 26.1 22.9 27.2 31.2 23.5 26.6 25.7 21.1 28.7 29.1 14.5 10.4 15.6 10.8 10.7 16.9 14.3 8.8 17.6 16.2 East Asia and Pacific China Indonesia 505 281 31 9.1 9.3 6.5 12.2 17.6 4.6 11.0 15.9 12.2 30.3 35.2 38.9 1.3 8.1 7.1 14.3 21.3 1.1 26.9 39.8 4.0 32.5 37.1 42.8 22.6 — — Europe and Central Asia Russian Federation Turkey Poland 352 61 47 54 1.7 — 11.6 2.5 7.9 4.2 8.9 14.7 10.4 31.8 12.7 0.4 15.9 13.5 35.0 6.8 3.9 19.8 27.7 2.3 12.9 13.4 24.4 9.5 22.1 25.3 37.6 18.5 23.9 24.2 33.6 19.7 10.2 — — — Latin America and Caribbean Brazil Mexico Argentina, R. B. de 329 47 169 8 1.3 1.0 7.0 8.8 12.9 10.4 15.4 20.4 4.0 14.6 13.2 18.4 16.2 13.3 22.9 0.9 2.2 0.5 3.5 19.8 6.7 15.0 0.2 55.8 4.6 2.2 1.1 54.8 18.4 28.0 11.9 65.6 6.0 — — — Middle East and North Africa Algeria Iran, Islamic Rep. of Egypt, Arab Rep. of 82 10 22 13 2.7 0.9 5.3 4.2 2.4 0.6 1.9 4.1 0.4 3.8 6.0 3.7 6.9 4.3 13.2 1.4 5.8 1.5 22.9 9.2 7.3 13.8 20.2 7.7 20.3 30.3 37.1 2.4 16.1 16.0 15.0 16.0 6.4 — — — South Asia India 87 63 4.7 5.3 8.5 9.8 2.3 1.6 23.0 30.4 3.9 3.5 6.5 9.4 25.9 27.3 31.0 31.9 17.2 — Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa Nigeria 60 27 8 2.4 0.9 10.4 4.1 4.7 5.9 7.5 9.9 6.8 3.7 11.1 1.6 4.5 5.3 32.8 1.8 3.8 34.9 26.4 30.6 43.8 26.5 36.1 17.7 8.6 — — Note: — not available. 131 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.15 Global goods trade balances, 1997–2005 $ billions % of GDP 2002 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Estimate 2004 Forecast 2005 0.1 105.4 79.7 42.1 19.9 26.3 23.2 41.2 45.7 50.3 High income Industrial countries European Union (15) Japan United States Other high income Asian NIEs 0.6 0.8 1.6 2.4 4.7 5.5 6.2 85.3 88.7 158.8 103.1 197.7 3.4 9.0 76.4 61.9 136.0 123.9 248.1 14.5 12.6 56.8 79.1 92.9 123.2 348.3 22.4 18.6 190.2 227.9 40.1 115.3 459.1 37.7 11.5 156.9 197.4 88.4 70.9 436.7 40.5 22.0 148.6 191.1 138.0 94.4 492.7 42.5 32.6 173.7 233.5 142.3 106.8 555.6 59.7 40.1 244.1 308.5 129.6 131.8 673.2 64.4 27.3 227.1 297.2 166.4 130.2 697.8 70.1 30.8 Developing countries Excluding China Excl. C.E. Europe/C.I.S. Severely indebted Moderately indebted Less indebted Middle-income countries Upper middle-income countries Lower middle-income countries Low-income countries 2.6 2.7 3.0 6.0 5.0 1.1 3.2 4.1 3.2 1.2 13.3 26.2 40.3 5.5 17.1 31.7 26.1 19.4 15.3 12.8 14.1 43.3 24.3 3.2 12.8 12.7 7.0 13.3 39.2 21.0 76.5 62.9 96.7 24.7 59.7 14.5 89.8 25.8 85.9 13.3 145.1 135.9 142.0 41.2 90.1 39.0 154.5 65.1 114.8 9.4 108.4 96.5 114.1 39.2 68.8 22.6 122.4 47.9 96.6 14.0 150.4 127.6 156.6 63.6 69.0 39.3 160.1 68.1 114.7 9.6 192.9 170.2 195.5 76.2 79.2 59.5 205.6 92.8 138.1 12.7 275.3 238.5 249.1 87.7 118.8 83.3 291.7 133.0 179.0 16.5 266.5 227.3 227.8 48.5 132.9 66.0 293.6 134.5 180.0 27.1 East Asia and Pacific China Indonesia 5.1 3.5 12.7 44.4 46.2 11.9 96.7 46.6 21.5 97.8 36.0 24.7 95.9 34.5 28.8 81.0 34.0 25.4 92.3 44.2 25.9 99.8 44.7 28.5 99.2 51.3 23.4 97.3 — — Europe and Central Asia Russian Federation Turkey Poland 0.7 13.4 4.0 3.8 35.3 14.9 15.0 9.8 35.0 16.4 14.1 12.8 8.0 36.0 10.2 15.1 6.4 60.2 22.0 12.3 12.7 48.1 3.7 7.7 7.9 46.3 7.3 7.2 4.0 59.6 15.3 7.1 14.7 87.8 26.0 7.9 20.7 — — — Latin America and Caribbean Brazil Mexico Argentina, R. B. de 1.4 2.8 1.3 16.9 14.5 6.8 0.6 2.1 36.5 6.6 7.9 3.1 7.3 1.3 5.6 0.8 3.6 0.8 8.0 2.5 4.2 2.7 10.0 7.4 22.5 13.1 7.9 17.2 40.8 24.8 5.6 16.5 64.8 33.1 7.3 12.8 55.7 — — — Middle East and North Africa Algeria Iran, Islamic Rep. of Egypt, Arab Rep. of 9.4 4.7 4.9 6.4 34.2 6.5 4.3 8.6 4.4 2.4 1.2 10.2 24.5 4.3 7.6 9.9 69.7 13.2 13.1 8.3 48.7 10.6 5.1 6.9 53.2 8.9 5.6 5.8 77.7 12.6 9.2 4.2 125.1 18.7 17.9 4.1 130.0 — — — South Asia India 2.3 2.4 16.1 10.0 15.6 10.8 14.3 8.7 21.0 16.3 16.7 12.7 14.6 12.0 17.8 13.0 33.6 24.6 45.3 — Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa Nigeria 3.8 4.2 13.9 7.4 2.3 5.7 1.9 2.1 0.2 6.1 4.2 4.3 15.8 4.6 10.8 9.1 5.2 4.5 10.5 4.6 6.5 10.4 3.7 7.6 19.6 1.2 16.4 18.8 — — World Note: — not available. 132 1997 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.16 Global trade prices and volumes, 1981–2005 Average annual % change Average change 1981–90 1991–2000 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Estimate 2004 Forecast 2005 Trade prices Manufactured goods prices Developing countries’ export price Oil price Non-oil commodity prices 2.4 1.7 4.7 2.2 0.3 1.1 2.1 1.4 3.8 8.2 31.9 15.7 0.3 1.3 38.3 11.2 2.1 4.8 56.2 1.4 2.9 3.5 13.7 9.1 1.3 0.4 2.4 5.3 7.5 5.5 15.9 10.2 7.0 9.2 30.6 17.5 3.3 1.6 11.3 4.7 Terms of trade World High income Developing countries Severely indebted Moderately indebted Less indebted Middle-income countries Upper middle-income countries Lower middle-income countries Low-income countries 0.2 0.7 2.7 3.7 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.3 3.5 0.2 0.0 1.0 0.2 1.1 1.0 1.2 0.5 1.9 0.8 0.1 0.9 3.6 4.7 4.4 2.1 3.9 6.6 1.3 1.1 0.3 0.5 0.8 3.0 0.4 2.2 1.7 6.1 1.8 6.8 0.9 2.3 4.3 3.5 8.2 1.6 4.5 6.8 2.4 1.9 0.4 0.1 1.6 1.7 3.5 0.4 1.6 2.5 0.8 1.9 0.5 0.7 0.0 2.6 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.4 0.0 5.6 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.1 1.5 0.3 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.1 3.1 0.4 0.6 0.2 2.7 1.5 3.6 0.5 0.5 0.8 2.4 1.5 0.6 1.0 0.0 1.3 2.3 1.5 1.6 2.8 3.2 0.5 4.1 0.2 2.2 0.1 0.2 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.1 5.0 15.0 5.9 7.0 2.2 1.5 1.3 16.9 8.5 3.4 1.1 6.7 5.5 15.1 6.0 7.6 0.8 1.4 3.0 0.8 2.7 1.9 1.5 1.7 0.4 3.9 7.8 0.7 0.6 1.1 0.5 5.6 0.7 4.0 2.6 1.7 1.7 12.8 7.0 1.6 1.8 1.5 0.7 0.3 4.0 0.3 4.8 5.1 4.2 3.0 4.8 3.5 4.4 2.9 4.6 2.4 6.8 6.9 7.0 6.3 4.7 8.0 6.9 8.9 4.9 8.0 4.2 4.1 4.6 6.1 3.0 5.9 4.4 7.5 2.9 6.6 5.4 5.5 6.5 6.3 6.4 6.9 6.3 5.0 3.7 9.6 12.9 12.1 15.3 14.0 13.2 18.4 15.2 13.6 17.1 16.8 0.4 0.3 3.1 5.1 0.7 4.2 2.9 0.2 4.8 4.9 3.8 2.6 8.4 3.5 5.9 10.9 8.1 1.6 11.6 11.1 5.4 3.1 13.5 9.3 8.4 17.5 13.5 6.9 16.7 13.0 10.4 8.5 16.6 13.2 13.6 18.9 17.1 12.4 19.2 12.0 7.4 6.3 10.6 9.4 8.6 12.3 10.5 8.5 11.8 11.4 8.4 3.1 5.4 0.8 5.7 0.8 12.0 1.3 8.7 4.8 11.1 4.9 3.1 6.0 7.8 1.2 9.1 4.4 4.2 4.0 7.2 0.2 12.5 2.5 22.8 15.9 10.3 8.1 21.2 8.4 2.4 6.3 0.6 0.9 7.3 0.8 14.8 7.9 1.9 2.9 18.3 0.4 21.2 12.0 4.8 9.4 13.0 5.7 23.1 15.3 11.9 5.9 13.3 7.3 14.9 9.4 6.1 4.0 12.4 8.4 East Asia and Pacific Europe and Central Asia Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Global export volumes World High income Developing countries Severely indebted Moderately indebted Less indebted Middle-income countries Upper middle-income countries Lower middle-income countries Low-income countries East Asia and Pacific Europe and Central Asia Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Note: Prices are in $ terms unless otherwise indicated. 133 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.17 Global current account balances, 1999–2005 $ billions Percent of GDP (2002) Merchandise balance 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Estimate 2004 Forecast 2005 World 0.2 0.1 0.4 155.9 214.0 200.8 184.5 150.0 167.2 216.5 High income Industrial countries European Union (15) Japan United States Other high income Asian NIEs 0.7 0.8 1.3 2.4 4.6 2.4 2.8 0.2 0.1 0.2 1.1 0.6 1.8 3.3 0.5 0.5 1.2 1.5 0.5 0.1 0.2 147.9 175.5 29.4 114.6 296.8 27.6 25.6 257.6 291.6 69.4 119.7 413.4 34.1 20.3 217.7 250.7 15.2 87.8 385.7 32.9 26.0 256.6 290.3 21.3 112.4 473.9 33.7 31.5 263.8 316.1 11.5 136.2 530.7 52.3 44.9 319.9 377.1 19.3 172.2 660.4 57.2 33.5 331.1 391.6 50.6 164.0 691.1 61.5 36.9 Developing countries excluding China excl. C.E. Europe /C.I.S. Severely indebted Moderately indebted Less indebted Middle-income countries Upper middle-income countries Lower middle-income countries Low-income countries 1.9 1.4 1.9 6.1 4.4 0.4 2.1 1.6 2.4 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.6 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 2.3 1.2 0.7 0.8 2.2 0.3 1.8 8.0 29.1 6.9 38.6 43.8 13.1 0.7 61.3 60.5 7.3 43.6 23.0 18.3 21.0 70.8 6.2 35.4 49.0 84.4 8.2 16.9 0.5 2.9 23.3 48.3 8.2 13.7 49.2 62.9 3.2 72.0 36.6 66.7 9.7 44.4 17.9 56.7 17.1 73.9 15.3 112.8 66.9 108.6 20.1 55.7 37.0 100.7 5.4 95.3 12.1 152.7 105.3 128.2 29.4 90.3 33.0 145.0 22.7 122.3 7.6 114.6 70.8 96.0 19.3 86.3 9.0 118.5 7.9 110.6 3.9 5.3 3.5 — 1.2 0.5 — 0.6 0.2 — 60.2 21.1 5.8 53.5 20.5 8.0 39.6 17.4 6.9 61.4 35.4 8.1 74.7 45.9 7.5 71.3 47.3 3.7 65.6 — — Europe and Central Asia Russian Federation Turkey Poland 0.7 13.4 4.0 3.8 0.4 2.9 4.3 0.4 0.7 2.1 1.2 0.7 2.5 24.6 1.3 12.5 15.5 46.8 9.8 10.0 17.4 33.8 3.4 5.4 3.8 29.1 1.5 5.0 2.6 35.8 6.8 4.6 9.6 55.4 14.9 4.4 1.7 — — — Latin America and Caribbean Brazil Mexico Argentina, R. B. de 1.4 2.8 1.2 16.9 0.8 1.1 0.8 1.6 1.4 3.4 0.1 6.3 55.5 25.4 14.0 11.9 46.9 24.2 18.2 9.0 53.4 23.2 18.2 3.9 15.8 7.6 14.1 9.1 7.9 4.0 9.2 7.8 28.2 11.1 8.3 3.2 14.2 — — — Middle East and North Africa Algeria Iran, Islamic Rep. of Egypt, Arab Rep. of 5.2 — — 6.4 2.4 — — 3.0 4.8 — — 4.1 4.2 0.8 6.6 1.6 24.1 8.0 12.6 1.0 17.3 7.6 5.4 0.4 15.6 6.0 4.1 0.6 25.7 9.8 8.0 3.7 41.7 14.9 16.2 3.3 38.3 — — — South Asia India 2.5 2.4 1.0 1.3 3.1 2.2 5.2 3.2 5.8 4.3 1.2 0.2 10.1 5.8 11.6 8.0 0.7 1.1 6.8 — 3.2 4.4 — 3.1 0.6 — 1.4 3.2 — 9.3 0.5 0.5 3.2 0.3 6.5 5.1 0.1 0.0 3.1 0.6 1.6 4.5 1.5 2.3 2.6 5.6 9.9 1.5 — — East Asia and Pacific China Indonesia Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa Nigeria Note: — not available. 134 Services balance Income balance and net transfers S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.18 Global current account balances, 1981–2005 % of GDP Average 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Estimate 2004 Forecast 2005 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.0 2.3 1.9 3.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 2.5 1.8 1.7 3.4 0.1 0.0 0.6 3.0 2.4 2.9 4.1 0.6 0.7 0.4 2.6 3.2 3.7 4.8 1.0 1.2 0.9 2.5 4.2 4.2 3.6 0.9 1.0 0.2 2.1 3.8 4.3 4.9 1.0 1.2 0.3 2.8 4.5 4.4 5.9 0.9 1.1 0.1 3.2 4.8 6.6 8.4 1.0 1.2 0.2 3.7 5.6 6.6 5.8 1.0 1.2 0.3 3.4 5.5 6.4 5.9 1.7 1.8 1.8 2.5 2.1 1.0 1.4 1.4 1.4 2.7 1.3 1.9 1.4 2.5 0.6 1.0 1.2 2.8 0.1 1.8 1.6 2.7 1.3 4.2 0.0 1.0 1.5 4.0 0.8 2.6 0.1 0.6 0.1 2.9 3.9 0.5 0.0 3.1 2.6 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.4 1.7 5.7 0.2 0.8 2.3 3.4 0.9 0.4 0.1 0.1 1.8 4.0 0.3 0.3 2.3 2.4 0.7 1.3 0.9 1.4 1.0 3.5 0.5 1.2 0.9 2.7 1.6 1.8 1.4 2.0 1.7 3.8 1.0 1.9 0.3 3.0 1.1 2.0 1.8 2.1 2.2 4.9 0.8 2.4 1.0 3.3 0.5 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.3 3.9 0.2 1.7 0.3 2.5 0.2 East Asia and Pacific China Indonesia 1.7 0.2 2.8 0.4 1.6 0.3 4.5 3.3 3.9 4.1 2.1 3.7 3.4 1.9 4.8 2.4 1.5 4.2 3.4 2.8 4.0 3.7 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 1.4 2.5 2.3 2.2 Europe and Central Asia Russian Federation Turkey Poland 0.7 — 1.3 1.4 1.1 — 1.1 3.5 2.5 0.1 1.0 4.1 0.1 12.6 0.7 7.6 1.8 18.0 4.9 6.0 2.0 11.0 2.3 2.9 0.5 8.4 0.8 2.6 0.0 8.3 2.8 2.2 0.6 10.7 4.8 1.9 0.1 7.7 4.2 2.1 Latin America and Caribbean Brazil Mexico Argentina, R. B. de 1.8 1.6 0.8 2.2 2.8 2.1 3.7 3.2 4.5 4.3 3.8 4.9 3.1 4.7 2.9 4.2 2.4 4.0 3.1 3.2 2.8 4.6 2.9 1.4 1.0 1.7 2.2 9.0 0.5 0.8 1.5 6.0 1.5 1.9 1.3 2.1 0.7 0.8 1.8 0.6 Middle East and North Africa Algeria Iran, Islamic Rep. of Egypt, Arab Rep. of 1.0 0.5 0.4 3.4 0.2 0.3 2.0 1.5 3.5 5.7 2.1 3.1 1.3 1.7 7.1 1.8 6.7 15.0 13.1 1.0 4.5 13.8 4.6 0.4 4.2 10.8 3.6 0.7 6.1 14.7 5.9 4.5 9.3 18.7 10.9 4.6 8.0 15.2 9.0 4.2 South Asia India 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.8 1.7 0.9 0.7 1.0 1.0 0.2 0.0 1.6 1.1 1.6 1.3 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.7 Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa Nigeria 2.2 0.4 0.7 1.5 0.2 0.5 5.0 1.6 13.2 2.1 0.4 1.5 1.2 0.2 15.4 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.6 3.4 0.8 0.9 4.0 0.6 2.6 16.4 0.3 1.8 15.2 1981–90 1991–2000 World 0.7 High income Industrial countries European Union (15) Japan United States Other high income Asian NIEs Developing countries excluding China excl. C.E. Europe /C.I.S. Severely indebted Moderately indebted Less indebted Middle-income countries Upper middle-income countries Lower middle-income countries Low-income countries Note: — not available. 135 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.19 Workers’ remittances received by developing countries, 1996–2004 $ billions 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004e 61.2 70.9 68.0 71.9 75.6 83.8 98.2 115.9 125.8 East Asia and the Pacific China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand 10.3 1.7 0.8 0.9 4.9 1.8 15.2 4.6 0.7 1.1 6.8 1.7 9.1 0.3 1.0 0.9 5.1 1.4 11.4 0.5 1.1 1.0 6.9 1.5 11.2 0.8 1.2 1.0 6.2 1.7 12.9 1.2 1.0 0.8 6.2 1.3 16.5 2.4 1.3 1.0 7.4 1.4 19.7 4.6 1.3 1.0 7.9 1.6 20.3 4.6 1.3 1.0 8.1 1.6 Europe and Central Asia Albania Croatia Poland Russian Federation Turkey 9.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 2.8 3.5 9.7 0.3 0.6 0.8 2.3 4.2 12.8 0.5 0.6 1.1 1.9 5.4 10.7 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.3 4.5 11.0 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.3 4.6 11.4 0.7 0.7 1.1 1.4 2.8 11.5 0.7 0.9 1.4 1.4 1.9 12.9 0.9 1.1 2.3 1.5 0.7 12.9 0.9 1.1 2.3 1.5 0.7 Latin America and the Caribbean Brazil Colombia Dominican Republic El Salvador Mexico 13.6 2.5 0.8 1.0 1.1 5.0 14.5 2.0 0.8 1.1 1.2 5.5 15.9 1.6 0.8 1.4 1.3 6.5 17.7 1.9 1.3 1.6 1.4 6.6 20.2 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.8 7.6 24.2 1.8 2.1 2.0 1.9 9.9 28.1 2.4 2.5 2.2 2.0 11.0 34.4 2.8 3.1 2.3 2.1 14.6 36.9 2.8 3.1 2.3 2.5 17.0 Middle East and North Africa Egypt, Arab Rep. of Jordon Lebanon Morocco 12.4 3.1 1.7 1.2 2.2 12.7 3.7 1.8 1.2 1.9 12.5 3.4 1.6 1.2 2.0 12.2 3.2 1.8 1.4 1.9 12.3 2.9 1.8 1.6 2.2 14.4 2.9 2.0 2.3 3.3 14.8 2.9 2.1 2.5 2.9 16.1 3.0 2.2 2.7 3.6 17.0 3.0 2.2 2.7 3.6 South Asia Bangladesh India Pakistan Sri Lanka 12.3 1.3 8.8 1.3 0.9 14.6 1.5 10.3 1.7 0.9 13.4 1.6 9.5 1.2 1.0 15.1 1.8 11.1 1.0 1.1 16.0 2.0 11.7 1.1 1.2 16.0 2.1 11.1 1.5 1.2 22.2 2.9 13.8 3.6 1.3 26.8 3.2 17.4 4.0 1.3 32.7 3.4 23.0 4.1 1.3 3.2 0.4 0.9 0.2 0.2 4.4 0.4 1.9 0.2 0.4 4.3 0.3 1.5 0.1 0.7 4.7 0.3 1.6 0.2 0.7 4.9 0.3 1.7 0.2 0.6 4.9 0.2 1.3 0.3 0.7 5.2 0.2 1.4 0.3 1.0 6.0 0.2 1.7 0.3 1.2 6.1 0.2 1.8 0.3 1.2 All developing countries Sub-Saharan Africa Lesotho Nigeria Senegal Sudan Note: e estimate. 136 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.20 Net official development assistance from DAC countries, 1996–2003 $ billions Total ODA Australia Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Japan Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom United States 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 55.6 1.1 0.6 0.9 1.8 1.8 0.4 7.5 7.6 0.2 0.2 2.4 9.4 0.1 3.2 0.1 1.3 0.2 1.3 2.0 1.0 3.2 9.4 48.5 1.1 0.5 0.8 2.0 1.6 0.4 6.3 5.9 0.2 0.2 1.3 9.4 0.1 2.9 0.2 1.3 0.3 1.2 1.7 0.9 3.4 6.9 52.1 1.0 0.5 0.9 1.7 1.7 0.4 5.7 5.6 0.2 0.2 2.3 10.6 0.1 3.0 0.1 1.3 0.3 1.4 1.6 0.9 3.9 8.8 56.4 1.0 0.5 0.8 1.7 1.7 0.4 5.6 5.5 0.2 0.2 1.8 15.3 0.1 3.1 0.1 1.4 0.3 1.4 1.6 1.0 3.4 9.1 53.7 1.0 0.4 0.8 1.7 1.7 0.4 4.1 5.0 0.2 0.2 1.4 13.5 0.1 3.1 0.1 1.3 0.3 1.2 1.8 0.9 4.5 10.0 52.3 0.9 0.5 0.9 1.5 1.6 0.4 4.2 5.0 0.2 0.3 1.6 9.8 0.1 3.2 0.1 1.3 0.3 1.7 1.7 0.9 4.6 11.4 58.3 1.0 0.5 1.1 2.0 1.6 0.5 5.5 5.3 0.3 0.4 2.3 9.3 0.1 3.3 0.1 1.7 0.3 1.7 2.0 0.9 4.9 13.3 69.0 1.2 0.5 1.9 2.0 1.7 0.6 7.3 6.8 0.4 0.5 2.4 8.9 0.2 4.0 0.2 2.0 0.3 2.0 2.4 1.3 6.3 16.3 137 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.21 External financing: all developing countries, 1998–2004 $ billions 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2004e Current account balance as % GDP 93.7 1.6 8.0 0.1 43.6 0.8 16.9 0.4 72.0 1.3 112.8 1.8 152.7 2.0 Financed by: Net equity flows 178.1 195.1 178.6 180.9 159.8 176.6 192.3 171.5 6.6 182.4 12.7 166.2 12.4 174.8 6.0 154.0 5.8 151.8 24.8 165.5 26.8 54.9 15.4 6.2 3.5 8.5 60.0 83.7 34.4 8.7 14.1 11.6 20.5 85.0 39.7 50.4 5.2 64.5 13.9 8.8 2.2 7.3 1.5 21.6 29.8 6.8 1.5 20.1 5.8 7.9 10.7 3.0 0.4 7.4 17.5 5.8 4.3 7.9 27.0 7.5 19.5 0.0 30.5 6.6 11.0 11.0 6.6 23.9 5.2 0.2 14.0 8.6 3.3 0.5 11.2 4.2 6.5 2.8 11.9 1.2 2.4 13.1 71.8 22.9 26.6 2.5 6.3 49.0 25.3 1.4 10.9 13.1 109.0 55.4 63.0 1.8 5.7 53.6 122.9 169.1 169.1 112.6 68.6 57.4 50.4 16.3 33.4 46.8 81.7 171.7 291.9 378.2 26.7 28.5 28.7 27.9 32.2 43.4 47.4 198.6 61.1 68.0 196.6 42.4 71.9 178.1 23.0 75.6 150.4 54.9 83.8 163.1 37.4 98.2 248.4 31.5 115.9 301.3 22.1 125.8 Net FDI inflows Net portfolio equity inflows Net debt flows Official creditors World Bank IMF Others Private creditors Net M-L term debt flows Bonds Banks Others Net short-term debt flows Balancing item* Change in reserves ( increase) Memo items: Bilateral aid grants (ex technical cooperation grants) Net private flows (debt equity) Net official flows (aid debt) Workers’ remittances Note: e estimate. *Combination of errors and omissions and net acquisition of foreign assets (including FDI) by developing countries. 138 2003 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.22 External financing: East Asia and Pacific, 1998–2004 $ billions 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004e Current account balance as % GDP 59.6 4.5 60.2 4.1 53.5 3.4 39.6 2.4 61.4 3.4 74.7 3.7 71.3 3.1 Financed by: Net equity flows 54.2 52.3 49.0 49.6 59.7 71.5 77.2 57.7 3.4 49.9 2.3 44.2 4.8 48.2 1.4 55.6 4.0 59.6 11.8 63.6 13.6 32.5 12.2 16.2 9.1 13.2 1.7 17.2 14.7 2.8 7.0 4.8 47.1 3.8 0.7 4.8 0.3 43.3 12.6 2.4 1.9 8.2 24.7 10.9 0.9 12.0 0.2 13.9 7.0 1.8 1.2 3.9 23.2 13.1 0.7 11.3 1.0 10.1 3.2 0.9 2.5 4.8 12.3 13.0 0.4 11.8 1.6 0.7 7.9 1.7 2.7 3.4 5.3 12.6 0.1 10.5 2.2 7.3 7.5 1.5 0.5 5.6 9.3 9.4 2.0 8.4 3.0 18.7 9.2 2.4 1.3 5.5 26.4 6.3 11.9 2.1 3.5 20.1 Balancing item* 60.6 70.9 76.3 32.4 20.0 11.3 64.6 Change in reserves ( increase) 20.7 29.3 10.1 47.7 87.9 136.7 230.3 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.7 7.1 17.1 9.1 27.5 15.1 11.4 25.8 9.5 11.2 37.3 5.4 12.9 54.3 5.6 16.5 80.7 5.0 19.7 103.5 6.4 20.3 Net FDI inflows Net portfolio equity inflows Net debt flows Official creditors World Bank IMF Others Private creditors Net M-L term debt flows Bonds Banks Others Net short-term debt flows Memo items: Bilateral aid grants (ex technical cooperation grants) Net private flows (debt equity) Net official flows (aid debt) Workers’ remittances Note: e estimate. *Combination of errors and omissions and net acquisition of foreign assets (including FDI) by developing countries. 139 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.23 External financing: Europe and Central Asia, 1998–2004 $ billions Current account balance as % GDP Financed by: Net equity flows Net FDI inflows Net portfolio equity inflows Net debt flows Official creditors World Bank IMF Others Private creditors Net M-L term debt flows Bonds Banks Others Net short-term debt flows Balancing item* Change in reserves ( increase) Memo items: Bilateral aid grants (ex technical cooperation grants) Net private flows (debt equity) Net official flows (aid debt) Workers’ remittances 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 25.8 2.5 2.5 0.1 15.5 1.8 17.4 2.0 3.8 0.5 2.6 0.0 9.6 0.6 30.1 30.4 30.4 31.8 34.9 36.2 41.2 26.1 4.0 28.4 2.0 29.2 1.3 31.4 0.4 35.0 0.1 35.6 0.6 37.6 3.6 43.0 18.9 19.9 2.7 28.0 56.9 56.0 7.5 1.5 5.3 0.6 35.5 29.8 16.0 14.7 0.9 5.7 0.6 1.9 3.1 0.7 19.5 17.9 8.2 10.4 0.8 1.6 0.0 2.1 0.7 1.4 19.9 11.6 5.3 7.9 1.6 8.3 2.2 2.1 6.1 6.0 0.6 5.9 1.6 6.6 2.2 5.4 2.6 1.0 4.6 3.0 25.4 20.5 4.0 18.1 1.6 4.9 6.2 0.7 2.0 3.5 63.1 30.9 9.6 23.3 2.0 32.2 6.2 0.6 4.4 2.4 62.3 33.4 30.2 5.0 1.7 28.8 42.2 40.5 47.7 40.8 23.0 29.6 39.2 5.1 6.4 18.2 11.1 43.7 60.9 67.6 5.4 8.2 8.6 7.1 8.6 8.7 9.0 65.6 12.9 12.8 49.9 7.7 10.7 50.4 8.6 11.0 32.4 9.3 11.4 60.4 11.2 11.5 99.3 2.4 12.9 103.4 2.7 12.9 Note: e estimate. *Combination of errors and omissions and net acquisition of foreign assets (including FDI) by developing countries. 140 2003 2004e S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.24 External financing: Latin America and the Caribbean, 1998–2004 $ billions Current account balance as % GDP Financed by: Net equity flows Net FDI inflows Net portfolio equity inflows Net debt flows Official creditors World Bank IMF Others Private creditors Net M-L term debt flows Bonds Banks Others Net short-term debt flows Balancing item* Change in reserves ( increase) Memo items: Bilateral aid grants (ex technical cooperation grants) Net private flows (debt equity) Net official flows (aid debt) Workers’ remittances 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004e 89.5 4.5 55.5 3.1 46.9 2.4 53.4 2.8 15.8 1.0 7.9 0.5 28.2 1.5 71.8 84.5 78.4 72.7 47.2 39.9 40.9 74.0 2.2 88.2 3.6 78.9 0.6 70.2 2.5 45.7 1.4 36.5 3.4 42.4 1.5 37.3 12.1 8.4 5.4 8.5 3.3 2.5 10.9 2.4 2.5 6.0 26.4 54.7 17.3 39.1 1.7 28.3 1.6 2.1 0.9 0.3 10.5 18.8 19.3 1.4 0.9 8.3 11.1 2.0 10.7 2.4 2.8 4.3 5.3 0.2 0.8 1.6 20.4 1.3 15.6 3.5 15.0 1.5 2.8 2.6 1.6 13.6 13.0 0.3 11.9 1.4 21.5 11.5 0.2 9.7 1.6 10.0 4.9 0.4 5.6 0.2 1.6 1.2 12.9 10.8 0.9 2.8 10.3 1.9 4.6 3.8 12.8 9.7 17.7 7.8 0.2 3.1 28.8 48.6 20.2 21.8 22.0 17.9 49.8 9.2 7.4 2.9 2.9 0.8 33.2 21.8 3.2 2.9 2.5 3.2 2.8 3.1 3.2 98.3 14.1 15.9 95.0 4.5 17.7 81.1 8.7 20.2 57.7 23.6 24.2 25.6 15.7 28.1 38.3 7.9 34.4 53.6 7.1 36.9 Note: e estimate. *Combination of errors and omissions and net acquisition of foreign assets (including FDI) by developing countries. 141 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.25 External financing: Middle East and North Africa, 1998–2004 $ billions 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 11.6 3.5 4.2 1.3 24.1 6.7 17.3 4.5 15.6 4.2 25.7 6.1 41.7 9.3 Financed by: Net equity flows Net FDI inflows Net portfolio equity inflows 3.4 3.1 0.2 4.4 3.7 0.6 4.5 4.3 0.2 5.6 5.7 0.1 3.6 3.8 0.2 4.9 4.8 0.1 4.3 4.1 0.2 Net debt flows 3.6 3.0 4.5 0.1 2.1 0.7 0.1 1.6 0.2 0.0 1.3 5.2 1.8 1.3 2.0 1.5 3.3 2.5 0.2 0.0 2.7 0.5 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.0 2.8 0.3 0.2 2.3 1.8 0.8 1.2 0.5 0.9 2.5 1.2 0.1 0.1 1.0 1.3 3.8 4.4 0.1 0.4 2.5 2.6 0.3 0.3 2.0 4.6 4.5 5.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 2.5 0.3 0.6 1.6 1.8 0.0 0.7 1.1 0.4 1.8 2.6 0.6 0.4 1.6 2.6 2.4 1.5 0.9 0.0 0.2 Balancing item* 3.0 6.8 19.3 13.5 9.2 7.9 33.7 Change in reserves ( increase) 1.7 1.2 4.8 9.5 12.0 22.0 12.2 3.5 2.7 3.1 2.2 2.4 3.6 4.0 8.5 1.9 12.5 3.9 0.2 12.2 2.8 0.3 12.3 6.9 1.1 14.4 8.2 0.1 14.8 6.7 1.1 16.1 6.8 1.3 17.0 Current account balance as % GDP Official creditors World Bank IMF Others Private creditors Net M-L term debt flows Bonds Banks Others Net short-term debt flows Memo items: Bilateral aid grants (ex technical cooperation grants) Net private flows (debt equity) Net official flows (aid debt) Workers’ remittances 2001 Note: e estimate. *Combination of errors and omissions and net acquisition of foreign assets (including FDI) by developing countries. 142 2004e S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.26 External financing: South Asia, 1998–2004 $ billions Current account balance as % GDP Financed by: Net equity flows Net FDI inflows Net portfolio equity inflows Net debt flows Official creditors World Bank IMF Others Private creditors Net M-L term debt flows Bonds Banks Others Net short-term debt flows Balancing item* Change in reserves ( increase) Memo items: Bilateral aid grants (ex technical cooperation grants) Net private flows (debt equity) Net official flows (aid debt) Workers’ remittances 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004e 9.4 1.8 5.2 0.9 5.8 1.0 1.2 0.2 10.1 1.6 11.6 1.6 0.7 0.1 2.9 5.5 5.8 7.2 5.9 13.4 14.0 3.5 0.6 3.1 2.4 3.3 2.5 4.4 2.8 4.8 1.1 5.2 8.2 6.5 7.5 4.7 0.5 3.5 0.9 0.4 4.0 4.4 2.3 0.8 0.4 2.0 2.4 3.7 4.2 0.7 1.1 1.3 2.5 1.0 0.1 1.6 2.0 2.1 1.2 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.0 3.0 3.9 5.4 2.0 0.5 0.9 2.2 1.5 0.3 0.4 3.1 2.0 0.2 1.4 0.3 1.1 2.4 1.0 0.1 1.4 2.9 0.6 0.5 1.2 0.1 2.3 1.8 0.4 0.1 1.3 2.2 2.2 3.1 0.8 0.1 0.0 1.6 1.1 0.2 0.7 2.8 3.0 3.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 4.8 4.1 1.3 2.7 10.5 14.0 9.2 3.0 5.0 4.7 10.2 27.0 35.0 26.9 2.1 2.3 2.1 3.2 2.5 3.9 4.3 5.3 4.5 13.4 3.5 4.8 15.1 8.8 2.6 16.0 4.1 5.3 16.0 8.7 0.1 22.2 11.2 2.2 26.8 16.7 5.9 32.7 Note: e estimate. *Combination of errors and omissions and net acquisition of foreign assets (including FDI) by developing countries. 143 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.27 External financing: Sub-Saharan Africa, 1998–2004 $ billions 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004e 16.9 5.0 9.3 2.1 3.2 1.2 5.1 0.8 3.1 0.3 4.5 0.8 2.6 0.6 15.6 18.1 10.5 13.9 8.6 10.8 14.8 7.0 8.7 9.1 9.0 6.3 4.2 14.9 1.0 9.0 0.4 10.1 0.7 11.3 3.5 1.3 1.0 0.5 1.7 0.3 2.7 3.6 0.5 1.3 0.3 0.5 1.8 1.3 0.3 1.3 0.2 0.5 0.3 1.1 0.0 0.8 1.3 0.7 1.2 1.7 0.2 0.6 0.7 1.5 0.1 0.9 1.2 0.1 1.0 0.7 0.5 1.0 0.3 1.8 0.1 1.7 2.0 0.1 1.9 1.5 0.3 2.0 2.5 2.2 0.5 0.1 2.8 1.0 2.7 3.0 0.8 1.8 1.3 2.2 0.1 0.9 1.5 2.4 4.6 1.4 0.8 0.9 1.4 1.8 0.0 0.4 2.2 0.7 1.6 2.6 0.3 1.6 Balancing item* 1.1 6.5 7.0 6.8 4.9 4.8 1.6 Change in reserves ( increase) 1.5 1.4 6.1 0.3 0.3 4.2 19.4 10.1 9.9 10.0 10.0 13.6 21.6 24.2 13.8 10.6 4.3 16.8 10.2 4.7 9.3 10.6 4.9 12.0 10.3 4.9 5.8 16.1 5.2 12.3 22.9 6.0 17.1 25.6 6.1 Current account balance as % GDP Financed by: Net equity flows Net FDI inflows Net portfolio equity inflows Net debt flows Official creditors World Bank IMF Others Private creditors Net M-L term debt flows Bonds Banks Others Net short-term debt flows Memo items: Bilateral aid grants (ex technical cooperation grants) Net private flows (debt equity) Net official flows (aid debt) Workers’ remittances Note: e estimate. *Combination of errors and omissions and net acquisition of foreign assets (including FDI) by developing countries. 144 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.28 Net inward foreign direct investment, 1996–2004 $ billions 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004e All developing countries 128.6 168.1 171.5 182.4 166.2 174.8 154.0 151.8 165.5 East Asia and Pacific China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Vietnam 58.6 40.2 6.2 5.1 1.5 2.3 2.4 62.1 44.2 4.7 5.1 1.2 3.9 2.2 57.7 43.8 0.4 2.2 2.3 7.3 1.7 49.9 38.8 2.7 3.9 1.7 6.1 1.4 44.2 38.4 4.6 3.8 1.3 3.4 1.3 48.2 44.2 3.3 0.6 1.0 3.9 1.3 55.6 49.3 1.5 3.2 1.8 1.0 1.4 59.6 53.5 0.6 2.5 0.3 2.0 1.5 63.6 56.0 0.5 2.8 0.1 1.7 1.8 East Europe and Central Asia Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Poland Russian Federation Turkey 16.4 0.1 1.4 2.4 4.5 2.6 0.7 22.6 0.5 1.3 2.2 4.9 4.9 0.8 26.1 0.5 3.7 2.1 6.4 2.8 0.9 28.4 0.8 6.3 2.0 7.3 3.3 0.8 29.2 1.0 5.0 1.7 9.3 2.7 1.0 31.4 0.8 5.6 2.6 5.7 2.5 3.3 35.0 0.9 8.5 2.9 4.1 3.5 1.0 35.6 1.4 2.5 2.5 4.1 8.0 1.6 37.6 1.6 3.8 2.9 4.7 7.8 2.4 Latin America and Caribbean Argentina Brazil Chile Mexico Venezuela, R. B. de 44.2 7.0 11.2 4.8 9.2 2.2 66.7 9.2 19.7 5.3 12.8 6.2 74.0 7.3 31.9 4.6 12.4 5.0 88.2 24.0 28.6 8.8 13.2 2.9 78.9 10.4 32.8 4.9 16.6 4.7 70.2 2.2 22.5 4.2 26.8 3.7 45.7 1.1 16.6 1.9 14.8 0.8 36.5 1.0 10.1 3.0 10.8 2.5 42.4 0.6 15.3 5.6 14.1 0.7 Middle East and North Africa Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. of Morocco Tunisia 1.7 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.2 3.2 0.3 0.9 1.2 0.3 3.1 0.5 1.1 0.4 0.7 3.7 0.5 1.1 1.4 0.4 4.3 0.4 1.2 0.4 0.8 5.7 1.2 0.5 2.8 0.5 3.8 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.8 4.8 0.6 0.2 2.3 0.5 4.1 0.9 0.6 1.6 0.4 South Asia India Pakistan 3.5 2.4 0.9 4.9 3.6 0.7 3.5 2.6 0.5 3.1 2.2 0.5 3.3 2.5 0.3 4.4 3.8 0.4 4.8 3.7 0.8 5.2 4.3 0.5 6.5 5.3 0.9 Sub-Saharan Africa Angola Nigeria South Africa 4.2 0.2 1.6 0.8 8.4 0.4 1.5 3.8 7.0 1.1 1.1 0.6 9.1 2.5 1.0 1.5 6.3 0.9 0.9 1.0 14.9 2.2 1.1 7.3 9.0 1.7 1.3 0.7 10.1 1.4 1.2 0.8 11.3 1.6 1.4 1.1 Note: e estimate. 145 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.29 Net inward portfolio equity flows, 1996–2004 $ billions 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004e 32.9 22.6 6.6 12.7 12.4 6.0 5.8 24.8 26.8 East Asia and the Pacific China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand 9.7 1.9 1.8 2.7 2.1 1.2 3.9 5.7 5.0 8.0 0.4 3.9 3.4 0.8 4.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 2.3 0.6 0.8 0.1 1.4 0.9 4.8 6.9 1.0 1.8 0.2 0.9 1.4 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.4 4.0 2.2 0.9 0.1 0.4 0.5 11.8 7.7 1.1 1.3 0.5 1.2 13.6 10.5 1.1 1.7 0.5 0.2 Europe and Central Asia Czech Republic Hungary Poland Russian Federation Turkey 4.3 0.6 0.4 0.7 2.2 0.2 4.0 0.4 1.0 0.6 1.3 0.0 4.0 1.1 0.6 1.7 0.7 0.5 2.0 0.1 1.2 0.0 0.3 0.4 1.3 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.5 2.6 0.0 0.6 1.1 0.3 0.8 0.4 1.0 3.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 12.2 1.0 5.8 0.7 2.8 1.3 13.3 1.4 5.1 1.7 3.2 1.4 2.2 0.2 1.8 0.6 0.7 0.2 3.6 10.8 2.6 0.5 3.8 0.4 0.6 3.2 3.1 0.4 0.4 0.6 2.5 0.0 2.5 0.2 0.2 0.0 1.4 0.1 2.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 3.4 0.1 3.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 1.5 0.0 0.9 0.1 2.3 0.2 Middle East and North Africa Egypt, Arab Rep. of 0.2 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 South Asia India 4.1 4.0 2.9 2.6 0.6 0.6 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.8 3.0 1.1 1.1 8.2 8.2 7.5 7.5 Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa 2.4 2.3 5.6 5.5 8.7 8.6 9.0 9.0 4.2 4.2 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 3.5 3.5 All developing countries Latin America and the Caribbean Argentina Brazil Chile Mexico Venezuela, R. B. de Note: e estimate. 146 2000 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.30 Net inward debt flows to developing countries, 1996–2004 $ billions 1996 1997 1998 All developing countries 123.7 106.9 54.9 East Asia and Pacific China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand 52.2 13.9 12.3 6.4 4.5 13.9 44.9 18.5 10.1 8.4 7.6 1.3 Eastern Europe and Central Asia Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Poland Russian Federation Turkey 24.1 0.2 4.1 2.0 1.0 7.3 3.1 Latin America and Caribbean Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Mexico Venezuela, R. B. de Middle East and North Africa Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. of Lebanon 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004e 15.4 6.2 3.5 8.5 60.0 83.7 32.5 14.2 4.6 3.6 3.1 7.9 12.2 1.6 3.8 0.7 3.1 9.4 16.2 5.2 0.7 0.4 2.3 13.7 9.1 0.0 6.0 4.7 1.7 10.0 13.2 0.6 7.5 4.0 0.9 9.9 1.7 13.5 5.5 1.2 0.6 7.6 17.2 — — — — — 35.3 1.0 3.2 1.4 3.8 7.6 4.2 43.0 0.2 1.4 2.7 5.1 21.9 5.5 18.9 0.3 0.2 2.0 4.8 4.2 10.9 19.9 0.5 1.7 0.4 0.8 2.8 18.2 2.7 0.2 0.5 1.7 2.5 3.9 4.5 28.0 0.6 1.0 0.5 1.2 2.6 13.2 56.9 1.0 3.5 4.4 7.0 12.8 4.9 56.0 — — — — — — 40.8 14.1 19.2 5.6 4.4 4.9 0.2 25.2 17.1 1.3 1.8 3.6 4.9 2.6 37.3 11.7 6.7 4.0 0.8 9.0 1.7 12.1 6.3 5.6 1.7 1.3 6.9 0.2 8.4 4.3 4.0 2.9 0.2 16.4 0.9 5.4 5.7 5.2 0.5 2.8 3.2 1.1 8.5 1.8 1.2 1.6 0.9 8.7 3.2 3.3 0.1 0.5 2.1 0.9 2.2 0.1 2.5 — — — — — — 0.7 1.6 0.5 1.1 3.5 0.4 0.6 1.1 3.6 1.6 1.1 1.7 3.0 1.9 0.6 1.5 4.5 1.6 0.7 1.8 0.1 2.0 0.1 2.7 2.1 1.4 0.7 4.4 0.7 1.4 1.1 1.2 0.1 — — — South Asia India Pakistan 2.7 0.7 1.1 0.7 1.6 1.6 4.7 3.0 0.7 0.5 1.1 0.7 3.5 3.4 0.3 0.9 1.9 0.3 0.4 1.0 0.6 4.0 4.5 0.9 4.4 — — Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa 3.2 0.7 4.4 0.4 1.3 0.3 1.0 0.7 0.5 1.2 1.7 0.8 0.3 0.5 2.7 2.7 3.6 — Note: — not available; e estimate. 147 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.31 Net inward short-term debt flows to developing countries, 1996–2004 $ billions 1996 1997 1998 1999 All developing countries 37.4 East Asia and Pacific China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand 9.2 64.5 20.1 7.9 23.9 19.6 3.1 6.3 3.8 2.7 3.6 4.7 6.1 0.6 3.9 3.8 9.9 43.3 14.1 9.7 6.5 4.6 8.2 13.9 2.2 1.6 2.5 1.4 6.2 10.1 2.1 1.5 1.4 0.2 8.5 7.8 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.6 0.3 1.6 10.9 0.8 2.4 0.0 2.5 1.4 0.6 5.7 0.2 0.5 1.4 3.3 0.5 3.2 1.6 0.3 1.1 1.2 2.8 1.0 2.3 Latin America and Caribbean Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Mexico Venezuela, R. B. de 4.6 2.1 4.3 3.6 0.3 7.5 0.2 7.8 8.5 16.0 1.5 0.1 2.0 1.5 28.3 1.0 24.0 0.4 0.5 1.5 2.0 Middle East and North Africa Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. of Lebanon 1.9 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.1 1.2 1.7 0.4 2.4 1.2 Eastern Europe and Central Asia Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Poland Russian Federation Turkey South Asia India Pakistan Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa Note: — not available; e estimate. 148 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004e 2.8 49.0 53.6 0.7 1.8 1.0 1.7 0.1 1.7 7.3 6.3 0.2 2.1 0.4 1.3 18.7 18.4 0.9 0.5 0.6 1.0 20.1 — — — — — 8.3 0.2 0.2 0.6 1.7 2.0 5.4 5.4 0.2 0.6 0.5 1.5 2.5 12.6 4.9 0.6 0.3 1.0 0.4 1.6 0.1 32.2 0.6 1.6 2.5 4.8 9.6 4.4 28.8 — — — — — — 8.3 1.5 0.7 0.8 2.3 2.3 0.1 1.6 1.1 1.8 1.9 1.1 5.1 2.0 13.6 8.3 2.5 0.9 0.4 4.4 0.7 10.0 0.4 4.9 0.5 0.4 4.7 0.2 2.8 0.7 3.8 1.7 0.1 0.7 0.2 3.1 — — — — — — 3.3 0.0 1.3 0.2 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.5 0.0 0.2 0.3 2.5 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.8 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.2 — — — 2.1 1.7 0.3 1.3 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.9 0.5 0.3 1.1 0.7 0.2 2.3 1.8 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.2 — — 3.5 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.3 2.0 1.2 1.8 1.0 0.9 0.0 1.6 — S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.32 Net inward debt flows to public sector and publicly guaranteed borrowers, 1996–2004 $ billions 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 All developing countries 39.1 42.0 68.5 30.3 5.0 18.9 East Asia and Pacific China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand 12.8 10.7 0.6 0.3 0.3 1.3 29.0 11.1 3.6 1.7 1.8 9.4 18.8 2.5 9.0 0.5 1.3 4.6 11.2 1.6 2.0 0.9 4.6 1.9 4.7 1.1 0.9 1.4 3.1 0.2 Eastern Europe and Central Asia Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Poland Russian Federation Turkey 11.8 0.4 2.8 3.1 0.2 7.0 0.5 15.5 0.2 0.9 1.8 0.5 7.1 2.5 21.8 0.3 1.0 0.4 0.1 16.2 1.0 7.0 0.4 1.0 1.5 0.3 3.5 4.6 Latin America and Caribbean Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Mexico Venezuela, R. B. de 13.7 10.1 2.7 2.0 1.4 0.6 0.2 2.0 4.9 0.3 0.3 1.1 9.9 0.4 24.6 8.3 12.1 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.2 Middle East and North Africa Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. of Lebanon 1.4 1.5 0.2 0.4 4.1 0.3 0.1 0.5 South Asia India Pakistan 0.5 1.5 1.1 1.6 0.6 Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa 2003 2004e 4.5 17.0 22.3 0.8 0.0 2.2 3.1 0.2 2.7 11.8 5.3 3.1 2.1 0.5 6.2 12.7 5.9 0.9 2.0 0.7 5.6 1.5 — — — — — 5.2 0.2 1.0 1.4 1.4 3.9 11.3 1.5 0.1 0.9 0.8 3.3 7.0 9.2 3.3 0.3 0.1 0.8 0.1 4.1 7.5 5.9 0.0 0.5 1.4 1.7 7.1 1.3 8.5 — — — — — — 11.7 8.7 0.8 0.6 3.4 3.7 0.6 6.6 6.4 6.5 0.4 0.9 9.8 0.5 18.6 6.6 9.4 0.4 2.5 3.3 1.7 9.6 1.4 10.8 1.1 1.3 2.4 2.6 8.5 0.9 3.7 1.1 1.4 1.5 0.3 14.5 — — — — — — 1.9 1.6 0.5 1.7 2.9 2.0 0.7 1.4 2.6 1.6 0.6 1.4 2.3 1.9 0.8 2.5 2.2 1.4 0.8 4.7 2.6 1.9 1.1 0.6 1.7 — — — 0.8 1.5 1.6 5.5 3.6 0.9 1.4 0.1 1.2 4.5 3.8 0.3 0.5 1.2 0.9 1.7 2.7 0.4 5.7 6.7 0.3 2.8 — — 2.8 1.1 0.4 1.0 1.8 1.6 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.4 2.8 1.4 1.5 0.0 0.3 — Note: — not available; e estimate. 149 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.33 Net inward debt flows to private sector borrowers, 1996–2004 $ billions 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 All developing countries 84.6 65.0 13.6 14.9 11.2 22.3 3.9 76.9 61.4 East Asia and Pacific China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand 39.3 3.2 12.9 6.1 4.2 12.6 15.9 7.4 6.5 6.7 5.8 10.7 51.3 16.7 13.6 4.0 4.3 12.5 23.4 3.2 5.8 1.6 1.4 11.3 20.9 4.1 1.6 1.0 0.8 13.5 8.3 0.1 3.8 1.6 1.5 7.3 1.5 5.9 4.4 1.9 1.5 3.7 14.4 19.4 4.6 0.8 0.1 2.1 18.7 — — — — — Eastern Europe and Central Asia Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Poland Russian Federation Turkey 12.3 0.6 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.3 2.7 19.8 0.8 2.3 0.5 3.3 0.5 1.8 21.1 0.1 0.4 3.1 5.2 2.4 6.5 11.9 0.1 0.8 0.5 5.1 0.7 6.3 14.7 0.3 0.6 1.8 2.2 1.1 6.8 4.2 0.1 0.4 2.5 5.8 3.1 13.7 24.7 0.9 1.6 1.3 1.0 1.5 5.7 62.8 1.0 3.0 5.8 5.3 20.0 4.7 47.5 — — — — — — Latin America and Caribbean Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Mexico Venezuela, R. B. de 27.1 3.9 16.5 7.6 3.0 5.5 0.4 27.2 12.3 1.0 2.1 2.5 5.0 2.2 12.7 3.4 5.3 3.5 0.2 8.3 1.5 0.4 2.4 6.4 1.1 2.1 10.5 0.7 1.8 2.1 2.4 3.3 1.1 6.6 1.4 13.2 12.3 4.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.6 18.1 0.5 11.9 0.5 0.4 6.2 0.6 5.2 0.8 4.2 1.0 2.4 0.7 0.2 12.0 — — — — — — Middle East and North Africa Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. of Lebanon 2.1 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.6 5.5 0.0 1.5 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 1.9 0.0 0.1 0.4 2.1 0.0 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 1.9 0.5 0.0 0.6 1.7 — — — South Asia India Pakistan 2.1 2.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.9 1.0 0.5 1.1 0.4 0.6 1.4 0.7 0.5 2.1 1.7 0.1 1.8 2.3 0.6 1.5 — — Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa 1.6 0.1 1.6 1.5 0.9 0.7 2.7 2.3 0.3 1.3 1.6 0.4 3.1 1.9 1.2 2.6 3.9 — Note: — not available; e estimate. 150 2002 2003 2004e S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.34 Net inward debt flows from public sector creditors, 1996–2004 $ billions 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004e All developing countries 3.8 12.9 34.4 13.9 5.8 27.0 5.2 11.9 25.3 East Asia and Pacific China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand 3.6 4.4 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.4 17.3 4.3 3.6 0.2 0.6 8.4 14.7 2.3 8.5 0.2 0.7 1.8 12.6 3.4 4.8 0.6 0.2 2.5 7.0 1.5 2.9 0.6 0.3 0.3 3.2 2.2 0.8 2.1 0.3 1.5 7.9 1.2 1.4 0.2 0.4 5.5 7.5 3.1 0.3 0.1 0.6 4.6 9.2 — — — — — Eastern Europe and Central Asia Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Poland Russian Federation Turkey 8.6 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.2 6.8 0.8 6.6 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 4.2 0.2 7.5 0.4 0.0 1.1 0.5 6.3 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.4 3.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.5 3.3 4.4 2.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 4.1 4.8 10.4 2.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.1 3.3 6.7 6.2 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.7 4.2 1.3 6.2 — — — — — — Latin America and Caribbean Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Mexico Venezuela, R. B. de 10.7 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.1 9.6 0.1 8.6 0.1 1.2 0.4 0.5 8.0 0.3 10.9 1.0 9.5 0.1 0.2 1.9 1.0 1.6 0.1 4.5 0.1 1.0 5.4 0.1 11.1 0.9 8.5 0.1 0.1 4.8 0.3 20.4 10.3 9.5 0.1 1.1 0.7 1.1 13.0 1.4 12.1 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.6 4.9 0.9 3.0 0.1 2.1 0.3 0.6 10.3 — — — — — — Middle East and North Africa Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. of Lebanon 0.8 1.5 0.0 0.2 4.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 1.6 0.3 0.2 0.2 2.5 0.4 0.5 0.1 2.8 0.4 0.6 0.1 1.2 1.0 0.7 0.1 2.6 1.3 0.8 0.0 2.5 1.4 0.8 0.6 2.6 — — — South Asia India Pakistan 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.3 1.0 0.7 2.3 0.6 0.9 2.5 0.8 1.2 0.5 0.3 0.3 2.2 0.4 1.1 2.4 3.8 0.9 1.8 2.8 0.2 1.6 — — 2.0 0.0 1.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.0 2.5 0.0 1.3 0.1 1.4 — Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa Note: — not available; e estimate. 151 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.35 Net inward debt flows from private sector creditors, 1996–2004 $ billions 1996 1997 All developing countries 119.9 94.0 East Asia and Pacific China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand 48.6 9.5 13.1 7.2 4.9 13.4 Eastern Europe and Central Asia Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Poland Russian Federation Turkey 1999 2000 2001 20.5 1.5 0.4 30.5 3.3 71.8 109.0 27.6 14.2 6.5 8.6 7.0 9.7 47.1 16.5 13.0 3.8 3.7 9.6 24.7 5.0 8.6 1.3 2.9 11.9 23.2 6.8 3.6 0.2 1.9 14.0 12.3 2.2 5.2 2.6 2.0 8.5 5.3 1.8 6.1 4.2 0.5 4.4 9.3 16.6 5.1 1.1 1.2 3.0 26.4 — — — — — 15.4 0.3 4.0 1.1 0.7 0.5 4.0 28.7 0.7 3.2 1.3 3.9 3.4 4.4 35.5 0.2 1.4 3.8 5.6 12.3 5.9 19.5 0.1 0.2 1.8 5.2 1.2 11.0 19.9 0.2 1.7 0.7 1.3 0.5 13.8 0.6 0.1 0.7 1.9 6.6 0.9 14.9 25.4 0.9 1.7 0.6 2.2 0.8 6.5 63.1 0.9 3.3 4.9 8.7 17.0 4.7 62.3 — — — — — — Latin America and Caribbean Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Mexico Venezuela, R. B. de 51.5 13.7 20.1 6.2 4.5 4.8 0.0 33.8 17.3 0.1 2.2 4.1 3.1 2.9 26.4 10.7 2.7 4.1 0.6 10.8 0.7 10.5 6.4 10.1 1.8 0.2 12.2 0.3 2.8 3.4 4.4 3.0 0.3 11.6 1.2 15.0 16.0 4.2 0.6 1.7 2.5 0.0 21.5 0.5 13.2 1.9 0.9 8.9 2.6 1.6 0.8 3.5 2.2 3.0 1.8 0.7 12.8 — — — — — — Middle East and North Africa Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. of Lebanon 1.5 0.1 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.6 1.0 5.2 1.3 1.3 1.6 0.5 1.5 0.1 1.4 1.8 1.2 0.1 1.7 1.3 1.0 0.8 2.6 4.6 0.1 0.1 4.4 1.8 0.0 0.3 0.6 2.6 — — — South Asia India Pakistan 1.6 1.5 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.9 2.4 2.5 0.2 2.0 1.9 0.6 3.0 3.6 0.7 3.1 2.3 0.7 2.9 2.9 0.3 2.2 1.7 0.7 2.8 — — Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa 1.2 0.7 3.0 0.0 1.8 0.1 1.3 0.7 1.2 1.2 2.0 0.8 2.8 0.5 1.5 2.6 2.2 — Note: — not available; e estimate. 152 1998 2002 2003 2004e S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.36 Gross market-based capital flows to developing countries, 1996–2004 $ billions 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 196.1 264.5 176.9 160.0 213.5 151.6 146.5 206.5 269.4 East Asia and the Pacific China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand 69.2 16.6 21.9 10.7 6.0 13.2 73.1 25.9 17.6 11.5 9.2 8.7 31.6 8.9 0.7 3.4 11.7 6.8 32.4 8.4 2.4 7.4 11.9 2.0 49.7 29.0 1.1 7.0 8.5 4.1 21.8 7.3 1.0 5.1 5.8 2.5 44.5 15.6 1.6 12.8 10.1 3.6 53.1 25.1 6.6 7.7 8.9 4.3 60.0 30.5 4.4 12.5 8.1 4.3 Europe and Central Asia Hungary Poland Russian Federation Turkey 25.7 3.5 0.8 5.7 8.6 46.0 3.3 4.3 16.9 9.9 42.9 3.8 3.6 15.0 9.7 30.1 3.4 4.5 0.7 12.9 45.5 2.1 3.8 10.0 22.4 26.0 2.7 5.4 4.7 6.9 34.6 1.8 6.4 10.1 7.4 58.5 6.5 10.2 17.0 10.2 87.0 9.3 6.8 28.4 15.7 Latin America and the Caribbean Argentina Brazil Chile Mexico 75.7 23.2 13.7 3.7 29.2 105.4 25.5 32.7 6.5 30.7 74.8 26.0 18.1 3.8 19.8 67.0 20.9 15.0 7.2 17.5 85.5 18.8 28.7 7.3 23.2 71.1 8.4 24.9 3.9 18.8 44.3 2.0 15.0 2.3 13.8 63.3 0.7 19.1 2.7 28.0 77.7 2.0 22.4 5.8 30.0 3.2 0.2 0.5 7.9 1.5 1.1 4.8 1.8 1.5 8.7 4.6 1.4 6.5 1.1 1.9 10.1 2.5 3.3 8.8 1.0 1.0 7.3 2.0 0.2 15.5 1.7 3.3 10.3 7.4 2.9 12.4 10.5 1.7 4.9 3.8 0.9 4.1 3.7 0.0 4.3 3.9 0.0 3.2 2.7 0.2 2.5 2.1 0.4 7.0 5.2 1.5 17.5 15.9 1.4 7.5 5.7 9.3 7.1 7.9 4.9 9.2 5.6 13.9 10.9 11.9 7.5 8.6 4.7 13.7 7.8 11.1 5.5 All developing countries Middle East and North Africa Egypt, Arab Rep. of Lebanon South Asia India Pakistan Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa 153 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.37 Gross international equity issuance by developing countries, 1996–2004 $ billions 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 12.9 19.9 7.5 10.9 35.0 5.9 10.4 16.7 33.4 East Asia and the Pacific China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand 6.5 3.3 1.3 0.6 1.0 0.2 11.6 10.1 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.0 4.3 1.4 0.0 0.2 0.5 2.3 5.7 3.6 0.8 0.1 0.2 0.8 21.6 21.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 3.4 2.9 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 7.0 5.5 0.2 1.2 0.0 0.1 12.0 8.9 0.9 0.6 0.1 1.5 19.0 16.6 0.5 0.7 0.1 1.0 Europe and Central Asia Hungary Poland Russian Federation Turkey 1.3 0.4 0.0 0.8 0.0 1.7 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.3 2.2 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.8 1.0 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 3.3 0.0 0.1 0.5 2.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.2 1.3 0.1 1.2 0.0 0.6 0.5 0.1 5.2 0.8 0.8 2.6 0.8 Latin America and the Caribbean Argentina Brazil Chile Mexico 2.7 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.7 4.1 0.5 2.3 0.5 0.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.2 6.7 0.2 3.1 1.7 1.6 1.3 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.5 2.3 0.1 1.9 0.1 0.2 Middle East and North Africa Egypt, Arab Rep. of 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.1 South Asia India 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 1.3 1.3 4.6 4.6 Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa 0.7 0.6 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.4 2.3 0.8 2.2 2.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 All developing countries 154 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.38 Gross international bond issues in developing countries, 1996–2004 $ billions 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 71.6 90.8 70.9 67.5 67.2 65.4 59.9 87.5 110.7 East Asia and the Pacific China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand 17.3 3.9 2.8 2.5 3.7 4.4 15.8 5.0 1.6 2.4 4.7 2.1 10.1 1.9 0.0 0.1 7.8 0.3 12.9 1.4 0.0 2.6 8.9 0.0 6.7 1.3 0.0 1.4 4.0 0.0 8.1 2.6 0.1 2.4 2.8 0.3 16.1 0.9 0.8 6.0 8.4 0.0 13.4 3.4 1.5 1.5 6.8 0.3 19.6 6.4 1.7 4.1 6.0 1.4 Europe and Central Asia Croatia Hungary Poland Russian Federation Turkey 6.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 1.1 2.9 15.2 0.5 0.4 1.4 6.9 3.9 21.8 0.1 1.7 1.1 12.2 3.2 12.9 0.6 2.3 1.6 0.0 5.7 19.5 0.9 0.5 1.4 4.8 8.7 10.3 0.9 1.2 2.5 1.4 2.2 15.1 0.8 0.0 2.7 3.7 3.6 26.4 0.8 2.3 4.7 8.3 5.5 39.2 1.1 5.1 3.9 10.5 6.4 45.0 13.1 10.0 1.9 17.8 0.5 54.3 13.5 15.5 1.3 15.2 4.5 36.5 14.2 6.4 1.4 8.3 3.3 38.0 13.3 7.8 1.7 8.8 1.4 37.2 11.9 11.4 1.5 8.5 0.5 39.5 3.3 12.8 4.3 8.2 1.7 23.9 0.0 7.4 1.0 7.4 0.0 41.6 0.0 14.9 1.8 14.1 3.7 40.4 1.0 11.5 1.5 15.7 4.3 Middle East and North Africa Egypt, Arab Rep. of Lebanon Tunisia 0.9 0.0 0.5 0.1 2.0 0.0 1.1 0.5 1.5 0.0 1.5 0.0 1.9 0.1 1.4 0.2 2.4 0.0 1.9 0.5 5.3 1.5 3.3 0.5 2.7 0.0 1.0 0.7 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 4.6 0.0 3.3 0.5 South Asia India Pakistan 1.2 1.1 0.1 2.5 2.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 5.0 4.4 0.5 Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.5 2.2 1.5 1.9 1.5 4.7 3.4 2.0 2.0 All developing countries Latin America and the Caribbean Argentina Brazil Colombia Mexico Venezuela, R. B. de 155 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.39 Gross international bank lending to developing country borrower, 1996–2004 $ billions 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 111.6 153.8 98.5 81.6 111.3 80.2 76.2 102.2 125.3 East Asia and the Pacific China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand 45.4 9.4 17.8 7.6 1.3 8.7 45.7 10.8 15.3 8.7 4.2 6.5 17.2 5.5 0.7 3.2 3.4 4.3 13.8 3.4 1.6 4.7 2.8 1.2 21.4 6.6 1.0 5.4 4.3 4.1 10.2 1.9 0.5 2.7 3.1 2.0 21.4 9.3 0.5 5.6 1.7 3.5 27.7 12.8 4.2 5.7 2.0 2.5 21.4 7.5 2.1 7.6 2.1 1.9 Europe and Central Asia Czech Republic Hungary Poland Russian Federation Turkey 18.2 3.2 2.8 0.6 3.8 5.7 29.1 3.6 2.1 2.5 9.9 5.7 18.9 2.4 1.9 1.6 2.7 5.7 16.2 0.6 0.9 2.6 0.7 7.1 22.8 1.2 1.5 2.3 4.7 11.3 15.4 0.9 1.5 2.9 3.1 4.7 17.9 0.3 1.8 3.5 5.1 3.8 30.9 2.2 4.2 4.9 8.2 4.7 42.7 1.8 3.3 2.2 15.3 8.5 Latin America and the Caribbean Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Mexico 28.1 9.8 3.3 3.6 2.3 10.6 47.0 11.5 14.9 6.0 4.9 14.7 38.1 11.8 11.7 3.7 1.8 11.5 28.4 7.2 7.1 7.2 2.0 8.6 41.6 6.7 14.2 5.6 2.3 13.2 30.3 5.0 10.8 3.9 0.6 10.6 19.3 2.0 6.5 2.3 1.3 6.4 20.6 0.7 3.8 2.6 0.2 13.4 35.1 0.9 8.9 5.7 0.4 14.2 Middle East and North Africa Egypt, Arab Rep. of Iran 1.9 0.0 0.6 5.5 1.2 0.5 2.9 1.6 0.5 6.5 4.2 0.7 3.8 0.8 1.0 4.8 1.0 1.0 6.1 1.0 3.0 6.3 2.0 2.2 10.0 1.5 5.7 South Asia India Pakistan 7.8 5.0 2.8 8.9 7.5 1.3 4.9 3.8 0.9 3.2 2.8 0.0 3.4 3.0 0.0 2.6 2.1 0.2 2.2 1.8 0.4 5.2 3.5 1.5 7.9 7.0 0.9 Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa 5.8 4.1 7.2 5.1 6.5 3.5 5.1 3.1 10.3 7.4 9.2 5.5 6.2 2.8 7.9 3.3 7.9 2.5 All developing countries 156 2000 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.40 Change in foreign exchange reserves, 1996–2004 $ billions ( increase) Gross foreign exchange reserves 2003 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1,213.6 84.6 52.5 16.3 33.4 46.8 81.7 East Asia and the Pacific China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand 544.8 403.3 34.7 43.5 13.3 41.0 45.2 31.5 4.5 3.2 3.7 1.7 12.8 34.9 1.7 6.1 2.8 11.5 20.7 5.1 6.3 4.7 2.0 2.7 29.3 9.7 3.8 4.9 4.0 5.4 10.1 10.9 2.0 1.0 0.2 1.9 Europe and Central Asia Czech Republic Hungary Poland Russian Federation Turkey 236.2 26.3 12.0 31.7 73.2 33.8 2.3 1.5 2.3 3.1 3.0 4.0 7.4 2.6 1.3 2.6 1.5 2.2 5.1 2.8 0.9 6.9 5.0 0.8 6.4 0.3 1.5 1.1 0.7 3.7 Latin America and the Caribbean Argentina Brazil Chile Mexico Venezuela, R. B. de 189.7 13.1 49.1 15.2 57.7 15.5 28.1 4.0 8.6 0.8 3.9 5.4 13.5 4.4 7.5 2.3 9.0 2.9 9.2 2.3 8.2 2.0 3.3 2.4 89.1 32.9 13.4 12.5 5.6 2.2 1.2 1.4 6.0 3.8 1.3 0.0 114.8 2.6 97.6 10.7 0.6 0.5 2.3 1.2 39.0 5.2 7.1 6.2 2.8 0.3 2.6 1.9 All developing countries Middle East and North Africa Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. of Lebanon South Asia Bangladesh India Pakistan Sub-Saharan Africa Botswana Nigeria South Africa 2002 2003 2004e 171.7 291.9 378.2 47.7 46.6 1.2 1.0 0.4 0.4 87.9 74.2 3.7 3.7 0.3 5.7 136.7 116.8 4.0 10.2 0.3 2.9 230.3 206.7 0.5 18.2 0.8 6.0 18.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 15.8 0.9 11.1 1.2 0.6 1.2 8.3 3.6 43.7 9.1 0.6 2.8 11.5 8.2 60.9 3.0 2.3 3.8 29.1 6.9 67.6 1.1 2.6 3.3 40.5 2.1 7.4 1.6 7.8 1.1 0.5 0.1 2.9 1.7 2.3 0.5 4.2 0.9 2.9 9.9 3.2 0.6 9.2 3.8 0.8 4.1 1.7 0.8 5.5 0.8 33.2 2.7 11.7 0.4 7.8 7.5 21.8 4.2 3.6 0.3 5.0 2.1 1.7 1.2 0.6 0.6 1.2 2.4 3.6 1.2 4.8 7.5 1.4 1.8 9.5 6.1 0.0 0.9 12.0 5.1 0.3 2.2 22.0 9.8 0.2 5.3 12.2 8.4 0.0 0.3 5.2 0.2 4.6 0.6 3.0 0.3 2.6 0.2 5.0 0.3 5.0 0.5 4.7 0.1 5.3 0.0 10.2 0.2 8.0 2.1 27.0 0.4 21.7 4.4 35.0 0.9 30.6 2.6 26.9 0.5 27.5 1.1 7.6 0.7 3.5 3.8 1.5 0.2 0.5 0.6 1.4 0.4 1.7 1.9 6.1 0.0 4.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.4 3.1 0.2 4.2 0.2 0.2 0.6 19.4 0.1 9.8 6.1 Note: e estimate. 157 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.41 Total external debt of developing countries, 1996–2004 $ billions 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004e All developing countries 2,045.0 2,109.7 2,322.9 2,346.6 2,282.6 2,260.5 2,336.5 2,554.1 2,597.1 East Asia and Pacific China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand 494.0 128.8 128.9 39.7 44.0 112.8 526.3 146.7 136.2 47.2 50.7 109.7 533.2 144.0 151.2 42.4 53.5 104.9 538.6 152.1 151.2 41.9 58.1 96.8 500.7 145.7 144.4 41.9 60.9 79.7 502.0 170.1 134.0 44.6 58.5 67.2 498.2 168.3 131.8 48.8 60.1 59.5 525.5 193.6 134.4 49.1 62.7 51.8 536.5 — — — — — Eastern Europe and Central Asia Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Poland Russian Federation Turkey 368.3 10.4 20.1 27.3 43.5 126.4 79.8 391.2 11.1 23.1 24.6 41.7 127.6 84.8 490.3 11.4 24.2 28.5 57.7 177.9 97.1 503.5 11.0 22.8 29.9 65.9 174.8 102.2 510.8 11.2 21.5 29.5 65.8 160.0 117.3 507.8 10.5 22.7 30.3 67.4 152.5 113.4 560.2 11.5 27.6 35.0 78.5 147.4 131.2 676.0 13.3 34.6 45.8 95.2 175.3 145.7 728.5 — — — — — — Latin America and Caribbean Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Mexico Venezuela, R. B. de 638.5 111.4 181.3 27.5 28.9 156.3 34.5 670.4 128.4 198.0 27.0 31.9 147.6 35.7 752.2 141.5 241.0 33.7 33.1 159.0 37.8 771.8 145.8 244.0 34.8 34.4 166.5 37.6 755.1 147.5 239.2 37.3 33.9 150.3 38.2 749.2 154.1 226.8 38.6 36.2 145.7 36.0 746.2 150.0 228.6 41.2 33.2 140.2 34.0 779.6 166.2 235.4 43.2 33.0 140.0 34.9 773.5 — — — — — — Middle East and North Africa Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. of Lebanon 163.2 33.6 31.5 4.0 151.3 30.9 30.1 5.0 160.9 30.7 32.4 6.8 155.8 28.0 31.0 8.2 144.6 25.3 29.2 9.9 142.1 22.6 29.3 12.4 150.2 22.9 30.0 17.1 158.8 23.4 31.4 18.6 155.5 — — — South Asia India Pakistan 149.6 93.5 29.8 149.6 94.3 30.1 157.6 97.6 32.3 162.0 98.3 33.9 160.0 99.1 32.8 156.2 97.5 31.7 170.2 106.3 33.7 182.8 113.5 36.3 184.7 — — Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa 231.3 26.1 220.8 25.3 228.6 24.8 215.0 23.9 211.3 24.9 203.2 24.1 211.4 25.0 231.4 27.8 218.4 — Note: — not available; e estimate. 158 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.42 Total external medium- and long-term debt of developing countries, 1996–2004 $ billions 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004e All developing countries 1,670.0 1,722.2 1,970.9 2,012.6 1,965.2 1,938.6 2,015.6 2,152.1 2,136.7 East Asia and Pacific China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand 365.3 103.4 96.7 28.6 36.1 65.1 394.3 115.2 103.3 32.3 39.0 71.9 447.3 126.7 131.1 33.9 46.3 75.3 464.9 136.9 131.2 35.9 52.3 73.4 437.5 132.6 121.8 37.3 54.9 64.8 411.2 128.5 112.2 38.3 52.5 54.0 399.3 120.5 108.9 40.5 54.5 47.5 400.1 120.6 111.5 40.2 56.5 40.9 391.1 — — — — — Eastern Europe and Central Asia Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Poland Russian Federation Turkey 315.1 9.2 14.3 23.9 40.8 114.5 62.5 331.7 9.1 15.0 21.2 36.6 121.7 66.8 414.8 9.6 16.6 23.7 49.3 163.1 75.9 423.7 9.7 14.0 26.3 54.6 159.0 78.8 424.1 9.8 12.5 25.4 56.2 144.4 88.4 425.1 9.3 13.2 25.7 56.3 133.5 97.0 472.0 9.6 16.8 29.3 64.6 131.1 114.8 541.2 10.6 20.7 36.8 75.7 144.5 122.6 562.9 — — — — — — Latin America and Caribbean Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Mexico Venezuela, R. B. de 517.1 87.9 145.4 20.4 23.0 126.4 31.8 542.2 96.4 163.2 21.5 26.2 119.8 31.5 633.2 110.6 211.1 28.6 26.9 132.7 35.5 662.5 116.3 214.7 30.5 30.5 142.4 35.5 647.6 119.2 208.2 31.1 31.1 131.4 34.1 655.7 134.1 198.5 33.3 33.0 131.1 31.2 667.3 134.9 205.2 35.4 29.5 130.3 29.4 696.3 143.2 215.8 35.7 29.4 130.8 30.5 680.0 — — — — — — Middle East and North Africa Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. of Lebanon 144.4 33.3 29.2 2.3 132.7 30.7 27.1 3.2 138.9 30.5 28.2 4.8 132.6 27.8 26.8 6.0 123.8 25.0 25.1 7.3 123.8 22.4 26.0 9.8 131.7 22.8 26.5 14.5 138.5 23.2 27.6 15.5 134.9 — — — South Asia India Pakistan 139.3 86.7 27.0 141.4 89.3 27.6 150.5 93.3 30.1 155.0 94.4 32.1 154.0 95.6 31.3 151.3 94.8 30.4 162.9 101.7 32.1 175.6 108.7 35.1 178.2 — — Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa 188.8 15.2 180.0 14.3 186.2 13.3 174.0 13.1 178.2 15.3 171.5 15.7 182.4 17.6 200.3 20.4 189.6 — Note: — not available; e estimate. 159 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.43 Total external short-term debt of developing countries, 1996–2004 $ billions 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004e All developing countries 375.0 387.4 352.0 334.0 317.3 321.9 320.8 402.1 460.4 East Asia and Pacific China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand 128.7 25.4 32.2 11.1 8.0 47.7 132.1 31.5 32.9 14.9 11.8 37.8 85.9 17.3 20.1 8.5 7.2 29.7 73.8 15.2 20.0 6.0 5.7 23.4 63.2 13.1 22.6 4.6 5.9 14.9 90.8 41.6 21.8 6.3 6.0 13.2 99.0 47.9 22.8 8.4 5.6 11.9 125.5 73.0 22.9 8.8 6.2 10.9 145.4 — — — — — 53.2 1.1 5.7 3.4 2.7 12.0 17.3 59.5 2.0 8.1 3.4 5.1 5.9 18.0 75.5 1.8 7.6 4.8 8.4 14.8 21.2 79.7 1.3 8.8 3.5 11.3 15.7 23.5 86.7 1.5 9.0 4.2 9.7 15.6 28.9 82.6 1.2 9.6 4.6 11.1 19.0 16.3 88.2 1.8 10.8 5.7 13.9 16.3 16.4 134.8 2.7 14.0 9.0 19.5 30.8 23.0 165.6 — — — — — — Latin America and Caribbean Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Mexico Venezuela, R. B. de 121.4 23.5 35.9 7.0 5.9 29.8 2.7 128.2 32.0 34.9 5.5 5.8 27.9 4.2 119.0 31.0 29.9 5.1 6.2 26.3 2.2 109.3 29.4 29.2 4.3 4.0 24.1 2.1 107.5 28.3 31.0 6.2 2.9 18.9 4.1 93.5 20.0 28.3 5.3 3.3 14.6 4.8 78.9 15.1 23.4 5.8 3.7 9.9 4.6 83.3 23.0 19.6 7.5 3.6 9.2 4.3 93.5 — — — — — — Middle East and North Africa Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. of Lebanon 18.8 0.3 2.3 1.7 18.6 0.2 3.0 1.8 22.1 0.2 4.3 2.0 23.2 0.2 4.3 2.2 20.8 0.2 4.1 2.5 18.3 0.2 3.4 2.7 18.5 0.1 3.5 2.5 20.3 0.1 3.8 3.1 20.5 — — — South Asia India Pakistan 10.3 6.7 2.8 8.2 5.0 2.5 7.1 4.3 2.2 7.0 3.9 1.8 6.1 3.5 1.5 5.0 2.7 1.3 7.3 4.6 1.5 7.2 4.7 1.2 6.5 — — Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa 42.6 10.8 40.8 10.9 42.4 11.4 41.0 10.8 33.1 9.6 31.7 8.4 29.0 7.4 31.1 7.4 28.8 — Eastern Europe and Central Asia Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Poland Russian Federation Turkey Note: — not available; e estimate. 160 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.44 Total external debt of developing countries owed by public and publicly guaranteed borrowers, 1996–2004 $ billions 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004e All developing countries 1,392.2 1,369.1 1,471.9 1,477.9 1,421.9 1,400.9 1,471.2 1,557.0 1,555.0 East Asia and Pacific China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand 256.8 102.3 60.0 15.7 27.5 16.9 272.0 112.8 58.8 16.8 27.3 24.7 288.6 99.4 76.4 18.2 30.5 31.3 307.5 99.2 83.9 18.9 36.6 34.7 288.1 94.9 80.6 19.2 35.9 32.5 277.8 91.8 77.8 24.1 31.4 27.9 277.7 88.6 78.9 26.5 34.2 23.0 279.6 85.6 83.7 25.5 37.4 17.8 272.6 — — — — — Eastern Europe and Central Asia Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Poland Russian Federation Turkey 286.9 8.8 12.2 18.9 39.2 114.5 49.1 288.9 8.7 12.8 15.3 34.2 119.8 48.1 321.2 9.1 11.6 15.9 35.1 140.9 50.6 316.5 9.0 7.7 16.9 33.2 136.4 51.6 305.0 9.0 6.5 14.4 30.8 122.6 60.6 292.6 8.5 5.7 12.7 25.7 111.2 68.4 309.8 8.5 7.0 13.6 29.4 102.6 82.3 334.6 8.9 8.6 14.8 35.0 103.3 88.8 340.3 — — — — — — Latin America and Caribbean Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Mexico Venezuela, R. B. de 399.9 68.8 96.4 4.9 14.9 106.1 29.9 379.6 73.0 87.4 4.4 15.4 92.4 29.0 413.1 82.7 103.0 5.0 16.7 95.4 29.6 420.1 89.0 101.2 5.7 20.2 92.4 28.7 406.2 93.2 95.5 5.3 20.8 81.5 28.0 417.2 102.4 102.2 5.6 21.8 77.0 25.2 441.5 106.4 117.8 6.8 20.7 76.3 23.4 468.5 114.8 123.3 8.1 22.8 77.5 24.5 484.3 — — — — — — Middle East and North Africa Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. of Lebanon 140.3 33.3 29.1 1.9 127.7 30.7 27.0 2.3 131.8 30.5 27.8 4.0 125.6 27.8 26.3 5.3 117.2 25.0 24.5 6.6 117.2 22.4 25.3 9.0 125.2 22.7 25.9 13.8 131.8 22.7 27.3 14.8 127.4 — — — South Asia India Pakistan 129.9 79.4 25.0 129.7 80.1 25.3 139.3 84.9 27.5 144.6 86.4 29.8 138.6 83.2 28.7 137.1 83.1 28.3 147.0 88.2 30.1 157.8 92.8 33.5 158.8 — — Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa 178.5 11.2 171.1 11.9 177.9 10.7 163.6 8.2 166.9 9.1 159.1 7.9 170.0 9.4 184.7 9.1 171.5 — Note: — not available; e estimate. 161 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.45 Total external debt of developing countries owed by private sector borrowers, 1996–2004 $ billions 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004e All developing countries 652.8 740.6 851.0 868.7 860.7 859.6 865.2 997.2 1,042.1 East Asia and Pacific China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand 237.2 26.6 68.9 24.0 16.5 96.0 254.4 33.9 77.3 30.4 23.5 85.0 244.6 44.6 74.8 24.3 23.0 73.6 231.1 52.9 67.3 23.0 21.4 62.0 212.6 50.9 63.8 22.7 25.0 47.2 224.2 78.4 56.2 20.5 27.1 39.3 220.6 79.7 52.8 22.4 25.9 36.5 246.0 108.0 50.7 23.6 25.2 34.0 263.9 — — — — — 81.5 1.6 7.8 8.4 4.3 12.0 30.8 102.3 2.4 10.2 9.3 7.5 7.8 36.7 169.1 2.3 12.7 12.6 22.6 36.9 46.6 186.9 2.0 15.1 13.0 32.8 38.3 50.6 205.8 2.2 15.0 15.2 35.1 37.4 56.7 215.2 2.0 17.1 17.6 41.7 41.3 45.0 250.4 2.9 20.6 21.4 49.1 44.8 48.9 341.4 4.4 26.1 31.0 60.3 71.9 56.8 388.2 — — — — — — Latin America and Caribbean Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Mexico Venezuela, R. B. de 238.6 42.6 84.9 22.6 14.0 50.2 4.5 290.8 55.4 110.7 22.7 16.5 55.2 6.7 339.1 58.8 138.0 28.7 16.3 63.5 8.2 351.7 56.7 142.8 29.2 14.2 74.1 8.9 348.9 54.2 143.7 32.0 13.1 68.8 10.2 332.0 51.6 124.6 33.0 14.5 68.6 10.8 304.7 43.6 110.8 34.4 12.5 63.8 10.6 311.2 51.4 112.1 35.2 10.2 62.5 10.4 289.1 — — — — — — Middle East and North Africa Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. of Lebanon 22.9 0.3 2.5 2.1 23.6 0.2 3.1 2.7 29.1 0.2 4.6 2.7 30.2 0.2 4.8 2.9 27.3 0.2 4.7 3.3 24.9 0.2 4.0 3.5 24.9 0.2 4.1 3.2 27.0 0.7 4.1 3.8 28.1 — — — South Asia India Pakistan 19.8 14.1 4.8 19.9 14.3 4.8 18.3 12.7 4.8 17.4 11.9 4.1 21.5 15.9 4.1 19.1 14.4 3.4 23.2 18.1 3.5 25.0 20.6 2.9 25.9 — — Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa 52.9 14.8 49.7 13.3 50.7 14.1 51.4 15.7 44.5 15.8 44.1 16.1 41.5 15.6 46.7 18.7 46.9 — Eastern Europe and Central Asia Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Poland Russian Federation Turkey Note: — not available; e estimate. 162 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.46 Total external debt of developing countries owed to public sector creditors, 1996–2004 $ billions 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004e All developing countries 833.3 791.3 866.8 881.8 839.5 826.9 874.7 933.3 896.6 East Asia and Pacific China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand 153.7 39.4 46.1 4.2 21.0 10.6 152.5 39.8 45.5 4.0 19.7 17.8 179.1 45.1 58.2 4.5 22.2 21.4 200.3 50.4 66.3 4.8 23.6 25.3 188.2 50.4 65.9 5.0 22.0 23.9 180.6 50.6 62.1 5.9 19.8 20.8 183.4 50.8 65.2 5.8 21.0 16.7 190.8 51.5 70.5 6.1 22.3 13.2 179.4 — — — — — Eastern Europe and Central Asia Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Poland Russian Federation Turkey 160.0 3.4 1.3 3.7 30.5 75.6 15.9 156.2 3.4 1.1 3.3 26.6 76.8 14.3 172.4 3.9 1.1 2.3 27.1 88.3 15.0 171.4 3.9 1.1 2.3 25.1 86.7 13.8 166.8 3.9 1.1 1.9 23.7 82.5 17.3 159.2 3.4 1.2 1.7 17.8 71.7 26.9 165.4 3.5 1.5 1.9 19.7 62.2 35.8 176.2 4.1 1.9 1.8 20.4 64.7 37.5 169.6 — — — — — — Latin America and Caribbean Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Mexico Venezuela, R. B. de 164.1 26.1 25.4 2.7 6.5 42.6 6.3 145.9 24.2 22.2 2.2 5.6 32.1 5.5 161.0 25.9 32.7 2.2 6.0 31.4 6.7 163.2 25.5 37.7 2.1 7.8 26.3 6.6 150.1 25.6 31.1 1.9 7.7 20.8 6.1 162.9 35.2 37.2 1.7 8.6 19.9 4.9 183.1 35.6 52.1 1.5 8.9 20.5 4.4 196.9 36.9 58.2 1.4 11.4 20.6 3.9 189.2 — — — — — — Middle East and North Africa Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. of Lebanon 107.3 20.2 27.7 0.6 99.6 20.3 25.9 0.7 103.9 21.5 26.9 0.9 98.3 20.4 25.7 0.9 90.7 19.2 24.0 0.9 88.3 17.7 23.4 1.0 91.3 17.7 24.7 1.0 96.2 17.8 26.4 1.7 93.1 — — — South Asia India Pakistan 104.1 55.9 23.8 98.9 52.8 22.8 104.6 53.9 25.1 113.3 58.6 27.7 102.7 50.6 26.6 101.1 49.8 27.0 106.3 49.8 29.3 113.8 50.9 32.7 113.7 — — Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa 144.0 0.9 138.2 0.4 145.7 0.0 135.2 0.0 140.9 0.1 134.9 0.1 145.1 0.1 159.6 0.2 151.6 — Note: — not available; e estimate. 163 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.47 Total external debt of developing countries owed to private sector creditors, 1996–2004 $ billions 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004e All developing countries 1,211.7 1,318.4 1,456.1 1,464.9 1,443.1 1,433.6 1,461.8 1,620.8 1,700.5 East Asia and Pacific China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand 340.3 89.4 82.8 35.5 23.0 102.3 373.8 106.9 90.7 43.2 31.1 91.9 354.1 98.9 93.1 37.9 31.4 83.5 338.3 101.6 84.9 37.1 34.4 71.5 312.5 95.3 78.5 37.0 38.8 55.8 321.4 119.6 72.0 38.8 38.7 46.4 314.8 117.5 66.5 43.1 39.1 42.7 334.8 142.1 63.9 43.0 40.3 38.6 357.2 — — — — — Eastern Europe and Central Asia Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Poland Russian Federation Turkey 208.3 7.0 18.7 23.6 13.0 50.8 64.0 235.0 7.7 22.0 21.3 15.1 50.8 70.5 317.9 7.5 23.1 26.2 30.6 89.6 82.2 332.1 7.1 21.7 27.6 40.9 88.1 88.4 344.0 7.3 20.4 27.6 42.2 77.6 100.0 348.6 7.1 21.5 28.6 49.6 80.8 86.5 394.8 8.0 26.0 33.1 58.8 85.3 95.4 499.8 9.2 32.7 44.0 74.9 110.6 108.2 558.9 — — — — — — Latin America and Caribbean Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Mexico Venezuela, R. B. de 474.3 85.3 155.9 24.7 22.4 113.6 28.2 524.5 104.2 175.8 24.9 26.3 115.6 30.2 591.2 115.6 208.4 31.5 27.1 127.5 31.0 608.6 120.3 206.3 32.7 26.6 140.2 31.0 605.0 121.9 208.1 35.4 26.2 129.5 32.0 586.3 118.9 189.6 36.9 27.7 125.8 31.1 563.1 114.3 176.5 39.7 24.3 119.6 29.6 582.8 129.3 177.2 41.8 21.6 119.4 31.0 584.2 — — — — — — Middle East and North Africa Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. of Lebanon 55.9 13.4 3.8 3.4 51.7 10.6 4.2 4.3 57.0 9.2 5.5 5.9 57.5 7.6 5.3 7.3 53.8 6.1 5.2 8.9 53.9 4.9 6.0 11.5 58.8 5.2 5.3 16.1 62.7 5.6 5.0 16.9 62.4 — — — South Asia India Pakistan 45.5 37.6 6.0 50.7 41.5 7.2 53.0 43.7 7.2 48.7 39.7 6.2 57.3 48.5 6.1 55.1 47.7 4.7 63.9 56.5 4.4 68.9 62.6 3.7 71.0 — — Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa 87.3 25.2 82.6 24.9 82.9 24.8 79.8 23.9 70.4 24.7 68.3 23.9 66.3 24.9 71.8 27.6 66.8 — Note: — not available; e estimate. 164 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.48 Gross foreign exchange reserves of developing countries, 1996–2004 $ billions 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 519.2 571.7 588.0 621.5 668.3 750.0 921.7 1,213.6 1,591.8 East Asia and the Pacific China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand 199.7 105.0 17.8 26.2 9.9 37.2 212.5 139.9 16.1 20.0 7.1 25.7 233.2 145.0 22.4 24.7 9.1 28.4 262.5 154.7 26.2 29.7 13.1 33.8 272.6 165.6 28.3 28.6 12.9 31.9 320.3 212.2 27.0 29.6 13.3 32.3 408.2 286.4 30.8 33.3 13.0 38.0 544.8 403.3 34.7 43.5 13.3 41.0 775.1 610.0 34.3 61.7 12.5 46.9 Europe and Central Asia Czech Republic Hungary Poland Russian Federation Turkey 83.4 12.4 9.6 17.7 11.3 16.4 90.8 9.7 8.3 20.3 12.8 18.6 95.9 12.5 9.2 27.2 7.8 19.4 102.3 12.8 10.7 26.1 8.5 23.2 120.4 13.0 10.9 26.3 24.3 22.3 131.5 14.2 10.3 25.2 32.5 18.7 175.3 23.3 9.7 28.0 44.1 26.9 236.2 26.3 12.0 31.7 73.2 33.8 303.8 27.4 14.6 35.0 113.7 35.9 153.0 17.7 58.3 14.9 19.2 11.1 166.5 22.2 50.8 17.3 28.1 14.0 157.3 24.5 42.6 15.3 31.5 11.6 149.9 26.1 34.8 14.2 31.0 11.7 152.8 24.4 32.5 14.7 35.1 12.6 155.7 14.5 35.7 14.0 44.4 8.8 156.5 10.4 37.4 14.8 49.9 8.0 189.7 13.1 49.1 15.2 57.7 15.5 211.5 17.3 52.7 15.5 62.8 17.7 Middle East and North Africa Algeria Egypt, Arab Rep. of 37.6 4.2 17.2 43.7 8.0 18.5 42.0 6.8 17.9 40.8 4.4 14.3 45.6 11.9 12.9 55.1 18.0 12.9 67.1 23.1 13.2 89.1 32.9 13.4 101.3 41.4 13.4 South Asia Bangladesh India Pakistan 24.8 1.7 19.7 0.5 30.0 1.6 24.3 1.2 32.9 1.9 27.0 1.0 37.9 1.6 32.0 1.5 42.6 1.5 37.3 1.5 52.8 1.3 45.3 3.6 79.8 1.7 67.0 8.1 114.8 2.6 97.6 10.7 141.7 3.1 125.2 9.6 Sub-Saharan Africa Botswana Nigeria South Africa 20.6 5.0 4.1 0.9 28.2 5.6 7.6 4.8 26.7 5.9 7.1 4.2 28.0 6.2 5.5 6.1 34.2 6.3 9.9 5.8 34.5 5.8 10.5 5.8 34.8 5.4 7.3 5.6 39.0 5.2 7.1 6.2 58.4 5.1 16.9 12.3 All developing countries Latin America and the Caribbean Argentina Brazil Chile Mexico Venezuela, R. B. de 2003 2004e Note: e estimate. 165 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.49 Key external debt ratios for developing countries %, averages for 2001–3 Albania Algeria Angola Argentina Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Costa Rica Côte d’Ivoire Croatia Czech Republic Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt, Arab Rep. of El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Gabon Gambia, The Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. of Total external debt (EDT) to exports of G&S (XGS) Present value (PV) of EDT as % of XGS EDT as % of gross national income (GNI) PV as % of GNI Total debt service as % of XGS Interest service as % of XGS 81 103 120 473 131 58 188 47 27 206 347 270 308 102 16 299 148 497 3,051 125 335 156 1,061 427 174 49 182 397 923 266 69 210 183 69 141 243 59 217 147 119 15 543 118 621 25 111 379 155 285 205 88 408 891 198 114 171 102 120 196 33 57 100 117 531 85 47 128 53 27 241 151 252 157 78 13 323 152 178 2,182 107 185 107 1,319 254 178 48 200 289 625 404 74 176 183 69 95 234 58 240 131 132 13 333 119 135 24 114 202 122 85 190 86 225 594 78 83 106 99 106 200 30 28 41 104 104 45 28 37 29 18 125 65 79 74 48 9 50 83 54 210 82 96 74 125 75 66 15 43 109 222 242 34 107 102 48 65 123 34 74 35 50 — 76 100 112 15 87 170 54 128 99 22 106 369 215 39 87 73 22 80 9 20 40 102 117 29 23 25 33 18 146 28 74 38 37 8 54 86 19 150 70 53 51 155 45 67 15 47 79 150 368 36 90 102 48 44 119 33 82 31 55 — 47 101 24 15 89 90 43 38 92 21 59 246 84 29 54 71 19 82 8 3 19 17 40 11 9 7 5 3 26 11 5 23 6 2 72 13 14 68 1 16 7 0 13 34 9 46 4 12 3 11 10 26 11 6 14 9 31 13 9 — 10 21 8 3 11 12 14 17 17 8 15 18 8 5 13 34 22 27 5 1 5 2 6 1 1 2 3 1 13 3 1 7 2 0 19 5 5 18 0 7 2 0 4 8 2 12 1 8 1 4 2 6 2 1 7 3 14 4 5 — 5 5 4 1 4 5 3 3 10 3 4 5 3 1 3 3 6 6 1 (Table continues on next page) 166 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.49 Key external debt ratios for developing countries (continued ) %, averages for 2001–3 Jamaica Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kyrgyz Republic Lao PDR Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Lithuania Macedonia, FYR Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia1 Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Nepal Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Samoa Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Serbia and Montenegro Seychelles Sierra Leone Slovak Republic Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Sri Lanka St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Sudan Swaziland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Total external debt (EDT) to exports of G&S (XGS) Present value (PV) of EDT as % of XGS EDT as % of gross national income (GNI) PV as % of GNI Total debt service as % of XGS Interest service as % of XGS 119 125 181 206 282 611 206 458 112 1,522 105 112 466 660 44 54 282 459 83 74 154 188 116 430 247 200 436 542 153 32 232 99 113 111 279 141 150 124 128 974 253 1,773 222 268 100 1,152 93 224 — 67 134 210 106 128 561 28 264 139 457 59 131 117 183 162 221 356 204 482 80 1,630 106 97 138 393 45 41 124 153 81 83 146 140 109 118 187 131 98 148 148 32 189 123 104 107 311 147 147 126 135 615 209 770 96 238 103 632 90 176 — 69 110 212 104 107 550 28 262 112 132 59 73 90 94 54 125 155 93 104 66 603 58 47 105 181 55 45 97 218 54 23 100 127 51 139 — 57 178 93 78 19 50 75 87 52 54 77 49 45 50 91 148 723 84 94 87 216 72 76 — 23 62 102 59 67 123 27 112 96 77 41 80 84 95 43 98 91 92 110 47 646 58 40 31 108 56 35 42 73 52 25 95 95 47 38 — 38 40 26 76 19 41 93 80 51 60 80 48 46 52 57 122 314 36 83 89 118 70 60 — 23 51 103 58 56 120 26 111 77 22 41 18 17 42 17 19 11 22 80 11 0 84 15 7 7 8 4 7 11 8 22 13 37 27 8 4 7 13 9 7 11 19 11 14 11 24 23 30 21 14 13 9 35 12 17 14 18 18 11 — 10 8 29 9 8 1 2 4 11 6 17 7 3 6 4 2 3 4 35 2 0 4 3 3 4 2 1 2 3 3 6 4 2 8 2 1 2 4 3 2 1 5 6 3 4 13 6 4 5 6 5 6 15 4 6 3 8 3 5 — 3 2 14 5 3 0 1 2 2 2 2 (Table continues on next page) 167 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.49 Key external debt ratios for developing countries (continued ) %, averages for 2001–3 Total external debt (EDT) to exports of G&S (XGS) Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela, R. B. de Vietnam Yemen, Rep. of Zambia Zimbabwe 259 106 52 139 232 — 408 66 334 149 64 117 77 102 529 274 Present value (PV) of EDT as % of XGS 203 74 59 140 243 — 170 64 351 142 46 139 67 72 372 272 EDT as % of gross national income (GNI) PV as % of GNI Total debt service as % of XGS Interest service as % of XGS 116 57 31 74 77 — 78 38 86 49 39 35 45 57 172 50 91 40 35 75 81 — 33 37 90 47 28 42 39 40 121 50 2 5 5 14 45 — 8 15 25 24 1 30 4 3 32 3 0 1 3 5 11 — 2 2 9 5 1 8 1 1 12 1 Notes: — not available. For definition of indicators, see Sources and Definitions section. Numbers in italics include the effects of traditional relief and HIPC relief and are based on public and publicly guaranteed debt only. Exports comprise the total value of goods and services exported, receipts of compensations of employees and investment income and worker’s remittances. In the ratios, the numerator refers to the 2003 data and the denominator is an average of 2001 to 2003 data. 168 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.50 Classification of countries by levels of external indebtedness 136 economies in the World Bank Debtor Reporting System Severely indebted low-income Severely indebted middle-income Moderately indebted low-income Moderately indebted middle-income Less indebted low-income Less indebted middle-income Angola Bhutan Burundi Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. of Congo, Rep. of Côte d’Ivoire Eritrea Gambia, The Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kyrgyz Republic Lao PDR Liberia Malawi Myanmar Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Tajikistan Togo Zambia Zimbabwe Argentina Belize Brazil Bulgaria Croatia Dominica Ecuador Estonia Gabon Grenada Guyana Indonesia Jordan Kazakhstan Latvia Lebanon Maldives Panama Peru Samoa Serbia and Montenegro Seychelles St. Kitts and Nevis Syrian Arab Republic Turkey Uruguay Benin Burkina Faso Cambodia Cameroon Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Mauritania Moldova Mongoliaa Niger Nigeria Pakistan Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Uganda Uzbekistan Bolivia Cape Verde Chile Colombia El Salvador Honduras Hungary Jamaica Lithuania Malaysia Mauritius Paraguay Philippines Poland Russian Federation Slovak Republic Sri Lanka St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Tunisia Turkmenistan Venezuela, R. B. de Bangladesh Equatorial Guinea Ghana Haiti India Lesotho Mali Mozambique Nepal Nicaragua Senegal Tanzania Vietnam Yemen, Rep. of Albania Algeria Armenia Azerbaijan Barbados Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana China Costa Rica Czech Republic Djibouti Dominican Republic Egypt, Arab Rep. of Fiji Georgia Guatemala Iran, Islamic Rep. of Macedonia, FYR Mexico Morocco Oman Romania South Africa Swaziland Thailand Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Ukraine Notes: Tables classify all World Bank member economies and all other economies with populations more than 30,000. Economies are divided among income groups according to 2003 GNI per capita, calculated using the World Bank Atlas method. Income groups are low income, $765 or less; lower middle-income, $766–$3,035; upper middle-income, $3,036–$9,385; and high income, $9,386 or more. a. Classification excludes the effect of Russian debt settlement. 169 S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.51 Classification of countries by region and level of income Europe and Central Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Asia Income group 170 Eastern Europe and Central Asia West Africa East Asia and Pacific South Asia Angola Burundi Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. of Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mozambique Rwanda Somalia Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Equatorial Guinea Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria São Tomé and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Cambodia Korea, Dem. Rep. of Lao PDR Mongolia Myanmar Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Vietnam Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Pakistan Kyrgyz Republic Moldova Tajikistan Uzbekistan Lower Namibia South Africa Swaziland Cape Verde China Fiji Indonesia Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia, Fed. Sts. of Philippines Samoa Thailand Tonga Vanuatu Maldives Sri Lanka Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Georgia Kazakhstan Macedonia, FYRa Romania Russian Federation Serbia and Montenegro Turkmenistan Ukraine Upper Botswana Mauritius Mayotte Seychelles Gabon American Samoa Malaysia N. Mariana Islands Palau Subgroup Lowincome Middleincome East and Southern Africa Croatia Czech Republic Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Poland Slovak Republic Rest of Europe Middle East and North Africa Middle East North Africa Yemen, Rep. of Turkey Americas Haiti Nicaragua Iran, Islamic Rep. of Iraq Jordan Syrian Arab Republic West Bank and Gaza Algeria Djibouti Egypt, Arab Rep. of Morocco Tunisia Bolivia Brazil Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Guyana Honduras Jamaica Paraguay Peru Suriname Lebanon Oman Saudi Arabia Libya Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Barbados Belize Chile Costa Rica Dominica Grenada Mexico Panama St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela, R. B. de S T A T I S T I C A L A P P E N D I X Table A.51 Classification of countries by region and level of income (continued ) Europe and Central Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Asia Income group Highincome Subgroup East and Southern Africa West Africa East Asia and Pacific OECD Australia Japan Korea, Rep. of New Zealand NonOECD Brunei French Polynesia Guam Hong Kong, Chinac Macao, Chinad New Caledonia Singapore Taiwan, China South Asia Eastern Europe and Central Asia Rest of Europe Middle East and North Africa Middle East North Africa Austria Belgium Denmark Finland Franceb Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Slovenia Andorra Channel Islands Cyprus Faeroe Islands Greenland Isle of Man Liechtenstein Monaco San Marino Americas Canada United States Bahrain Israel Kuwait Qatar United Arab Emirates Malta Aruba Bahamas, The Bermuda Cayman Islands Netherlands Antilles Puerto Rico Virgin Islands (U.S.) Note: For operational and analytical purposes, the World Bank’s main criterion for classifying economies is GNI per capita. Every economy is classified as low income, middle income (subdivided into lower middle and upper middle), or high income. Other analytical groups, based on geographic regions and levels of external debt, are also used. Low-income and middle-income economies are sometimes referred to as developing economies. The use of the term is convenient; it is not intended to imply that all economies in the group are experiencing similar development or that other economies have reached a preferred or final stage of development. Classification by income does not necessarily reflect development status. This table classifies all World Bank member economies, and all other economies with populations of more than 30,000. Economies are divided among income groups according to 2003 GNI per capita, calculated using the World Bank Atlas method. The groups are: low income, $765 or less; lower middle–income, $766–3,035; upper middle-income, $3,036–9,385; and high income, $9,386 or more. a. Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. b. The French overseas departments French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Réunion are included in France. c. On July 1, 1997 China resumed its exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong. d. On December 20, 1999 China resumed its exercise of sovereignty over Macao. Source: World Bank data. 171