Index
AAA, see Agricultural Adjustment
Administration (AAA)
A&P stores, 711, 714
Abenaki Indians, 47, 49
Abilene, Kansas, 533, 534
Abington v. Schempp, 886
ABM Treaty, see Anti-Ballistic Missile
(ABM) Treaty
Abolitionism, 296, 308–310, 309
(illus.); Brown, John, and, 407–408;
Clay and, 358; Garrison and, 292,
308–309; Kansas crisis and, 418;
women’s rights and, 310, 311
Abortion, 988; antebellum, 281;
attacks on clinics and, 988; rights to,
895, 912, 938–939; “Right to Life”
movement and, 943
Absalom, Absalom! (Faulkner), 775
Abzug, Bella, 894
Acadia, 45, 93, 128. See also Nova
Scotia
Accommodationism, 623
Acheson, Dean, 821–822, 825–826,
839, 917
Achille Lauro (ship), 961
Acid rain, 1014
Acid rock, 911, 912
Ácoma pueblo, 44
Act for Religious Toleration
(Maryland), 69
Activism, see specific types and
movements
ACT-UP, 942
Adams, Abigail, 176, 221
Adams, Charles Francis, 452
Adams, Henry, 452, 610
Adams, John, 115; on Articles of
Confederation, 180; Boston
Massacre and, 145; at Continental
Congress, 151; Declaration of
Independence and, 154; election of
1796 and, 212–213; election of 1800
and, 215–216; midnight
appointments by, 231; and Peace of
Paris, 172; on republic, 179;
Revolution and, 153; as vice
president, 196
Adams, John Quincy, 394; Armistad
and, 289 (illus.); election of 1824
and, 287, 288; election of 1828 and,
289–290; gag rule and, 310; at
Ghent, 246; Monroe Doctrine and,
252; as president, 288; as secretary
of state, 251
Adams, Samuel, 139, 141, 146, 149,
151
Adamson Act (1916), 671, 672
Adams-Onís Treaty (1819), 237, 251,
252, 259, 385, 984
Addams, Jane, 588, 590, 636, 645, 649;
peace movement and, 677–678, 685,
696
Adelphia Communications: fraud at,
1021
Administration of Justice Act, 151
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
(Twain), 537, 600, 601
Advertising, 553–556, 556 (illus.), 643;
in 1920s, 715; in 1930s, 764; in
1950s, 858; colonial, 103 (illus.);
ethnic and racial, 568 (illus.);
photoengraving and, 635; on
television, 864; tobacco, 995; of
World War I, 692–696
AEC, see Atomic Energy Commission
“Aesthetic movement,” 600
AFDC, see Aid to Families with
Dependent Children (AFDC)
Affirmative action, 945–946, 994–995
Affluence: in 1950s, 854–860; in 1990s,
987–988
Afghanistan: bin Laden and,
1000–1001, 1016–1017; immigrants
from, 982 (illus.); U.S. military in,
1017, 1017 (illus.)
AFL, see American Federation of Labor
(AFL)
AFL-CIO, 858
Africa: AIDS in, 980; Clinton and,
998–999; European peoples and,
24–28; in 1500, 26 (map); freed
blacks in, 308; Garvey and, 736;
Gold Coast of, 25; involuntary
migration from, 53–54; Portuguese
and, 34 (illus.); religions from, 370;
slavery and, 34–35, 97 (map); World
War II in, 796 (map). See also Slaves
and slavery; West Africa
African-Americans, 99, 657, 657
(illus.); in 1950s, 865–866; in 1970s,
944, 945–946; by 2000, 981;
abolitionism and, 308; African
colonization by, 229; in armed
forces, 455–457, 803; in cabinet, 885,
1007; civil rights of, 866–867; Civil
War communities of, 465 (illus.);
color line and, 222–224; in
Congress, 973; as cowboys, 533–534;
culture of, 369–373; curfew for,
104–105; emancipation issues for,
492–493; equality and, 887–892; as
exodusters, 505, 506 (illus.); family
life and, 345 (illus.), 476 (illus.),
492–493; as farmers, 619, 619 (illus.);
freedom for, 149–150; as free
persons, 175–176, 366–367; Garvey
and, 735–736; Great Awakening and,
119; in Great Depression, 765;
Harlem Renaissance and, 728–729,
730; institutions of, 493–496, 656;
jobless rate for, 1004; Klan and, 491,
734–735; in Knights of Labor, 623
(illus.), 624; lifestyle of former
slaves, 477–478; literature of, 729,
863; as loyalists, 162; in Miami, 985;
migration to North, 655–656,
698–699, 768; militant, 890–891;
minstrel shows and, 332–333; in
Mose, Florida, 106–107; in movies of
1930s, 770; in New Deal, 759–760;
Owens, Jesse, and, 784; in
population, 980; in prisons, 981; in
Progressive Era, 655–656, 657; as
railroad laborers, 523;
Reconstruction and, 488, 489–490,
492–500, 509, 621 (illus.), 621–624;
religion of, 370–372; Revolution
and, 171, 173–174, 175–176;
Roosevelt, Theodore, and, 664; in
Senate, 489; separate but equal
facilities and, 622–623;
sharecropping and, 497–500, 498
(map), 499 (illus.), 499 (map); in
Spanish-American War, 633, 636
(illus.); Supreme Court rulings and,
848–849; unions and, 567, 716;
urban population of, 720; voting by,
217, 275–276, 504–505; as wage
labor, 497; wages of, 714; as western
settlers, 526–527; in West Indies, 76;
I-2
Index
women and, 564, 658; World War I
and, 688, 690, 692, 697; World War II
and, 802–804. See also Free blacks;
Freedmen; Lynchings; Music; Race
and racism; Slaves and slavery;
specific issues
African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.)
Church, 223, 276, 371, 493, 495, 623,
656; Allen and, 276 (illus.); Jones
and, 223, 224 (illus.)
Africans: in Carolina, 77; freedom for,
74. See also African-Americans;
Slaves and slavery
Afrika Korps, 788
Age: median (2000), 979. See also
Elderly
Agee, James, 771 (illus.), 774
Agent Orange, 908
Agnew, Spiro T., 929, 931
Agrarianism, 382–383
Agribusinesses: braceros and, 804
Agricultural Adjustment Act: of 1933,
752, 757; of 1938, 764
Agricultural Adjustment
Administration (AAA), 752, 753–754
Agriculture: of Archaic peoples, 5;
black wage labor and, 497; bonanza
farms and, 535; boom in, 261–262;
braceros in, 804; in Chesapeake, 71;
crop-lien system, 498–500, 618; in
Eastern Woodlands, 14; in Great
Depression, 751, 753–754; Jefferson
and, 263; market economy and, 262;
in New Deal, 752; in New England,
61; in 1920s, 714; Panic of 1819 and,
264; on plantations, 353; price
supports in, 718; railroads and, 525;
scientific, 856 (illus.); sharecropping
and, 497–500, 498 (map), 499
(illus.), 499 (map), 619; in South,
351, 497–498, 498 (map), 558;
technology and, 318–322; workers
in, 319 (illus.); in World War I, 698.
See also Crops; Farms and farming;
specific crops and industries
Aguinaldo, Emilio, 637
AIDS, 942–943, 979–980, 998
Aid to Families with Dependent
Children (AFDC), 975, 978
AIM, see American Indian Movement
Air conditioning, 714
Aircraft carriers, 797
Aircraft industry, 854, 855
Air force, 826; Luftwaffe (German air
force), 786; in World War II, 789, 795,
797
Air Force Academy, 854
Airplanes: jets, 793; Spirit of St. Louis,
The, 725, 725 (illus.); Wright
brothers and, 651
Air pollution, 650–651, 855, 879,
971–972, 1014
Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of, 114, 114
(illus.)
AJAs (Americans of Japanese
ancestry), 808
Alabama, 250, 256, 259, 262
Alabama (ship), 452, 501
Alamance Creek, Battle of, 147–148
Alamo, 112, 388, 395, 775
Alamogordo, New Mexico, 794, 811
Alaska, 501, 667; global warming in,
1014; gold rush and, 532, 532 (illus.);
Native people of, 15, 946; oil and,
971, 972, 972 (illus.), 1008, 1008
(illus.); Russia and, 204
Alaska Lands Act, 949
Albania, see Ethnic Albanians
Albany Congress (1754), 125, 136–137
Albany movement, 887
Albany Plan of Union, 125
Albany Regency, 289
Albright, Madeleine K., 1000
Alcatraz Island: AIM and, 892–893, 946
Alcohol: Indians and, 62, 221, 946;
progressivism and, 652–653. See
also Prohibition; Saloons;
Temperance; Whiskey Rebellion
(1794)
Alcott, Louisa May, 467
Alcott, William, 279
Aldrich, Nelson, 663, 664, 666, 671
Aldrin, Buzz, 879, 925–926
Aleuts, 3, 15, 204
“Alexander’s Ragtime Band” (Berlin),
599, 599 (illus.), 651
Alger, Horatio, 565
Algonquian languages, 18
Algonquin Indians, 45
Ali, Muhammad, 891–892
Alianza Federal de Mercedes, 894
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798),
213–215, 214 (illus.)
Alienation: of writers, 730
Alien Enemies Act, 213
Alien Friends Act, 214
Alimony, 603
All-American Football Conference,
831
Allen, Paul, 940
Allen, Richard, 223, 276, 276 (illus.)
Allende, Salvador, 924
Alliances: Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis,
787–788; Dutch-Iroquois, 50;
mutual-defense pacts as, 851; NATO,
824; after World War II, 816. See also
Allies entries; specific alliances
Allied Expeditionary Force, 796, 796
(illus.)
Allies (World War I), 689, 691–692, 703,
708
Allies (World War II), 788, 795–797,
807, 811, 818
Almshouses, 312
Al Quaeda, 1016–1017
Alsace, 704
Altair computer, 940, 941 (illus.)
Amalgamated Clothing Workers, 766
Ambrotypes, 464
Amendments: Bill of Rights as, 198;
process of, 188; Progressive Era,
671; Reconstruction, 487. See also
specific Amendments
Amerasia, 834
America First Committee, 787
American and Foreign Anti-Slavery
Society, 310
American Anti-Slavery Almanac
(1840), 426 (illus.)
American Anti-Slavery Society, 309–310
American Association of Advertising
Agencies, 643
American Association of
Manufacturers, 706
American Association of University
Professors, 643
American Bandstand, 871
American Bar Association, 643, 673
American Bell Telephone, 543
American Birth Control League, 660
American Board of Customs
Commissioners, 144, 146
American Civil Liberties Union
(ACLU), 734
American Colonization Society, 229,
308
American Communist party, 834, 836;
blacks and, 768; election of 1936
and, 759; in 1930s, 771
American Dilemma, An (Myrdal), 804
American Dream, 818
American Expeditionary Force (AEF),
687–688, 689–690, 700
American Federation of Labor (AFL),
566, 568–569, 624, 660–661, 672,
766; immigrants and, 654; racism in,
716; World War I and, 693. See also
AFL-CIO
Index
American Indian Movement, 892–893,
946
American Indians, see Native
Americans
American Individualism (Hoover), 739
Americanization: Afghanistan
immigrants and, 982 (illus.); by
mass culture, 725
American League for Civic
Improvement, 643
American Legion, 706
American Mercury, The (magazine), 730
American Missionary Association, 495
American Museum (Barnum),
333–334
American party, see Know-Nothing
(American) party
American Philosophical Society, 117,
228
American Protective League, 698
American Railway Union, 570
American Red Cross, 467
American Renaissance, 334–342
American Revolution: Boonesborough
during, 169 (map); English strength
in, 163–164; events leading to,
123–124; Indians after, 177–178;
Lexington, Concord, and, 152;
loyalists and, 160–161; in North,
164–167, 165 (map); siege of Boston
and, 158–159; society after, 173–178;
in South, 170–172, 171 (map); transAppalachian West and, 168–169;
treaty after, 172–173; in West,
167–170, 170 (map); white women
and, 176–177
“American Scholar, The” (Emerson),
335
American Social Hygiene Association,
652
Americans with Disabilities Act
(1990), 971
American System (Clay), 248, 287, 288,
293, 296, 390, 400
American System of manufacture, 322
American Temperance Society, 306,
307
American Tobacco Company, 556, 664
American Woman’s Home, The
(Catharine Beecher), 583
American Woman Suffrage
Association, 487
America Online (AOL), 1002
Americas: Columbus in, 23–24;
Europeans in (1492–1541), 35–40;
naming of, 39; peopling of, 2–3, 3
(map). See also Colonies and
colonization; Western Hemisphere;
specific sections
Ames, Fisher, 207
Amherst, Jeffrey, 127, 132
Amiens, battle at, 690
Amistad (ship), 289 (illus.)
Amnesty Act (1872), 484, 501
Amos ‘n’ Andy (radio program), 724
Amusement, see Leisure
Amusement parks, 595–596, 651, 652,
652 (illus.)
Anabaptists, 31
Anaconda Copper, 713
Anaconda plan, 445–446
Anarchism, 572, 659, 663, 733
Anasazi people, 1, 9
Ancient peoples, 2–4
Anderson, Marian, 760
Andersonville prison camp, 467, 468
(illus.)
Andes region, 6; cultures of, 7 (map)
Andover, Massachusetts, 60–61
Andrews, Sidney, 494
Andros, Edmund, 91, 92
Anesthesia, 329
Angel Island, 579
Anglican Church, 55, 68, 92; Great
Awakening and, 119; Henry VIII
and, 32; Puritans and, 55, 56; tax
support and, 180
Anglo-American crisis: of 1793-1796,
208–210
Anglo-Indian conflicts, 132
Anglo-Powhatan Wars: Third, 73
Anglo-Spanish rivalry, 46
Anglo-Spanish War, 113
Angola, 97
Animal Farm (Orwell), 851
Animals, 2, 4–5; Europeanintroduced, 42; Indians and, 15, 16;
in New England, 62. See also
Livestock
Animated movies, 773
Annan, Kofi, 1000, 1023
Anne (England), 91
Annexation: of California, 378; of
Hawaii, 631–632, 637; of New
Mexico, 378; of Oregon, 393–394; of
Texas, 378, 389–390, 390–391, 395
Anschluss (union), 783
Antarctica: mining in, 972
Antebellum period, 303–342; reform
movements in, 303–314; society in,
274–282. See also Sectionalism;
Slaves and slavery; specific issues
Anthony, Susan B., 468, 486, 487
(illus.), 566, 658
Anthrax, 1016
Antiballistic missiles: SALT I and, 924
Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty,
1009
Anti-Catholicism, 382, 530
Anticommunism, 830, 834–840, 848
Antidraft riots: in New York City, 463
Antidrug campaign, 653
Antietam, Battle of, 447 (illus.), 448,
452, 453
Antifederalists, 201; Bill of Rights and,
198; constitutional ratification and,
189–190; strongholds of
(1787–1790), 191 (map)
Anti-Imperialist League, 636
Antilles: Spanish map of, 40 (illus.)
Antilynching campaign, 657
Anti-Masonry crusade, 296
Antimiscegenation laws, 886
Antinomians, 58
Antinuclear protests, 958
Antipoverty programs, 883–884
Antiprostitution crusade, 652
Antiquities Act (1906), 666, 671
Anti-radicalism: in 1920s, 733
“Antis,” 658
Anti-Saloon League (ASL), 652–653
Anti-Semitism, 785 (illus.); Brandeis
and, 673; Jewish refugees and, 786;
in New Deal, 755. See also Jews and
Judaism
Antislavery movement, 418. See also
Abolitionism
Antismoke campaign, 650–651
Antitrust issues, 551, 663–664
Antiwar protests, see Protest(s)
Apache Indians, 3, 84, 85, 112, 112
(illus.), 449, 515
Apalachee Indians, 43, 78
Apartheid: end of, 969
Apollo 11 lunar landing, 925
Appalachian Mountains, see TransAppalachian region
Appalachian Regional Development
Act (1965), 885
Appeasement: during Cold War, 820,
828; of Hitler, Adolf, 784
Apple Computer, 940
Appliances: labor-saving, 720
Appointment: of judges, 188; powers
of, 179
Appomattox Courthouse, 472, 472
(illus.)
Arab-Israeli peace talks, 957
I-3
I-4
Index
Arab-Israeli wars, 924
Arab oil embargo (1973), 948
Arabs: Israel, Palestine, and, 957;
Kissinger and, 924; slave trade and,
34–35; Suez crisis and, 853;
terrorism and, 961, 993–994, 1017.
See also Israel; Middle East; specific
countries
Arafat, Yasir, 961, 999, 1018, 1019
Aragón, 25, 28
Arapahos, 513, 515, 516
Arbitration: UMW strike and, 663
Archaeological evidence, 2
Archaic societies, 4–5; agriculture of, 5
Architecture: Anasazi, 9; of Aztecs, 7;
Georgian, 108, 108 (illus.);
modernism in, 601; in 1920s, 730.
See also Landscape architecture
Arctic region: Alaska oil drilling and,
1008, 1008 (illus.), 1014; people of, 16
Arendt, Hannah, 785
Argonne, Battle of, 692
Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 999
Aristocracy: leadership by, 189; after
Revolution, 174
Arizona, 8, 204, 385, 416, 528, 529, 530
Arkwright, Richard, 270
Armada (Spain), 47
Armed forces: African-Americans in,
175, 455–457, 633, 636 (illus.), 664,
688, 803; British, 163–164; in China,
680 (illus.); in Civil War, 439;
Continental Army and, 152; in
French Canada, 96; gays and
lesbians in, 805, 839; integration in,
803; Japanese-Americans in, 806;
Jefferson and, 231; Mexican
Americans in, 804–805; Quasi-War
and, 213; in Revolution, 163;
segregation in, 656, 803; in SpanishAmerican War, 632–633; Valley Forge
and, 166; women in, 801; World War
I and, 686–688; World War II and,
789, 816. See also Marines; Military;
Navy; Soldiers; specific wars
Armed Services Editions, 802
Armenian immigrants, 578
Armentières, battle at, 690
Armistice: in Korean War, 829; in
Spanish-American War, 633; in
World War I, 702–703
Armour, Philip, 549
Arms and armaments, 924; Quakers
and, 81; Washington Naval Arms
Conference and, 718. See also Arms
race; Weapons
Arms race, 824, 826, 830, 960, 968. See
also Nuclear power; Weapons
Armstrong, Louis, 731
Armstrong, Neil, 879, 925–926
Army Air Corps, 785. See also Air force
Army Appropriations Act (1867), 484
Army Corps of Engineers, 858
Army of Northern Virginia, 440, 448,
471
Army of the Potomac, 447
Arrowsmith, Aaron, 237
Art(s): in 1920s, 726–732; in 1930s,
770–775; in 1950s, 862, 870–872;
“aesthetic movement” in, 600; in
American Renaissance, 334–342;
Anasazi, 1; Beats in, 871–872; in
Cahokia, 12; in European
Renaissance, 28; Hohokam, 9;
Hopewell, 11; industrial design and,
776; modernism in, 601; in New
Deal, 756; progressive movement
and, 646; Victorian standards for,
596–601; in West Africa, 25 (illus.),
27. See also specific arts and artists
Arthur, Chester A., 614, 615
Arthur Andersen, 1021
Articles of Confederation, 160, 180,
181–185, 186–187
Artisans, 60 (illus.), 273–274, 274
(illus.), 277; in Europe, 29; free
blacks as, 176; Indian, 64–65;
production by, 217
Ashburton, Lord, 391
Ashcan School, 646
Ashcroft, John, 1007, 1018
Ashe, Arthur, 942
Ashley, William, 386
Asia: Cold War in, 825–828; early
peoples from, 2–3; economic crisis
in, 1004; immigrants from, 682, 947,
982–983; Korean War in, 828–830;
sea route to, 34; southwestern (in
1500), 26 (map). See also specific
countries
Asian American Political Alliance, 894
Asian-Americans, 885, 894;
population percentage of, 980;
woman suffrage and, 658
Asociación Nacional MéxicoAmericana, 868
Assassinations: of Garfield, 609, 610,
615; of Kennedy, John F., 881–882,
882 (illus.); of Kennedy, Robert F.,
918; of King, 891, 917; of Lincoln,
472–473, 480; of Malcolm X, 891; of
McKinley, 610, 663
Assemblies, 178, 179; Albany Plan of
Union and, 125; British taxation
and, 135; colonial, 114; in
Pennsylvania, 82; in Virginia, 68
Assembly lines, 714
Assimilation: immigrants and, 581; of
Indians, 520–521, 869; MexicanAmericans on, 893
Assiniboins, 513
Associated Farmers of California, 769
Associations: for immigrant
assistance, 380
Assumption: of state war debts, 200
Astor, John Jacob, 258, 275
Astoria, 258
Astor Place riot, 321, 332
Astrolabe, 34
Astrology, 31
Astronauts, 879
Aswan dam, 853
Asylums, see Insane asylums
Atchison, David R., 418
Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe
Railroad, 546
Athapaskan speakers, 3
Athletics: at universities and colleges,
585–586. See also Sports
Atkinson, Elizabeth, 300 (illus.)
Atlanta, 494 (illus.); fall of, 468–469,
470; Reconstruction and blacks in,
494–495; shootings in, 979
Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary,
495
Atlanta Baptist Seminary, 495
Atlantic Charter, 787
Atlantic Monthly, 597
Atlantic region: Columbian exchange
and, 41–42; emancipation of slaves
in, 470; England and, 46–47; Europe
and (1440–1600), 33–42; in World
War II, 788
Atlas missiles, 870
Atmospheric testing, 827, 827 (illus.)
Atomic bomb, 821; bombing of Japan,
811–812, 812 (illus.); development
in West, 826–827, 827 (illus.);
Manhattan Project and, 793–794; in
postwar period, 820, 843; of Soviet
Union, 824, 825; testing, 827, 827
(illus.). See also Nuclear power;
Radiation
Atomic Energy Commission, 821, 827,
854
Atomic-energy control plan, 821
“Atoms for peace” plan, 850
Attucks, Crispus, 145
Index
Auburn system, 312
Audiotapes: Nixon and, 931
Audubon Society, 722
Augusta Powder Works, 440
Auschwitz concentration camp, 810
Austin, Stephen F., 387
Australia, 788
Austria, 704, 783, 965
Austria-Hungary: World War I and,
683, 703, 704
Authority: under Constitution (U.S.),
187–188; of family, 278–279;
horizontal and vertical allegiances,
281; questioning of, 277–278
Author Painting a Chief at the Base of
the Rocky Mountains, The (Catlin),
341
Authors, see Literature; specific
authors
Autobiography of Malcolm X, The
(Malcolm X), 891
Automation, 816, 858
Automobiles and automobile
industry, 651, 712, 713 (illus.), 722
(illus.), 855; corporate dominance
in, 714; cultural impact of, 721;
environment and, 722; fuelefficient, 948; Japanese cars and,
968; labor unions and, 766; Nader
and, 886; in 1950s, 859, 860 (illus.);
registered cars (1900–1992), 720;
teens and, 871; women workers
and, 715; in World War I, 698
Awakening, The (Chopin), 603
Awful Disclosures of the Hotel Dieu
Nunnery in Montreal (Monk), 382
Axis, 798, 811
Aztec empire, 7, 41
Babbitt (Lewis), 730
Babcock, Orville, 500
Baby boom, 860–861, 979; youth
movement and, 906–910
Backcountry, 146–148
Bacon, Nathaniel, 73
Bacon’s Rebellion, 72–74
Bagley, Sarah, 318
Baker, James A., 968, 973
Baker, Newton D., 687, 690
Baker, Ray Stannard, 656
Baker v. Carr, 886–887
Bakker, Jim and Tammy, 944
Bakke v. U.S., 945–946
Balanced budget bill, 994
Balance of power: after Korean War,
830; World War II and, 798, 820
Balboa, Vasco Núñez de, 39
Baldwin, James, 729, 863
Baldwin Locomotive Works, 545
(illus.), 553
Balfour Declaration, 704
Balkan region: conflicts in, 997–998
Ball courts: Hohokam, 9
Ballinger, Richard, 667
Ballinger-Pinchot affair, 667
Balloon-frame houses, 327
Baltic states, 704, 967
Baltimore, Lord, see Calvert family
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 265, 324
Baltimore Orioles, 593 (illus.)
Bank holiday, 751
Bank of England, 96
Bank of the United States, 294 (illus.),
294–295; charter of (1816), 293;
First, 200–201; Marshall on, 249;
Panic of 1819 and, 264; Second, 248
Bankruptcies: corporate, 1020–1021;
economic growth and, 557; railroad,
625
Banks and banking: expansionism
and, 393; Federal Reserve banks,
672; in Great Depression, 745–746;
growth of, 217; land speculation
and, 263; national system of, 441; in
New Deal, 751; Panic of 1819 and,
264; payments suspended by, 746;
reform of, 670–672; in South, 558; in
states, 295; Whigs and, 390; World
War I loans and, 685. See also Bank
of the United States
Banneker, Benjamin, 176
Bannocks, 515
Baptism: Half-Way Covenant and,
61–62
Baptists, 119, 359; blacks as, 370–371,
493; colleges founded by, 362;
northern and southern wings of,
371; women’s church role and, 120
Barak, Ehud, 1000
Barbados, 37, 76, 76 (illus.)
Barbary pirates, see Tripolitan pirates
Barbed wire, 527
Barlowe, Arthur, 46
Barnard, George N., 465, 471 (illus.)
Barnard, Hannah, 101 (illus.)
Barnard College, 602
Barnum, P. T., 331, 333–334
Barriers to trade, 1004
Barrios, 529, 769
“Barroom Dancing” (Krimmel), 258
(illus.)
Barrow, David Crenshaw, 498 (map)
Barrow plantation, 498 (map)
Barter: in rural communities, 101
Bartholomew Gosnold Trading with
Wampanoag Indians at Martha’s
Vineyard (de Bry), 22 (illus.)
Barton, Bruce, 715
Barton, Clara, 467
Bartram, John, 102
Baruch, Bernard, 688
Baseball, 574 (illus.), 593 (illus.),
593–594; integration of, 831, 832
(illus.)
BASIC program, 940
Basie, Count, 774
Basketball, 602
Bataan peninsula, 788
Batch producers, 553
Bathroom: flush toilets and, 554
(illus.), 554–555, 555 (illus.)
Batista, Fulgencio, 782
Baton Rouge, 449
Battle of Britain, 786
Battles: in War of 1812, 244 (map). See
also specific battles and wars
Bay of Pigs fiasco, 880
“Bayonet rule,” 501
Beatles, 912
Beats, 871–872
Beaumont, Gustave de, 255–256
Beauregard, P. G. T., 446, 447, 448
Beautification movement, 649–650
Beaver pelts, 45, 45 (illus.), 65. See also
Fur trade
Beaver wars, 78, 83
Beck, E. M., 622
Becker, Carl, 785
Beckwourth, Jim, 258
Beecher family: Catharine, 279, 308,
328, 583; Henry Ward, 419, 583;
Lyman, 279, 306, 309, 382. See also
Stowe, Harriet Beecher
Begin, Menachem, 950
Beijing: Boxers in, 679. See also China
Beirut: massacre in, 957
Belarus, 968, 1000
Bel Geddes, Norman, 776
Belgium, 786
Belknap, William E., 501
Bell, Alexander Graham, 552
Bell, Daniel, 983
Bell, John, 428, 429 (map)
Bellamy, Edward, 571, 601, 644
Belleau Wood, battle at, 691
Bell Labs, 855
Bell Telephone Company, 552
Belmont, August, 626
I-5
I-6
Index
Benin, 25, 34 (illus.)
Bennett, Edward H., 651 (illus.)
Bennett, James Gordon, 331, 332, 393,
396
Benton, Thomas Hart, 397, 410, 730,
775, 794 (illus.)
Bentsen, Lloyd, 967
Beothuk Indians, 16, 45
Bergen Belsen, 810 (illus.)
Berger, Victor, 661, 662, 696, 697, 706
Berkeley, John (Lord), 80
Berkeley, William, 52 (illus.), 72, 73
Berkeley Free Speech Movement, 907,
907 (illus.)
Berkman, Alexander, 572
Berle, Adolph A., 750
Berlin: airlift, 823 (illus.); blockade of,
823; crisis, 880; division of, 823;
reunification of, 965–966
Berlin, Irving, 599, 599 (illus.), 651
Berliner, Emile, 694
Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis, 787–788
Berlin Wall, 880, 965–966, 966 (illus.)
Bernstein, Carl, 930
Bessemer, Henry, 547
Bessemer steel manufacturing
technology, 547, 551
Bethlehem, 1019
Bethune, Mary McLeod, 759
Beveridge, Albert J., 666, 679
Beverley, Robert, 70, 108
Bhopal, India, 1013
Bible: Catholic vs. Protestant, 382;
creationists and, 734; prophecy
from, 989; Protestant, 31, 32; in
public schools, 886
Bicameral legislature, 58, 178, 179,
187, 188
Bickerdyke, Mary Ann “Mother,” 466
Bicycles, 602–603
Biddle, Nicholas, 293, 294
Bierstadt, Albert, 340, 669 (illus.)
Big business: railroads as, 324–325.
See also Business
Big government, 673, 954, 958
“Big stick” policy, 681
Big Three, 806
Big Tree (Kiowa), 516
Bill of Rights (England, 1689), 91, 114
Bill of Rights (U.S.), 190, 198, 223. See
also Amendments; specific
amendments
Bills of right (states), 178
Billy the Kid, see Bonney, William H.
(Billy the Kid)
Bingham, George Caleb, 168 (illus.)
Bin Laden, Osama, 1000–1001,
1016–1017, 1018
Biological weapons ban, 1009
Biotech companies, 1010–1011
Bird, Caroline, 764–765
Birmingham: church bombing in, 889;
civil rights movement and, 879
(illus.), 887, 888
Birney, James G., 310, 392
Birth control, 912; antebellum, 281;
clinics, 660; Dennett and, 660; in
1930s, 765; pill and, 895, 896–897;
Sanger and, 660
Birth Control Review, 660
Birth of a Nation, The (movie), 656,
656 (illus.), 672, 734
Birthrate: antebellum, 281; decline in,
913, 942; in 1930s, 765; in
Pennsylvania, 81; of unmarried
women, 945, 981; World War II and,
801. See also Baby boom
Bison, see Buffalo
Black brass bands, 599
Black cabinet, 760
Black codes, 481, 496, 497
Blackface vaudeville acts, 595
Blackfeet Indians, 15, 513, 869
Blackfish, 168–169
Black Hawk: resistance by, 261
Black Hills, 517
Blacklist: in Hollywood, 835 (illus.),
836
Black lung disease, 562
Blackmun, Harry, 929, 939
Black Panther party, 892
Black Power, 891 (illus.), 891–892
Blacks, see African-Americans;
Africans; Slaves and slavery
Black Star Steamship Line, 736
Black suffrage, 479; congressional
Reconstruction and, 483; Fifteenth
Amendment, 486–488; Fourteenth
Amendment and, 482–483
Black Thursday, 744–745
Bladensburg, battle at, 245, 248 (illus.)
Blaine, James G., 614, 615, 616, 630
Blair, Ezell, Jr., 875
Blair, Tony, 1017, 1020
Bland, Richard, 627
Bland-Allison Act (1878), 502
Blasting powder, 266
Blatch, Harriot Stanton, 689, 696–697
Bleeding Kansas, 418, 419, 420 (map)
Blitzkrieg (lightning war), 786
Blitzstein, Marc, 756
Blockade-runners, 451
Blockades: of Berlin, 823; by Britain,
163; in Civil War, 445, 451, 452;
Cuban missile crisis and, 881; in
Spanish-American War, 632; War of
1812 and, 243; in World War I, 684
Block grants, 978
Bloody Mose (battle), 107
Blue-collar workers, 858;
McCarthyism and, 839
Blues (music), 651
Boarding schools: for Indians, 520
(illus.), 520–521, 521 (illus.)
Board of Indian Commissioners, 516
Board of Trade, 115
Bock’s Car, 811
Boeing Airplane Company, 826, 854,
855 (illus.)
Boesky, Ivan, 954, 1020
Boggs, Lilburn, 377, 378
Bogus Legislature (Kansas), 418–419
Bolden, Charles “Buddy,” 599
Bolsheviks, 689, 698, 706. See also
Soviet Union
Bombs and bombings: in Africa and
Middle East, 1000–1001; carpet
bombing, 830; of Germany, 795,
811; hydrogen bomb (H-bomb),
825; in Israel, 999–1000, 1018–1019;
Kaczynski and, 1016; in Oklahoma
City, 988, 989 (illus.), 1016; of Pearl
Harbor, 788; terrorist attacks
worldwide and, 993–994; of Tokyo,
811; of Vietnam, 900, 917, 921. See
also Atomic bomb; Hydrogen bomb
(H-bomb); Terrorism
Bomb shelters, 825
Bonanza farms, 535
Bonaparte, see Napoleon I (Bonaparte)
Bonds: trade in, 217
Bonneville Dam, 826
Bonney, William H. (Billy the Kid), 533
Bonn treaty: on global warming, 1009,
1014
Book of Common Prayer, 55
Book of Mormon, 302
Books, see Literature
Boom-and-bust cycles, 532, 625–626
Booms, see Depressions; Economy;
Panics
Boone, Daniel, 168 (illus.), 168–169,
536
Boone, Robert, 71
Boonesborough, Kentucky: siege of,
168 (illus.), 168–169
Booth, John Wilkes, 472–473
Booth, William, 589
Index
Borah, William, 705
Border, 113 (map); Mexican-American
culture along, 982; after Revolution,
172–173; southern, 251. See also
Boundary
Border Patrol, 733
Border states, 443, 446; desegregation
in, 849; secession and, 429–432
Bork, Robert, 931, 972
Born-again Christians, 944
Borrowing, 264; in 1920s, 745. See also
Credit
Bosnia, 974, 997
Bosnia-Herzegovina: World War I and,
683–684
Boss (political), 587 (illus.), 587–588.
See also Political machines;
Tammany Hall; specific bosses
Boston, 94 (illus.), 557 (illus.); British
evacuation of, 164; inequality of
wealth in, 274; population of, 103;
as port, 94; siege of, 159–160; Sons
of Liberty and, 141; Stamp Act
resistance in, 134 (illus.), 135–136;
Winthrop in, 55
Boston and Worcester Railroad, 265
Boston Associates, 271–272, 273
Boston Beaneaters, 593 (illus.)
Boston Guardian, 657
Boston House of Industry, 312–313
Boston Manufacturing Company, 272
Boston Massacre (1770), 122 (illus.),
123–124, 145
Boston Port Bill (1774), 150
Boston Tea Party, 149
Boucher, Jonathan, 161
Boulder Dam, see Hoover Dam
Boundary: with Canada, 246, 251; with
Oregon, 385, 394, 394 (map); Rio
Grande River as, 395, 398; slavery
and, 251; southern, 210; Texas-New
Mexico, 409, 410, 411. See also Border
Bourbons (agrarian faction), 504
Bourne, Randolph, 697, 726
Bow and arrow, 15
Bowling Alone: The Collapse and
Revival of American Community
(Putnam), 987
Bowman, John, 167
Boxer, Barbara, 973
Boxer rebellion, 679
Boxing matches, 593, 594 (illus.),
594–595, 598, 784–785
Boycotts: by blacks, 768; of British
goods, 137, 141; of classes, 893–894;
of grapes, 893; in Montgomery, 867;
of Moscow Olympics, 950;
secondary, 830; strikes and, 660; of
tea, 143, 148 (illus.)
Boyd, Belle, 467
Boyer, Will, 609
Boy Scouts, 664
Brace, Charles Loring, 588–589
Bracero program, 804, 868, 869
Bradbury, Norris, 826
Braddock, Edward, 125–126
Bradford, William, 56
Bradley, Omar, 829
Brady, James, 958
Brady, Mathew, 464, 465
Bragg, Braxton, 458, 459, 469
Branch Davidians: raid on, 988
Brandeis, Louis, 672–673
Brando, Marlon, 871
Brant, Joseph, 163, 167, 184, 184
(illus.)
Braun, Carol Moseley, 973
Brazil, 37, 39, 98, 366
Breaux, John, 958
Breckinridge, John C., 428
Breed’s Hill, battle at, 152
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, 689
Bretton Woods Agreement (1944), 818
Bricker, John, 839
Bridge, The (Stella), 731
Bringing in the Maple Sugar (Moses),
775 (illus.)
“Brinkmanship,” 850
Britain, see England (Britain)
Britain, Battle of, 786
British-American Convention (1818),
251
British East India Tea Company, 148,
149
British Empire: constitutional crisis
in, 124; Seven Years’ War and,
125–128. See also England (Britain)
British Guiana: boundary dispute and,
630, 631 (map)
British Rule (1756), 238
British West Indies: as slave society, 76
Britton, Nan, 717
Brodhead, Daniel, 167
Brokerage firms, 954
Brook Farm, 302 (map), 313, 329
Brooklyn Bridge, 640 (illus.)
Brooks, Preston, 361, 420, 420 (illus.)
Brothels, 589–590, 652. See also
Prostitution
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters,
802
Brown, Claude, 866
Brown, Henry, 369
Brown, James, 892
Brown, John, 406 (illus.), 407–408, 419,
426–427
Brown, Joseph, 463
Brown, William J., 276
Brown Fellowship Society, 430
Brown lung disease, 562
Brownsville Incident, 664
Brown University, 119, 602
Brown v. Board of Education of
Topeka, 848–849, 866, 886
Bruce, Blanche K., 489
Brulés, 516
Bryan, William Jennings, 636, 666;
election of 1896 and, 627–629;
Scopes trial and, 734; as secretary of
state, 685
Bryant, Anita, 943
Bryant, Dan, 333 (illus.)
Bryant, William Cullen, 342
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 950
Buchanan, James, 321, 408, 419
(illus.), 421; election of 1860 and,
427; Lecompton constitution and,
422–423
Buchanan, Pat, 973
Buckley, William F., Jr., 848, 884, 927
Buck v. Bell, 671
Buddhist protesters: in Vietnam, 880
(illus.)
Budget: Clinton and, 995; Reagan and,
959; surplus in, 616
Buffalo, 15, 270, 384, 512, 514, 518
Buffalo Bill: King of the Border Men
(Buntline), 537
Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show, 518, 537
Buffalo robes, 514
Building industry, see Construction
industry
Bulgaria, 795, 820
Bulge, Battle of, 796–797
Bull Dance, 234 (illus.)
Bull Moose party, see Progressive party
Bull Run: First Battle of, 446–447;
Second Battle of, 448, 453
Bunau-Varilla, Philippe, 680
Bundy, McGeorge, 899
Bunker Hill, battle at, 152
Buntline, Ned, see Judson, Edward
(Ned Buntline)
Bureaucracies: machine politics and,
587
Bureaucratization, 857
Bureau of Indian Affairs, 892, 946
Bureau of Labor, 649
I-7
I-8
Index
Bureau of Reclamation, 858
Bureau of War Risk Insurance (BWRI),
702, 702 (illus.)
Burger, Warren, 929, 972
Burgoyne, John, 166
Burials: in Cahokia, 13; by Iroquois, 79
(illus.)
Burk, John Daly, 214
Burke, Edmund, 142
Burlage, Dorothy, 905–906
Burleson, Albert S., 697
Burma, 788
Burnham, Daniel, 649–650, 651 (illus.)
Burns, Anthony, 411–412
Burns, Arthur, 845
Burnside, Ambrose, 448, 458
Burr, Aaron, 235–238; duel with
Hamilton, 235; election of 1800 and,
216; election of 1804 and, 234;
treason of, 235–238
Bus boycott: in Montgomery, 867
Busch, Moritz, 381
Bush, George: domestic policy of,
970–972; election of 1980 and, 952;
election of 1988 and, 967; election
of 1992 and, 973; Persian Gulf War
and, 969–970; presidency of,
967–973; Supreme Court and, 972;
as vice president, 952, 958
Bush, George W.: election of 2000 and,
1005–1007, 1006 (map); election of
2002 and, 1021–1022; presidency of,
1007–1012
Bush, Jeb, 1006
Bush, Laura, 1007
Business: in 1920s, 712–716; in 1990s,
1002; black, 623, 656, 981; Civil War
and, 461; consolidation of, 714;
Coolidge and, 718; costs of bigness,
856–858; cultural values and, 715;
depression of 1893-1897 and,
625–626; deregulation of, 953–954;
Eisenhower and, 845; failures of,
746; Hoover and, 739; innovation in,
217; overseas expansion by, 713;
Panic of 1819 and, 264;
progressivism and, 643, 647–649;
Roosevelt, Theodore, and, 663–664;
scandals in, 1020–1021; in Second
New Deal, 758; World War I and,
689, 784; World War II and, 790. See
also Big business; Corporations;
Regulation; specific businesses
Busing, 928–929
Bussell, Joshua, 305 (illus.)
Butler, Andrew, 420
Butler, Benjamin, 449
Butler, Pierce Mason, 360 (illus.)
Butler, Smedley (“Old Gimlet Eye”),
682–683
Byrnes, James F., 789, 812
Cabeza da Vaca, Alvar Nuñez, 43
Cabinet, 196; African-Americans in,
885, 1007; Constitution and, 188; in
New Deal, 750; Tenure of Office Act
and, 485. See also specific presidents
Cabot, George, 211
Cabot, John, 38–39
Cahokia, 11–14, 12 (illus.), 13 (illus.)
Cairo, 788, 795, 798
Cajuns, 128
Calculators, 941
Calendar: Aztec, 7; Mayan, 7
Calhoun, John C., 292, 360 (illus.), 361;
Compromise of 1850 and, 410; Eaton
affair and, 291 (illus.), 292; election
of 1827 and, 287, 288; election of
1828 and, 289–290; MexicanAmerican War and, 396; slavery and,
399–400; as war hawk, 241
Calhoun, John C. (King), 291 (illus.)
California, 529; acquisition of, 393,
398, 399; American settlements in,
388; annexation of, 378; braceros in,
804; defense industry in, 827, 854;
as free state, 408, 409; gold rush in,
401–404; Indians in, 14; MexicanAmerican War and, 395, 396–397;
Reagan and, 910, 952; Russians in,
204; slavery and, 399; space budget
and, 854; Spain and, 204 (map), 385;
statehood for, 410; woman suffrage
movement in, 658. See also
Hispanics; Mexican-Americans
California Citrus Growers’
Association, 535
California Fruit Growers Exchange, see
Sunkist
California Institute of Technology: Jet
Propulsion Laboratory of, 827
California State University, 817
Californios, 386, 389, 404, 529
Call-and-response singing, 599
Callender, James, 229
Callender, Thomas, 214
Calley, William, 920 (illus.), 920–921
Calloway, Gamma, 169
“Call to Arms, A” (Mumford), 785
Calvert family: Cecilius (Lord
Baltimore), 69, 73; Church of
England and, 92
Calvin, John, and Calvinism, 31, 32,
55, 57; Huguenots and, 45; in
Netherlands, 49
Cambodia, 825, 908, 921, 922;
Mayagüez and, 948
Cameron, James A., 353 (illus.)
Camp, Walter, 586
Campaigns (political), 612; of 1848,
836; of 1888, 616; of 1896, 628, 629
(illus.); contributions to, 616, 628;
costs of, 865, 994, 1013. See also
Elections
Campbell, Ben Nighthorse, 973
Campbell Soup, 556 (illus.)
Camp David: Accords, 950; Israelis
and Palestinians at (2000), 1000
Camp meetings, 299–300
Campobello Island, 743
Canada: army in, 96; boundary with,
246, 251; Catholicism in, 151;
Eskimos in, 15; fall to British, 126
(map); fishing rights of, 172, 630;
King William’s War and, 93; loyalists
and, 161–162; Mohawks in, 184;
NAFTA and, 974; Oregon and, 394,
394 (map); Quebec Act, 151;
settlements in, 97; U.S. land claims
and, 209; War of 1812 and, 243–245.
See also England (Britain); France;
New France
Canals, 265, 266–267, 268 (map), 277,
324
Canal Zone, 680; transferred to
Panama, 950. See also Panama Canal
Canary Islands, 37, 38
Candler, Asa Griggs, 495
Cane (Toomer), 728
Cane Ridge, Kentucky: camp meeting
at, 299–300
Canning, George, 252
Cannon, Joseph G., 667
Cape of Good Hope, 34, 38
Cape Verde Islands, 36
Capital: investment abroad and, 713;
labor and, 569–570; land
speculation and, 263; for southern
industrialization, 350
Capitalism: laissez-faire argument
and, 571; management and, 714. See
also Business
Capitol, 227
Capone, Al, 737, 737 (illus.), 770
Capra, Frank, 770
Caravan trade, 24, 25
Caravel, 34
Carbon dioxide, 1014
Index
Caribbean region: colonies in (1660),
75 (map); Europeans in, 42;
expansion into, 416, 417; France
and, 232; immigrants from, 769;
slavery in, 75–76; trade with, 181;
United States and, 681 (map), 956
(map). See also specific locations
Carlisle Indian school, 520, 521
Carmichael, Stokely, 876
Carnegie, Andrew, 547–549, 548
(illus.), 565, 571, 636
Carnegie Steel Company, 548,
569–570, 647
Carolinas: Florida and, 106;
immigration to, 100; Indians in,
77–78, 110; racism in, 104; slaves
and, 77, 86; Spanish invasion of, 93.
See also North Carolina; South
Carolina
Carpetbaggers, 488 (illus.), 488–489,
504
Carpet bombing, 830
Carranza, Venustiano, 683
Cars, see Automobiles and automobile
industry
Carson, Kit, 258, 449, 536–537
Carson, Rachel, 858, 858 (illus.), 879,
938
Carter, Jimmy, 948–950; Camp David
Accords and, 950; election of 1976
and, 948, 951; Haiti and, 999; Nobel
Prize and, 950 (illus.); North Korea
and, 1000
Carter, Stephen J., 944
Carteret, Philip, 80
Cartier, Jacques, 40, 45
Cartography, 34
Cartoon movies, 773
Cartwright, Peter, 300
Carver Hospital (Washington, D.C.),
466 (illus.)
Casablanca, 798
Casey, William, 959
Cash-and-carry policy, 786
Cash crops, 262, 263–264, 349. See also
Crops; specific crops
“Cash-only” cooperative stores, 618
Casinos, see Gambling
Cass, George W., 535
Cass, Lewis, 392, 400, 419 (illus.)
Caste system: in South, 624
Castile, 25, 28
Castle Garden immigrant center, 579
Castro, Fidel, 782, 853, 880, 882
Casualties: of Civil War, 438, 439, 445,
448, 449, 459; of Korean War,
829–830; in Persian Gulf War, 969; in
Revolution, 152, 173; in Tet
Offensive, 913–914; in Vietnam War,
921–922; in World War I, 708; of
World War II, 812
Catawba Indians, 110
Catch-the-Bear, 522
Catherine of Aragón, 32
Catholicism: anti-Catholicism and,
382; birth control and, 913; in
England, 32–33; of Irish immigrants,
381; of James II, 91; Klan and, 734;
in Maryland, 69, 92; of MexicanAmericans, 733; in New France, 83;
in New York, 91; in 1950s, 862; nonslave immigration and, 96; public
education and, 604–605; of Pueblo
Indians, 112; Quebec Act and, 151;
reform of, 32; school reform and,
308; in 16th century, 31; in Spanish
colonies, 84; of workers, 296. See
also Protestantism
Catholic Legion of Decency, 773
Catlin, George, 341 (illus.), 342,
513–514, 514 (illus.)
Catt, Carrie Chapman, 658, 685, 697,
699
Cattle industry, 529; drives and, 533;
trails and, 531 (map); in West, 531
(map), 533–535
Cattle kings, 534
Cavalry: Civil War and, 445; in
Spanish-American War, 636 (illus.)
Cayuga Iroquois Indians: King
William’s War and, 93
CBS, see Columbia Broadcasting
System (CBS)
CCC, see Civilian Conservation Corps
(CCC)
CD (compact disk), 937
Celebrities, see Movies and movie
stars
Celebrity culture, 725–726
Celera Genomics Corporation, 1010
Cemeteries: landscaping of, 342
Censorship: of movies, 652, 773; in
World War II, 794
Census: of 1920, 720; of 2000, 978
Central America: agriculture in, 5
Central High School: desegregation of,
849 (illus.), 849–850
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 789,
822; Americans investigated by, 928;
Bay of Pigs and, 880; covert
operations of, 825, 851–852, 924;
Iran-contra and, 959; Sandinistas
and, 956
Centralization: royal, 90–91
Central Pacific Railroad, 502, 523–524
Central Park (New York), 342
Central Valley: farming in, 535
Century, The, magazine, 597
Century of Dishonor, A (Jackson), 518
Ceremonies: of Indians, 14, 513–514.
See also specific ceremonies
Cession of land, see Land
Chaco Canyon, 9, 9 (illus.)
Chain gang, 621 (illus.), 622
Chain migration, 580
Chain stores, 714
Chamberlain, Mary Brown, 220
Chamberlain, Neville, 784
Chambers, Whittaker, 836–838
Champion Single Sculls (Eakins), 601
Champlain, Samuel de, 45–46
Chancellorsville, Battle of, 458, 458
(map), 469
Channing, William Ellery, 301, 312
Chaplin, Charlie, 652, 836
Chapman, Hannah, 364
Charbonneau, Toussaint, 235
Charity Organization Society (COS),
589, 590
Charles I (England), 55, 68, 69, 90
Charles II (England), 61, 77, 79, 80, 90
Charles V (Holy Roman Empire), 31
Charleston (Charles Town), 77, 103,
105, 360–361, 430–431; blacks in,
430–431; immigration to, 100; as
port, 94; in Revolutionary War, 171
(map)
Charleston (dance), 728
Charter: for Bank of the United States,
201, 293; in Massachusetts, 91, 150;
for Raleigh’s colony, 46; Supreme
Court on, 249; to Virginia, 47
Chase, Salmon P., 441, 442, 469, 470,
503
Chase, Samuel, 231, 232
Château-Thierry, battle at, 691
Chattanooga: siege of, 459–460
Chauncy, Charles, 104
Chávez, César, 893
Chavín de Huántar, 6
Chechnya, 998
“Checkers” speech (Nixon), 864
Checks and balances, 188
Cheever, John, 863
Chemical industry, 854
Chemical weapons, 1001
Cheney, Dick, 968, 1005, 1007, 1008,
1014, 1021
I-9
I-10
Index
Cherokee Indians, 44, 110, 147, 162,
259, 449; population of, 221;
Revolutionary War and, 167; “Trail
of Tears” and, 260–261
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 260
Cherokee Phoenix, 259, 260
Chesapeake Affair, 239
Chesapeake and Ohio canal, 265
Chesapeake region, 68–75; death rate
in, 70; English in, 54; expansion of,
73 (map); slavery in, 54, 74–75;
tobacco industry in, 71–72
Chesnut, Mary Boykin, 354, 456, 492
Cheyenne Indians, 513, 515, 516
Cheyenne Mountain Operations
Center, 850
Chiang, M. C., 896
Chicago, 270; Burnham and, 649, 651
(illus.); Democratic Convention
(1968) in, 918, 919 (illus.); jazz in,
731; organized crime in, 737; race
riots in, 705–706, 890; railroads and,
324; Republic Steel strike in, 767;
voting in, by ethnic groups, 739;
World’s Columbian Exposition in,
542 (illus.), 543–544, 634 (illus.)
Chicago Defender, 698, 725
Chicanos/Chicanas: in World War II,
804. See also Hispanics; MexicanAmericans
Chicano Youth Liberation Conference
(1969), 893
Chickamauga, Battle of, 459–460, 469
Chickasaw Indians, 110, 177–178, 206,
259
Chiefdoms, 6
Chief executive: Washington as,
196–197
Chief Joseph, 517 (illus.), 518
Childbearing, 220; antebellum, 281; in
English colonies, 97; in West Africa,
27
Child care: in African-American
community, 656; centers, 800
Child labor, 325, 562 (illus.), 646, 648,
648 (illus.), 649, 702; banning of,
764; in coal mines, 561–562; laws
and, 672, 719–720; in mills, 559,
561–562
Children: in Great Depression, 765;
homeless, 635 (illus.); in Indian
families, 16, 19; legislation
protecting, 719; in New England,
60–61; in 1950s, 861; poor, 588–589,
866, 866 (illus.); rearing of, 279–280;
upper-class, 605; urban, 582, 591
(illus.); welfare and, 977; during
World War II, 793, 800–801, 805
(illus.). See also Education
Children’s Aid Society, 588 (illus.),
588–589
Chile, 630, 924
Chillicothe, 168, 169
China, 787, 923; Carter and, 950;
Clinton and, 974; communism and
civil war in, 825; Dulles and, 850;
immigrants from, 401, 885; Japan
and, 784, 784 (map); Korean War
and, 828–829; Nixon and, 923
(illus.), 923–924; Open Door policy
and, 679–680; Taft and, 682;
Tiananmen Square riots in, 968;
trade with, 204, 1004; U.S. troops in,
680 (illus.); Vietnam and, 852; World
War II and, 784, 798; in WTO, 1012.
See also People’s Republic of China
(PRC)
China lobby, 825
Chinampas, 7
China Syndrome (movie), 938
Chinatowns, 581 (illus.)
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 567, 577
Chinese immigrants, 523, 530, 562,
565, 567, 577
Ch’ing empire (China), 679
Chippewa, Battle of, 245
Chippewa Indians, 892
Chisholm Trail, 533
Chisholm v. Georgia, 198
Chivington, John M., 515
Choctaw Indians, 109, 206, 255, 259,
260, 869
Cholera, 328, 329
Chopin, Kate, 603
Chosen People: blacks and, 371–372
Christian Anti-Communist Crusade,
848
Christian Coalition, 952, 973, 975, 976,
988, 989
Christian existentialism, 905
Christianity: Enlightenment and, 117;
expansionism and, 630; Indian
conversion to, 62; Jefferson and,
229; Muslims and, 24–25; in 1950s,
862; slavery and, 358, 370–372;
upheavals in, 31–32; in West Africa,
28, 35. See also Great Awakening;
Missions and missionaries;
Revivalism; specific groups and
churches
Christopher, Warren, 974
Chrysler Corporation, 767
Chumash Indians, 15 (illus.)
Church, Frederick, 340, 340 (illus.),
342
Churches: abolition of stateestablished, 180; black, 493–496,
623, 656; Half-Way Covenant and,
61–62; in New England, 58; New
Light vs. Old Light, 119. See also
Religion; specific churches
Churchill, Winston, 786, 787, 793, 795,
798, 806, 807, 807 (illus.), 812, 822;
iron curtain speech of, 821
Church of England, see Anglican
Church
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day
Saints, see Mormons
CIA, see Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA)
Cigarettes, 551, 556, 698, 726, 979
Cincinnati, 184, 269, 270
Cincinnati Red Stockings, 594
Cinque, Joseph, 289 (illus.)
CIO, see Committee for Industrial
Organization (CIO); Congress of
Industrial Organizations (CIO)
Circular letter, 141
Cities and towns, 576–583; banks in,
217; beautification and, 649–650;
black migration to, 492, 558–559,
698–699; colonial lifestyle in,
102–104; in 1820 and 1860, 270
(map); entertainment in, 651–652;
in Europe, 29; free blacks in,
366–367; gentrification in, 937;
governments of, 611; growth of,
269–270, 576–577; health boards in,
328; Hohokam, 8–9; housing in, 327;
immigrants in, 380, 580–581, 981;
influenza epidemic in, 700, 701
(illus.); Jefferson on, 230; lifestyle in,
326; machine politics in, 587–588; in
Mesoamerica, 6–8; MexicanAmericans in, 530; middle-class
women in, 643; migrants and
immigrants in, 577–580; mining,
532; Mississippian, 11; in New
England, 59, 271–273; in 1920s, 720;
political life in, 116; poverty in,
102–103, 571, 588–591, 591 (illus.);
prosperity and, 325; race riots in,
890; railroads and, 324; reforms in,
646–647, 649–651; reservation
Indians in, 869; western
development of, 528; white flight
from, 983; working-class leisure in,
591–596. See also Suburbs; Villages
Index
Citizenship: for blacks, 481–482, 622;
diversity and, 983; Fourteenth
Amendment and, 482; for Indians,
518, 762; national vs. state, 503
City-manager system, 647
City upon a hill, 55, 90
City Vigilance League, 590
Civil defense: in Cold War, 825
Civil disobedience: King and, 867, 887
“Civil Disobedience” (Thoreau), 336
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC),
751–752, 760, 762
“Civilization”: of Indians, 62, 206, 259;
on plantations, 358 (illus.)
Civilized Tribes, see Five Civilized
Tribes
Civil liberties: endangerment of, 145;
in England, 91; World War II and,
805
Civil rights: for free blacks, 176;
Johnson, Lyndon B., and, 883;
school desegregation and, 848–850;
after World War II, 832–833. See also
Civil rights movement
Civil Rights Act: of 1866, 481–482, 484;
of 1875, 484, 496, 503, 622; of 1957,
850; of 1960, 850; of 1964, 883, 885,
889, 894
Civil Rights Cases, 496, 622
Civil Rights Commission, 946
Civil rights movement: in 1950s, 867;
in 1960s, 874 (illus.), 875–876,
887–892; Black Power and, 891–892,
892 (illus.); impact of, 890; sit-ins in,
875–876, 877 (illus.)
Civil service: reform of, 501, 614–615
Civil Service Commission:
homosexuals and, 913
Civil Service Reform League, 615
Civil War (U.S.), 432–433, 437–475, 446
(map), 449 (map); beginning of,
433; blacks in Union Army, 455–457;
camera and, 464–465; in
Charleston, 431 (illus.); deaths in,
329, 473; debt from, 502; diplomacy
in, 452; dissent in, 463–466; in East,
446 (map), 446–448, 469; in 1863,
458 (map), 458–460, 459 (map), 460
(map); emancipation and, 452–454;
final Virginia campaign, 471–472,
472 (map); financing of, 440–441;
impact of, 472; leadership in,
441–443; Lee’s surrender in, 472;
medicine in, 466–467; mobilization
for, 439–443; naval battles in, 451
(illus.), 451–452; recruitment and
conscription in, 439–440; slaves in,
454–455 (illus.); strategies in,
444–446, 447–448, 468–469,
470–472, 472 (map); Union victories
in (1864–1865), 468–473, 471 (map),
472 (map); in West (1861–1862),
448–449, 449 (map); women in 450
(illus.), 461, 462–463, 466, 467–468
Civil wars: in China, 825; in Greece
and Turkey, 821–822; in Spain, 771
Civil Works Administration (CWA),
754–755, 756
Clark, Dick, 871
Clark, George Rogers, 167, 170 (map),
208
Clark, Jim, 889
Clark, Kenneth, 866
Clark, William, 235
Clarke, Elisha, 208
Clarke University, 495
Class: in Cahokia, 13; elites as,
105–108; in middle colonies, 79;
middling, 276–277; in 1950s, 862; of
paupers, 275; peasants as, 28–29;
public education and conflict of,
603–605; after Revolution, 174; state
constitutions and, 179; Victorian
code and, 583; Winthrop on, 55. See
also Status; specific classes
Classicism, 335
Clay, Cassius, see Ali, Muhammad
Clay, Cassius Marcellus, 358
Clay, Henry, 246, 251, 287, 288, 391;
banks and, 293; Compromise of
1850 and, 409–410, 411; tariff and,
293; as war hawk, 241. See also
American System (Clay)
Clayton Antitrust Act (1914), 671, 672
Clean Air Act: of 1963, 879, 885; of
1990, 972
Clean Water Act, 885
Cleaveland, John, 143
Cleland, Thomas Maitland, 814 (illus.)
Clemenceau, Georges, 690, 703
Clemens, Samuel Langhorne, see
Twain, Mark
Clemente, Roberto, 869
Clemson, Thomas Green, 361
Clergy: Anglican, 32; criticisms of, 278;
Hutchinson on, 57; political protests
by, 139; slave marriages and, 364.
See also Religion; specific groups
Clermont (steamboat), 264
Cleveland, 270, 549
Cleveland, Grover, 543, 616, 625, 630,
631, 664; cattle industry and,
534–535; depression of 1893-1897
and, 625–626; election of 1884 and,
615–616; election of 1888, 616–617;
election of 1892 and, 624; Pullman
strike and, 570
Clifford, Clark, 917
Climate, 4, 29
Clinton, Bill, 806, 878 (illus.), 958;
campaign reform and, 1013;
election of 1992 and, 973; at end of
term, 1007; environment and, 1014;
first term of, 973–978; impeachment
of, 996–997; Lewinsky scandal and,
995–996; second term of, 994–1004;
sex scandals and, 987
Clinton, DeWitt, 246, 289
Clinton, George, 234; on ratification,
190
Clinton, Henry, 166, 167, 170–171, 172
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 974, 995, 1007
Clipper ships, 402 (illus.), 402–403
Cloning, 1011, 1011 (illus.)
Closed shop, 830
Cloth: European and Indians uses of,
65; production of, 217
Clothing: dressmakers and, 553;
inexpensive mass-produced, 552; in
1920s, 720; Revolution and, 174;
sewing machines and, 318; in West,
257; for women bicyclists, 603. See
also Textile industry
Coahuila-Texas, 386
Coal and coal industry, 327, 544,
561–562, 650
Coalition: of New Deal, 758–760; in
Seven Years’ War, 128, 129
Cobb, Ty, 725
Coca-Cola, 653
Cocaine, 653
Code of honor: in Charleston, SC, 361;
in South, 359
“Code talkers”: Navajo, 804
Codices: Mayan, 7
Codification of slavery, 74
Cody, William F. (“Buffalo Bill”), 514,
518, 537
Coercive Acts, 150–151
Coeur d’Alene silver-mine strike, 569,
624
Cohabitation, 913
Cohan, George M., 695
Coin’s Financial School (Harvey), 627
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 83, 96
Colby, L. W., 522, 523 (illus.)
Colby, Marguerite, see Lost Bird
(Marguerite Colby)
I-11
I-12
Index
Cold Harbor, battle at, 469
Cold War, 783, 815–840, 844;
anticommunism and, 834–839; in
Asia, 825–828; Berlin blockade and
airlift, 823 (illus.), 823–824; Carter
and, 950; containment and, 821–823;
détente in, 881; division of Europe
after, 824 (map); education and, 870;
Eisenhower and, 850–853; end of,
965–966, 967–969; Goldwater on,
884; Greece, Turkey, and, 821–822;
Korean War and, 828–830, 829 (map);
left and right in, 837 (illus.); movies
of, 835 (illus.); new world order after,
1001–1002; polarization and,
820–821; Reagan and, 958
Cole (ship): bombing of, 1001
Cole, Thomas, 340–343
Colfax, Schuyler, 500
Collective action: by women, 282
Collective bargaining, 701–702; ban
of, 858
College of New Jersey, see Princeton
College of Rhode Island, see Brown
University
Colleges, see Universities and colleges
Collier, John, 762, 869
Collier’s magazine, 645
Collins, Dan, 815, 816
Collot, Victor, 213
Colombia: Panama Canal and, 680
Colonias, 733, 804, 869
Colonies and colonization, 42, 53–54;
in Chesapeake, 68–75; debt and,
129–132; Dutch, 49–50, 78–79;
economy and society in, 94–108;
English, 47–49, 54, 100 (map);
Enlightenment and, 116–117;
French, 82, 83–84, 96, 113 (map);
independence of, 160; middle
colonies, 78 (map), 78–82; in New
England, 55–68, 63 (map); Norse,
15–16; population of, 163; public life
in, 114–120; resistance by women in,
142–143; Restoration, 77; on
Roanoke Island, 46–47; royal
centralization of, 90–91; slavery and,
75–76, 77–78; Spanish, 84–88, 96, 97,
112–113, 113 (map); statehood and,
178–180; Swedish, 78, 79; urban
areas in, 102–104; after World War I,
703. See also Immigrants and
immigration; Parliament (England);
specific colonies
Colorado, 258, 385, 399, 528
Colored Orphan Asylum, 463
Color line, 222–224
Colt, Samuel, 320–321, 329
Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS),
723, 1002
Columbian exchange, 41–42
Columbia River region, 237, 258, 827
Columbia University, 119, 602
Columbine High School, 979, 979
(illus.)
Columbus, Christopher: exploration
by, 35–36, 38; on San Salvador,
23–24; second voyage of, 39 (illus.);
transfer of organisms and, 36, 41–42
Comanche Indians, 14, 110, 112, 515,
516
Comics, 802; anticommunist, 835
Coming of Post-Industrial Society,
The:.... (Bell), 983–986
“Coming out”: of gays, 913
Commerce: under Constitution (U.S.),
187; in English colonies, 86; ICC
and, 618; interstate, 264; maritime,
94 (illus.). See also Trade
Commercial agriculture: market
economy and, 262
Commission on Training Camp
Activities, 687, 701
Committee for Industrial
Organization (CIO), 766
Committee of Seventy, 590
Committee on Public Information
(CPI), 693
Committees of correspondence,
148–149, 151
Committees of observation and safety,
151
Committee to Re-Elect the President
(CREEP), 929
Commoner, Barry, 926
Common Law, The (Oliver Wendell
Holmes, Jr.), 645
Commons: enclosure of, 29
Common Sense (Paine), 153–154
Common Sense Book of Baby and
Child Care (Spock), 861
Commonwealth: in Massachusetts, 60
Commonwealth v. Hunt, 383
Communes: counterculture and, 915
Communication(s), see Media;
Transportation; specific forms
Communism: in Asia, 853; in
Cambodia, 921; Cold War and, 816;
containment of, 872; at Oneida
community, 314; Red Scare and, 706;
in Russia, 689, 704; Smith Act and,
848; in Third World, 880; Truman
and, 820. See also McCarthy, Joseph,
and McCarthyism
Communist party (U.S.), see American
Communist party
Community: Franklin, Benjamin, and,
116–117
Community Action Program, 884
Community of women: in New
England, 59
Company of New France, 83
Compass, 34
Competition, 571, 645; evolutionary
theory and, 644; industrialization
and, 544–545; railroads and, 547;
trusts and, 550–551
Compiègne: World War I and, 703
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Act
(1970), 945
Compromise of 1850, 409–411, 410
(map)
Compromise of 1877, 506–507
Compromise Tariff, see Tariffs, of 1833
Compton, Arthur H., 732
Computers, 855–856, 964 (illus.), 986;
PCs and, 940–941; World War II and,
793
Comstock, Anthony, 589
Comstock, Daniel, 772
Comstock, Henry, 531–532
Comstock Lode, 531, 532
Concentration camps: in Cuba, 632;
Jews in, 807–810
Concord, 124, 152, 153 (illus.)
Condict, John, 217
Condom, 281
Coney Island, 595–596, 652 (illus.)
Confederación de Uniones de
Campesinos y Obreros Mexicanos,
769
Confederacy, see Iroquois
Confederacy
Confederate Congress, 440, 456–457,
463
Confederate Constitution, 442
Confederate States of America, 427,
429, 437, 439–440; diplomacy of,
452; dissent in, 463; finances of, 441;
after Gettysburg, 460; population
and economic resources of,
443–444; society in, 460–468; war
mobilization by, 439–443. See also
Civil War (U.S.); Reconstruction;
Union (Civil War); specific issues
Conference for Progressive Political
Action (CPPA), 719
“Confessions”: of Turner, Nat, 346
Index
Confiscation Acts (1861 and 1862),
453, 454, 455, 470
Conflict: in Europe, 28; regional, 160;
in white South, 356. See also Wars
and warfare; specific battles and
conflicts
Conformity: in 1950s, 860–865, 873
Conglomerates, 856
Congo River region, 25
Congregationalists, 91, 119, 120, 300,
301
Congress: under Articles of
Confederation, 180; under
Constitution, 187, 188; Continental,
163; Contract with America and,
976; Eightieth, 830–831; Eighty-first,
834; Eighty-ninth, 884–885; election
of 1952 and, 840; election of 1992
and, 973; election of 1994 and, 976;
ex-Confederates in, 481; Johnson,
Andrew and, 481–482; New Deal
and, 758; powers of, 249; Seventyninth, 819; special electoral
commission of (1877), 506. See also
Continental Congress
Congress: provincial, 152
Congressional Reconstruction,
483–485, 485 (map), 488, 490–491,
508–509; black suffrage, Fifteenth
Amendment, and, 486–488
Congressional Union, 658
Congress of Industrial Organizations
(CIO), 767, 830. See also AFL-CIO
Congress of Racial Equality, 802, 887,
892
Conkling, Roscoe, 614–615
Connecticut, 91, 119, 147
Connecticut Compromise, 187
Connecticut Gazette, 154
Connecticut River Valley region:
Pequot War and, 56
Connor, Eugene “Bull,” 879 (illus.), 888
Conquistadors, 8, 40–41
Conroy, Jack, 748–749
Conscience Whigs, 400, 417
Conscientious objectors (COs), 696
Consciousness-raising: women’s
liberation and, 895
Conscription, see Draft (military)
Conscription Act (1862), 440
Conservation, 834; of energy, 951;
environmental, 722, 879; Roosevelt,
Theodore, and, 664–666; in West,
537–539
Conservatives and conservatism: in
1950s, 860; in 1960s, 884; in 1970s,
943–944; in 1990s-2000s, 988–989;
Bush, George W., 1007–1012; Clinton
and, 975–978, 996–997; McCarthyism
and, 848; in New Deal, 764; Nixon
and, 918–919, 926; Reagan and, 952;
southern Democrats as, 491; on
Supreme Court, 972; after World War
II, 830. See also Right wing
Consolidation: business, 647, 714,
856–857; labor, 858
Conspicuous consumption, 644
Constitution(s): Articles of
Confederation as, 160; in Carolina,
77; Confederate, 442; in Missouri,
251; Reconstruction and, 483; rights
in, 178
Constitution (ship), 239, 243, 243
(illus.)
Constitution (U.S.): approval of,
187–188; courts in, 197; creation of,
185–189; interpretation of, 249;
ratification of, 160, 189–191;
Reconstruction and, 503; role of
government under, 248; on slavery,
188; strict constructionism of,
233–234
Constitutional Convention, 186–187
Constitutional crisis: in British
Empire, 124
Constitutional Union party, 428
Construction industry, 746
Construction of a Dam (Gropper), 757
(illus.)
Consumer price index, 819
Consumers, 872–873; in 1920s, 545,
745; in 1990s, 987–988; culture of,
658; department stores and, 584;
electronics for, 937; after World War
II, 819
Consumers’ League of New York, 589
Contagion theory of disease, 328
Containment doctrine, 821, 830, 872
Continental Army, 152, 160, 162
(illus.), 163–164, 166
Continental Association, 152
Continental Congress, 163, 180; First,
151–152; Second, 152, 153
Continentals (currency), 180
Continental System, 239
Contraband: slaves as, 453, 454–455
Contraceptives, 660, 913. See also
Birth control
Contracts: for freedmen, 497; for
indentured servants, 70 (illus.);
Supreme Court on, 248–249; “yellow
dog,” 569
Contract with America, 976
Contras, 968; Reagan and, 956–957.
See also Iran-contra scandal
Converse, Frederick, 731
Conversion: of blacks, 371; by
Franciscans, 204; by French
missionaries, 82; in Great
Awakening, 118; Half-Way Covenant
and, 61–62; of Indians, 62; Puritans
and, 33; by Shakers, 303
Conversos, 25; Teresa of Avila as, 32
Convict laborers, 100
Convict-lease system, 621 (illus.), 622
Cook, James, 204, 808
Cooke, Jay, 441, 502
Coolidge, Calvin, 707, 716–719, 745
Cooper, Anthony Ashley, 77
Cooper, James Fenimore, 256, 334,
335, 536
Cooperatives: farmer, 617, 618, 619
Copland, Aaron, 731, 774
Copley, John Singleton, 143 (illus.),
194 (illus.)
Copperheads, 463, 469–470
Coral Sea, Battle of, 797
Corbett, “Gentleman Jim,” 594 (illus.),
598
CORE, see Congress of Racial Equality
Corn: cotton production and, 348. See
also Maize (corn)
Corne, Michael Felice, 243 (illus.)
Cornelius Low House, 108, 108 (illus.)
Cornell University, 585, 586
Cornwallis, Charles, 171 (map), 172
Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de, 44
Corporations: bankruptcies and fraud
in, 1020–1021; CEO earnings and,
1021; dominance by, 714; gender
and labor in, 644 (illus.); Hoover
and, 739; labor unions and, 716;
multinational, 856; in 1990s, 1002;
organization of, 549–551; rise of,
544–551; Supreme Court on,
248–249; unionization and,
767–768; workers and growth of,
647–649. See also Business
Corpus Christi, 395
Corregidor, 788
Corruption (political), 649; civil
service reform and, 614–615; in
Grant administration, 500–501; in
Reconstruction governments, 490;
Tweed Ring and, 500 (illus.)
Cortés, Hernán, 41, 41 (illus.)
Cortina, Juan, 529
Cosby, William, 116
I-13
I-14
Index
Cosby Show, 945
Cosmetics industry, 715
Costa Rica, 956
Cost of living: after World War II, 819
Cotopaxi (Church), 340 (illus.)
Cotton Club, 728, 729
“Cotton diplomacy,” 452
Cotton gin, 224, 262, 271, 318, 319
Cotton industry, 217, 262, 271; child
labor in, 561–562, 562 (illus.); in
Civil War, 462, 463; cotton-mill
economy and, 559–560; exports as
percentage of U.S. exports, 348
(illus.); extent of, 347–348; fertilizer
for, 322; King Cotton and, 346–351;
mills in, 270, 272–273; production
and slaves (1790–1860), 348 (illus.);
slavery and, 223–224; strikes in, 769
Coughlin, Charles, 755
Council of Economic Advisers, 819,
845
Council of Foreign Ministers, 807
Council of National Defense: Woman’s
Committee of, 697
Council of Nobles: in Carolina, 77
Council of Trent, 32
Councils: in states, 178. See also
Assemblies; Legislature
Counterculture, 906, 910–913; in
Haight Ashbury, 912, 914–915, 915
(illus.). See also Youth movement
Counter-Reformation, 32
Country of the Pointed Firs, The
(Jewett), 600
Country party (England), 138
Coups: in Iran, 852
Coureurs de bois, 84
Course of Empire, The (Cole), 340
Courthouse, 115 (illus.)
“Court-packing” scheme, 762–763
Court party (England), 138
Court system, 197–198; establishing,
197–198; in New England, 59;
progressive thought and, 645; Sugar
Act and, 133–134; in Virginia, 68. See
also Judiciary; Supreme Court
Covenant: of League of Nations, 704;
of Puritans, 61–62
Covenant Chain, 110–111
Covert actions, 851–852, 956
Cowboys: cattle frontier and, 533–535,
534 (illus.)
Cowley, Malcolm, 748
Cox, Archibald, 930, 931
Cox, George B., 612
Cox, James M., 707, 717
Coxey’s army, 625, 626, 626 (illus.)
CPI, see Committee on Public
Information (CPI)
CPPA, see Conference for Progressive
Political Action (CPPA)
Cradle Will Rock, The (Blitzstein), 756
Craft organizations, 271
Crafts: earnings through, 101
Crane, Stephen, 600
Crash, see Stock market, crash (1929)
Crawford, William, 287, 288
Creationists, 734
Credit: easy money and, 502;
Hamilton on, 199–200; land
speculation and, 263; panics and,
249, 264; purchases with, 715; in
Reconstruction South, 498–499
Credit cards, 858
Crédit Mobilier scandal, 500, 610
Creek confederacy, 78, 162–163
Creek Indians, 44, 86, 110, 206 (illus.),
259; land cession by, 184;
Oglethorpe and, 111; removal of,
260; Spain and, 112, 205–206
Creel, George, 693
Creoles, 98–99, 599
Cressy, Josiah P., 403
Crick, Francis, 1010
Crime, 975; decline in, 979; against
gays, 988 (illus.); in Miami, 985;
prison reform and, 311–312; rights
of criminals and, 886, 887; teenage,
870. See also Organized crime;
Shootings
Crimean War, 464
Crittenden, John J., 432, 433
CROATOAN, 47
Croatoan Indians, 47
Crocker, Charles, 565
Crockett, Davy, 388
Croly, Herbert, 644–645, 667, 696
Cromwell, Oliver, 61
Cronkite, Walter, 882 (illus.), 916
Cronon, William, 665
Crop-lien system, 499–500, 618
Crop rotation, 102, 351
Crops: in Archaic societies, 5; in
Carolina, 77; Columbian exchange
and, 42; in Eastern Woodlands, 14;
in Georgia, 112; of Inca, 8; markets
for, 262; in Midwest, 319; Panic of
1819 and, 264; planting of, 18 (illus.);
after Revolution, 181; in Southwest,
7. See also Agriculture; specific crops
“Cross of Gold” speech, see Bryan,
William Jennings
Crow Dog, Mary, 893
Crow Indians, 15, 513, 515
Crusades, 25
Cuba, 127; Batista in, 782; Bay of Pigs
fiasco and, 880; Castro and, 853;
expansionism and, 416; Mose,
Florida, residents in, 107; slaves in,
40–41; Spanish-American War and,
632–636, 633 (map); U.S.
expansionism and, 632
Cuban missile crisis, 880–881
Cubans: immigration by, 769, 885; in
Miami, 982, 984, 985
Cullom, Shelby M., 547
Cultivation: in Archaic societies, 5
Cult of domesticity, 583–584, 602
Cultural diversity: citizenship and,
983; in Miami, 985; in middle
colonies, 78, 79; between 2500 B.C.1500 A.D., 5–16; in 2000, 980; in
Western Hemisphere, 2; World War
II and, 804–805, 809
Culture(s): in 1920s, 720–726; in 1930s,
770–777; in 1950s, 862–863; after
1960s, 936, 937–962; in 1990s-2000s,
978–989; African-American, 369–373,
656; Andean, 7 (map); business
values and, 715; comparison of, 16;
conflict in, 596–605; of Eastern
Woodlands, 10–14; European,
28–30; of free blacks, 367; Indian,
177–178, 513–514, 518, 520–521; of
Mesoamerica and South America,
5–8; Mexican-American in
Southwest, 529–530; middle-class,
583–586; nonfarming, 14–16; of
Northwest Coast, 14 (illus.); PaleoIndian, 4; popular, 694–695, 802;
public education and, 307; slave,
105 (illus.); of Southwest, 8–10; of
television, 864–865; Victorians and,
597–600. See also Popular culture;
Society; specific cultures
Culture of Disbelief, The (Carter), 944
Culture of Narcissism, The (Lasch), 937
Culture of poverty, 883
Culture wars, 988–989
Cumberland Gap, 168
Cuomo, Mario, 976
Currency: bank controversy and, 294;
California banknotes as, 386; euro
as, 1004; gold/silver coins and U.S.
Treasury notes, 613; reform of,
670–672; sound-money vs. easy
money, 502. See also Money; Specie
Currency Act (1900), 629
Index
Curry, John, 363
Cushing, Harvey, 732
Custer, George Armstrong, 516
Custer’s last stand, 516–518
Custom-made products, 553
Customs: Boston Massacre and, 145;
revenue act enforcement and,
143–145; in West, 257–258
Customs agents, 144–145
Cuyahoga River, 926
Cuzco, 8
CWA, see Civil Works Administration
(CWA)
Cystic fibrosis, 1011
Czechoslovakia, 526, 704, 823; in
World War II, 783–784, 785
Czech Republic, 998
Czolgosz, Leon, 663
Dabney, Thomas, 354–355
Daguerreotypes, 464
Dairy production, 218 (illus.),
218–219, 219 (illus.)
Dakotas, see North Dakota; South
Dakota
Dakota Sioux, 449, 515
Daley, Richard, 917
Dallas: Kennedy assassination in, 881,
882 (illus.)
Dalrymple, Oliver, 535
Dams: Hetch Hetchy Valley and,
668–669; New Deal and, 761
Danbury Hatters case, 660
Dance: black, 372–373
Dance halls, 596, 652
Danger of an Unconverted Ministry
(Gilbert Tennent), 119
Daniels, Bob, 945 (illus.)
Danish immigrants, 526
Danvers, see Salem Village (Danvers)
Darby, James, 981
Dar-es-Salaam embassy bombing,
1000
Darrow, Clarence: Scopes trial and, 734
Dartmouth College, 119
Dartmouth College v. Woodward,
248–249
Darwin, Charles, 537, 571, 644, 734
Daschle, Tom, 1022
Das Kapital (Marx), 571–572
Daugherty, Harry, 717
Daughters of Bilitis, 913
Daughters of Liberty, 143
Daughters of the American Revolution
(DAR), 760
Davenport, Charles B., 654
Davenport, James, 119
Davis, David, 506
Davis, Henry Winter, 480
Davis, Jefferson, 427, 429, 455, 457,
469, 471, 508; cabinet of, 442;
dissent and, 463–466; as wartime
leader, 441, 442
Davis, John W., 719
Davis, Katherine Bement, 659
Davis, Miles, 863
Dawes, William, 152
Dawes Severalty Act (1887), 518–519,
519 (map), 535–536, 762
Day care: centers for, 660, 943
Dayton, Ohio, 647, 647 (illus.)
Dayton Accords, 997
D-Day, 793, 795–796, 796 (illus.)
DDT, 793, 858, 879
Deadwood Dick (Wheeler), 534
Dean, Gordon, 827 (illus.)
Dean, James, 871, 906
Dean, John, 930, 931 (illus.)
Death rates, see Casualties; Mortality
rate
Debating societies, 281
De Bow, J. D. B., 349
Debs, Eugene V., 570, 661–662, 662
(illus.), 663, 667–670, 696, 697, 707,
707 (illus.), 766
Debt: after Civil War, 502; colonial,
129–132; enslavement and, 34;
Hamilton and, 199; market
economy and, 262; of planters, 353;
Revolutionary, 173, 185. See also
National debt
Decatur, Stephen, 230 (illus.)
December 7, 1941, see Pearl Harbor
Declaration of Independence,
154–155, 168; bicentennial of, 948;
slavery and, 175
Declaration of Purposes, 892
Declaration of Sentiments, 311
Declaratory Act (1766), 137, 146
Dedham, Massachusetts, 59
Deep South, see Lower South
Deere, John, 319
Defense: in 1950s, 854; in 1960s, 879;
missiles for, 1009. See also Security
(safety)
Defense Department, 822
Defense spending, 825; from 19411960, 825; from 1950-1953, 830;
World War II and, 785, 790, 817
Deficit, 954, 970–971, 974; in New
Deal, 763; Reagan and, 959;
recession and, 1012; trade, 1004
DeForest, Lee, 772
Deforestation, 29, 102, 1014
Deganawidah (the Peacemaker), 1–2,
50
Deists, 117
Delany, Martin, 455
Delaware, 443
Delaware Indians, 80, 109, 111, 126,
132, 147, 162, 167, 183
Delaware River region, 82, 164
Dellinger, Gilbert, 668 (illus.)
Demilitarized zone: after World War I,
703
Democracy, 179; Federalist fear of, 211
Democracy and Education (Dewey),
645
Democracy and Social Ethics
(Addams), 645
Democracy in America (Tocqueville),
256, 299
Democratic Leadership Council
(DLC), 958
Democratic National Committee:
Watergate break-in and, 929
Democratic National Convention
(1968), 918, 919 (illus.)
Democratic party, 285 (illus.), 286,
400, 421, 610–611, 832–833, 833
(map); banking and, 297; in Civil
War, 441, 442–443, 463; Dixiecrats
and, 832, 833; ethnicity and,
612–613; expansion and, 378; free
soilers and, 416; Fugitive Slave Act
and, 413; immigrant affiliations
with, 383–384; Kansas and, 419
(illus.); leaders of, 287; Locofocus in,
295; New Deal coalition of, 758–760;
in 1920s, 717, 719; origins of, 289;
political ideologies of, 611, 612; in
Reconstruction, 491, 504–505, 507;
redemption and, 505; regional
strength of, 612; slavery and,
399–400; in South, 624
Democratic People’s Republic of
Korea, see North Korea
Democratic politics (1824–1832),
287–294
“Democratic Vistas” (Whitman), 605
Demographics: in Chesapeake, 70; of
immigrants to British colonies, 99;
West African slave trade and, 35
Demonetization: of silver, 613
Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan
Development Act (1966), 885
Dempsey, Jack, 725
Deng Xiaoping: Carter and, 950
I-15
I-16
Index
Denmark, 786
Dennett, Mary Ware, 660
Dennison, Patience, 59–60
Dennis v. United States, 836
Departments of government, see
specific departments
Department stores, 584–585, 585
(illus.), 651
Deposit Act (1836), 295, 297
Deppe, Ferdinand, 385 (illus.)
Depressions: of 1830s, 324–325; of
1840s, 390; of 1873, 498, 502, 527,
618–619; of 1893-1897, 624,
625–626; in Chesapeake, 72; in New
England, 185; Panic of 1837 and,
297; after Revolution, 181. See also
Great Depression; Panics
De Priest, Oscar, 720
Deregulation, 953–954
Desegregation, 849 (illus.), 867; of
buses, 867; Nixon and, 928–929; in
Reconstruction South, 496; of
schools, 848–850. See also Civil
rights movement
Deseret, 377–378. See also Utah
Desert: cultures of, 14–15
Desert Land Act (1877), 526
Desert Storm, see Operation Desert
Storm
De Soto, Hernando, 43, 44
Despotism: Jefferson and, 230
Destroyers-for-bases swap, 787
Détente policy, 881, 923–924, 962
Detroit, 109, 132, 254 (illus.); Brant at,
184; growth of city, 270; racial
protests in, 803, 890–891; in War of
1812, 245
Dewey, George, 632, 633 (map), 637
Dewey, John, 645, 678, 696, 697
Dewey, Thomas E., 798, 833
De Witt, John, 805 (illus.)
Dewson, Molly, 760
Dial, The (magazine), 313
Días, Bartolomeu, 34
Díaz, Adolfo, 681–682
Díaz, Porfirio, 683
Dickinson, Anna E., 467
Dickinson, Emily, 338
Dickinson, John, 137, 139, 141, 151, 180
Dictatorship: in Germany, 783
Diem, Ngo Dinh, 853, 880 (illus.),
898–899
Dienbienphu, 852
Diet: antebellum, 327; in Civil War,
450; health and, 329; of slaves, 366.
See also Food(s); Nutrition
Diggers, 915
Digital Equipment Corporation
(DEC), 940
Dillard, Annie, 825
Dillinger, John, 770
Dime novels, 534, 537
Dingley Tariff (1897), 629
Diphtheria: epidemic of, 118
Diplomacy: Adams, John, and,
215–216; Bush, George W., and,
1009; in Civil War (“cotton
diplomacy”), 452; Indian-British
(1764), 132 (illus.); in 1920s,
718–719; Nixon and, 923–924;
Washington and, 205. See also
Foreign policy
Direct election: of presidential
electors, 287; of senators, 673
Direct primary, 647, 648
Disabled persons, 971, 971 (illus.)
Discount chains, 935–936
Discrimination: against AfricanAmericans, 275–276; against Asian
children, 682; by gender, 894;
industrialization and, 565; job, 971;
resistance to, 768–769; in
Southwest, 529–530; wage, 715
Disease: AIDS and, 942–943;
antebellum, 328–329; in Carolina,
77; in Chesapeake, 70; in cities, 102;
in Civil War, 467; diphtheria
epidemic and, 118; genetic research
and, 1011; health movements and,
326; among Indians, 54, 62, 946;
indoor plumbing and, 555; in New
England, 60; in Philadelphia, 130;
among slaves, 366; smallpox as, 234;
in Spanish-American War, 633;
Spanish introduction of, 41–42, 204;
theories of, 328–329; treatments for,
861; in urban slums, 582; in World
War I, 691. See also Epidemics
Disestablishment, 180
Disfranchisement: of black voters,
621; of middle-class women, 658
Disinherited, The (Conroy), 748–749
Disney, Walt, 773, 836; theme parks of,
937, 987
Displaced Persons Act, 834
Dissent: in Civil War, 463–466; legal
suppression of, 697–698; in New
England, 56–58; in Plymouth, 49; in
World War I, 696–697. See also
Protest(s); Puritans and Puritanism;
Separatists
Distant Early Warning Line, 850
Distribution of income: in 1990s,
1003–1004
Distribution of wealth: in New
England, 63; single tax and, 571
Distribution systems: in 1920s, 714; of
railroads, 545
District of Columbia: slavery in, 409,
410
District schools, 307
Diversification: economic, 95
Diversity, see Cultural diversity
Division of labor: on southern
plantations, 352
Divorce, 220, 603, 643, 801, 816; in
New England, 60; sexual revolution
and, 912–913
Dix, Dorothea, 313, 467
Dixiecrats, 832, 833
Dixieland jazz, 599, 731
Djerassi, Carl, 896
DNA: genetics research and, 1010
Doctors, see Medicine; Physicians
Doctrine of separate spheres, see
Separate spheres doctrine
Documentaries: in 1930s, 770
Dodge, Josephine, 658
Doeg Indians, 73
Dole, Robert, 976, 994
Dollar diplomacy, 681, 682
Domesticity, 311; in 1950s, 861–862;
women’s movement and, 894
Domestic policy, see specific presidents
Domestic sphere, 659
Dominican Republic, 38, 232, 782;
intervention in, 681, 682, 683
Dominion of New England, 91, 93
Domino theory, 852–853
Donahue brothers, 565
Donaldson, John, 595
Donelson, Fort, 448
Donnelly, Ignatius, 620, 621, 624
Donner party, 389
Dos Passos, John, 724, 748
Dot-coms, 1003; recession and, 1012
Doubleday, Abner, 593
“Double V” campaign, 802, 803 (illus.)
Douglas, Helen Gahagan, 840
Douglas, Stephen A., 414–415, 422,
424 (illus.); Compromise of 1850
and, 410; election of 1860 and,
428–429; Lincoln debates with,
423–425
Douglas Aircraft Corporation, 826
Douglass, Frederick, 309, 365, 413
(illus.), 453, 455, 456, 486, 507, 623;
freedom of, 369; on slavedriver, 364
Index
Doves (Vietnam War), 900–901, 902,
917
Dow Chemical Company, 908
Dow Jones Industrial Average, 954, 1002
Downing, Andrew Jackson, 280, 352
Draft (military), 687 (illus.); for Civil
War, 440; peacetime, 787; resistance
to, 697; Vietnam War and, 901,
908–910; in World War I, 687
Drake, Edwin L., 549
Drake, Francis, 46
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 421–422, 425,
482
Dreiser, Theodore, 600–601, 730
Drive-in restaurants, 860 (illus.)
Drought: in Great Plains, 620;
Southwest cultures and, 9–10. See
also Dust bowl
Drugs: in 1970s, 945; in 1990s, 981;
abuse of, 653; in Latin America, 968;
in Miami, 985; regulation of, 664;
youth culture and, 911, 914 (illus.).
See also Counterculture
Dry farming, 527
“Dual citizenship” doctrine, 503
Du Bois, W. E. B., 582, 601, 657, 657
(illus.), 688, 736
Duels: Burr-Hamilton, 235; in South,
359
Dukakis, Michael, 967
Duke, James B. (“Buck”), 556
Dulles, Allen, 851
Dulles, John Foster, 850–851, 853
Dull Knife, 518
Duluth Imperial Flour Company, 556
(illus.)
Dunkirk, battle at, 786
Dunmore (Lord) (John Murray),
149–150, 150 (illus.), 162
Du Pont, E. I.: Erie Canal and, 266
Du Pont corporation, 647
Duquesne, Fort, 125–126, 126 (map),
127
Durand, Asher, 340
Dürer, Albrecht, 35 (illus.)
During the World War (Lawrence), 699
(illus.)
Durkin, Martin, 845
Dust bowl, 536, 754, 754 (map), 763
(illus.)
Dutch, 42, 47; colonies of, 49–50, 78
(map); English and, 79; Iroquois
and, 78, 79; New Netherland and,
78; Revolutionary War and, 166;
West Indies colonies of, 75, 76. See
also Netherlands
Dutch East Indies, 788
Dutch Reformed Church, 118
Duties, 199; Townshend, 140–141. See
also Tariffs; Taxation
Dwellings, see Housing
Dwight, Timothy, 299
Dylan, Bob, 911, 938
Dynamic conservatism, 844–845
Dynamic Sociology (Ward), 571
Eagleton, Thomas, 930
Eakins, Thomas, 601
Earl, Ralph, 153 (illus.)
Early, Jubal A., 469
Earth Day (1970), 926, 927 (illus.), 938
East: Civil War in, 446 (map), 446–448,
458 (map), 458–459, 469; Second
Great Awakening in, 300–301
Eastern Europe: Cold War and, 816;
Soviets and, 807, 820. See also Cold
War
Eastern Hemisphere: peoples of, 16
Eastern Niantic Indians: Ninigret as,
65 (illus.)
Eastern State Penitentiary
(Pennsylvania), 312 (illus.)
Eastern Woodlands region: cultures of,
10–14, 15, 16
Easter Offensive: in Vietnam, 921
East Florida, 171, 232, 251. See also
Florida
East Germany, 824, 850
East India Company, 148, 149, 210
East Jersey, 80
Eastman, George, 465, 556
Easton, Pennsylvania: treaty at, 126
Eastwood, Clint, 988
Easty, Mary, 67
Easy money policy, 502
Eaton, John H., 292
Eaton, Peggy, 291 (illus.), 292
Eaton, Theophilus: home of, 57 (illus.)
Eckford, Elizabeth, 849 (illus.)
Eclipse (steamboat), 265
Ecology, see Environment
Economic Opportunity Act (OEO,
1964), 883–884, 885
Economic policy, 610
Economic self-interest, 611
Economy: in 1920s, 712–716; in 1970s,
951; in 1990s, 987–988, 1002–1004;
affluence and, 854–860; Bush and,
970–971; Carter and, 951; Civil War
and, 473; Clinton and, 973, 974–975;
colonial, 94–108, 96;
commercialization of, 278;
Confederate, 443–444, 462–463;
crop-lien, 498–500; diversification
of, 95; in 1840s, 390; election of 1860
and, 428; Embargo Act and, 240; in
Europe, 30–31; expansionism and,
630; globalization of, 1001, 1004;
growth of, 551–557, 557, 713;
Hamilton and, 199–200; Hoover
and, 739; households, market
production, and, 216–217;
industrialization and, 271;
Japanese, 825; Kennedy, John F.,
and, 878–879; Keynes and, 757;
laissez-faire and, 571, 611, 625, 626;
market, 262–270; mass
merchandising and, 935–936; of
Miami, 985; national bank and,
200–201; nativism and, 382; in New
Deal, 750, 763; “new economy” and,
983–987; Nixon and, 926–927; of
Pennsylvania, 82; of Plymouth
colony, 49; Puritans and, 55;
railroad boom and, 502; Reagan
and, 952, 953–956; recession and,
954, 1012; in Reconstruction, 498;
after Revolution, 180–181, 185–186;
service sector of, 936; of South,
348–349, 559–560; of South
Carolina, 77; technology and,
318–326; of Union, 443–444,
461–462; of West Africa, 27; of West
Indies, 75–76; World War I and,
688–689, 698; World War II and,
790–793, 818–819. See also
Depressions; Great Depression;
Panics; specific presidents
Ecosystems, 761; global warming and,
1014; in New England, 62. See also
Environment
Edenton Ladies’ Tea Party, 148 (illus.)
Edison, Thomas A., 543, 552 (illus.),
552–553, 694, 694 (illus.)
Edison Illuminating Company, 553
Education: anticommunism and, 835;
Asian immigrants and, 947; blacks
and, 496, 945; Bush, George, and,
971; Bush, George W., and, 1007; of
colonists, 116; freedmen’s on Sea
Islands, 457 (illus.); Harris and,
603–604; for Indians, 520–521;
medical schools and, 277; in New
England, 57; in 1950s, 861, 862;
opposition to, 604–605; public vs.
private, 605; Puritans and, 56–57;
reform and, 603–605; in sciences,
870; in South, 350–351, 496, 558;
I-17
I-18
Index
upper class and, 605; for women,
221, 716. See also Schools;
Universities and colleges
Edward VI (England), 32
Edwards, Jonathan, 118, 120, 301
EEOC, see Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
Efficiency experts, 648
Egalitarianism: among white males,
174–175
Egypt: Nasser and, 853; peace accord
with Israel, 950 (illus.), 950–951;
Suez crisis and, 853
Ehrlich, Paul, 926
Ehrlichman, John, 930, 931 (illus.)
Eighteenth Amendment, 671, 673,
701, 737
Eighth Amendment, 198
Eight-hour workday, 567, 567 (illus.),
569, 592, 648, 671, 672; strike for,
569
Eightieth Congress, 830–831
Eight-ninth Congress, 884–885
Eighty-first Congress, 834
Einstein, Albert, 793
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 816, 843, 844,
845 (illus.); Cold War and, 850–853;
desegregation and, 849–850;
election of 1952 and, 840; election
of 1956 and, 845; foreign policy of,
850–853; interstate highway system
and, 846–847; legacy of, 853–854;
NATO and, 824; presidency of,
844–850; television and, 865; in
World War II, 795, 796, 796 (illus.),
807, 810, 810 (illus.)
El Alamein, 795
El Barrio: in New York, 868
Elbe River, 807
El Caney Hill, 632, 633
Elderly: care for, 281. See also Senior
citizens
Elect: Calvin on, 31; Half-Way
Covenant and, 62. See also Saints
Elections: of 1796, 212–213; of 1800,
215–216, 227; of 1804, 234; of 1808,
240; of 1812, 246; of 1816, 247; of
1820, 247; of 1824, 287–288; of 1828,
289–290, 290 (map); of 1832,
293–294; of 1836, 296; of 1840,
297–298, 298 (illus.), 298 (map), 310,
390; of 1842, 390; of 1844, 391–394,
392 (map); of 1848, 400–401; of
1852, 413–414; of 1856, 421; of 1860,
427, 428–429, 429 (map); of 1862,
443; of 1864, 469–470, 480; of 1868,
500; of 1872, 501, 503; of 1876,
505–507, 507 (map); of 1878, 613; of
1880, 609, 610, 614; of 1882, 615; of
1884, 615–616; of 1888, 615,
616–617; of 1890, 617, 620; of 1892,
622, 624; of 1894, 627, 629; of 1896,
610, 627 (map), 627–629; of 1900,
629, 636; of 1904, 664; of 1908, 666;
of 1910, 667; of 1912, 662, 663,
667–670, 670 (map); of 1916, 673,
686; of 1918, 703; of 1920, 707, 717;
of 1922, 719; of 1924, 719; of 1928,
737–739, 739 (map); of 1932, 744,
749, 749 (map); of 1934, 755; of
1936, 758–760; of 1938, 764; of 1940,
786–787; of 1942, 794; of 1944, 798;
of 1946, 819, 820, 830; of 1948, 819
(illus.), 832–833, 833 (map); of 1950,
839; of 1952, 839–840; of 1956, 845;
of 1960, 877, 878 (map); of 1964,
884, 889; of 1968, 906, 913, 917–918,
919 (map); of 1970, 929; of 1972,
906, 929–930; of 1976, 948, 951; of
1980, 951, 953 (map); of 1982, 954;
of 1984, 958; of 1988, 967; of 1992,
973; of 1994, 976; of 1996, 994; of
2000, 1005–1007, 1006 (map); in
2002, 1021–1022; to Congress, 188;
in Michigan, 284 (illus.); rural,
115–116; voting by ethnic groups in,
739. See also Voting and voting
rights
Electoral college, 287; in Maryland,
179; Twelfth Amendment and, 213;
in 2000, 1006–1007
Electoral-reform movement, 647
Electorate: in Reconstruction South,
488–490
Electors: conditions for, 115
Electrical lighting, 552–553, 652 (illus.)
Electricity: corporate dominance in,
714; environment and, 722;
Franklin’s experiments with,
116–117; leisure activities and, 651,
652 (illus.)
Electronics: consumer, 937; industry,
854–855
Elementary and Secondary Education
Act (1965), 885
Eleventh Amendment, 198
Eliot, Charles W., 586
Eliot, John, 55, 63
Elites: agrarian protest and, 622;
American Revolution and, 161;
colonial, 105–108; egalitarianism
and, 174–175; Hopewell, 11; literary
establishment and, 597–600; in New
York, 79–80, 80 (map); politics and,
115; Revolution and, 153; Sons of
Liberty and, 137; in state
governments, 179; Washington as,
196–197. See also Class; Upper class
Elizabeth I (England), 32, 33, 46, 47
Ellington, Duke, 731, 774
Ellis Island, 579, 653, 655 (illus.)
Ellison, Ralph, 729, 865
Ellison, Robert J., 899 (illus.)
Ellsberg, Daniel, 928
Elmina, 35
Elmira, battle at, 167
El Paso: Mexican-American mayor in,
869
El Salvador, 956; immigrants from, 985
Emancipation: abolitionism and,
308–309; in Civil War, 452–454;
impact of, 492–500; of slaves in the
Atlantic World, 470; southern
sentiment about, 357
“Emancipation Day” (January, 1863),
465 (illus.)
Emancipation Proclamation, 448, 452,
470; final, 453–454; preliminary, 453
Embargo: fuel, 788. See also Arab oil
embargo (1973)
Embargo Act, 239–240, 271
Embassies: bombings of, 1000
Emergency Banking Act (1933), 751
Emergency Committee for
Employment, 747
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 313, 334,
335–336, 339, 340; Whitman and,
337
Emigrants, see Immigrants and
immigration
Empereur family, 53
Emperor Jones, The (O’Neill), 729
Empires: critics of, 636; Dutch, 49; end
of French North American, 127–128;
mercantilist, 94–96; Portuguese
(1610), 39 (map); Spanish (1616), 39
(map), 41; U.S. economic, 679; after
World War I, 703. See also specific
countries and empires
Employment: in manufacturing, 272
(map); of married women, 765
Employment Act (1946), 819
Empresarios, 387
Enclosure movement, 29
Encomiendas, 40, 44, 84, 85
Encounter (magazine), 851
Endowments: for colleges and
universities, 585
Index
Enemies list: of Nixon, 930
Energy: Bush, George W., and, 1008,
1014; consumption of, 948;
environment and, 722–723; sources
of, 544
Energy crisis (1973), 924, 927
Energy Department (DOE), 951;
plutonium transfer and, 1014
Enforcement Acts (1870–1871), 484 ,
492, 503
Engineering: Erie Canal and, 267
England (Britain): Alabama claims
and, 501; Anglo-American crisis
and, 208–210; antiterrorism and,
1017; Atlantic world and, 46–47;
Canada and, 82, 126 (map), 251;
Catawba Indians and, 110;
Chesapeake region and, 68–75; Civil
War (U.S.) diplomacy and, 452;
colonies and, 47–49, 86, 113–114;
debt of, 129; dominance of North
America, 54; exploration by, 38, 38
(map); Florida and, 86; France and,
82, 83–84, 166, 207–208; freedom for
slaves and, 149; Georgia and,
111–112; Glorious Revolution and,
91–93; Holy Alliance and, 252; ideas
from, 90; immigration from, 54
(map), 74, 378; Indians and, 77–78,
110–111; Ireland and, 46; Jay’s Treaty
and, 210; King William’s War and, 93;
limited monarchy in, 91; loyalist
immigrants from, 161–162;
maritime trade of, 204; middle
colonies and, 78–82; Monroe
Doctrine and, 252; Mose, Florida,
and, 107; Napoleonic Wars and,
238–239; navy of, 163; New England
and, 48–49, 55–68; Oregon and, 251,
385, 394, 394 (map); Palestine and,
704; peasants in, 29; Puritans in, 61;
Queen Anne’s War and, 93;
Reformation in, 32–33; revenue
measures from, 128–129; Samoan
Islands and, 630–631; seizure of U.S.
ships by, 208; settlement to 1750,
113 (map); Spain and, 84, 112;
surrender at Yorktown, 172, 173
(illus.); trade with, 181; U.S.Canadian fishing rights and, 630;
U.S. war supplies to, 787;
Venezuela/British Guiana boundary
dispute and, 630, 631 (map); wage
decline in, 29; War of 1812 with,
242–246; Washington, D.C. captured
by, 248 (illus.); West Indies colonies
of, 75; woman suffrage in, 658;
World War I and, 684, 685; World War
II and, 786. See also American
Revolution; British Empire; Colonies
and colonization; World War I; World
War II; specific colonies
English immigrants: in cities, 577;
land promotions and, 526
ENIAC, 793, 855
Enlightenment, 90, 116–117, 137–138
Enola Gay (bomber), 811
Enovid, 896–897
Enrollment Act (1863), 440, 463
Enron Corporation, 1002, 1008, 1020,
1021
Entail, 179–180
Entertainment: leisure activities and,
331–334; mass, 651–652, 723–725; in
1950s, 862–863; in World War I,
694–695, 695 (illus.). See also
Leisure; Movies and movie stars;
Radio; Television; specific forms
“Entirro de un Angel” (Gentilz), 387
Entrepreneurs, 217; consolidation
and, 711–712; railroad, 545
Enumerated goods: export barred for,
95
Environment: in 1970s, 938; in 2000s,
1013–1014; air pollution and, 650,
855; Anasazi and, 9–10; Archaic
peoples and, 5; atomic testing and,
827; Bush, George, and, 971–972;
Bush, George W., and, 1009,
1013–1014; Carson, Rachel, and,
858, 858 (illus.); Carter and, 949;
colonial farmers and, 102;
Columbian exchange and, 36,
41–42; conservation movement in
West and, 539; Coolidge and, 718;
energy consumption and, 722–723;
European deforestation and, 29;
Exxon Valdez accident and, 971,
972, 972 (illus.); industrial growth
and, 557; Johnson, Lyndon B., and,
885–886; Kennedy, John F., and, 879;
mining and, 533; Mississippian
culture and, 11–14; in New Deal,
760–762; Nixon and, 926;
progressivism and, 664–666; Reagan
and, 954
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), 971–972; on air pollution,
1014
Environmental superfund, 1014
EPA, see Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA)
Epidemics: antebellum, 328–329;
diphtheria, 118; European-spread,
44; influenza, 700–701, 701 (illus.);
smallpox, 41. See also AIDS;
Disease; specific diseases
Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission (EEOC), 889; sex
discrimination and, 894; Thomas,
Clarence, and, 894
Equality: class and, 276–277;
Declaration of Independence on,
155; in Quaker society, 81; race and,
275–276, 875–876; wealth and,
274–275; in West, 183; for women,
660. See also Civil rights movement;
specific groups and issues
Equal rights amendment: in 1920s,
719; in 1970s, 938
ERA, see Equal rights amendment
Era of Good Feelings (1817–1824), 228;
end of, 287; Monroe and, 248
Erenberg, Lewis, 775
Erie Canal, 265, 288; building of, 266
(illus.), 266–267; Great Lakes and,
270; locks on, 267 (illus.)
Erie Canal (Hill), 267 (illus.)
Erie Railroads, 324
Erosion, 102; in Great Depression,
760
Erskine, Robert, 236
Ervin, Sam, 930, 931, 931 (illus.)
Eskimos (Inuits), 3, 15
Espionage, see Spies and spying
Espionage Act (1917), 697, 706
Essay Concerning Human
Understanding (Locke), 117
Established church, 57
Estevanico, 43
Estonia, 704, 967
Ether, 329
Ethical issues: genetic research and,
1010–1011
Ethiopia: Italian invasion of, 783
Ethnic Albanians, 998 (illus.).
Ethnic cleansing, 997–998
Ethnic groups: IQ testing and, 687;
Mexican-Americans as, 869; in
Miami, 984 (illus.), 984–985, 985
(illus.); party affiliation and,
612–613; Plessy v. Ferguson and, 623;
in population, 980–981. See also
specific groups
Etiquette, 583; dueling and, 359
EU, see European Union (EU)
Eugenics, 654–655
Euro, 1004
I-19
I-20
Index
Europe: Atlantic world and
(1440–1600), 33–42; colonies in
Middle and North Atlantic (1650), 78
(map); Columbus and, 24; culture
and society in, 28–30; eastern North
American claims and settlements,
43 (map); economic relations with,
1004; in 1500, 26 (map); German
aggression before World War II, 783
(map); immigrants from southern
and eastern, 653, 654; Napoleonic
Wars in, 235; postwar division of,
824 (map); recovery plan for, 822
(illus.), 822–823; religion in, 31–32,
33 (map); Seven Years' War and, 125;
victory in, 807; warfare in
(1689–1713), 93; World War I in, 673,
683–686; World War II in, 786,
795–797, 796 (map); Yalta
Conference and, 806. See also
specific countries
Europeans: Africa and, 24–28; in
Americas (1492–1541), 35–40;
attitudes toward land, 19; Indians
and, 15–16
European Union (EU), 1004
Evangelical Christians: election of
1994 and, 976; in 1970s, 944
Evangelical Protestantism, 301; in
South, 359–362; temperance
movement and, 306–307
Evangelism: McPherson and, 734
Evans, George Henry, 382
Evans, Hiram Wesley, 735
Evans, Oliver, 271
Evans, Walker, 742 (illus.), 771 (illus.),
774
Evers, Medgar, 889
“Evil Empire”: Soviet Union as, 956
Evolution: Darwin and, 537, 644;
laissez-faire and, 571; Scopes Trial
and, 734
Excise tax, 199; Whiskey Rebellion
and, 202
Executive and executive branch, 188;
Articles of Confederation and, 180;
under Constitution (U.S.), 188;
departments of, 196; New Deal and,
758; of Pennsylvania government,
82; in states, 179; in World War II, 790
Executive Order 9981, 833 (illus.)
Executive Orders: 8802, 802; 9066, 805;
9835, 834
Executive orders: barring
discrimination in federal
employment, 833
Exodusters, 505, 506 (illus.), 525
Expansion and expansionism: under
Articles of Confederation, 181–185;
into backcountry, 146–148; Bacon’s
Rebellion and, 73; British in
Georgia, 111–112; challenges to
American, 204–206; of Chesapeake
region, 73 (map); critics of, 636;
imperialism and, 639; by Japan, 784,
784 (map); in late 19th century,
629–637, 631 (map); Louisiana
Purchase and, 232–234, 233 (map);
Manifest Destiny and, 392–393; by
Nazi Germany, 783 (map), 783–784;
in New England, 62–63; Panama
Canal and, 680; politics of
(1840–1846), 389–394; Portugal and,
33–34; railroads and, 324; roots of,
630; throughout trans-Appalachian
West, 210. See also Far West;
Westward expansion
Ex parte Merryman, 443, 466
Ex parte Milligan, 503
Experimental method, 586
Exploration: by Cook, 204; by Dutch,
49–50; by England (Britain), 38
(map), 38–39; by France, 38 (map);
by Lewis and Clark, 234–238; by
Norse, 38, 38 (map); by Portugal, 38,
38 (map); by Spain, 38, 38 (map);
transatlantic (1000–1587), 35–40, 38
(map). See also Expansion and
expansionism; specific explorers
and countries
Exports, 713; of cotton, 348 (illus.); of
enumerated goods, 95; from French
colonies, 96; after Revolution, 181.
See also Trade
Exposés: in progressive movement,
645–646
Ex post facto laws, 197
Extermination camps: Jews in,
807–810
Exxon Valdez (ship), 971, 972, 972
(illus.), 1013
Factions, 178, 228; French policy and,
206–208; Washington on, 212
Factorage system, 498
Factories, 325; agricultural, 857;
development of, 560–561; as
sweatshops, 318; worker protection
in, 702. See also Manufacturing;
specific industries
Fagot, André, 195
Fairbanks, Jonathan, 58
Fair Deal, 833
Fair Employment Practices
Commission (FEPC), 802–803, 832
Fair Housing Act (1968), 928
Fair Labor Standards Act (1938), 764,
765
Fall, Albert, 717
Fallen Timbers, Battle of, 209
“Fall of the House of Usher, The”
(Poe), 338
Falwell, Jerry, 943, 944, 952, 975
Family Assistance Plan (FAP), 926
Family life, 326 (illus.); of AfricanAmericans, 345 (illus.); antebellum,
279–281; automobiles and, 721; in
Chesapeake, 70; city amusements
and entertainment, 651; in Civil
War, 462 (illus.), 462–463; in Europe,
29; family authority and, 278–279;
family size and, 216, 220; of former
slaves, 476 (illus.), 492–493; in Great
Depression, 765–766; on Great
Plains homestead, 527; of Hispanic
migrants, 868; Indian, 2;
industrialization and, 271; “little
commonwealth” concept and, 30; of
mill workers, 559–560; in New
England, 60–61; in 1950s, 860–861,
864 (illus.), 864–865; patriarchal,
281; of Plains Indians, 513; in rural
communities, 101; of slaves, 362,
364–365; social change and, 30;
traditional households and, 979; of
wage-earning families, 325–326; in
West Africa, 27; white vs. slave, 365;
of workers, 648; in World War II,
799–801
Famine: in Europe, 29; in Ireland, 381
FAP, see Family Assistance Plan (FAP)
Farber, David, 809
Farewell Address: of Washington, 212
Farewell to Arms, A (Hemingway), 730
Farley, James, 750, 759
“Farm Aid” concerts, 945
Farmers’ Alliance movement, 615,
619–621, 622; election of 1890 and,
620
Farmers’ Holiday Association, 748
Farms and farming, 319–322; Alliance
movement and, 619–621; in Archaic
societies, 5; black farmers, 619, 619
(illus.); bonanza farms, 535; colonial
environment and, 102; dairy
production and, 218–219; decline of
family farm, 944–945, 945 (illus.);
depression of 1893-1897 and, 625;
Index
dry farming, 527; in Europe, 29; vs.
factory workers, 382–383; family life
and, 216; farm-product and
consumer prices (1865-1913), 618;
in French Canada, 83; Grange
movement and, 617–619; in Great
Depression, 748, 748 (illus.), 751,
752, 757, 760; on Great Plains, 527,
617; by Hopewell cultures, 11;
Jefferson and, 263; market economy
and, 262; in New Deal, 764; in New
England, 61; in 1920s, 714; in Old
Northwest, 262; Panic of 1819 and,
264; in postwar years, 857–858;
railroad rate discrimination and,
547; range wars and, 534; by rural
whites, 100–101; in South, 462, 622;
specialization in, 558; tenant
farmers, 498–500, 618; unions and,
767; wage earners and, 326; in West
Africa, 27; by women, 18; in World
War I, 698; in World War II, 792;
yeomen and, 355. See also
Agriculture; Crops; specific crops
Farm Security Administration (FSA),
763–764
Farm Tenancy Act (1937), 763
Farm workers: Hispanic, 769
Farragut, David G., 449
Farrell, Frank J., 623 (illus.)
Farrell, James T., 748
Far West, 258–259, 385–386; Spain in,
385–386; trade in, 386
Fascism, 785, 785 (illus.); defined, 771;
opposition in 1930s, 771. See also
Italy; Nazi Germany
Fast-food chains, 722
Faubus, Orval E., 849
Faulkner, William, 775, 863
FBI, see Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI)
FDIC, see Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation (FDIC)
Federal Arts Project, 756–757
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),
706, 706 (illus.); anticommunist
crusade and, 835; Kennedy, John F.,
and, 882; Nixon and, 928
Federal Children’s Bureau, 702
Federal Clean Air Act (1990), 972
Federal Communications
Commission, 865
Federal Council of Churches, 590
Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation (FDIC), 751
Federal Election Commission, 1013
Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA), 957
Federal Emergency Relief Act, 752
Federal Employee Loyalty Program,
834
Federal Farm Board, 740
Federal Farm Loan Act (1916), 671,
672
Federal government, see Government
(U.S.)
Federal Highway Act (1916), 672
Federal Housing Administration
(FHA), 859
Federalism, 188; Jefferson on, 228
Federalist, The, 190–191; No. 10, 191
Federalists, 287; constitutional
ratification and, 189; decline of, 228;
disintegration of, 250; elections of
1800 and, 215; elections of 1808,
1812, and, 246; Hamilton and,
198–199, 201; Hartford Convention
of, 246–247; ideology of, 210–211;
land policy and, 262–263;
strongholds of (1787–1790), 191
(map); War of 1812 and, 242–243
Federal Music Project, 756
Federal Radio Commission, 719
Federal Republic of Germany, see West
Germany
Federal Reserve Act (1913), 671, 672
Federal Reserve Board, 672, 926; in
1990s, 1002; in 2000s, 1012
Federal Reserve System, 672; Great
Depression and, 745–747
Federal Securities Act, 753
Federal spending: in 1950s, 854
Federal Steel, 548
Federal Theatre Project (FTP),
756–757, 764
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 672,
753
Federal Trade Commission Act (1914),
671, 672
Federal troops: used against strikers,
569, 570
Federal Warehouse Act (1916), 672
Federal Writers’ Project, 756
Feingold, Russ, 1013
Feinstein, Diane, 973
Female seminaries, 605
Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan),
876, 894
Femininity: attitudes about, 602–603
Feminism, 659; in 1920s, 719; of 1960s,
894–895; in 1970s, 938–942; of
Fuller, 337; Grimké sisters and, 310;
militant, 895; New Deal and, 760;
peace movement and, 685; smoking
and, 726. See also Women; Women’s
rights
FEPC, see Fair Employment Practices
Commission (FEPC)
Ferdinand of Aragón, 28, 38, 39 (illus.),
40
Ferguson, Don, 877
Ferguson, Miriam (“Ma”), 734
Fermi, Enrico, 785
Ferraro, Geraldine, 958
Fertility rate: in 1950s, 860
Fertilizers, 322, 351
Festival of Violence (Tolnay and Beck),
622
Fiction: popular, 339. See also
Literature
“Fictive” kin: of slaves, 365
Field, James, 620
Field, Marshall, 584, 650
Field hands: discipline of slaves and,
364
Fields, W. C., 819
Fiesinger, Gabriel, 167 (illus.)
Fifteenth Amendment, 487, 621; black
and woman suffrage and, 486–488
Fifth Amendment, 836
54th Massachusetts Infantry, 455
Filibuster (military expedition), 416
Filipinos: guerrilla warfare of, 636–637
Fillmore, Millard, 410, 411, 417, 421
Finances: Civil War and, 440–441;
English colonies and, 47; Hamilton
and, 199–200; railroads and, 325;
after Revolution, 180–181; World
War I and, 692–693, 693 (illus.)
Financial panics, see Panics
Financier, The (Dreiser), 645
Fink, Mike, 358–359
Finney, Charles G., 300 (illus.),
300–301, 309
Finney, Fort: treaty of, 183
Firearms, see Guns
Fire companies: antebellum, 328
(illus.)
Fireside chats, 751
First Amendment, 198, 836
First Anglo-Powhatan War, 48
First Bank of the United States,
200–201
First Continental Congress, 151–152
First Industrial Revolution: computers
and, 855
First Manassas, 446–447
First New Deal, 744, 749–756
I-21
I-22
Index
First World War, see World War I
Fish, Hamilton, 501
Fish, Mary, 177
Fishing and fishing industry, 61; Cabot
and, 39; Canada and, 172, 251, 630;
colonial environment and, 102;
French and, 45; after Revolution, 181
Fisk, Jim, 500
Fisk University, 656
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 726, 727, 727
(illus.)
Fitzhugh, George, 357, 427
Five Civilized Tribes, 259, 513, 535
Five Forks, Battle of, 471
Five Nations Iroquois. See Iroquois
Indians
Five Points district, 275
Flapper: in 1920s, 727
Flatheads, 513
Flood Control Act (1928), 718
Floods: in Dayton, Ohio, 647 (illus.); in
Mississippi River watershed, 718,
720, 739
Florida, 238; ceded to Britain, 107,
127; French in, 45; Mose 1, 106–107;
purchase of, 232; Revolution and,
170; after Revolutionary War, 172;
Spain and, 43, 78 (map), 84, 86, 112,
232, 251; 2000 election in,
1006–1007. See also Miami; Mose,
Florida
Florida (commerce raider), 452
Flour City: Rochester as, 269
Flour industry: mass production and
marketing in, 553–556, 556 (illus.)
Flower children, 912
Flu, see Influenza epidemic
Fluorocarbons, 1014
Flush toilets, 554 (illus.), 554–555, 555
(illus.)
Flying Cloud (ship), 403, 403 (illus.)
Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 661
Foch, Ferdinand, 690, 691, 703
Folk music, 911
Following the Color Line (Baker), 656
Food(s): of California Indians, 14; in
early societies, 5–6; of Inca, 8; in
1920s, 720; price controls on, 819;
regulation of, 664. See also specific
crops
Food Administration, 688, 689
Food chain, 4
Food impressment, 462
Food riots: in South, 462
Fool There Was, A (movie), 651–652
Football: college, 585–586
Forbes, Charles, 717
Forbes, Edwin, 319 (illus.)
Force Bill, 293
Ford, Gerald R., 931, 947–948
Ford, Henry, 651, 787; labor and, 716
Ford Motor Company, 712, 714;
anticommunist campaign and, 835;
unions and, 767
Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922), 713
Ford’s Theater: Lincoln’s assassination
at, 472–473
Foreign markets: expansionism and,
630
Foreign policy, 203–210;
anticommunist extremism and,
834–835; of Carter, 949–950; of
Clinton, 997–1002; containment
doctrine and, 821, 830; Contract
with America and, 977; Dulles and,
850–851; Europe-first policy and,
839; expansionist (1878–1901),
629–637; toward France, 206–208;
Good Neighbor policy, 782–783; of
Grant, 501; independent
internationalism as, 718–719;
Jefferson and, 232–234; Kennedy,
John F., and, 880–881; in Middle
East, 1019–1020; Monroe and,
251–252; new world order and,
1001–1002; of Nixon, 919–924; of
Reagan, 956–958, 959; of Roosevelt,
Theodore, 680–682; of Taft, 681–682;
of Truman, 839; Truman Doctrine,
822; Washington on, 212; before
World War I, 678–683; before World
War II, 786–787. See also Cold War;
Diplomacy; specific countries and
regions; specific presidents and
events
Forest Service, 664, 722
“Forever Free” (Lewis), 372 (illus.)
Forrest, Edwin, 332
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 352, 455, 491
Fortas, Abe, 886
Fort Laramie Treaty (1868), 515–516
Fort Pillow massacre, 455, 491
“Fortress America,” 787
Fort Robinson massacre, 518
Forts: British capture of, 126; French,
in Ohio valley, 125. See also specific
forts
Fort Stanwix, Treaty of, 147, 183
Fort Sumter, 431 (illus.), 433
Fortune, T. Thomas, 623
Fort Wagner, 455
Fort Wayne, Treaty of, 242
“42nd Parallel, The (Dos Passos), 748
“Forty acres and a mule,” 496
“Forty-Eighters,” 383
For Whom the Bell Tolls (Hemingway),
771
Foster, Stephen, 332
Foster, Vincent, 975
442nd regimental combat team, 806,
810
Four Corners region: Anasazi in, 9
Fourier, Charles, 302 (map)
Fourteen Points, 702–703
Fourteenth Amendment, 482–483,
487, 496, 622; abortion rights and,
939; Slaughterhouse cases and, 503
Fourth Amendment, 198
Fowler, Orson and Lorenzo, 330
Fox, George, 80
Fox, Stephen, 669
Fox Indians, see Mesquakie (Fox)
Indians
France, 33; Adams and, 215–216;
“beaver wars” and, 78–79; Canada
and, 82; Civil War (U.S.) diplomacy
and, 452; colonies and, 45–46, 82,
83–84, 86, 96; empire of, 112, 113
(map), 127–128; exploration by, 38
(map), 39–40; Huguenots from, 77;
Indians and, 108–110; Indochina
and, 825, 830, 852; Jay’s Treaty and,
210; Kellogg-Briand Pact with, 718;
King William’s War and, 93;
Louisbourg and, 113, 114 (illus.);
Louisiana Territory and, 232; métis
and, 42; Mississippi River region
and, 84; Napoleonic Wars and,
238–239; Panama Canal and, 680;
politics and, 206–208; Queen Anne’s
War and, 93; Revolutionary War and,
170; Seven Years’ War and, 125–128;
U.S. recognized by, 166; West Indies
and, 75; World War I and, 685, 689,
691; World War II and, 786; XYZ Affair
and, 213. See also French Revolution
(1789); World War I; World War II
Francis I (France), 39–40
Franciscans, 44, 387; Indians and, 204;
Pueblos and, 85
Franck, James, 785
Franco, Francisco, 771
Franco-Americans, 128
Frank, Barney, 942
Frankensteen, Richard, 767 (illus.)
Franklin, Benjamin, 90, 124; Albany
Plan of Union and, 125; at
Constitutional Convention, 186;
Index
Declaration of Independence and,
154; Enlightenment and, 116, 117;
on Irish immigrants, 100; on labor,
102; and Peace of Paris, 172;
Philadelphia sanitation and, 130;
social class and, 174; will of, 117–118
Franklin, Rosalind, 1010
Fransson, Martha, 939 (illus.)
Franz Ferdinand (Austria), 683–684
Fraternal orders: anti-Catholicism
and, 382; black, 623
Fredericksburg, Battle of, 445, 448,
458, 469
Free African Society of Philadelphia,
223
Free blacks, 74, 222; in Charleston,
431; in Missouri, 251; in Mose, 107;
in North, 275–276; occupations of,
276; Revolution and, 175; in South,
175, 366–367; by state (1800), 223;
status of, 224; voluntary
associations for, 282. See also
African-Americans
Freed, Alan, 870–871
Freedmen, 478; black codes and, 481;
in Civil War, 454–455; election of
1868 and, 500; land for, 494, 496–497;
political rights of, 488; in
Reconstruction governments,
488–490; redemption and, 505;
southern counterattacks against, 491
Freedmen’s Bureau, 455, 481, 491, 492,
496, 497
Freedmen’s schools, 493 (illus.)
Freedom(s): in Bill of Rights, 198; of
press, 116; of religion, 162; of
speech, 214, 310, 836; after World
War I, 698. See also AfricanAmericans; Slaves and slavery;
specific rights and freedoms
Freedom movement, see Civil rights
movement
Freedom rides, 887
Freedom Schools, 889
Freeman, Mary Wilkins, 603
Freeman, Richard, 1003
Free-market economy: in Russia, 998
Free persons of color, 175–176
“Freeport doctrine”: of Douglas, 425
Free-silver monetary policy, 502, 610,
627
Free-soilers, 400–401; KansasNebraska Act and, 415–416, 417
Free Speech Movement, 907, 907
(illus.)
Free-staters: Kansas and, 418–423
Free states: Compromise of 1850 and,
408–414; election of 1856 and, 421;
Maine as, 250, 251; Missouri
Compromise and, 251
Free trade, 501
Freeways, see Interstate highway
system
Frelinghuysen, Theodore, 118, 392
Frémont, John C., 397, 421, 428
French and Indian War, see Seven
Years’ War
French Canada: Quebec Act and, 151
French-Canadians: in cities, 577; as
industrial labor, 562
French Revolution (1789), 124, 203,
206–207
Frick, Henry Clay, 572
Friedan, Betty, 876, 894, 939
Fries Rebellion, 215
Frobisher, Martin, 46
Frontier: authority questioned on,
278; “moving,” 263–264; myths and
legends of, 536–537; revivalism
along, 300; settlers, railroads, and
homesteading and, 524–527
Frontiersmen, 247
Frontier thesis (Turner), 536
“Front-porch” campaign, 628, 629
(illus.)
Fruitlands community, 313
Fruits of Philosophy (Knowlton), 281
FSA, see Farm Security Administration
(FSA)
FTP, see Federal Theatre Project (FTP)
Fuchs, Klaus, 838
Fuel Administration, 688
Fugitive Slave Act (1850), 411–412
Fugitive Slave Law (1793), 223, 409
Fugitive slaves, 364, 369
Fulbright, William, 891, 901
Fuller, Margaret, 334, 336 (illus.),
336–337
Fulton, Robert, 264
Fundamental Constitutions of
Carolina, 77
Fundamentalism: Christian, 1001;
Islamic, 957, 961, 1001; Scopes trial
and, 733–734; vs. secularism, 1001.
See also Christianity; Islam;
Terrorism
Fundamentals, The, 734
Funerals, see Burials
Furniture: production of, 327
Fur trade, 45 (illus.), 49, 62, 257 (illus.);
Astor and, 258, 275; beaver pelts
and, 65; “beaver wars” and, 78–79;
in Far West, 386; French and, 45,
110; furs as export, 95, 96; in New
England, 61; in New France, 83; New
Netherland and, 50, 78–79
Futurama: at New York World’s Fair,
776
Gabriel’s Rebellion, 223
Gadsden, Christopher, 135
Gadsden Purchase, 416
Gage, Thomas, 151, 152
Gag rule: in Congress, 310
Gallatin, Albert, 230, 246
Galloway, Joseph: at Continental
Congress, 151–152
Gálvez, Bernardo de, 204
Gama, Vasco da, 34
Gambia, 97
Gambling: Indians and, 981
Gandhi, Mohandas, 802
Gang labor, 497
Gangs, see Organized crime; Street
gangs
Gangster movies, 770
Gang system: of slave labor, 104
Garden, Alexander, 89, 119, 120
Gardner, Alexander, 465
Garfield, James A.: assassination of,
609, 610, 615; election of 1880 and,
614; life of, 609–610
Garland, Hamlin, 543–544, 561, 619
Garland, Isabelle, 543–544
Garment Cutters of Philadelphia, 566
Garner, John Nance, 749
Garner, Margaret, 412
Garrison, William Lloyd, 292, 308–309,
657; women’s rights and, 310, 311
Garvey, Marcus, 729, 735–736, 736
(illus.)
Gasoline, 855. See also Oil and oil
industry
Gates, Bill, 940, 941 (illus.)
Gates, Horatio, 166, 172
Gatling gun, 444
GATT, see General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
Gay Liberation Front, 913
Gay Pride parades, 942
Gays and lesbians, 943 (illus.); AIDS
and, 942–943; conservatives and,
943; gay liberation and, 913;
immigration restrictions on, 839;
McCarthyism and, 839; in military,
974; reaction against, 988, 988
(illus.); women’s movement and,
939; in World War II, 805
I-23
I-24
Index
Gaza, 961, 999, 1000
Gazette of the United States, 214
G-8, see Group of Eight (G-8)
Gender: labor in corporations and, 644
(illus.); roles in Archaic societies, 5;
among slaves, 362; in voluntary
societies, 282; worker rights and,
719. See also Men; Women
Gender barrier, 939 (illus.)
Gender discrimination, 894; World
War II and, 799–800
Gender ratio: in Chesapeake, 70; in
New England, 70; slavery and, 74–75
Gender stereotyping, 659
General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT), 818, 1004
General Court (Massachusetts), 58
General Electric Company (GE), 553
General Federation of Women’s Clubs,
602
General Managers’ Association, 570
General Motors (GM), 647, 712, 1002;
Futurama and, 776; labor strike
against, 766–767
Genet, Edmond, 207 (illus.), 207–208
Genetic research, 1010–1011
Geneva Peace Accords, 852, 853
Geneva summit, 851
Genius of Universal Emancipation
(newspaper), 308
Gentilz, Theodore, 387 (illus.)
“Gentlemen’s agreement”: with Japan,
682
Gentrification, 937
Gentry: European, 29; evangelicals
and, 359–362; political roles of, 115;
Revolution and, 174. See also Class;
Elites
Geography, 34; maps and, 237
George III (England), 128, 129 (illus.),
208; on colonial rebellion, 152, 153;
on Hillsborough, 141; Olive Branch
Petition to, 152; Proclamation of
1763 and, 132; Townshend and,
139
George, Henry, 571, 601
Georgia: cotton in, 224; government
of, 179; Indians and, 184, 206, 259,
260; Oglethorpe in, 111–112;
Sherman’s march and, 468–469,
470–471, 471 (illus.), 471 (map);
slavery and, 112–113; Spain and,
112; Yazoo scandal and, 238
Georgian architecture, 108, 108 (illus.)
Gephardt, Richard, 1022
German-Americans, 684, 696, 701
German Democratic Republic, see
East Germany
German mercenaries, see Hessians
German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
(1939), 785
Germany: bombardment of, 795;
colonists from, 162; division of, 823;
immigrants from, 99, 100, 378, 379,
380–381, 524, 562, 577, 593;
Kennedy, John F., and, 880;
reunification of, 965–966, 967;
Samoan Islands and, 631;
submarine warfare and, 684–685;
war debts and reparations of,
718–719; World War I and, 683, 684,
690–691, 703, 704; Yalta accords
and, 806. See also East Germany;
Hitler, Adolf; Nazi Germany; West
Germany; World War I; World War II
Gershwin, George, 729, 731, 774
Gesangverein (singing societies), 593
Gettysburg, Battle of, 445, 458–459,
459 (illus.), 459 (map)
Ghent, Treaty of (1814), 246, 251, 259
Ghettos, 581–582; violence in, 890. See
also Inner cities; Slums
Ghost Dance movement, 519–522
Gibbons v. Ogden, 264
Gibbs, Jewell Taylor, 945
GI Bill of Rights (GI Bill), 815, 817–818
Giddings, Joshua, 411
Gideon v. Wainwright, 886
Gila River, 416
Gilded Age, 501, 587, 600, 644
Gilded Age, The (Twain and Warner),
501
Gilder, Richard Watson, 597
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 603,
659–660
Gingrich, Newt, 976, 983, 994, 996
Ginsberg, Allen, 871, 906, 915
Ginsberg, Ruth Bader, 974
Girdler, Tom, 767
Girl Scouts, 664
Gladden, Washington, 590
Glass, Carter, 671
Glass ceiling, 939
Gleason, Jackie, 864
Glen Canyon Dam, 761
Global Crossing, 1020–1021
Globalism, 708–709, 1001–1002; Bush,
George W., and, 1009–1012;
economic, 1001, 1004; Great
Depression and, 747; independent
internationalism and, 718–719;
opposition to, 1004
Global warming, 855, 972, 1009, 1013
(illus.), 1014
Glorious Revolution (1688-1689), 91–93
GNP, see Gross national product (GNP)
Goddard, Robert, 732
Godkin, E. L., 583, 597, 614, 615, 636
Gold, 96; in Africa, 25–27; in Black
Hills, 517; discoveries of, 531;
English and, 46; placer, 531;
Portugal and, 34; Spanish and, 41;
standard, 502, 610, 625, 626, 627. See
also Gold rush
Gold, Harry, 838
Gold Coast (Africa), 25, 35
Golden Bottle, The (Donnelly), 620
Goldman, Emma, 659, 706
Gold rush, 376 (illus.), 401 (illus.),
401–404, 532
Goldwater, Barry, 848, 884, 899, 952
Goliad massacre, 388, 395
Gompers, Samuel, 568, 637, 693, 698
Gone with the Wind (book and movie),
773, 773 (illus.), 775
Gonzales, Elian, 984
Gonzales, Rodolfo “Corky,” 894
Goodman, Benny, 774
Good Neighbor policy, 782–783
Goodnight, Charles, 534
“ Good War”: World War II as, 781
“Good works”: Puritans and, 57
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 959–960, 960
(illus.), 965, 968
Gordon, Thomas, 138
Gore, Al, 958, 973, 974, 994, 1005
(illus.); election of 2000 and,
1005–1007, 1006 (map)
Gore, Tipper, 1005 (illus.)
Gorgas, Josiah, 440, 460
Goshute Indians, 981
Gospel of Success, 564–565
“Gospel of Wealth, The” (Carnegie),
571
Gould, Jay, 500, 545, 546, 546 (illus.),
567, 582
Government: of ancient societies, 6, 7;
Articles of Confederation as, 180;
branches of, 188; of Carolina, 77;
church-state separation and, 57;
downsizing of, 975; Jefferson on,
229–230; of Maryland, 69; mistrust
of, 931; in New England, 58–59; of
New York, 79–80; of Pennsylvania,
82; progressivism and, 643, 645;
railroads and, 325; Reconstruction,
480, 481, 488–492; after Revolution,
178–185; role of, 248; of Virginia,
Index
68–69; in West Africa, 27–28; West
and, 259. See also Constitution
(U.S.); Government (U.S.); National
government
Government (U.S.), 186–189, 926, 955
(map); authority of, 202–203;
laissez-faire doctrine and, 611; land
claims and, 182 (map); reservation
policy of, 515; supporters of, 201;
western development and, 512; in
World War II, 790. See also Debt
Government Printing Office, 802
Governors, 91, 114, 178, 179
Governor’s Council: in Virginia, 68
Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose,
see Mose, Florida
Grady, Henry W., 494, 558, 622
Graham, Billy, 862
Graham, Charles, 560 (illus.)
Graham, Sylvester, 329–330
Grain elevators: regulation of, 618
Grammagraph, 321
Grand Alliance, 798
Grand Army of the Republic, 612, 612
(illus.), 616
Grand Banks, 39, 45
Grand Canyon, 538
Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, The
(Moran), 538 (illus.)
Grand Columbian Carnival: Chicago’s
World’s Fair, 542 (illus.)
Grand Coulee Dam, 761, 826
Grand Council, 125, 152
Grandfather clause: for voting, 621
Grand Settlement (1701), 93
Grange movement, 615, 617–619
“Granger laws,” 618
Granite Cutters’ Journal, 649
Grant, Jehu, 175
Grant, Madison, 654
Grant, Ulysses S., 456, 485; Black Hills
gold and, 517; in Civil War, 443,
448–449, 458, 459, 460, 469; death
of, 507–508; election of 1868 and,
500; election of 1872 and, 501; Lee’s
surrender and, 472, 472 (illus.); in
Mexican War, 397–398; presidency
of, 500–501; Reconstruction and,
487–488, 492, 503
Grapes of Wrath, The (Steinbeck),
771–774
Grape workers: strike by, 769
Grateful Dead, 915
Graupner, Gottlieb, 333 (illus.)
Great Awakening, 117–120, 278,
299–300
“Great Barbecue,” 501
Great Basin: people of, 16
Great Britain, see England (Britain)
Great Depression, 743–744; causes of,
745–746; movies in, 770–771; origins
of, 777; photographs of, 763 (illus.);
social impact of, 764–768; warrelated production and, 800 (map).
See also New Deal
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity
Sphere, 787
Great Famine: in Ireland, 381
Great Fear, 834, 841
Great Gatsby, The (Fitzgerald), 727
Great Kentucky Revival (1800–1801),
300, 359
Great Kivas, 9
Great Lakes region, 252; British and
Indians in, 132; French in, 83;
warfare in, 93; after War of 1812, 246
Great Migration: by Puritans, 55
Great Northern Railroad, 546
Great Plains: alliance movement in,
620; cultures of, 15; dust bowl in,
754; expansion into, 384, 384 (map);
Grange movement in, 617–619; in
Great Depression, 760;
homesteading on, 526–527;
settlement of, 318–319. See also
Plains region
Great powers, 241
Great Salt Lake region: Mormons in,
377–378
Great Sioux Reserve, 516
Great Society, 884–886
Great Sun monarch, 44
Great Train Robbery, The (movie), 651
Great War, see World War I
Great White Fleet, 682, 682 (illus.)
Great White Way, The (Thain), 731
(illus.)
Greece, 252, 821–822; immigrants
from, 578
Greeley, Horace, 332, 336 (illus.), 453,
501
Green, Duff, 391
Greenback party, 502, 614
Greenbacks, 461, 502; for Civil War,
441; money supply and, 613; as
national currency, 473
Greene, Nathaniel, 171 (map)
Greenfield Village, 775
Greenglass, David, 838
Greenland, 15–16, 787
Green Mountain Boys, 147
Green Party, 1005
Greenpeace, 938
Greensboro: sit-ins in, 875–876
Greenspan, Alan, 1002
Green v. County School Board of New
Kent County, 886
Greenville, Treaty of, 208 (illus.),
209–210
Greenwich Village, 661, 662
Gregg, William, 349–350
Gregory, Thomas W., 697
Grenada: intervention in, 957
Grenville, George, 134, 135, 140
Griffith, D. W., 656, 656 (illus.), 734
Grimké, Angelina, 310, 311
Grimké, Sarah, 310, 311
Groipen, Sam, 711–712, 714
Gropius, Walter, 785
Gropper, William, 757 (illus.)
Grosshenney, Francis X., 529 (illus.)
Grossman, Pauline, 641
Gross national product (GNP): in
1920s, 712; 1929 to 1990, 818; in
1950s, 854; in World War II, 790
Group of Eight (G-8), 998, 1012
Group of Seven (G-7), 998, 1004
Groves, Leslie, 826
G-7, see Group of Seven (G-7)
Guadalcanal, Battle of, 797
Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of,
398–399, 529, 894
Guadeloupe, 96
Guale Indians, 18 (illus.), 44, 78
Guam, 633, 788
Guanahaní, 38
Guantánamo: naval base at, 636;
prisoners in, 1018
Guatemala: CIA and, 852
Gudlow, William, 477
Guerrière (ship), 243 (illus.)
Guerrilla warfare: by Apaches, 516; in
Civil War, 444; in Philippines,
636–637, 637 (illus.)
Guilds, 271
Guiteau, Charles, 609
Gulf of Mexico: France and, 84, 232
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 899–900
Gulf War, see Persian Gulf War
Gullah Jack, 368
Gullett, Gayle, 658
Guns: Brady and, 958; global trade in,
1009; gun culture and, 320–321;
manufacture of, 318, 320–321;
violence and, 981. See also Weapons
Guthrie, Woody, 754
Gutierrez, Jose Angel, 894
Gutierrez, Sid, 947 (illus.)
I-25
I-26
Index
Gutridge, Molly, 177 (illus.)
Guzman, Jacobo Arbenz, 852
Gymnastic clubs (Turnverein), 593
Habeas corpus, writ of, 443, 463, 492
Hague, Frank, 759
Haida people, 4, 14 (illus.)
Haig, Alexander, 957
Haight-Ashbury district, 912, 914–915,
915 (illus.)
Haiti, 38, 782; immigrants from, 946,
980, 985; intervention in, 682–683,
999. See also Santo Domingo (Saint
Domingue)
Halberstam, David, 878
Haldeman, H. R., 930, 931 (illus.)
Half a Man (Ovington), 656
Half-Breeds, 610
Half-Way Covenant, 61–62
Hall, Basil, 347
Hall, John, 320–321
Hamer, Fannie Lou, 890
Hamilton, Alexander, 199 (illus.),
199–201, 645; Burr and, 235; at
Constitutional Convention, 186;
Federalist and, 190; Federalist
policies and, 198–202; Newburgh
Conspiracy and, 181; as Secretary of
Treasury, 196; Whiskey Rebellion
and, 202–203, 203 (illus.)
Hamilton, Alice, 649, 659
Hammond, James Henry, 364
Hampton, Wade, 352
Hancock, John, 144 (illus.), 144–145,
146, 149, 174
Hancock, Winfield Scott, 614
Handicapped persons, see Disabled
persons
Handler, Joel, 977
Handsome Lake, 221
Handy, W. C., 651
Hanford Engineer Works, 826
Hanford Nuclear Reservation, 1013
Hanna, Mark, 628, 663
Hanoi, 900. See also North Vietnam;
Vietnam War
Hanover County Courthouse
(Virginia), 115 (illus.)
Haoles, 808, 809
Harding, Warren G., 707, 716–719, 717
(illus.)
Hard money, 441. See also Specie
Hardy, Lyman, 352
Hare Krishnas, 914, 915 (illus.), 944
Harlan, John Marshall, 623
Harlem, 768, 866
Harlem Renaissance, 699, 728–729, 730
Harmar, Josiah, 206
Harpers Ferry: Brown, John, and, 406
(illus.), 407–408, 426–427
Harper’s Weekly, 587
Harrington, Michael, 866, 883
Harris, Katherine, 1006
Harris, Richard, 532 (illus.)
Harris, William Torrey, 603
Harrison, Benjamin, 615, 616–617,
624, 628, 664
Harrison, William Henry, 242, 245,
616; election of 1836 and, 296;
election of 1840 and, 297–298, 298
(map), 390
Harrison Act (1914), 653
Hart, Gary, 958
Harte, Bret, 530
Hartford Convention, 246–247
Hartley, Robert M., 588
Harvard University, 57, 585, 586, 602,
801
Harvey, William H., 627
Hatch Act (1939), 764
Hatters, 64
Hawaii, 204; annexation of, 637;
expansion and, 631 (map), 631–632;
haoles (whites) in, 809; JapaneseAmericans and, 578, 806, 810. See
also Pearl Harbor
Hawkins, John, 46
Hawks (Vietnam War), 900–901, 902,
917
Hawley, Ellis, 688
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 313, 334,
337–338
Hay, John, 630, 679, 680
Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty, 680
Hayden, Casey, 894–895
Hayes, Lucy (“Lemonade Lucy”), 613
Hayes, Rutherford B., 613; civil service
and, 614; election of 1876 and,
505–507, 507 (map); railroad strike
and, 569; reunion of South and, 507
Haymarket riot, 568, 569
Haynes, R. R., 559
Haywood, William “Big Bill,” 661
H-bomb, see Hydrogen bomb (Hbomb)
Head, Adam, 72
Headright system, 69, 72
Head Start, 884, 886
“Head taxes,” 490
Health: antebellum, 328–330; in New
England, 60–61; phrenology and,
330 (illus.), 330–331; popular
movements in, 326, 329–330;
sanitation and, 130; of slaves, 366.
See also Medicine; Public health
Health, Education, and Welfare,
Department of, 845
Health care, 974–975, 1009
Health maintenance organizations
(HMOs), 1009
Hearst, William Randolph, 632, 635
Hegemony: in Latin America and
Caribbean, 681 (map); in western
Pacific, 788
“Hell’s Kitchen” (New York City), 590
Helms, Jesse, 976, 977, 1009
Helper, Hinton R., 357, 358, 432
Hemings, Sally, 229
Hemingway, Ernest, 692, 730, 771
Henderson, Fletcher, 774
Hendrick, Chief (Theyanoguin), 125
(illus.)
Hendrix, Jimi, 914 (illus.)
Henrietta Maria, 69
Henrietta Mills, 559
Henry VII (England), 38–39
Henry VIII (England), 32
Henry “the Navigator” (Portugal), 34
Henry, Fort, 448
Henry, Patrick, 135, 139, 146, 151, 190
Henry Street Settlement, 656
Henson, Josiah, 369
Hepburn Act (1906), 547, 664, 671
Herald of Freedom (newspaper), 333
Herbicides, 858
Heritage Foundation, 976
Herland (Gilman), 660
Hernandez, Aileen, 894
Heroes, 988
Herrán, Tomás, 680
Hessians, 163, 164
Hetch Hetchy Valley, California,
668–669, 669 (illus.)
Heth, Joice, 333
Hewes, George Robert Twelves,
123–124, 124 (illus.), 145, 149, 155
Heyward, Dubose and Dorothy, 729
Heywood, Felix, 477–478
Hiawatha, 1–2, 18, 50
Hickock Manufacturing Company,
834
Hickok, James B. (“Wild Bill”), 534
Hicks, John D., 717
Hidatsas, 515
Hierarchies: religious, 6; Winthrop on,
55. See also Class
Hieroglyphic writing: Mayan, 7
Higginson, Henry Lee, 585
Index
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, 455
Higher education, 585–586; for
African-Americans, 656; after Civil
War, 585–586; democratization of,
818; in 1950s, 862; for women, 602,
659, 861. See also Universities and
colleges
Higher Education Act (1965), 885
High Federalists, 215, 216, 235
High schools, 604, 801. See also
Schools
High-tech industries, 987
Highway Safety Act, 886
Hill, Anita, 972
Hill, James J., 545
Hill, John William, 267 (illus.)
Hillman, Sidney, 766
Hillquit, Morris, 661
Hillsborough, Lord, 141
Hine, Lewis, 574 (illus.), 646
Hippies, 910–911
Hirohito (emperor), 809 (illus.)
Hiroshima: atomic bombing of, 811
Hispanics, 733; in 1950s, 865, 867–868;
in 1990s, 982; in California, 388, 389;
in Congress, 973; discrimination
against, 769; jobless rate for, 1004;
in Miami, 946, 985; organization by,
869; population of, 885; population
percentage of, 980; protests by,
893–894; in space program, 947
(illus.); in Texas, 387 (illus.)
Hispaniola, 37, 38, 40, 41
Hiss, Alger, 836–838, 919
Historians: on atomic bombs,
811–812; on Civil War, 475; on
Johnson, Andrew, 482;
progressivism and, 644
History of the Standard Oil Company
(Tarbell), 646
Hitler, Adolf, 786, 788; aggression of,
783 (map), 783–784; appeasement
of, 784; Popular Front against, 771;
reparations and, 719; Roosevelt,
Franklin D., and, 785; suicide of, 807
HIV, 943, 980. See also AIDS
Hmong people, 983
HMOs, see Health maintenance
organizations (HMOs)
Ho Chi Minh, 704, 830, 852, 853, 899
Ho Chi Minh City, 948. See also Saigon
Ho Chi Minh Trail, 900, 900 (map)
Hodel, Donald, 669
Hoffman, Abbie, 918
Hogarth, William: Wilkes by, 142
(illus.)
Hohokam culture, 8–9, 10, 520
Holabird, William, 601
Holguin, Jose, 805
Holland, 786. See also Dutch;
Netherlands
Holland Land Company, 263
Hollingsworth, Mary: sampler by, 60
(illus.)
Hollywood: blacklist in, 835 (illus.),
836; economic power of, 773. See
also Movies and movie stars
Hollywood Ten, 836
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 469, 645,
698, 836
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Sr., 329
Holocaust, 807–810, 810 (illus.)
Holy Alliance, 252
“Holy experiment”: of Penn, 80
Home(s): antebellum, 280; furnishings
for, 101 (illus.); as refuge, 280; as
woman’s sphere, 584
Home front: in Revolutionary War,
177, 177 (illus.); in World War I,
692–693; in World War II, 799–802,
800 (map)
Home-front security, 1017
Homeland Security, Department of,
1018
Homeless: children, 635 (illus.);
housing for, 646
Home Owners Loan Corporation
(HOLC), 751
Homer, Winslow, 601
Home rule: black codes and, 481; in
South, 504, 505
Homestead Act (1862), 461, 512, 526
Homestead Steel Works, 561, 572;
strike at, 569–570, 624
Home to Harlem (McKay), 716, 728
Homosexuality, see Gays and lesbians
Honduras, 7, 416, 956
Hone, Katherine, 70
Hone, Philip, 274
Honecker, Erich, 965
Hong Kong, 788
Honolulu, Hawaii, 808–809
Honor: code of, 359
Honshu, 811
Hood, John Bell, 469, 470, 494
Hooker, Joseph, 458
Hoover, Herbert, 750 (illus.); on
conservation, 722; election of 1928
and, 737–739, 739 (map); election of
1932 and, 749, 749 (map); Great
Depression and, 747; on
Prohibition, 737; as secretary of
commerce, 717; social thought of,
739–740; stock market crash and,
744, 745; in World War I, 688
Hoover, J. Edgar, 706, 706 (illus.), 835,
882, 928
Hoover Dam, 761, 790
“Hoover Valley,” 747–748
Hope, James, 447
Hope, John, 656
Hopedale community, 313
Hopewell culture, 10–11, 11 (illus.)
Hopi Indians, 204, 513, 869, 892
Hopkins, Harry, 754 (illus.), 754–755,
756
Hopper, Edward, 730
Horbin, Sarah, 53, 76
Horizontal allegiances, 281
Horse racing, 594–595
Horses, 16, 84
Hostage crisis (Iran), 950–951, 951
(illus.)
“Hot line” (Kremlin-White House),
881
“House Divided” speech (Lincoln),
424–425
Households: composition of (2000),
979; in Europe, 30; production and,
216–217
House Judiciary Committee, 485, 931
House of Burgesses (Virginia), 68, 135,
139
House of Representatives, 188; blacks
in, 489; election of 1800 and, 216;
election of 1994 and, 976. See also
Congress
House slaves, 104
House Un-American Activities
Committee (HUAC), 834, 836, 848,
872
Housing: antebellum, 327; in
Chesapeake, 71–72; construction
industry and, 861; Creek, 206
(illus.); log cabin as, 79; of Low,
Cornelius, 108, 108 (illus.); low-cost,
866; low-income, 834; prairieschool, 601; restrictive covenants,
833; in slums and ghettos, 581–582;
suburban, 859; of Victorian
Americans, 584, 584 (illus.); in World
War I, 702; in World War II, 799. See
also Architecture
Housing Act: of 1937, 764; of 1949, 866
Houston, Sam, 378, 388
Howard, O. O., 481, 497
Howard University, 656
Howe, Elias, Jr., 317
I-27
I-28
Index
Howe, Julia Ward, 487
Howe, Richard, 164
Howe, Samuel G., 313
Howe, William, 164, 166
Howells, William Dean, 597, 600
How the Other Half Lives (Riis), 635
(illus.)
Huckleberry Finn (Twain), 601, 537600
Huddleston, Ned (Isom Dart), 534
(illus.)
Hudson, Henry, 49
Hudson, Port, 449
Hudson Bay region, 93
Hudson River school, 334, 339–341
Hudson’s Bay Company, 386
Huerta, Dolores, 893
Huerta, Victoriano, 683
Huet, Henri, 904 (illus.)
Hughes, Charles Evans, 673, 686, 717
Hughes, John, 308
Hughes, Langston, 728, 729, 729
(illus.)
Huguenots, 45, 77, 96
Hull, Cordell, 788
Hull, William, 245
Hull House, 590, 591, 645, 649
Human Be-In, 715
Human depravity doctrine, 301
Human Genome Project, 1010
Human Rights Commission (U.N.),
1012
Human rights issues, 949, 1004, 1018
Humans: in North America, 2–3
Human sacrifice: by Aztecs, 7
Humphrey, Hubert: election of 1964
and, 884; election of 1968 and,
917–918, 918–919, 919 (map)
Hundred Days, 751–753
Hungary, 823, 850, 965, 998. See also
Austria-Hungary
Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux, 517
Hunt, E. Howard, 930
Hunt, Richard Morris, 601
Hunting: in Alaska, 15; Paleo-Indians
and, 4; by Plains Indians, 15
Huntington, Collis P., 545, 546
Huron Indians, 45, 50, 78
Huron (Wyandotte) Indians, 109
(illus.)
Hurston, Zora Neale, 729, 775
Husbands: antebellum, 279–281; in
European families, 30; in New
England, 60; women’s right to
choose, 220. See also Family life;
Men
Hussein (Jordan), 851
Hussein, Saddam, 1020; Persian Gulf
War and, 969–970; Reagan and, 957;
weapons of, 1000
Huston Plan, 928
Hutchinson, Anne, 57–58
Hutchinson, Thomas, 124, 125, 133;
Boston Massacre and, 145;
committees of correspondence and,
146; Stamp Act protests and, 136;
tea cargo and, 149
Hutterites: in World War I, 696
Hydraulic mining, 533
Hydroelectricity, 845; Muscle Shoals
and, 719; New Deal dams and, 761,
761 (illus.); TVA and, 753
Hydrogen bomb (H-bomb), 825, 850
Hydropathy, 329
Iberian Peninsula, 25, 28, 33
IBM, see International Business
Machines (IBM)
Ibuse, Masuji, 811
ICBM, see Intercontinental ballistic
missile (ICBM)
ICC, see Interstate Commerce
Commission (ICC)
Ice Age, 2
Iceland, 787
Ickes, Harold, 750, 752, 755, 757, 760,
761, 787
Idaho, 528, 665
Ideology, 210–211; election of 1994
and, 976; progressive, 642–646;
religion, resistance, and, 137–139
“I have a dream” speech (King),
888–889
Ikard, Bose, 534
Illegal immigrants, 868, 868 (illus.),
946, 980 (illus.), 1004
Illinois, 109, 242, 250, 256
Illinois Central Railroad, 324
Illinois River valley: Hopewell culture
in, 10–11
Illiteracy rate, 604. See also Literacy
Immigrants and immigration, 110, 111
(illus.), 580 (illus.), 655 (illus.); in
1790s, 212; in 1960s, 885; in 1990s,
872–983, 978; to British colonies,
96–100, 100 (map); children of, 591
(illus.); in cities, 577–580; before
Civil War, 378–384; convict laborers
as, 100; Democratic party and, 612;
destinations of, 580; economic
growth and, 557; from 1865 to 1920,
578; eugenics and, 654–655; foreignborn and native whites (1910), 579
(map); to Georgia, 112; gold rush
and, 401; to Hawaii, 810;
homesteading by, 526–527; as
industrial labor, 562–563; Jewish
refugees and, 785–786; labor unions
and, 567, 661; literacy tests for, 654;
loyalists and, 161; neighborhoods
of, 650 (illus.); old, 578; patterns of,
946–947; physical examinations and
tests of, 578–579, 654; to Piedmont
region, 100; politics and, 383–384;
poverty among, 275; processing
centers, 579–580, 655 (illus.);
progressivism and, 643; protests
against, 382–384; public education
and, 604; railroads and, 523, 524
(illus.), 524–525; restrictions on,
653–654, 732, 769, 839; settlementhouses, 590–591; settlement
patterns of, 379–380; to United
States (1870–1930), 654; to Virginia
colony, 48; to West, 256–257. See
also Cities and towns; Illegal
immigrants; Migration; Nativism;
Working class; specific countries of
origin; specific groups
Immigration Act (1924), 655 (illus.)
Immigration Reform Act (1965), 885
Immigration Reform and Control Act
(1986), 946, 959
Immigration Restriction League, 654
Impeachment: of Belknap, 501; of
Chase, 231, 232; of Clinton, 987,
996–997, 997 (illus.); and Johnson,
Andrew, 485–486; and Nixon, 931; of
Pickering, 231, 232
Impending Crisis of the South, The
(Helper), 357, 358, 432
Imperialism, 33; critics of, 636; vs.
expansionism, 639; Latin America
and, 782. See also Empire;
Expansion and expansionism
Imperial presidency, 790
Imports: under Articles of Confederation, 181; boycott of, 141; duties on,
199; taxation of, 140. See also Trade
Impressment, 136, 208–209, 210, 239
Impressment Act (1863), 440
Inaugurations, see specific presidents
Inca empire, 8 (illus.), 41
Income: affluence and, 854; of blacks,
981; in English colonies, 96; gender
and, 862; of Hispanics, 982; in
1950s, 865; power of purse and,
114–115; unequal distribution of,
1003–1004. See also Wages
Index
Income tax, 626, 673, 793. See also
Taxation
Indentured servants: in Carolina, 77;
in Chesapeake, 70–71; contracts for,
70 (illus.); costs of, 104; in New
France, 84; slaves and, 74; in
Virginia, 48
Independence: of Mexico, 387
Independence (American colonies),
149–156; after Peace of Paris, 173.
See also American Revolution
Independence Hall, 186
Independent internationalism,
718–719
Independent Treasury, 390, 399
India: commerce with, 210;
immigrants from, 732, 983; Pakistan
and, 1000; routes to, 26 (map), 38
Indiana, 209, 250, 256
Indiana Territory: Indians and, 242
Indiana University, 817 (illus.)
“Indian fashion,” 65
Indian Knoll, Kentucky, 5
Indian Law Resource Center, 981
Indian Non-Intercourse Act (1790),
206, 221
Indian Ocean, 34
Indian policy: in New Deal, 762;
reservation system, 515–516, 519
(map); of Washington, 206; in World
War II, 804
Indian Removal Act (1830), 260, 291
Indian Reorganization Act (1934), 762
Indians, see Native Americans
Indians Claims Commission, 946
Indian Self-Determination Act (1974),
946
Indian Springs, Treaty of, 259
Indian Territory, 513. See also
Oklahoma Territory
Indian wars: in Civil War, 449
Indigo: as export, 95
Individualism, 278, 512
Indochina, 787, 788, 825, 830,
852–853. See also Cambodia; Laos;
Vietnam
Indonesia, 1004
Indoor plumbing, 554–555
Indulgences, 31
Industrial accidents, 561
Industrial design, 776
Industrial hygiene, 649
Industrialization, 217, 270–274,
542–572; Civil War and, 473; politics
of, 608 (illus.); progressivism and,
643–644; in South, 350; toll from,
641–642. See also Manufacturing;
specific industries
Industrial safety: progressivism and,
648–649
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW,
Wobblies), 661, 661 (illus.), 696, 698
Industry, 216–217; in 1920s, 714–715;
in 1950s, 854–855; Embargo Act and,
240; high-tech, 987; in New Deal,
763; in New England, 61; outworkers
in, 273; after September 11, 2001,
1016; in South, 349, 462, 558–559;
technology and, 322; in World War I,
688, 698; World War II and, 789–793,
792 (illus.), 818–819. See also Labor
unions; specific industries
Infant mortality, 650; in Chesapeake,
70; decline in, 886; in New England,
60; in urban slums, 582
Inflation: in Civil War, 461, 462; in
1970s, 948, 951; Nixon and, 926–927;
World War II and, 792, 819
Influence of Sea Power upon History,
The (Mahan), 630
Influenza epidemic, 691, 700–701, 701
(illus.)
Inheritance, 96
Initiative (electoral reform), 647
Injunction: Pullman strike and, 570
Inman, S. M., 495
Inner cities, 981; blacks in, 945;
Hispanics in, 982; in 1990s, 978;
slums in, 865–866
Inner Light: of Quakers, 80–81
In re Debs, 570
Insane asylums: reform of, 312
Insecticides, 793, 858
Insider trading, 954
Installment buying, 318, 858
Institutional church movement, 590
Insull, Samuel, 714
Insurgents, 666–667
Integration: in armed forces, 803; in
public schools, 308; of sports, 831,
832 (illus.). See also Desegregation;
Segregation
Intel, 940
Intellectual thought: Enlightenment
and, 90, 116–117; Harlem
Renaissance and, 728–729; Jefferson
and, 228–229; Marxist, 571–572; in
1920s, 726–732; political writing
and, 137–139; progressives and,
644–646; in Renaissance, 28; social,
571, 626; transcendentalists and,
313; utopian, 571; Victorian, 584; on
World War I, 697. See also
Enlightenment; specific people and
movements
Intelligence gathering, 851
Intelligence testing, see IQ tests
Interchangeable parts, 271, 320, 322
Intercollegiate Socialist Society, 662
Intercontinental ballistic missile
(ICBM), 870
Interest rates, 951, 1012
Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces
(INF) Treaty, 959–960
Internal improvements: Jackson and,
295; Madison and, 248
International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development, see World Bank
International Business Machines
(IBM), 784, 855, 896, 940–941
International Congress of Women, 677
International Court of Justice, 718
International Criminal Court,
1009–1012
International Harvester, 562–563, 647
Internationalism, see Globalism
International Ladies’ Garment
Workers’ Union (ILGWU), 661
International Monetary Fund, 818,
1004
International organizations, 1001. See
also specific organizations
International Telephone and
Telegraph (ITT), 857
Internet, 986
Interracial relationships, 42, 809, 983
Interstate commerce, 264, 547
Interstate Commerce Act (1887), 547,
611, 618
Interstate Commerce Commission
(ICC), 547, 562, 618, 664, 666
Interstate highway system, 845, 846
(illus.), 846–847, 847 (illus.)
Intervention: in Dominican Republic,
681, 682, 683; in Grenada, 957; in
Haiti, 682–683, 999; vs. isolationism,
785 (illus.); in Lebanon, 853, 957; in
Nicaragua, 681–682; in Somalia,
998; in Vietnam, 852–853. See also
Latin America
Intolerable Acts, 150–151
Intrepid (ship), 230 (illus.)
Inuits, see Eskimos (Inuits)
Inventions: at Chicago World’s Fair,
543; farm machinery, 527; by
Jefferson, 228–229; in late 19th
century, 551–553. See also specific
inventors and inventions
I-29
I-30
Index
Investment: in Canada, 96; corporate
fraud and, 1021; firms, 325; foreign,
in U.S., 1004; in joint-stock
companies, 30; in 1980s, 954;
overseas, 713, 719
Invisible hand (Smith), 571
Invisible Man (Ellison), 729, 865
Invisible Scar, The (Bird), 764–765
Iowa, 251
IQ tests: in World War I, 687
Iran: CIA and, 852; hostage crisis in,
947, 950–951, 951 (illus.); SovietU.S. confrontation over, 821
Iran-contra scandal, 958, 959
Iran-Iraq War, 969
Iraq: Bush, George W., and, 1020;
Clinton and, 1000; Persian Gulf War
and, 969–970; Reagan and, 957;
weapons of mass destruction in,
1017
Ireland: England and, 46; famine in,
381; self-government in, 135. See
also Irish immigrants
Irish immigrants, 99, 100 (map), 275,
296, 378, 379, 380, 381–382;
railroads and, 523, 524–525
Iron, 15, 350, 549, 558
Ironclads, 451, 451 (illus.), 452
Iron Curtain, 831, 832; speech
(Churchill), 821
Iron Molders’ International Union, 566
Ironworks, 95
Iroquoian languages, 18
Iroquois Confederacy, 45, 93, 110. See
also League of the Iroquois
Iroquois Indians, 1–2, 50, 93, 125, 126,
162; ancestry of, 4; “beaver wars”
and, 78–79; Brant and, 184; burial
practices of, 79 (illus.); Catawbas
and, 110; French and, 45, 46, 83;
King William’s War and, 93; land lost
by, 183; Ohio valley and, 109, 125;
Revolutionary War and, 166,
167–170; women’s extended families
and, 16. See also Cayuga Iroquois
Indians; Iroquois Confederacy;
Mohawk Iroquois Indians; Oneida
Iroquois Indians; Onondaga
Iroquois Indians; Seneca Iroquois
Indians; Six Nations Iroquois
“Irreconcilables,” 705
Irrigation, 8, 527
Irving, Washington, 334, 340
Isabella of Castile, 28, 38, 39 (illus.)
Islam: fundamentalism of, 957, 961,
1001; militant attacks and, 993–994;
in West Africa, 27–28. See also
Muslims; Terrorism; specific
countries
Island-hopping, 798
Isolationism: vs. interventionism, 785
(illus.); NATO and, 824; in 1920s,
718; World War II and, 784–785, 787
Israel, 957, 961, 999 (map); Arab wars
with, 924; bombings in, 1018–1019,
1019 (illus.); diplomatic recognition
of, 831; Palestine and, 999–1000;
peace accord with Egypt, 950–951;
Persian Gulf War and, 969. See also
Middle East
Issei, 805, 810
Isthmus of Panama, 403
Italy: immigrants from, 578; after
World War I, 704; before World War
II, 783. See also World War II
IUD (intrauterine device), 912
Iwo Jima, Battle of, 810
IWW, see Industrial Workers of the
World (IWW, Wobblies)
Izaak Walton League, 722
Jackson, Andrew, 205, 247, 288–289;
Bank of the United States and, 293,
294, 294 (illus.); East Florida and,
251; election of 1824 and, 287, 288;
election of 1832 and, 293–294;
Indians and, 260 (illus.), 260–261; at
New Orleans, 246; tariff policies of,
292; Tennessee and, 195–196
Jackson, Andrew (Earl), 290 (illus.)
Jackson, Helen Hunt, 518, 530
Jackson, James, 202
Jackson, Jesse, 958, 967, 975
Jackson, Peter, 595
Jackson, Stonewall, 448, 458, 467
Jackson State College: protests at, 909,
921
Jacobellis v. Ohio, 886
Jamaica: immigrants from, 985
James I (England), 33, 47, 68
James II (England), 79, 90, 91
James, Frank and Jesse, 443
James, Henry, 597
James, William, 636, 644
Jamestown, 47–48, 68 (illus.)
Japan: atomic bombing of, 811–812,
812 (illus.); economy of, 1004;
expansion by, 787–788; immigrants
from, 578, 682; Pearl Harbor and,
788; Russo-Japanese War and, 682;
surrender of, 811, 812; trade deficit
with, 698; U.S. occupation of, 825;
at Versailles peace conference, 703,
704; before World War II, 784, 784
(map). See also World War II
Japanese-Americans: in armed forces,
806; compensation for, 806; in
Hawaii, 810–811; internment of,
805–806; land ownership by, 732
Jarvis, John Wesley, 226 (illus.)
Jaworski, Leon, 931
Jay, John, 151, 172, 209, 210; Federalist,
The, and, 190
Jay-Gardoqui Treaty, 185
Jay’s Treaty, 210
Jazz, 599, 599 (illus.), 731–732, 774
(illus.); in 1930s, 774; in 1950s, 863;
World War I and, 694
Jazz Age, 726–730
Jazz Singer, The (movie), 772
Jefferson, Thomas, 229 (illus.);
committees of correspondence and,
146; debt and, 230; Declaration of
Independence and, 154–155;
election of 1796 and, 212–213;
election of 1800 and, 215–216;
election of 1804 and, 234; entails
and, 179–180; farming and, 263;
ideology of, 139; inauguration of,
227–228; Indians and, 241–242;
judiciary and, 231–232; on land,
202; Louisiana Purchase and, 228;
polygraph and, 229 (illus.);
presidency of, 228–240; Quids and,
238; republican ideology of, 211;
science and, 117; secession and,
215; as Secretary of State, 196; on
separation of church and state, 180;
slaves and, 107, 162; social class
and, 174
Jefferson Airplane, 915
Jeffersonian, The (Watson), 697
Jeffersonianism, 228–230
Jeffersonian Republicans, 211–212
Jeffords, James, 1008
Jemison, Mary, 221
Jencks v. United States, 848
Jenin, 1019, 1019 (illus.)
Jerusalem, 999, 1000
Jesuits, 32, 83
Jet aircraft, 793
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 827
Jewett, Sarah Orne, 597 (illus.), 600
Jews and Judaism: Brandeis, Louis,
and, 672–673; in colonies, 97;
conversos and, 25, 32; Holocaust
and, 807–810, 810 (illus.); Iberian
reconquest and, 25; immigration of,
Index
100 (map), 578; Klan and, 734;
literature in 1950s and, 863;
Mediterranean trade and, 24–25; in
Miami Beach, 984; Nazi Germany
and, 783; in 1950s, 862; Palestine
and, 704; as refugees, 785–786. See
also Israel
Jiang Jieshi, 798, 806, 825, 829, 830,
850
Jihad (holy war), 25
Jim Crow, 655, 832, 848–849, 849–850,
867
Jingoists, 630
Job Corps, 884
Job discrimination, 971
Joblessness, see Unemployment
Jobs, Steven, 940
John II (Portugal), 38
John XXIII (Pope), 862
John Birch Society, 848
John Brown Going to His Hanging
(Pippin), 775
John Muir in Hetch Hetchy Valley
(Dellinger), 668 (illus.)
Johns Hopkins University, 586
Johnson, Andrew, 470, 482 (illus.), 500;
and Congress, 481–482; Fourteenth
Amendment and, 483;
impeachment and, 485–486;
Lincoln’s assassination and, 473;
reconstruction under, 480–481
Johnson, Anthony and Mary, 53–54, 74
Johnson, Earvin (“Magic”), 943
Johnson, Eldridge, 694
Johnson, Hiram, 646, 667, 705
Johnson, Hugh, 752, 753
Johnson, Jack, 652, 656
Johnson, John Marsh, 430–431
Johnson, Lyndon B., 852; civil rights
and, 889; election of 1964 and, 884,
889; election of 1968 and, 917;
McCarthy and, 839; presidency of,
883–886; as vice president, 877;
Vietnam War and, 899–900, 917
Johnson, Richard M., 241, 245, 354
Johnson, Tom, 594
Johnson, William Tiler, 367
Johnston, Albert Sidney, 448
Johnston, Joseph, 469, 472
Joint Chiefs of Staff, 789, 822, 829
Joint Committee on Reconstruction,
481, 482
Joint-stock companies, 30, 47, 69
Jones, Absalom, 223, 224 (illus.)
Jones, Charles Colcock, 371
Jones, Jesse H., 752
Jones, Mary Harris (“Mother”), 567
Jones, Paula, 975, 995–996
Jones, Samuel M. (“Golden Rule”), 646
Joplin, Janis, 914, 914 (illus.)
Joplin, Scott, 575–576, 577 (illus.), 596,
598 (illus.), 651
Jornado del Muerto desert, 827
Joseph (chief), see Chief Joseph
Journalism: yellow, 632. See also
Media; Newspapers; Penny Press
Journeymen, 277
Judgeships, 231
Judicial review, 231
Judicial system, see Court system
Judiciary, 188; Articles of
Confederation and, 180; colonial,
115; independence of, 188; Jefferson
and, 231–232
Judiciary Act: of 1789, 197–198; of
1801, 231, 232
Judson, Edward (Ned Buntline), 537
Juneau, Alaska, 532, 532 (illus.)
Juneau, Joe, 532, 532 (illus.)
Jungle, The (Sinclair), 664
Jury trials, 116
Justice Department: anticommunism
and, 836; antiradicalism and, 706,
928
Juvenile delinquency, 870
Kabul, see Afghanistan
Kaczynski, Theodore, 989, 1016
Kaiser, Henry J., 790
Kalakaua (Hawaii), 631
Kalmus, Herbert, 772
Kamikaze aircraft, 811
Kampsville, Illinois: community near, 5
Kansas, 251, 418, 505, 506 (illus.), 528;
rival governments in, 418–419,
422–423
Kansas Alliance, 620
“Kansas fever,” 505
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), 414–415,
415 (map)
Kashmir, 1000
Katzenbach v. Morgan, 886
Kazakhstan, 968, 1000
KDKA (radio station), 723
Kearny, Stephen, 396–397
Keating-Owen Act (1916), 671, 672
Keayne, Robert, 58
Keeble, Mary, 70
Kefauver, Estes, 864
Keith, George, 82
Keith, Jeannette, 697
Kelley, Abby, 311
Kelley, Florence, 588, 591, 649, 659, 750
Kelley, Oliver H., 617
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), 718
Kennan, George F., 821
Kennedy, Anthony, 972
Kennedy, Edward, 978
Kennedy, Jacqueline, 877, 881, 882
Kennedy, John F., 876–882, 966;
assassination of, 881–882, 882
(illus.); civil rights and, 887, 888;
Cuban missile crisis and, 880–881;
domestic policy of, 878–879;
election of 1960 and, 877;
evaluation of, 882–883;
inauguration of, 877, 879; Vietnam
and, 898–899
Kennedy, Joseph P., 876–877
Kennedy, Robert F., 881, 882, 901, 917;
assassination of, 918
Kent State: protests at, 908–909, 909
(illus.), 910 (illus.), 921
Kentucky, 147, 167 (illus.), 256, 443,
448; siege of Boonesborough, 168
(illus.), 168–169
Kentucky Derby, 594–595
Kentucky Resolutions, 215, 291
Kenya embassy bombing, 1000
Kerensky, Alexander, 689
Kerner Commission, 891
Kerouac, Jack, 871
Kesey, Ken, 911
Key, Francis Scott, 247
Key, Philip Barton, 321
Keynes, John Maynard, 757
Khmer Rouge, 921, 923
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 950, 969
Khrushchev, Nikita, 851 (illus.), 852
(illus.), 880–881
Kickapoo Indians, 109
Kieft’s War, 79
Kilrain, Jake, 595
Kindergartens, 646
King, B. B., 803
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 844, 867, 875,
886, 887, 889, 906; assassination of,
891, 917; in Birmingham, 888;
March on Washington and, 888–889;
Vietnam War and, 901
King, Mary, 894–895
King, Rodney, 971
King, Rufus, 234, 240
King, William, 241
King Cotton, 346–351
King George’s War, 113, 125, 128
King Philip, see King Philip’s War;
Metacom (King Philip)
I-31
I-32
Index
King Philip’s War, 63
Kings Canyon National Park, 760
King’s College, see Columbia
University
King William’s War, 93
Kinship ties: among Indians, 16–17; in
slave families, 365; in West Africa, 27
Kiowa Indians, 384, 515, 516
Kirkland, Caroline, 257–258, 279
Kirkland, Samuel, 163
Kirkland, William, 279
Kissinger, Henry, 785, 920, 921,
923–924, 924, 950
“Kitchen debate,” 852 (illus.)
Kivas, 85
Klamath Indians, 869
Klan, see Ku Klux Klan
Knights of Labor, 566–568, 623 (illus.),
624
Knights of Pythias, 623
Knights of the White Camelia, 491
Knowlton, Charles, 281
Know-Nothing (American) party, 382,
414, 417–418, 421
Knox, Frank, 787
Knox, Henry, 159–160, 164, 206
Koch, Robert, 554
Kodak camera, 465, 556
Kongo, 25, 35
Korea, 682, 798, 825, 885, 947
Korean-Americans: in Congress, 973
Korean War, 828–830, 829 (illus.), 829
(map), 839, 850
Korematsu case, 806
Kosciuszko, Thaddeus, 167 (illus.)
Kosovo, 997–998, 998 (illus.)
Krimmel, John Lewis, 258 (illus.)
Kristallnacht (Night of the Broken
Glass), 785
Krupa, Gene, 774 (illus.)
Ku Klux Klan, 491, 491 (illus.), 505
(illus.), 734–735, 735 (illus.);
Birmingham church bombing by,
889; Mississippi Freedom Summer
Project and, 889; school
desegregation and, 849
Ku Klux Klan Act (1871), 484 , 492, 503
Kurds, 970
Kuwait, 969
Kyoto environmental conference,
1014
Kyushu, 811
Labor: in 1920s, 714; in 1990s, 986; in
colonial cities, 102; consolidation
and, 858; convict-lease system and,
622; eight-hour workday and, 702;
encomiendas and, 40; factory
system and, 561–562; of free blacks,
276; gang, 497; gender and, 644
(illus.); in Georgia, 112–113; for gold
rush, 401; Hoover and, 739;
households and, 216; immigrant,
380, 562–563; married women as,
765; in mid-Atlantic cities, 273–274;
in mills, 272–273, 559–560; nativism
and, 382–383; in New Deal, 757–758,
764; in New England, 61; in
Progressive Era, 647–649;
Protestants vs. Catholics in, 296;
protests by, 383–384; recession and,
1012; skilled and unskilled, 544, 661,
714; of slaves, 76, 352, 364; in
Southwest, 530; for sugar industry,
36–37; for tobacco industry, 70–71;
transcontinental railroad and, 523;
of women, 325, 563–564, 799–801;
in workshop, 281; World War I and,
698, 701–702; World War II and, 789
(illus.), 790–792. See also Child
labor; Contracts; Employment;
Indentured servants; Labor unions;
Slaves and slavery; Strikes;
Unemployment; Workers; specific
groups
Labor-Management Relations Act
(1947), see Taft-Hartley Act (1947)
Labor movement, 566–569, 611
Labor-saving devices: in 1920s, 720
Labor strikes, see Strikes
Labor unions, 383, 565–566, 766–768;
in 1920s, 716; in 1930s, 765,
766–768; in 1990s, 1003; AFL as, 566,
568–569; CIO as, 767, 830; HUAC
and, 836; Knights of Labor as,
566–568; membership in, 767; for
Mexican-American workers, 869;
National Labor Union as, 566;
organizing by, 566–569; in
postindustrial society, 858; in
Progressive Era, 660–661;
restrictions on, 830; trade unions
and, 273–274; Truman and, 819;
urban workingmen’s parties, 308; in
World War II, 792. See also Craft
organizations; Strikes
La Causa, 893
Lafayette, Marquis de, 165, 172,
285–286, 286 (illus.)
Lafayette at Yorktown (Le Paon), 172
(illus.)
Lafayette Escadrille, 690
La Follette, Robert (“Fighting Bob”),
648, 662, 666, 667, 673; election of
1924 and, 719; League of Nations
and, 705
LaGuardia, Fiorello, 800
Laissez-faire doctrine, 571, 611, 625,
626
Lake Champlain, 245; Battle of, 45–46
Lake Erie, 245
Lake Texcoco, 7
Lakota Indians, 235 (illus.)
Lakota Sioux Indians: sacred pipe,
110, 513
Lalawéthica, see Tenskwatawa
Land: in backcountry, 146–148; black
ownership of, 74; claims to, 182
(map); colonial environment and,
102; Confederate, 455; conservation
of, 665, 666; Creek sale of, 259;
expansionism and, 393; federal
policy toward, 262–263; for
freedmen, 496–497; Hetch Hetchy
Valley dam and, 668–669, 669 (illus.);
Homestead Act and, 461, 526–527;
Indians and, 19, 177, 206, 222 (map),
242; in Maryland, 69; MexicanAmericans and, 530; in New England,
59, 61; in New France, 83; in
Northwest Territory, 183; Oklahoma
land rush, 535–536, 536 (map);
Ordinance of 1785 and, 262; in
Pennsylvania, 82, 111; for railroads,
461, 524, 525 (map); Reconstruction
and, 490, 508; reform, 382–383; in
rural areas, 101; selling to repay debt,
199; in Southeast, 184–185; Southern
Homestead Act and, 497; in Spanish
colonies, 84; speculation in, 206,
263–264, 620; surveying of, 236–237,
237 (illus.); in West, 181–184, 955
(map)
Land grants: in Carolina, 77; in New
York, 79–80, 80 (map)
Land mines: Clinton and, 977
Landon, Alfred, 758–759
Land Ordinance (1785), 182, 256–257,
259
Landowners: free blacks as, 176
Landscape architecture, 334, 342
Landscape painting, 339–342
Lane Theological Seminary, 309
Lange, Dorothea, 763 (illus.)
Language: Cherokee, 259; creole, 98;
disagreements over, 983; German,
381; in Miami, 985; of slaves, 370
Lansing, Robert, 685
Index
Laos, 825, 880, 882, 921, 922, 983
La Raza, 982
Larkin, Thomas O., 395
Larsen, Nella, 728–729
La Salle, Sieur de, 84
Lasch, Christopher, 937
Laser, 793
Las Gorras Blancas (White Caps), 530
Lasker, Albert, 715
Last of the Mohicans, The (Cooper),
256
Lathrop, Jane, 585
Lathrop, Julia, 702
Latin America: Carter and, 949–950;
diplomacy and, 630; drug trade and,
968; Good Neighbor policy and,
782–783; immigrants from, 733;
Nixon in, 853; Panama Canal and,
680; Roosevelt, Theodore, and,
680–682; Spain and, 96; Taft and,
680–682; United States and, 956
(map); U.S. and, 681 (map); Wilson
and, 679 (illus.), 682–683. See also
Iran-contra scandal; Monroe
Doctrine (1823)
Latinos/Latinas, see Hispanics;
specific groups
Latvia, 704, 967
Law(s): dissent suppressed by,
697–698; wives protected by, 60. See
also Constitution (U.S.); Legislation;
specific acts
Law and order theme, 887, 927–928
Law courts, 116. See also Court
system; Supreme Court
Lawrence, Amos A., 412
Lawrence, Ernest O., 732
Lawrence, Jacob, 699 (illus.)
Lawrence-Livermore National
Laboratory, 827
Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, 827
Lawson, John, 111 (illus.)
Lay, Kenneth, 1008
League of Nations, 702, 704–705, 705
(illus.), 707
League of the Iroquois, 2. See also
Iroquois Confederacy
League of United Latin American
Citizens (LULAC), 733, 805, 868
League of Women Voters, 719
Leary, Timothy, 911, 915
Lease, Mary E., 620
“Leatherstocking” (character), 335
Leaves of Grass (Whitman), 337
Lebanon, 853, 957
Lecompton constitution, 421, 422–423
Lecompton government, 418–419
Lectures on the Science of Human Life
(Graham), 330
Ledbeter, Hudie (Leadbelly), 731
Le Duc Tho, 921
Lee, Jason, 388
Lee, “Mother” Ann, 303, 304
Lee, Richard Henry, 146, 151, 154
Lee, Robert E., 440, 448, 457, 458, 459,
469; Brown, John, and, 408; in
Mexican War, 397; surrender at
Appomattox, 472, 472 (illus.)
Left (political), 755–756, 834, 906–907
Legal Tender Act (1862), 441
Legends: of frontier, 536–537
Legislation: in Hundred Days,
751–753; under Johnson, Lyndon B.,
884–886; in later New Deal, 756; of
Progressive Era, 671, 672;
Reconstruction, 484. See also New
Deal; specific legislation
Legislative branch, 188
Legislature: bicameral, 188; colonial,
114; division of seats in, 178; in
states, 178; unicameral, 179. See also
Congress; specific states
Leisler’s Rebellion, 91–92
Leisure: antebellum, 331–334; in
1950s, 862–863; of working class,
591–596. See also specific types
Lemlich, Clara, 661
Lend-lease program, 787
L’Enfant, Charles, 649
Lenin, Vladimir, 689, 704
Lennon, John, 912
Leopard (ship), 239
Leopold, Aldo, 722, 760
Le Paon, Jean-Baptiste, 172 (illus.)
Lerner, Gerda, 895
Lesbians, see Gays and lesbians
“Letter from the Birmingham Jail”
(King), 888
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
(Dickinson), 141
Letters on the Condition of Women and
the Equality of the Sexes (Sarah
Grimké), 310
Letters to Catharine E. Beecher
(Angelina Grimké), 310
Letters to Mothers (Sigourney),
279–280
Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (Agee),
771 (illus.), 774
Levi’s, 381
Levittowns, 859
Lewinsky, Monica, 995–996
Lewis, Flora, 1008
Lewis, John L., 766, 792
Lewis, Mary Edmonia, 372 (illus.)
Lewis, Meriwether, 234–235
Lewis, Sinclair, 730
Lewis and Clark expedition, 233
(map), 234–238, 236 (map), 237, 258
Lexington, Kentucky, 269, 270
Lexington, Mass., battle at, 124, 152
Leyte Gulf, Battle of, 798
Liberalism: civil rights movement and,
875–876; Johnson, Lyndon B., and,
883–886; Kennedy, John F., and,
879–880, 882; Vietnam and, 898–902
Liberal Republicans, 501–502, 503
Liberator, The (newspaper), 292,
308–309, 311
Liberia, 308
Liberties: in Constitution (U.S.), 190;
protection of, 215. See also
Freedom(s); Rights
Liberty (sloop), 144
Liberty Loans, 692
Liberty party, 310, 392, 418
Libya, 961
Liddy, G. Gordon, 930
Lieberman, Joseph, 958, 1005
Life expectancy: in 1950s, 861; in
1990s, 979; in Chesapeake, 70; in
cities, 102; in New England, 60; of
slaves, 98, 366; World War II
innovations and, 793
Life magazine, 763–764
Lifestyle: in Cahokia, 12–13; of Civil
War soldiers, 449–451; of colonial
elites, 108, 108 (illus.); conveniences
in, 327–328; of cowboys, 533–534; of
former slaves, 477–478; of Indians
before European contact, 16–19;
industrialization and, 270–271; of
mill workers, 559–560; in 1990s,
987–988; of Paleo-Indians, 4; of
Plains Indians, 15, 514; of planters,
352–354; post-World War II, 818; of
Progressive Era African-Americans,
655–656; quality of life and,
326–331; of rural whites, 100–101; of
slaves, 104, 362–369; of small
tobacco farmers, 72; tea and, 95–96;
in textile towns, 272; Tocqueville on,
256; urban, 576–583; World War II
and, 799, 831 (illus.)
Light bulb, 552
Lightning rod, 117
Lilienthal, David, 753
Liliuokalani (Hawaii), 631
I-33
I-34
Index
Limbaugh, Rush, 975, 975 (illus.), 976
Limited monarchy: in England, 91
Limited war, 829
Lincoln, Abraham, 424 (illus.), 439,
469, 471–472; assassination of,
472–473, 480; in Civil War, 447, 448,
458; debates with Douglas, 423–425;
dissent and, 463–466; election of
1860 and, 427, 428–429; election of
1864 and, 469–470; emancipation
policy and, 452–454; Emancipation
Proclamation and, 448, 453–454;
habeas corpus and, 443;
Reconstruction and, 479–480;
secession of South and, 429–432; as
wartime leader, 441–442
Lincoln-Douglas debates, 423–425
Lincoln homestead, 108
Lindbergh, Charles, 725–726, 787
Lindneux, Robert, 261 (illus.)
Lippmann, Walter, 696
Liquor, see Alcohol
Literacy, 116; among blacks, 367; of
Civil War armies, 450; 1880-1890,
604; in South, 351, 496
Literacy tests: for immigrants, 654; for
voting, 621
Literature: in 1920s, 726; in 1930s, 775;
in 1950s, 863; alienated writers and,
730; American Renaissance in,
334–339; democratization of, 335;
dime novels, 534, 537; frontier
legends in, 536–537; Harlem
Renaissance and, 728–729; Mayan,
7; naturalist writers, 600;
paperbacks and, 339; progressive
movement and, 645–646; realist and
regionalist writers, 600; SpanishMexican culture in, 530; Victorians
and, 597–600; women and, 603;
World War II and, 802. See also
specific writers and titles
Lithuania, 704, 967
Little Bighorn, Battle of, 517–518
“Little Havana”: in Miami, 984, 985
Little Ice Age, 29
Little Rock: desegregation in, 849, 849
(illus.)
“Little Steel” companies, 767
Littleton, Colorado: shootings in, 979,
979 (illus.)
Little Turtle (Miami Indians), 208
(illus.)
Livestock: in New England, 62; in
South, 348
Livingston, Robert R., 232, 264
Lloyd George, David, 703
Lobbyists, 670, 1013
Lochner v. New York, 671
Locke, Alain, 729
Locke, John, 77, 117, 138
Lockerbie, Scotland: Pan Am flight 103
and, 961
Lockheed, 827
Locofocus, 295
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 630, 654, 704,
705, 707
Loewy, Raymond, 776
Log cabin, 79
London, 29
Lonely Crowd, The (Riesman), 857
Long, Crawford, 329
Long, Huey, 755–756
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 280
Looking Backward (Bellamy), 571
Loose constructionism, 249
Lord Dunmore’s War, 147
Lorraine, 704
Los Alamos, 794, 826; National
Laboratory, 826
Los Angeles: gangs in, 945; King,
Rodney, riots and, 971; Mexicans in,
769, 868–869; migration to, 859–860;
water management and, 666; Watts
riot in, 890
Lost Bird (Marguerite Colby), 522, 523
(illus.)
“Lost colony,” see Roanoke colony
Louis XIV (France), 83, 84, 90, 93
Louis XVI (France), 165
Louis, Joe, 785
Louisbourg, 113, 114 (illus.), 126
(map), 127
Louisiana, 97, 256; Acadian move to,
128; France and, 109, 127; slavery
and, 97, 250, 368; Spain and, 86, 203
Louisiana Purchase (1803), 232–234,
233 (map), 259; Floridas and, 251;
mapping of, 236 (map), 237
Louisiana Territory, 84, 228. See also
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
Louisville, 269, 270
Love, see Romantic love
Love, Nat, 533
Love Canal crisis, 949, 949 (illus.)
Lovejoy, Elijah, 309
Loving v. Virginia, 886
Low, Cornelius: home of, 108, 108
(illus.)
Lowell: mills in, 272, 273, 318
Lowell, Francis Cabot, 271
Lowell, James Russell, 396
Lowell, Josephine Shaw, 589
Lower South, 346, 349, 368. See also
South
Loyalists, 160–161; class structure and,
174; Indian support for, 162–163; in
New Jersey, 164–165; recruitment
by, 161 (illus.); Revolution and, 163,
173; in South, 171–172
Loyalists (Spain), 771
Loyal Nine, 135
Loyalty: anticommunism and,
834–835; state programs, 835–836;
testing after World War II, 835
Loyalty Boards, 835
Loyola, Ignatius, 32
LSD, 911
Luce, Henry, 763
Lucent Technologies, 1020
Ludlow, Louis, 784
Ludlow Amendment (1938), 784
Luftwaffe (German air force), 786
LULAC, see League of United Latin
American Citizens (LULAC)
Lumber industry, 61
Lunar landing, see Moon landing
Lundy, Benjamin, 308
Lundy’s Lane, battle at, 245
Lusitania (ship), 685
Luther, Martin, 31
Lutheranism, 32
Luxembourg, 786
Luzon, 637
Lyceums, 339
Lynchings, 622, 656, 768, 832; of
German-Americans, 696; in New
Deal, 759; protests against, 768
(illus.); after World War I, 705
Lynd, Robert and Helen, 715, 720, 721
Lyon, Matthew, 215
Lyons, Jane (Hope), 656
Mábila, 43–44, 84
MacArthur, Douglas, 748, 797, 811,
825, 828, 829, 839
Macdonough, Thomas, 245
Machines: for Great Plains farming,
527. See also Industrialization
Machine tools, 318
MacIntosh, Ebenezer, 136
MacLean, Annie, 601
Macon’s Bill No. 2, 241
Macready, William, 332
Macune, Charles W., 619, 621
Macy, Rowland H., 584
Madeira Islands, 36
Madero, Francisco, 683
Index
Madison, Dolley, 245 (illus.), 245–246
Madison, James, 149, 228; Bill of Rights
and, 198; at Constitutional
Convention, 186–187; election of
1808 and, 240–241; election of 1812
and, 246; Federalist, The, and, 190; on
government, 189; on national debt,
200; presidency of, 241; republican
ideology of, 211; on slavery, 175, 188;
War of 1812 and, 242–243
Mad magazine, 871
Madrinas, 530
Magazines, 597–600; anticommunist,
835; mass-circulation, 723;
photoengraving and, 635
Magellan, Ferdinand, 39
Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (Crane), 600
Magsaysay, Ramon, 852
Mailer, Norman, 878
Maine, 47; as free state, 250, 251;
Shakers in, 304–305, 305 (illus.);
statehood for, 256
Maine (battleship), 632
Main Street (Lewis), 730
Main-Travelled Roads (Garland), 619
Maize (corn), 5, 7, 14
Majority rule: Madison on, 191
Making Salmon:.... (Taylor), 761
Malacate, Antonio, 85
Malamud, Bernard, 863
Malaria, 77, 366, 793
Malaya, 788
Malcolm X, 891
Male (term): in Constitution, 483, 486
Mali, 25 (illus.), 25–27
Malintzin (Malinche, Doña Marina),
41, 41 (illus.)
Mallon, Mary, 650
Management: in 1920s, 716; railroads
and, 546
Man and Nature (Perkins), 539
Manassas, battles at, see Bull Run
Manchester Union-Leader, 960
Manchu Ch’ing empire, 679
Manchuria, 682, 784, 784 (map), 798,
825
Mandan Indians, 14, 234 (illus.)
Mandela, Nelson, 968, 998–999
Mangum, W. P., 296
Manhattan Island, 50 (illus.)
Manhattan Project, 793–794, 811, 826,
838
Manifest Destiny, 378, 392–393,
416–417. See also MexicanAmerican War; Westward expansion
Manila Bay: Dewey in, 632, 633 (map)
Manitou, 18
Mann, Horace, 307, 313, 351, 603
Mann Act (1910), 652, 671
Mannahoac Indians, 19
Mann-Elkins Act (1906), 666, 671
Manners, Victorian, 583
Man Nobody Knows, The (Barton), 715
Manorial system: in Maryland, 69
Manors: in New York, 79–80, 80 (map)
Mansfield, William, 149
Manson, Charles, 912
Manteno, Illinois, 324
Manufacturing: in 1950s, 855; in
1990s, 986; American System of,
322; in cities, 273–274; employment
in, 272 (map); growth of, 217, 544;
interchangeable parts and, 320, 322;
machine tools and, 318; mergers in
(1895–1910), 550. See also Industry;
Technology
Manumission: in North Carolina, 175
Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung), 825, 852,
923, 950
“Maple Leaf Rag” (Joplin), 575, 651
Maps, 34; of America, 39, 236 (map),
236–237, 237 (illus.)
Marbury, William, 231
Marbury v. Madison, 231
March Against Death, 908, 908 (illus.)
Marching bands, 598 (illus.), 598–599
March on Washington: in 1941, 802,
888; in 1963, 888–889
Marcos, Ferdinand, 924
“Margin” buying, 744–745
Marietta, 184
Marijuana, 911
Marines: in Korean War, 829 (illus.); in
World War II, 810. See also Armed
forces; Intervention
Maritime trade, 34, 204
Market(s): agricultural, 261–262; for
books, 335; colonies as, 95;
Embargo Act and, 240; overseas,
630. See also Transportation
Market economy, 262–270, 276–277; in
New England colonies, 58; in West
Africa, 27; Whig party and, 296
Marketing, 553–556, 556 (illus.); by
railroads, 545
Market production, 216–217
Mark I calculator, 793, 855
Marne: battles of, 689, 690–691
Marne, The (Wharton), 693
Marriage, 280 (illus.), 603; age of, in
New England, 61; antebellum, 279;
in birth order, 279; in Chesapeake,
69–70; counterculture and, 913;
delayed, 942; of freed blacks, 493;
among Indians, 16; interracial, 983;
in New England colonies, 60; slave,
362, 364; in West Africa, 27; women’s
roles and, 220; World War II and,
801. See also Divorce
Marsh, Peyton C., 687
Marshall, George C., 821, 839
Marshall, John, 227, 249 (illus.); Burr
and, 238; Georgia Indians and, 260;
on interstate commerce, 264;
Marbury v. Madison and, 231;
Supreme Court under, 248–249
Marshall, Robert, 760
Marshall, Thomas R., 705
Marshall, Thurgood, 848, 886
Marshall Plan, 822–823, 824
Martha Washington societies, 307
Martí, José, 632
Martin, Bradley, 625
Martin, Henry Byam, 365 (illus.)
Martinique, 96
Marx, Karl, 571–572, 661
Marxism, 571–572
Mary I (England), 32
Mary II (England), 91, 93
Maryland, 68, 69, 92, 443, 448;
government of, 179; western, 126
Mascoutens Indians, 109
MASH, see Mobile Auxiliary Surgical
Hospital
Mashantucket Pequots, 981
Mason, Charlotte, 729
Mason, George, 190
Mason, James, 452
Mason, Priscilla, 221
Mason, Stevens, 284 (illus.)
Masons: Anti-Masonry crusade and,
296
Massachusett Indians, 55
Massachusetts: backcountry and, 147;
Bay colony, 55; circular letter in,
141; education in, 56–57; Embargo
Act and, 240; Glorious Revolution
in, 91; legislature in, 58–59; mills in,
272; Plymouth colony and, 49;
politics in, 58–59; public schools in,
307; as royal colony, 90, 91; split in,
57–58; voting rights in, 179;
Williams, Roger, and, 57
Massachusetts Bay Colony. See
Massachusetts
Massachusetts Bay Company, 55
Massachusetts Government Act, 150
“Massacre of St. George’s Fields,” 142
I-35
I-36
Index
Massasoit, 49, 62–63
Mass audience: for television, 864
Mass culture: in 1920s, 720–726;
sexual revolution and, 912
Masses, The (periodical), 662, 662
(illus.), 697
Mass marketing: discount chains and,
935–936
Mass media, see Media
Mass production, 551–553, 714,
944–945
Maternal societies, 281
Mathematics: of Maya, 7
Mather, Cotton, 60, 63, 90
Mather, Increase, 67
Mayagüez incident, 948
Maya people, 7, 16
Mayflower (barge), 184
Mayflower (ship), 49
McAdoo, William G., 685, 689, 702,
707, 719
McCain, Franklin, 875, 876
McCain, John, 995, 1005, 1013
McCardle, Eliza, 480
McCarran Internal Security Act (1950),
839
McCarran-Walter Immigration and
Nationality Act (1952), 839
McCarthy, Eugene, 913, 916, 917, 918
McCarthy, James, 520
McCarthy, Joseph, and McCarthyism,
816, 838–839, 844, 845–848, 864
McCarthyism and the Hollywood
Witch Hunts (Cleland), 814 (illus.)
McClellan, George B., 447–448, 453,
470
McClure’s magazine, 645
McCord, James, 930, 931 (illus.)
McCormick, Cyrus, 319, 322 (illus.), 461
McCormick, Katharine, 896
McCormick Harvester plant, 569
McCoy, Joseph G., 533
McCulloch, Hugh, 502
McCulloch v. Maryland, 249
McDonald’s, 831 (illus.)
McDowell, Irvin, 446
McElroy, Neil, 854
McGee, Frank, 916
McGillivray, Alexander, 184, 205–206
McGovern, George, 901, 929–930
McGuffey readers, 307
McGuire, Thomas B., 565
McHenry, Fort, 247
McIntosh, Fort: treaty of, 183
McIntosh, William, 259
McKay, Claude, 716, 728
McKay, Donald, 403, 403 (illus.)
McKinley, William F., 610, 632;
assassination of, 610, 663; election
of 1896 and, 627, 627 (map),
628–629; Philippines and, 636–637;
Spanish-American War and, 632
McKinley Tariff (1890), 617, 624, 625,
628, 631
McLaughlin, James, 522
McNamara, Robert, 881, 899, 901–902
McNary-Haugen bill, 718, 752
McNeil, Joseph, 875
McPherson, Aimee Semple, 734
McVeigh, Timothy, 988
Mead, Larkin, 345 (illus.)
Meade, George G., 458, 459
Meat Inspection Act (1906), 664, 671
Meatpacking industry, 549, 551
Mechanization: of agriculture, 319,
857. See also Technology
Media: Berlin Wall and, 966. See also
specific media
Medicaid, 885, 943
Medical Care Act (1965), 885
Medical schools, 277
Medicare, 885, 1008
Medication: patent, 653 (illus.);
regulation of, 664
Medicine: anesthesia and, 329; in Civil
War, 466–467; doctor’s education
and, 586; genetic research and,
1010–1011; in 1920s, 732; women in,
715; World War II and, 793
Medicine Lodge Treaty (1867), 515
Medicine men and women, 19
Mediterranean region, 24–25, 231, 821
Meehan, Martin, 1013
Meese, Edwin, 959
Megafauna, 2, 4
“Me Generation,” 937
Melish, John, 237
Mellon, Andrew W., 717, 718, 745
Melting Pot, The (Zangwill), 983
“Melting pot” concept, 983
Melville family: Alan, 276–277;
Herman, 276–277, 334, 337, 338, 339
Memminger, Christopher G., 430, 441
Memphis, 209, 449
Men: in Archaic societies, 5;
egalitarianism among white,
174–175; in European families, 30;
extended families of, 16; as
immigrants, 70–71, 578; leisure and,
592; in New England, 60–61; PaleoIndian, 4; relations with women,
220; separate spheres and, 583
Mencken, Henry L., 730
Mendel, Gregor, 1010
Menéndez, Francisco, 106–107
Menlo Park, Edison and, 552, 552
(illus.), 553
Menominee Indians, 869
Mentally ill: treatment of, 313
Mercantilism, 83, 94–96
Mercenaries, see Hessians
Merchants, 58, 103
Merchants of death, 784
Meredith, James, 887
Mergers, 954; in 1990s, 1002. See also
Business; Corporations
Merrick, John, 623
Merrill Lynch, 1021
Merrimac (Virginia), 451, 451 (illus.)
Mesa Verde: Anasazi in, 9
Mesoamerica, 5–8, 6 (map)
Mesquakie (Fox) Indians, 110
Mestizos, 42
Metacom (King Philip), 62–63
Methodism, 120, 300, 359; blacks and,
223, 276, 370–371; colleges founded
by, 362; in North and South, 371
Métis, 42, 109
Meuse River, 692
Mexica, 7
Mexican-Americans, 769, 769 (illus.),
946; in 1950s, 865, 868; in 1990s,
982; in armed forces, 804–805; in
Civil War, 449; discrimination and,
529–530; immigration by, 733, 980;
at Phoenix Indian School, 520;
protests by, 893 (illus.), 893–894; as
railroad laborers, 523; in Southwest,
529–530; traditions of, 725; woman
suffrage and, 658; in World War II,
804–805
Mexican-American War, 394–400, 397
(illus.), 398 (illus.), 464
Mexican Revolution, 683
Mexicans: as cowboys, 533; in
Southwest, 529. See also MexicanAmericans
Mexico: agriculture in, 5; cultures of,
7–8; economy of, 1004; Far West
trade and, 386; independence of,
385; NAFTA and, 974;
nationalization by, 782–783; in
1920s, 719; oil from, 722; silver and,
386; Spanish in, 43, 204; Texas and,
386–387; westward expansion and,
378. See also Aztecs; Mesoamerica;
Mexican-American War; Spain
Mexico City, 6, 41, 397–398
Index
Miami, 946, 982, 984 (illus.), 984–985,
985 (illus.)
Miami, Fort, 209
Miami Beach, 984
Miami Indians, 208 (illus.)
Miantonomi (Narragansett sachem),
62
Miasma theory of disease, 328–329,
467
Miccosukee Indians, 984
Michigan, 257, 284 (illus.)
Mickey Mouse Club, 864 (illus.)
Micro Instrumentation Telemetry
Systems (MITS), 940
Microphone, 553
Microsoft, 940
Mid-Atlantic states, 181, 218–219
Middle class: in 1860s, 316 (illus.); in
1950s, 873; in 1970s, 944; blacks in,
945; in cities, 103, 582; consumption
and, 584–585; counterculture and,
911; cult of domesticity and,
583–584; higher education and,
585–586; lifestyle of, 326, 326 (illus.);
manners and morals of, 583; new,
642; progressivism and, 643;
separate spheres doctrine and, 279;
urban, 643; white-collar, 643
Middle colonies, 78 (map), 78–82, 154
Middle East: Carter and, 950–951;
Clinton and, 974, 999–1000; crises
in, 999 (map), 1018–1020;
Eisenhower and, 853; immigrants in
U.S., 1018; Nixon and, 924; Reagan
and, 957, 961; September 11, 2001,
bombings, and, 1016; Suez crisis in,
853. See also Arabs; Muslims
Middletown (Lynd), 715, 720
Middling classes, 33, 276–277, 351
Midnight appointments: by Adams,
231
Midway, Battle of, 793, 797
Midwest, 258–259, 318–319; Grange
and, 617–619; railroads and, 324;
Republican party in, 612. See also
Great Plains
Mier y Téran, Manual, 387
Migrant workers: in Great Depression,
753, 757; Hispanic, 769; MexicanAmerican, 733
Migration: of Africans, 53–54; black,
276, 505, 558–559, 623–624,
655–656, 698–699, 768; to California,
388; chain migration, 580; to cities,
577–580; from dust bowl, 754, 757;
emancipation and, 492; English
(1610–1660), 54 (map); to North
America, 53–54; in Reconstruction,
489; to suburbs, 859; to West, 256,
389, 511; in World War II, 799, 803,
804
Milborne, Jacob, 92
Militants: Chicanos as, 893; civil rights
and, 889, 890–891; Indians as,
892–893; Nixon and, 927–928;
Puerto Ricans as, 894. See also
Protest(s)
Military: in American Revolution, 163;
in Balkan fighting, 997–998; buildup
of, 957–958; colonial, 129; and
Constitution (U.S.), 187–188;
homosexuals in, 974; in
Reconstruction, 488; reduction in,
968; in Seven Years’ War, 127; in
Somalia, 998; spending on, 854;
Washington Naval Arms Conference
and, 718; in World War I, 685. See
also Armed forces; specific
presidents; specific wars
Military courts: in Reconstruction, 503
Military districts: in Reconstruction,
483, 485 (map)
Military draft, see Draft (military)
Military-industrial complex, 790, 853
Militia, 163; right-wing, 988–989; in
Second Amendment, 198
Milk, Harvey, 942, 943
Milkin, Michael, 1020
Mill economy: southern, 559–560
Miller, William, 297
Mills, see Cotton industry; Textile
industry
Milosevic, Slobodan, 997, 998, 998
(illus.)
Milwaukee, 270
Milwaukee Leader (newspaper), 697
Mimeograph machine, 553
Mine Owners’ Protective Association,
569
Minerals: in Eastern Woodlands
region, 10. See also Gold; Gold rush;
Mines and mining; Silver; specific
minerals
Mines and mining, 401; in Antarctica,
972; Coeur d’Alene River strike, 569;
IWW strikes against, 661; mergers in
(1895–1910), 550; UMW strike and,
663, 792, 819; in West, 531 (map),
531–533. See also Gold; Gold rush;
Silver
Mingo Indians, 126, 147, 162
Minimum wage, 764, 830, 834, 845
Minnesota, 251
Minorities: affirmative action and,
945–946; discrimination against,
768–769; in Great Depression, 765;
in 1990s, 978; in Southwest,
529–530. See also specific groups
Minor v. Happersett, 487
Minstrel shows, 332–333
Miranda v. Arizona, 886, 887
Missile crisis: in Cuba, 880–881
Missiles: antiballistic, 924; arms
control and, 960; Bush, George W.,
and, 1009; in 1950s, 854; Reagan
and, 957; space exploration and,
870, 870 (illus.). See also specific
types
Missions and missionaries: in Civil
War, 457 (illus.); Franciscan, 85, 204;
Indians and, 44, 78; Jesuit, 32; in
Massachusetts, 55; in New England,
62; in New France, 82, 83; New
Light, 119; Shaker, 303; among
slaves, 371; Spanish, 44, 78, 85, 387
Mission San Gabriel (Depper), (illus.)
Mississippi, 250, 256, 259, 262, 887
Mississippian culture, 11–14, 110
Mississippi Freedom Democratic
Party (MFDF), 889
Mississippi Freedom Summer Project
(1964), 889
Mississippi-Ohio River system:
steamboats in, 264–265
“Mississippi plan,” 505
Mississippi River region: access to,
210; Britain and, 170; Canadian
settlements in, 97; Civil War and,
445–446, 449; cultures of, 11–14;
Eastern Woodlands people and, 10;
France and, 109; La Salle and, 84;
after Revolutionary War, 172; Spain
and, 184–185. See also Louisiana
Purchase (1803)
Missouri, 250, 256, 276, 443, 448;
Kansas and, 415, 419
Missouri (battleship), 811
Missouri Compromise, 249–251, 250
(map), 399–400, 415, 422
Missouri River region, 234–236
Mitchell, George, 1019
Mitchell, John, 929
Mitchell, Margaret, 775
Mithelstadt, Jakob, and family, 580
(illus.)
Miwok Indians, 46
Mob, see Organized crime
Mobile, 84
I-37
I-38
Index
Mobile Auxiliary Surgical Hospital,
793
Mobilization: for Civil War, 439–443;
for World War II, 785, 789–795
Mobilizing Woman-Power (Blatch),
696–697
“Mobocracy,” 203
Moby-Dick (Melville), 337, 338, 339
Moctezuma II (Aztecs), 41
“Model of Christian Charity, A,” 55
Model T, 651
Moderators, 491
Modernism: in arts, 601
Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, 323
(illus.)
Mohawk Iroquois Indians, 49, 83, 184;
Dutch and, 50; French and, 45, 46;
Hendrick of, 125 (illus.); King Philip’s
War and, 63; King William’s War and,
93; Revolutionary War and, 167
Mohegan Indians, 56, 64
Molasses, 37, 96
Molasses Act (1733), 94, 133
Molotov, V. M., 807
Mondale, Walter, 948, 958
Monetarist school, 745–746
Monetary policy, 610, 613, 627
Money, 180, 187, 502. See also
Currency; Paper money; Specie
Money supply, 611, 613
“Monied men”: Hamilton and, 201
Monitor (ironclad), 451, 451 (illus.)
Monk, Maria, 382
Monk’s Mound, Cahokia, 12
Monmouth Court House, battle at,
165 (map), 166–167
Monopolies, 264, 383, 546 (illus.), 551,
663–664
Monroe, James, 228; election of 1816
and, 247; election of 1820 and, 247;
Era of Good Feelings and, 248;
foreign policy of, 251–252;
Louisiana Purchase and, 232; on
ratification, 190
Monroe Doctrine (1823), 252, 630,
822; Roosevelt Corollary to, 681
Montagnais Indians, 45
Montana, 528
Montcalm, Joseph, 127
Monte Albán, 6
Monterrey, Mexico: capture of, 396
Monte Verde (Chile), 2
Montgomery, 446; bus boycott in, 867,
875; freedom riders in, 887; SelmaMontgomery march and, 874
(illus.), 889
Montgomery, Bernard, 795
Montiano, Manuel De, 107
Montreal, 40, 93, 166, 245
Moon, Sun Myung, 944
Moon landing, 925 (illus.)
Moore, Clement, 280
Moore, Gordon, 940
Morality: culture wars and, 988–989;
progressivism and urban, 651–652;
Victorian, 583
Moral Majority, 944, 952
Moral-reform activity: societies, 282;
World War I and, 701–702
Moran, Thomas, 538 (illus.)
“Moratorium”: in Vietnam War, 908
(illus.)
Morehouse College, 495, 656
Morgan, J. Pierpont, 547, 548, 553,
590, 626, 628, 647, 663–664, 667, 685
Morgan, Thomas, 520
Morgan, William, 296
Morgan v. Virginia, 833
Morgenthau, Henry, Jr., 750
Mormons, 301–303, 302 (map),
377–378, 528
Morocco, 24–25, 25, 34
Morrill Land Grant Act (1862), 461,
586
Morris, Lewis, 116
Morris, Robert, 180–181
Morrison, Jim, 914 (illus.)
Morrison, Toni, 729
Morristown: Washington in, 164
Morrow, Dwight, 719
Morse, Samuel F. B., 322, 382
Mortality rate: in Chesapeake, 70;
decline in, 861; from influenza and
pneumonia, 700–701; of slaves,
365–366; in Virginia, 48. See also
Infant mortality; Life expectancy
Mortgages: for farms, 101
Morton, Ferdinand (Jelly Roll), 728
(illus.), 731–732
Morton, William T. G., 329
Moscone, George, 943
Mose, Florida, 105, 106 (illus.),
106–107, 107 (illus.)
Moses, Anna “Grandma,” 775, 775
(illus.)
Mother Earth, 659
Motion-picture camera and movie,
553
Motor Vehicle Safety Act (1966), 885
Motown, 912
Mott, Lucretia, 311, 311 (illus.)
Mound-building cultures, 10–13; 44
“Mountain men,” 257 (illus.), 258
Mount Auburn Cemetery, 342
Mount Holyoke, 602
Moussaoui, Zacarias, 1018
Movement, see Youth movement
Movies and movie stars: in 1920s, 724;
in 1930s, 770–771; in 1950s,
843–844, 861, 863; in 1970s, 937,
938; in 1990s, 987; anticommunism
and, 835 (illus.), 836; drug culture
and, 912; early, 651–652, 724 (illus.),
772 (illus.), 772–773; Indians
depicted in, 946; as propaganda,
794; racism in, 656, 656 (illus.);
religious extravaganzas and, 862;
World War I and, 693; World War II
and, 802
“Movietone,” 772
Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de
Aztlan, El (MEChA), 893
“Moving frontier,” 263–264
Ms. magazine, 938
Muck, Karl, 696
Muckraking, 645, 667
Mugwumps, 615, 616, 636
Muir, John, 539, 664, 666, 668, 668
(illus.), 669
Muirhead, James F., 582
Mulattos, 42, 364; in Charleston, 430;
passing as white, 369; on
plantations, 354
Muller v. Oregon, 671, 672
Multiculturalism, 809, 910, 983
Multiethnic society, 981–983
Multinational corporations, 856
Multiple-use land management, 665,
666
Mumford, Lewis, 730, 785
Muncie, Indiana: Middletown and,
715, 720, 721
Munich Pact (1938), 784, 785
Municipal government: railroads and,
325. See also Cities and towns
Munitions: in Civil War, 440
Munn v. Illinois, 618
Murder Act, see Administration of
Justice Act
Murrah federal building: bombing of,
988, 989 (illus.), 1016
Murray, Judith Sargent, 220–221
Murrow, Edward R., 807, 864
Muscle Shoals, Alabama:
hydroelectric facility at, 719
Museum of Modern Art, 862
Museums: Barnum’s American
Museum as, 333–334
Index
Music: in 1920s, 725, 731; in 1930s,
774; black, 372–373; call-andresponse singing, 599; of
counterculture, 911–912; GermanAmericans and, 696; Harlem
Renaissance and, 728; home life in,
280; marching bands and, 598
(illus.), 598–599; in minstrel shows,
332; in New Orleans, 598–599, 599
(illus.); popular, 651; religion and,
862; rhythm-and-blues, 871; swing,
774–775; World War I and, 694–695;
World War II and, 802. See also Jazz;
Music; Ragtime music; Rock-androll; Spirituals (songs)
Musical movies, 770, 773
Music halls, 651
Musket production, 271
Muslims: in Balkans, 997–998;
Christians and, 24–25; in Russia,
998; after September 11, 2001, 1016;
trans-Saharan trade and, 25; in West
Africa, 27–28. See also Islam; Shiite
Muslims; Terrorism
Mussolini, Benito, 771, 783, 785, 788
Mutual-aid societies: for free blacks,
276
Mutual-defense pacts, 824, 830, 851
My First Days in the White House
(Long), 756
“My Grandfather’s Clock” (Work), 591
My Lai massacre, 920 (illus.), 920–921
Myrdal, Gunnar, 804
Mystic, Connecticut: Pequot War and,
56, 56 (illus.)
NAACP, see National Association for
the Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP)
Nader, Ralph, 886, 1005
Nagasaki: atomic bombing of, 811
Nairobi embassy bombing, 1000
Napalm, 901, 908, 916 (illus.)
Napoleon I (Bonaparte), 203, 229, 232,
245
Napoleon III, 452
Napoleonic Wars, 235, 238–239, 251
Naranjo, Domingo, 85
Narcotics, see Drugs
Narcotics Act (1914), 653, 671
Narragansett Indians, 56, 57, 62, 64
NASA, see National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA)
NASDAQ composite index, 1002
Nashville convention, 409, 410
Nassau, Fort, 50
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 853
Nast, Thomas, 482 (illus.), 500 (illus.);
Tweed ring and, 587 (illus.), 587–588
Natchez, 449
Natchez Indians, 44, 110
Natick, 55
Nation, The (magazine), 583, 597, 614,
705
National Advisory Commission on
Civil Disorders, see Kerner
Commission
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA), 870
National American Woman Suffrage
Association (NAWSA), 658, 697
National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP), 656, 657, 699, 759, 768,
802, 831–832
National Association of
Manufacturers, 666
National bank, 200–201, 248
National Bank Act (1863), 441
National banking system, 441, 461,
473
National Basketball Association, 831
National Birth Control League, 660
National Broadcasting Company
(NBC), 723
National Child Labor Committee, 643,
646
National Colored Farmers’ Alliance,
619
National Conference on Outdoor
Recreation, 722
National Congress of American
Indians, 804, 869
National Consumers’ League, 643, 649
National Council of Negro Women,
760
National debt, 230; of Britain, 129;
federal funding of, 199; in 1950s,
858; permanent, 199–200, 201. See
also Debt
National Defense Education Act
(1958), 870
National Endowments for the Arts and
the Humanities (1965), 885
National Farmers’ Alliance and
Industrial Union, 619, 620
National forests, 666
National Front for the Liberation of
Vietnam (NLF), 853
National Gay and Lesbian Task Force,
942, 943 (illus.)
National Gazette, 211
National government, 186, 287; in
Constitution (U.S.), 188; Hamilton
on, 198–199; role of, 287. See also
Federal government; Government
(U.S.)
National Guard: at Kent State, 909, 909
(illus.); in World War I, 686–687
National Industrial Recovery Act
(NIRA), 752, 757
Nationalism, 247–248; in arts,
334–342; of constitutional
delegates, 186; economic, 713;
Paine on, 154; paternalism and, 637;
World War I and, 683–684
Nationalist Chinese, 825
Nationality Act (1790), 732
National Labor Reform party, 566
National Labor Relations Act (NLRA),
see Wagner Act (1935)
National Labor Relations Board, 758
National Labor Union (NLU), 566
National League (baseball), 594
National Liberation Front, see
Vietcong
National Organization for Women,
894, 938
National Origins Act (1924), 732
National parks, 538–539, 666, 668, 760
National Park Service, 666
National Reclamation Act (1902), 665,
671
National Recovery Administration
(NRA), 752, 752 (illus.), 753
National Reform Association, 382–383
National Republicans, 289
National Resources Planning Board,
761–762
National Review, 848, 884, 927
National Rifle Association (NRA), 976
National Road, 259
National Science Foundation (NSF),
1014
National security, 213, 826–827
National Security Act (1947), 822
National Security Agency (NSA), 838,
927
National Security Council (NSC), 822,
825, 959
National Security League, 685
National self-determination: Eastern
Europe and, 820
National Textile Workers Union, 716
National Traffic and Motor Vehicle
Safety Act, 886
National Union of Social Justice, 755
National Union party, 470, 480, 483
I-39
I-40
Index
National War Labor Board (NWLB),
789, 792
National Wilderness Preservation Act
(1964), 885
National Wildlife Federation, 761
National Woman’s party, 719
National Woman Suffrage Association,
487
National Women’s Alliance (NWA), 620
National Women’s Political Caucus,
938
National Youth Administration, 759
Nation of Islam, 891
Nation-state: Cahokia and, 12
Native Alaskans, 15
Native Americans, 2, 4, 16, 19, 512; in
1930s, 762; in 1950s, 865, 869; in
1990s, 981–982; in Alaska, 946;
ancient, 2–4; Bacon’s Rebellion and,
73; beaver wars and, 78–79; bison
and, 514; Britain and, 110–111, 132
(illus.), 185–186; Catlin’s paintings
of, 341 (illus.), 342; Christianity and,
62, 204; in Civil War, 449; colonial
wars and, 113–114; Columbian
exchange and, 41–42; conditions of,
221–222, 946; in Congress, 973;
cultural diversity among, 5–16;
Custer and, 516–518; Dawes Act
and, 518–519; depopulation and
movement of, 54; disease and, 62,
204; Dutch and, 49; of Eastern
Woodlands, 14; environment and,
102; European colonies and, 41; on
eve of European contact, 16–19; in
fiction, 256; in Florida, 984;
Franciscans and, 204; French and,
45–46, 82, 83, 84, 108–110; fur trade
and, 45; Ghost Dance and, 519–522;
government and, 259; Great
Awakening and, 119, 120 (illus.); in
Great Plains, 384, 513–514, 522–523;
Hiawatha and, 1–2; on Hispaniola,
40; Jackson and, 260 (illus.),
260–261; Jefferson and, 241–242;
kinship among, 16–17; labor of,
221–222; land cessions by
(1768–1799), 222 (map); locations of
(1500), 17 (map); as loyalists, 162;
Mandan ceremony of, 234 (illus.); in
New England, 55–56, 62–63, 64
(illus.), 64–65; New Netherland and,
78, 79; nomadic lifestyle of,
514–516; of Northwest Coast, 14; in
Northwest Territory, 183; in Ohio
valley, 125; Pennsylvania and, 82,
111; Plymouth and, 49; protests by,
892–893; relocations of, 110;
removal of, 255, 259–261, 261
(map); reservations of, 515–516, 519
(map); resistance by, 515–518, 516
(map); Revolution and, 173,
177–178; in Southwest, 530; Spanish
and, 44, 84–88, 112, 203–204; West
and, 167, 378; whites and, 515–518,
516 (map), 522; in World War II, 804;
Wounded Knee massacre and, 522,
522 (illus.); Yamasee War and, 106.
See also specific groups, regions,
and treaties
Native Son (Wright), 765
Nativism, 308, 382, 733
NATO, see North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO)
“Natural aristocracy”: after
Revolution, 174
Naturalist writers, 600
Naturalization Act, 214
Naturalization process, 222
Natural resources, see Resources
Natural rights, 155
Nature: glorification of, 339–342. See
also Environment
Nauvoo, Illinois, 302
Navajo Indians, 3, 84, 112, 449, 513,
515, 523, 892; “code talkers” of, 804;
view of Spanish colonizers, 44
(illus.)
Naval bases: in Cuba, 636; in Hawaii,
631
Naval stores: as export, 95
Navigation: as interstate commerce,
264
Navigation Acts (1651, 1660, 1663), 90,
94–95, 128, 133, 143–144
Navy: in Civil War, 448, 449, 451
(illus.), 451–452; English, 96, 163;
expansionism and, 630; Great White
Fleet and, 682, 682 (illus.); nuclear
submarines and, 851; SpanishAmerican War and, 632–633, 633
(map); two-ocean, 787; in World
War II, 787, 797–798. See also Ships
and shipping; Submarines
NAWSA, see National American
Woman Suffrage Association
(NAWSA)
Nazi Germany: final solution and, 810;
German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
and, 771, 785; Holocaust and,
807–810, 810 (illus.); Jewish refugees
from, 785–786; racism of, 804;
before World War II, 783 (map),
783–784, 785. See also Hitler, Adolf;
World War II
NBC, see National Broadcasting
Company (NBC)
Nebraska, 251, 414–415, 528
Necessary and proper clause, 201
Negro League, 656
“Negro rule,” 621, 622
Neighborhoods, 587, 650 (illus.)
Nelson, Willie, 944–945
Neolin, 132
Netanyahu, Benjamin, 999–1000
Netherlands, 37, 42. See also Dutch
Networks: radio, 723; television, 864
Neutrality: in World War I, 684–686;
before World War II, 782, 785
Neutrality Acts (1935–1937), 784, 786,
787
Neutrality Proclamation: of
Washington, 208
Nevada, 385, 398, 528, 1013–1014
New Amsterdam, 50 (illus.), 78
New Bern: destruction of, 110, 111
(illus.)
Newburgh Conspiracy, 181
“New California,” 204
New Deal, 744, 819; end of, 758,
762–764; environment, West, and
Indian policy in, 760–762; Fair Deal
and, 834; First, 744, 749–756;
Hundred Days and, 751–753;
leftward turn of, 756–757;
opposition to, 755–756, 763–764;
Second, 744, 756–762. See also Great
Depression
New Democratic Coalition, 974
New Echota, Treaty of, 260
“New economy,” 983–987
Newell, Frederick, 665
New England, 48–49, 55–68, 63 (map);
Dominion of, 91; economy in, 185;
Embargo Act and, 240;
environmental damage in, 102;
gender ratio in, 70; independence
and, 154; officeholding in, 115;
Republican party in, 612; after
Revolution, 181; royal centralization
and, 90; secession and, 246; textile
towns in, 271–273
New England Emigrant Aid Company,
418
New England Non-Resistance Society,
310
“New England Way,” 56, 61, 91
Newer Ideals of Peace (Addams), 677
Index
Newfoundland, 16, 39, 40, 45, 93, 127,
787
New France, 45, 83–84, 93, 97, 162
New Freedom, 670
New Frontier, 877, 878
New Hampshire, 58, 147
New Harmony community, 313
New Haven Colony, 57 (illus.)
New immigrants, 578
New Jersey, 78, 79–80; Revolutionary
War in, 164; women’s political rights
in, 217
New Jersey Plan, 187
New Lanark, Scotland: Owen and, 313
Newlands Act (1902), 665
New Left, 906–907, 910, 937
New Lights, 119
New Mexico, 398–399, 528, 529;
American settlements in, 388;
annexation of, 378; atomic bomb
and, 826; boundary of, 410, 411;
Indians of, 44–45; MexicanAmerican War and, 396–397;
popular sovereignty and, 410;
Pueblo Bonito in, 9, 9 (illus.); slaveraiding expedition in, 112 (illus.);
slavery and, 399, 409; Spain and, 43,
84–86, 112, 385; Spanish-speaking
Americans in, 530; Texas and,
408–409
New Nationalism, 667, 670
New Negro, The (Locke), 729
New Netherland, 50, 78; as New York,
79
New Orleans, 195, 205 (illus.), 269,
270, 349 (illus.), 449, 451; American
commerce and, 184–185; Battle of,
246, 247; in 1890s, 598 (illus.),
598–599, 599 (illus.); jazz in, 731;
Jefferson and, 232; Spain and, 205;
War of 1812 and, 246
New Republic magazine, 645, 696
New Right, 952
“New slavery,” 34–35. See also Slaves
and slavery; Slave trade
New South, 504, 557–560; Atlanta and,
495; creed, 558
New Spain, 41
Newspapers: ads in, 103 (illus.);
African-American, 698; penny press
and, 331–332; photoengraving and,
635; politics and, 116; readership of,
212; Socialist, 662, 662 (illus.);
sports in, 594; yellow journalism
and, 632. See also Media
New Sweden, 78
Newton, Huey P., 892
Newton, Isaac, 116
New Woman, 602–603, 643
New World, see Americas; specific
regions
New world order, 1001–1002
New World Order, The (Robertson), 989
New York (city), 699; antidraft riots in,
463; artisans and workers in,
273–274; Five Points district in, 275;
Harlem Renaissance and, 728–729;
immigrants in, 578; landscape
architects in, 342; lower East Side,
579 (illus.); O’Keefe painting of, 721
(illus.); poor relief in, 589; Puerto
Ricans in, 868; purity campaign in,
589–590; railroads and, 325;
September 11 and, 1014–1015;
slaves in, 105; World’s Fair of 1939
in, 776, 776 (illus.)
New York (colony), 78, 79–80;
Catholics in, 91; Leisler’s Rebellion
in, 92; politics in, 116; population
of, 103; Quartering Act and, 140;
Revolutionary War in, 164, 165
(map), 166
New York (state): backcountry and,
147; Erie Canal and, 265; inequality
of wealth in, 274; as port, 94
New York, Treaty of, 205–206
New York Association for Improving
the Condition of the Poor, 588
New York Central Railroad, 324
New York Herald, 331, 332, 393
New York Journal, 632, 635
New York Knickerbockers, 594
New York Ledger, 339
New York Society for the Suppression
of Vice, 589
New York Stock Exchange, 217, 325
New York Sun, 331
New York Suspending Act, 140
New York Times, 635
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 886
New York Tribune, 332, 396
New-York Weekly Journal, 116
New York World, 594
Nez Percés, 515, 518
Ngai, Mae M., 732
Niagara Movement, 657
Nicaragua, 681–682, 956, 968, 985;
Iran-contra scandal and, 959;
Walker in, 416
Nichols, Terry, 988
Nicholson, Francis, 91
Nickelodeons, 651, 652, 724
Nightingale, Florence, 467
Nimitz, Chester, 798
Nineteenth Amendment, 659 (map),
671, 673, 700
Ninigret (sachem), 65 (illus.)
Ninth Amendment, 198
Nisei, 805, 810
Nixon, Richard M., 836, 838;
Cambodia and, 908; character of,
925; “Checkers” speech of, 864;
China and, 923 (illus.), 923–924;
domestic policy of, 924–929;
election of 1952 and, 840; election
of 1960 and, 877; election of 1968
and, 906, 918–919, 919 (map);
election of 1972 and, 906, 929–930;
Hiss and, 837; impeachment and,
931; Khrushchev and, 852 (illus.); in
Latin America, 853; law and order
theme of, 887, 927–928; pardon of,
948; resignation of, 931; Soviet
Union and, 924; world affairs and,
919–924
Nixon Doctrine, 920
Nixonomics, 926
Nobel Prize winners: Addams as, 678;
Annan as, 1023; Carter as, 950
(illus.); Compton as, 732; Ochoa as,
869; Roosevelt, Theodore, as, 682
Noble, Elaine, 942
Noble, Thomas, 368 (illus.)
“Noble savages”: Indians as, 342
Nonconsumption agreements:
women and, 143
Nonfarming societies, 14–16
Nonfiction, 802
Nonimportation, 146, 151–152
Non-Intercourse Act (1809), 241
Nonslaveholders, 351, 463
Nonviolence, 802, 887
Nonwhites: equality and, 174;
limitations on, 222–224; as loyalists,
162; voting rights of, 115. See also
specific groups
Noriega, Manuel, 968, 968 (illus.)
Normalcy: Harding and, 707
Norris, Frank, 645
Norris, George, 666, 719, 753
Norse, 15–16, 38, 38 (map)
North: black migration to, 623–624,
655–656, 698–699, 768, 803; Civil
War and, 433, 439–443, 460–468;
draft in, 440; finances of, 441; free
blacks in, 275–276; French
Revolution and, 207; McCormick
reaper and, 319; public school
I-41
I-42
Index
reform in, 308; in Reconstruction,
500–507; Revolutionary War in,
164–167, 165 (map); slavery
abolished in, 175; South compared
with, 349–351. See also Civil War
(U.S.); Union (Civil War)
North, Frederick (Lord), 146, 148,
150–151, 172
North, Oliver, 959
North Africa, 24–25, 231, 788
North America, 2–3; agriculture in, 5;
European migration to, 53–54; on
eve of European contact, 16–19;
French in, 45–46; population of
English mainland colonies, 86;
settlements in, 43 (map); Spanish
in, 43–45. See also specific countries
North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA), 974
North American Review, 597
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO), 824, 824 (map), 968,
997–998, 1003
North Carolina, 71, 100, 147, 196, 222.
See also Carolina; South Carolina
North Carolina Agricultural and
Technical (A&T) College,
Greensboro, 875
North Carolina Mutual Insurance
Company, 623
North Dakota, 251, 528
Northeast: households in, 216
Northern Alliance: in Afghanistan,
1017
Northern Confederacy: of Burr, 235
Northern Pacific Railroad, 502, 517,
546
Northern Pump Co., 789 (illus.)
Northern Securities case, 671
Northern Securities Company,
663–664
North Korea, 828, 1000, 1017. See also
Korean War
North Vietnam, 853, 899–900
Northwest: Indian land in, 261;
Revolutionary War and, 167, 172.
See also Old Northwest
Northwest Coast cultures, 14, 14
(illus.)
Northwestern Alliance, 620
Northwestern University, 649
Northwest Ordinance (1787), 182–183,
251, 259, 399, 422, 665
Northwest passage, 40
Northwest Territory, 182, 183 (map),
184, 206
Norton, Charles Eliot, 597
Norway, 786; immigrants from, 526
Nova Scotia, 39, 40, 93, 128
Novels: serializing of, 339. See also
Literature; specific authors and
titles
NOW, see National Organization for
Women
Noyes, John Humphrey, 302 (map),
313–314
NRA, see National Recovery
Administration (NRA); National
Rifle Association (NRA)
NSC-68, 825–826, 830
Nuclear family: in 2000, 979
Nuclear freeze campaign, 958
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty
(1970), 1000
Nuclear power, 821; commercial
plants for, 851; Cuban missile crisis
and, 880–881; H-bomb and, 850;
Iraqi weapons and, 970; protests
against, 938; Reagan and, 957–958;
testing and, 844; thermonuclear
weapons and, 850; waste cleanup
and, 1013–1014; weapons and, 851,
968, 1000–1001. See also Arms
control; Atomic bomb; specific
treaties and weapons
Nuclear power plants, 854
Nuclear umbrella, 824, 825
Nueces River, 395
Nullification, 291–293; Virginia and
Kentucky Resolutions and, 215
Nuremberg Laws (1935), 785
Nurses: in Civil War, 466–467
Nutrition: in early Americas, 5–6. See
also Diet; Food(s)
Nye, Gerald B., 784
Oahu, 788
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 794
Oath of allegiance, 479, 480
Oberlin College, 309, 329, 602
O’Brien, Tim, 923
Obscenity, 912
Occom, Samson, 119, 120 (illus.)
Occupation (military): of Japan, 825;
of West Germany, 823–824
Occupation (work): of German
immigrants, 381; of Irish
immigrants, 382; of slaves, 364
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), 926
Ochoa, Estevan, 530
Ochoa, Severo: Nobel Prize and, 869
Ochs, Adolph, 635
O’Connor, Sandra Day, 958, 972
Octopus, The (Norris), 645
Odets, Clifford, 755
Officeholders, 115, 290–291, 483, 490
Office of Censorship, 794
Office of Economic Opportunity,
883–884
Office of Education, 835
Office of Price Administration (OPA),
789, 792–793, 819
Office of Scientific Research and
Development (OSRD), 793, 801–802
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 789
Office of War Information (OWI), 794
Office of War Mobilization (OWM),
789–790
Officeworkers: women as, 715
Oglala Sioux, 510 (illus.), 516
Oglethorpe, James, 107, 111–112, 113
O’Hare, Kate Richards, 697
Ohio, 209, 250, 256, 257, 265
Ohio Indians, 147, 209
Ohio River region: Adena culture in,
10; British and, 132; French and,
109; settlement of, 184; Seven Years’
War and, 125; Virginia and, 147;
Washington and, 164, 206
Oil and oil industry: corporate
structures in, 549–550; crisis of 1973
and, 924; crisis of 1979, 951;
embargo on (1973), 924, 948;
environment and, 722; exploration
for, 972; Middle East and, 957; in
1950s, 855; Suez crisis and, 853. See
also Alaska
Oil spills, 549, 971, 972, 972 (illus.)
Ojibwa Indians, 892
O’Keeffe, Georgia, 721 (illus.), 731
Okies, 754, 769
Okinawa, 780 (illus.); Battle of, 781,
782, 810–811
Oklahoma, 513, 528
Oklahoma City: bombing in, 988, 989
(illus.), 1016
Oklahoma Territory: land rush in,
535–536, 536 (map)
“Old Hickory,” see Jackson, Andrew
Old immigrants, 578
Old Lights, 119
Old Northwest, 261, 262
Old South: Christianized blacks in,
371–372; King Cotton in, 346–351;
slave resistance in, 368–369; slavery
and, 345–346; violence in, 358–359.
See also Slaves and slavery; South
Index
Old Southwest, 262
“Ole Miss”: integration of, 887
Oligopolies, 856
Olive Branch Petition, 152, 293
Oliver, Andrew, 136
Olmecs, 6, 10
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 334, 340, 342,
649; on slavery, 363, 364, 369, 373
Olney, Richard, 570
Olympic Games, 784, 950
Olympic National Park, 760
Omaha, Nebraska: lynching in, 705
Omaha Indians, 981
Omnibus Act (1868), 484
Omnibus bill (1850), 409–410
Omnibus Housing Act (1965), 885
Oñate, Juan de, 44
Oneida community, 302 (map),
313–314
Oneida Indians, 93, 163, 167
O’Neill, Eugene, 729
O’Neill, Paul, 1007
One Nation After All (Wolfe), 989
“One person, one vote” policy, 887
One World (Willkie), 802
Onondaga Iroquois Indians, 1, 163
“On the Equality of the Sexes”
(Murray), 220–221
OPEC, see Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Opechancanough, 48, 73
Open Door policy, 679–680, 787
Open shop, 716
“Operation Ajax,” 852
Operational analysis, 793
Operation Desert Storm, 969–970, 970
(illus.)
Operation Overlord, 796
Operation Rolling Thunder, 900
Operation Vittles, 823, 823 (illus.)
“Operation Wetback,” 868
Opium, 653
Oppenheimer, Robert J., 794, 826
Oppositionists: English political
writers as, 138
Oral contraceptives, see Pill, the
Orders in Council (England), 239
Ordinance of 1785, 182, 262
Oregon, 251, 258, 378, 393–394;
American settlements in, 388;
boundary of, 394, 394 (map);
Spanish cession of, 385
Orenda, 18
Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC), 948
Organized crime, 737, 770, 985
Organized labor, see Labor unions
Organized womanhood, 658
Oriental: use of term, 894
Origin of Species (Darwin): Scopes
Trial and, 734
Orlando, Vittorio, 703
Orphan train, 588 (illus.)
Orr, James, 489
Orwell, George, 851
Osborn, Sarah, 120, 143
OSHA, see Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA)
Osland, Birger, 578
Oslo Accords, 999
Ossining (“Sing Sing”): prison at, 312
Ostend Manifesto, 416
O’Sullivan, John L., 393
Oswald, Lee Harvey, 881
Oswego, Fort, 126, 166
“Other America,” 865–869
Other America, The (Harrington), 866,
883
Otis, James, 133, 135, 138, 141
Ottawa Indians, 132, 247 (illus.)
Ottoman Empire, 25, 683, 703
Our Country (Strong), 630
Our Town (Wilder), 774
Out-of-wedlock childbirth, 981
Outworkers, 273
“Over There” (song), 695
Ovington, Mary White, 656
Owen, Robert, 302 (map), 313
Owens, Jesse, 784
Ozawa v. U.S., 732
Ozone layer, 972, 1014
Pachucos, 804
Pacific Ocean region: Balboa and, 39;
expansion in, 630–632, 631 (map);
Indians of, 14, 16; Lewis and Clark
in, 235; Russia and, 204; U.S. claims
to, 237; World War II in, 797 (map),
797–798, 810–811. See also Far West;
specific states
Pacific Railroad Act (1862), 461, 523,
524
Pacifism, 696, 785, 785 (illus.)
Pago Pago, 630
Pahlavi, Mohammed Reza (Shah), 852,
950
Paine, Elisha, 119
Paine, Thomas, 117, 153–154, 164, 180,
181
Painting: in 1920s, 730–731; in 1930s,
775; Ashcan School and, 646;
Hudson River School and, 334;
landscape, 339–342; modernism in,
601. See also specific artists
Pakenham, Edward, 246, 247
Pakistan, 1000, 1017
Palante (newspaper), 894
Paleo-Indians, 4
Palestine and Palestinians, 810, 999
(map); Israel and, 999–1000,
1018–1019; Reagan and, 957, 961;
after World War I, 704. See also
Middle East
Palestine Liberation Organization
(PLO), 924, 957, 999. See also Arafat,
Yasir
Palmer, A. Mitchell, 706, 707
Panama, 968; isthmus of, 39, 403
Panama Canal, 680, 949–950
Pan Am flight 103, 961
Panics: of 1819, 249, 264, 288, 293; of
1837, 295, 296–297, 307, 382; of
1857, 428; of 1873, 502, 535, 613; of
1893, 624–625; of 1907, 671
Papacy, 31
Paper: penny press and, 331
Paperback books, 339, 802
Paper money: bank controversy and,
294; for Civil War, 441. See also
Currency; Money
Parents: in antebellum period, 279;
care for aging, 281; in New England,
60. See also Family life
Paris: Peace of (1783), 172–173, 185;
Treaty of (1773), 127, 128 (map). See
also Versailles peace conference
(1919)
Parishes: in Virginia, 68–69
Paris Peace Accords (1973), 917, 921
Parker, Alton B., 664, 666
Parker, Ely S., 515
Park Forest, Illinois, 859
Parkhurst, Charles, 590
Parks, Rosa, 867, 867 (illus.)
Parliament (England): Charles II and,
90; colonies and, 114, 124, 133;
Glorious Revolution and, 91;
Navigation Acts and, 94–95; protests
against, 138; Wilkes and, 142. See
also specific acts
Parochial schools: Catholic,
604–605
Party politics, 210–216, 610–615
Passing of the Great Race, The (Grant),
654
Pasteur, Louis, 554
Patent medicines, 653 (illus.)
Paterson, William, 187
I-43
I-44
Index
Patriarchal family, 281
Patriotism: religion and, 862; after
September 11, 2001, 1016; in World
War I, 692–693
Patriots, 138 (illus.); Indian support
for, 162–163; loyalists and, 161; in
South, 171–172; women as, 143
Patronage system: in South, 558
“Patrons of Husbandry,” see Grange
movement
Patroons, 80
Paul, Alice, 658, 719
Paul, Mary, 272
Pauperism, 275
Pawnee Indians, 14, 384, 513
Pawtucket Indians, 55
Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909), 666, 671
PC, see Personal computer (PC)
Peaceable coercion, 240
Peaceable kingdom: in Pennsylvania,
82
Peace and Bread in Time of War
(Addams), 678
Peace conference: after World War I,
703–704
Peace Corps, 879
Peace Democrats, 463, 469–470
Peaceful coexistence policy, 851
“Peace in our time,” 784, 785
Peace movement, 677–678, 685
Peace of Amiens, 231
Peace of Paris (1783), 172–173, 185
Peale, Norman Vincent, 862
Peale, Raphael, 224 (illus.)
Pearl Harbor: Japanese attack on, 788,
810; naval base at, 631
Pearl Harbor (movie), 988
Peasants: in Europe, 28–29, 30
Peculiar institution: slavery as, 274,
365 (illus.)
Peiss, Kathy, 715
Peleliu: Battle of, 781, 782
Pelosi, Nancy, 1022
Pembroke, 602
Pendergast, “Big Jim,” 612
Pendleton, George, 615
Pendleton Civil Service Act, 615
Peninsula Campaign, 447–448, 453
Penitentiaries, 311–312, 979
Penn, William, 80, 81, 82, 111
Pennsylvania, 78, 612; backcountry
and, 147; Eastern State Penitentiary
in, 312 (illus.); election districts in,
178; government of, 179;
immigrants to, 99; Quakers in,
80–82; Revolutionary War in, 164,
165 (map), 166; September 11 and,
1016; state map of, 237; western,
126; whiskey tax in, 202
Pennsylvania Journal, 144
Pennsylvania Railroad, 324, 501, 547
Pennsylvania Society for the
Encouragement of Manufactures
and the Useful Arts, 217
Penny press, 331–332
Penobscot Indians, 946
Pensions, 558, 611, 615, 616, 758; after
Civil War (1866–1917), 617
Pentagon, 789, 957; September 11
attack on, 1014, 1015. See also
Defense; Military
Pentagon papers, 928
People of color: free, 367. See also
specific groups
People’s Party of the United States, see
Populist party
People’s Republic of China (PRC), 825,
853, 923–924. See also China; Mao
Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)
Pepperell, William, 113
Pequot Indians, 64. See also
Mashantucket Pequots; Pequot War
Pequot War, 55–56, 56 (illus.)
Perfectionism, 301
Perkins, Frances, 757, 758, 765
Perot, H. Ross, 973, 994
Perry, Oliver H., 245
Pershing, John J., 683, 689–690, 691, 692
Persian Gulf War, 968–969
Personal computer (PC), 940–941, 986
Personal Justice Denied, 806
Personal liberties: in amendments,
198; slavery and, 412
Peru, 42, 43, 853
Perutz, Max, 1010
Pesticides, 858, 1014
Petersburg: siege of, 471, 472 (map)
Petition: right of, 310
Petroleum, see Oil and oil industry
Pfizer (company), 1002
Philadelphia, 94; artisans and workers
in, 273–274; city directory in (1796),
217 (illus.); as City of Brotherly Love,
81; Constitutional Convention in,
186–187; Dock (waterway) in,
130–131, 131 (illus.); First
Continental Congress in, 151;
immigrants in, 99; as national
capital, 197; Penn’s map of, 81
(illus.); population of, 103;
Revolutionary War in, 165 (map),
166; sanitation in, 130–131, 131
(illus.); Second Continental
Congress in, 152
Philadelphia and Reading Railroad,
625
Philadelphia Negro, The (DuBois), 582
Philanthropy: of Carnegie, Andrew,
548
Philip II (England), 47
Philip III (Spain), 47
Philippine Government Act (1902),
637
Philippines, 679, 788–789, 797 (illus.),
797–798, 825; CIA and, 852; guerrilla
war in, 636–637, 637 (illus.);
immigrants from, 885, 947; naval
bases in, 968; Nixon and, 924;
Spanish-American War and, 632,
633, 633 (map)
Philippine Sea, Battle of, 798
Phillips, David Graham, 646
Phillips, Kevin, 927, 1021
Philomathean Adelphic Union for the
Promotion of Literature and
Science, 282
Philosophy: romanticism and, 335.
See also Transcendentalism
Phips, William, 67
Phoenix, 520, 665
Phoenix Indian School, 520–521
Phoenix Society, 282
Phonograph, 552, 694–695
Photoengraving, 634 (illus.), 634–635
Photography: in Civil War, 464 (illus.),
464–465, 465 (illus.); Eastman
Kodak and, 556; progressive
movement and, 646
Photogravure process, 634 (illus.)
Phrenology, 330 (illus.), 330–331
Physicians, 277; in Civil War, 467;
criticism of, 278; health issues and,
329–330. see also Medicine
Physics: atomic bomb and, 793–794
Pickens, Francis Wilkinson, 360 (illus.)
Pickering, John, 231, 232
Pickering, Timothy, 235
Pickett’s charge, 458–459, 459 (map)
Pidgin languages, 370
Piedmont region, 100, 206, 352, 559;
yeomen in, 355
Pierce, Franklin, 411–412, 413–414,
416, 419
Pig-iron, 558
Pig Iron Scene, Birmingham, Alabama
(Graham), 560 (illus.)
Pike, Zebulon, 258
Pilgrims, 49
Index
Pill, the, 895, 896–897, 913
Pima people, 8
Pinchot, Gifford, 664, 664 (illus.), 667,
668
Pinckney, Charles C.: election of 1804
and, 234; election of 1808 and, 240
Pinckney, Eliza, 101
Pinckney, Thomas, 209, 210
Pinckney’s Treaty, see San Lorenzo,
Treaty of
Pincus, Gregory, 896, 897
Pine barrens region, 355
Pingree, Hazen, 646
Pinkerton agents, 569, 570
Pioneers, 256–257, 384 (map). See also
Westward expansion
Pipeline technology, 550
Pippin, Horace, 775
Pistols, see Guns
Pitt, William, 127, 129, 135, 137, 139,
142
Pittsburgh, 269, 270; fort at, 132; oil
industry in, 549
Pizarro, Francisco, 41
“Placer” gold, 531
Plains Indians, 15, 110, 234 (illus.), 235
(illus.), 513–514
Plains of Abraham, 127
Plains region, 14–16. See also Great
Plains
Plan Espiritual de Aztlan, El, 893
Plantation colonies: Georgia as, 112
Plantations and planters: black wage
labor and, 497; Bourbon faction
and, 504; in Chesapeake, 72; costs of
maintaining, 353; diversification
and, 99; food shortages and, 462; in
Hawaiian Islands, 631; in Ireland,
46; lifestyle of, 352–354, 353 (illus.);
presidential Reconstruction and,
480; racial caste system of, 74; rice
and, 77; sharecropping and,
497–500, 498 (map), 499 (illus.), 499
(map), 619; slavery and, 35, 76,
354–355, 362–366; sugar, 36–37; in
white South, 351–352
Plant life, 2, 4–5
Platt Amendment (1901), 633–636, 782
Plattsburgh, Battle of, 245, 246, 259
Playboy magazine, 912
Playground Association of America,
643
Plea for the West, A (Beecher), 382
Pledge of Allegiance: “under God” in,
862
Plessy v. Ferguson, 622–623, 848
PLO, see Palestine Liberation
Organization (PLO)
Plow, 527; Deere and, 319
“Plumbers” unit, 930
Pluralism: in middle colonies, 82
Plymouth, 49, 55; King Philip’s War
and, 63
Pocahontas, 47, 48
Pochteca (merchants), 8
Pocket veto: by Lincoln, 480
Poe, Edgar Allan, 334, 337, 338, 338
(illus.)
Poets and poetry: in Harlem
Renaissance, 728; home life in, 280;
Wheatley and, 176, 176 (illus.)
Poindexter, John, 959
Point Pleasant, battle at, 147
Point Ticonderoga, 45–46
Poison gas, 685, 692
Poland, 795, 820, 998; after World War I,
704; World War II and, 785, 786, 806
Polanski, Roman, 938
Police: firearms for, 321; limiting
powers of, 198
Police Gazette, 595
Polio, 743, 861
Political cartoons, 482 (illus.), 500
(illus.), 587 (illus.), 608 (illus.), 614
(illus.)
Political ideology: of late 19th century,
611
Political machines, 587–588, 611;
Albany regency as, 289; New Deal
and, 759; progressivism and, 643;
Tammany Hall and, 295. See also
Tweed, William Marcy
Political parties, 178; Jefferson and,
228; in late nineteenth century,
610–629; organization of, 287; in
state elections, 285 (illus.);
Washington on, 212. See also
Campaigns (political); Party
politics; Second party system;
specific parties
Political writers, 137–139
Politics: in 1890s, 624–626; in 1920s,
717; in 1960s, 913–919; in 1970s,
947–951; African-Americans in, 656;
of anticommunism, 834–840; in
Civil War, 441–443; colonial,
114–116; democratic (1824–1832),
287–294; Eisenhower and, 845;
election of 1896 and, 626–629; of
expansion, 389–394; Great
Awakening and, 120; immigrant,
383–384; of industrialization, 608
(illus.); of loyalists, 161; in New
Deal, 755–756; in New England,
58–59; Ordinance of 1785 and,
262–263; party, 610–615; of privilege
and exclusion, 615–624; progressive
reform of, 646–647; radical,
905–906; Reconstruction, 479–488;
religion and, 299; after Revolution,
174; second party system in, 286;
television and, 864; western water
and, 666; women in, 612, 938; World
War I and, 703; World War II and,
794–795. See also Conservatives and
conservatism; Liberalism; Party
politics; specific individuals
Polk, James K., 378, 391 (illus.), 392;
Independent Treasury and, 399;
Mexican-American War and,
395–396; Oregon and, 393–394;
sectional conflicts and, 399
Polk, Leonidas, 620
Pollock, Jackson, 863
Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan and Trust Co.,
626, 673
Poll tax, 287, 490, 621, 832
Pollution, 557 (illus.), 858; air,
650–651; Earth Day and, 926;
regulation of, 879. See also
Environment; specific types
Polygamy, 528
Polygraph: of Jefferson, 229 (illus.)
Polygyny: of Mormons, 302–303
Pompey (African), 169
Ponce de León, Juan, 43
“Pontiac’s Rebellion,” 132
Pools, 547; oil industry and, 550
Poor Laws, 29
Poor Richard’s Almanack, 116
Poor whites, see Whites
Pope, John, 448 (illus.)
Popes, see Catholicism; specific popes
Pope’s Day: Stamp Act protests and,
136
Popé’s rebellion, 85
Popular culture, 280, 694–695, 802,
817
Popular Front, 771
Popular music, see Music
Popular press: women’s work in, 564.
See also Newspapers; Press
Popular sovereignty, 410, 415, 419
Population: of African-Americans,
492, 720; of Archaic peoples, 5; of
Boston, New York, and Philadelphia
(1690–1776), 103; British vs.
colonies, 163; of Carolina blacks, 77;
I-45
I-46
Index
in Chesapeake, 74–75; of cities
(1820 and 1860), 270 (map); of
Confederacy, 443; distribution of
(1790 and 1850), 269 (map); of
English colonies, 86; of European
cities and towns, 29; of foreign-born
and native whites, 579 (map);
growth in colonies, 96–97; growth in
Europe, 29; of Indians, 54, 62, 63, 79,
221, 523, 946; of Mexico, 41; of
Midwest, 324; of New England, 181;
of New France, 83–84; of New
Mexico, 112; of New Netherland, 78;
of New York, 79; of Ohio and
Michigan, 257; of pre-colonization
Western Hemisphere, 16; in public
schools, 605; by race (2000 and
2050), 980; in 2000, 979; of Union,
443; urban and rural (1900–2000),
713; of Virginia colony, 48. See also
Immigrants and immigration
Populism: vs. progressivism, 643
Populists, 610, 611, 612, 620–621, 622,
624, 627, 628, 628 (illus.), 629
Porgy (Dubose and Dorothy
Heyward), 729
Porgy and Bess (Gershwin), 729, 774
Pork-barrel projects, 616, 625
Pornography, 912
Port cities, 94, 102, 116
Port Hudson, 459
Port Huron Statement (1962), 906
Portrait of a Black Man (Dürer), 35
(illus.)
Port Royal, South Carolina, 451
Portugal, 25; African view of, 34
(illus.); Brazil and, 39; empire of, 39
(map); exploration by, 38, 38 (map);
slavery and, 34–35, 54; trade and
expansion by, 33–34; Treaty of
Tordesillas and, 38; West Indies
colonies of, 75, 76
Post-Cold War world, see World affairs
Postindustrial society, 858, 983–986
Potatoes, 5, 42; Irish famine and, 381
Potlatches, 14
Potsdam, Germany, 807
Potsdam Conference, 811, 820, 823
Pottawatomie massacre, 419
Potter, David, 854
Potter, John, and family, 108 (illus.)
Pound, Ezra, 726
Poverty, 830, 1001; in Chesapeake, 72;
Clinton and, 995; evangelicals and,
359–362; Great Depression and, 765;
of Hispanics, 869, 982; of
immigrants, 99, 381, 653; Johnson,
Lyndon B., and, 883; in 1950s, 844,
865–866; reforms and, 312–313;
Second New Deal and, 757; urban,
102–103, 588–591; wealth and,
274–275, 1001; of working class, 571.
See also Wealth
Poverty of Welfare Reform, The
(Handler), 977
Poverty Point, Louisiana, 10, 10
(illus.), 11
Powderly, Terence V., 566–567, 568, 623
(illus.)
Powell, Colin, 994, 1007
Powell, John Wesley, 538
Powell, Lewis, 929
Power: of Congress, 249; in Europe, 28;
federal, after September 11, 2001,
1018; of Supreme Court, 249
Power drills, 649
“Power of the purse,” 114–115
Powhatan (chief), 47–48
Powhatan Indians, 44; and First
Anglo-Powhatan War, 48; Second
Anglo-Powhatan War and, 48;
Spanish and, 46; Third AngloPowhatan War and, 73
Prager, Robert, 696
“Pragmatism” (William James), 644
Prague: protests in, 908
Prairie-school houses, 601
“Praise meetings,” 493
Pratt, Richard Henry, 520
Prayer: in public schools, 886, 989
Prayer meetings, 118, 120
Prayer of Jabez, The (Wilkinson), 987
Praying towns, 55, 62, 63
Predestination, 31, 32
Preemption laws, 263
Pregnancy: in antebellum family, 281
Preliminary Emancipation
Proclamation, 453
Presbyterians, 118, 359; northern and
southern wings of, 371; Old and
New Light, 119
Preservationism, 665, 879
Presidency: Constitution and, 188;
New Deal and, 758; Truman and,
830; Washington and, 196–197. See
also specific presidents
Presidential Commission on the
Status of Women, 894
Presidential debates: in 1960, 877
Presidential Medal of Freedom, 806
Presidential pardons: in
Reconstruction, 480
Presidential Reconstruction, 488, 497
President’s Committee on Civil Rights,
832
President’s Council on Recent Social
Trends, 739
Presidios, 97, 204
Presley, Elvis, 871, 871 (illus.)
Press, 116, 212, 214. See also Media;
Newspapers
Press gangs: from Royal Navy, 239
Prevost, George, 245
Prices: supports for agriculture, 718,
764; in World War I, 698; after World
War II, 819. See also Office of Price
Administration (OPA)
Primogeniture, 180
Prince of the Road, The:... (Wheeler),
534
Princeton: battle at, 164, 165;
university in, 119
Principles of Scientific Management
(Taylor), 648
Printed circuits, 855
Printing: penny press and, 331;
photoengraving and, 634–635; press
(machine), 32
Prison camps: in Civil War, 467
Prisoners of war (POWs): in Korea, 850
Prisons, see Penitentiaries
Private academies, 605
Privateers, 163; English, 46; French,
208, 213
Private property: government and,
473
Privatization: of New Netherland fur
trade, 78–79
Prizefighting, 593
Pro-choice advocates, 943
Proclamation line, 132
Proclamation of 1763, 132, 133
Proclamation of Amnesty and
Reconstruction (1863), 479
Procter and Gamble, 556
Production: industrialization and,
271; in 1920s, 714; in World War II,
790, 791
Productivity: in 1990s, 1002; after
World War II, 819
Products: custom-made, 553
Professional societies, 643. See also
specific groups
Professions: blacks in, 981; criticism
of, 278; women in, 715, 765, 861, 939
Profiles in Courage (Kennedy), 877
Profits: corporate, 1003; in Europe,
29–30; recession and, 1012
Index
Profit sharing, 646
Progreso (Treviño), 935 (illus.)
Progress and Poverty (George), 571
Progressive education, 862
Progressive Era, 591, 640–673
Progressive party: of 1912, 667, 673; of
1948, 832–833; La Follette and
(1924), 719
Progressivism, 642–646; AfricanAmericans and, 657; labor and,
660–662; moral reform and,
651–652; racism and, 655–656;
Roosevelt, Theodore, and, 662–666;
state and local, 646–656; Taft and,
666–670; Wilson and, 670–673;
women and, 657–660; World War I
and, 701–702
Prohibition, 701, 736–737, 737 (illus.);
campaign, 652–653
Prohibition and Home Protection
Party, 612
Project Head Start, see Head Start
“Pro-life” advocates, 943, 988
Promise Keepers, 989
Promise of American Life, The (Croly),
645, 667
Promontory Point, Utah, 502, 523
Propaganda: red, 835; in World War II,
794, 794 (illus.), 799–800; yellow
peril and, 787
Property, 115; rights to, 145, 490;
slaves as, 35; for voting, 178, 276,
287, 621; wealth and, 275; women
and, 60
Prophet, The, see Tenskwatawa
Prophetstown, 242
Proportional representation, 187
Proposition 13 (California), 952
Proprietary colonies: Maryland as, 69;
in New York and New Jersey, 79–80
Proslavery argument, 357–358, 358
(illus.)
Prosperity, 1003–1004; furniture
ownership and, 101 (illus.);
technology and, 325–326; in World
War I, 698
Prosser, Gabriel, 346, 368
Prostitution, 589–590, 652; in
antebellum theaters, 332; in New
Orleans, 599; in World War I, 687,
688 (illus.), 690, 701; in World War II,
809
Protective tariffs, 287, 291, 293, 390
Protest(s): antinuclear, 958; antiwar,
900–901, 901 (illus.), 906–910; by
blacks after Reconstruction, 623;
against British, 123–124, 128–129;
against customs agents, 145; in
depression of 1893-1897, 625, 626
(illus.); against globalization, 1004;
by Hispanics, 893–894; by Indians,
892–893; by labor, 273–274,
383–384; by merchants and artisans,
141–142; in 1970s, 937–942; against
Quartering Act, 139–140; against
racial violence, 699; by slaves, 105;
against Stamp Act, 134 (illus.),
135–137; student, 871; youth
movement and, 907–908. See also
Abolitionism; Anti-draft riots; Civil
rights movement
Protestantism: in 1950s, 862; in 1970s,
944; black, 119; evangelical, 301;
Great Awakening and, 118–120;
institutional church movement in,
590; Luther and, 31; in Maryland,
69; in Massachusetts, 91;
Methodists and, 300; Social Gospel
and, 590. See also Religion; specific
denominations
Providence: settlements near, 57
Provincial congresses, 152
Psychedelics, 911
Psychology: problems after World War
II, 816; testing in World War I, 687
Ptolemy, 34
Public Credit Act (1869), 502
Public domain, 259, 263
Public education, see Education
Public Friends, 82
Public health, 650–651; AIDS and,
942–943; immigrants and, 654;
influenza epidemic and, 700–701,
701 (illus.); movements and, 329; in
1990s, 979; urban reform and,
650–651; in World War I, 691; yellow
fever and, 680. See also Health;
Medicine; Sanitation
Public land: Homestead Act and, 461;
Morrill Land Grant Act and, 461;
Ordinance of 1785 and, 262. See also
Land
Public Lands Committee: Hetch
Hetchy Valley plan and, 668–669
Public opinion, 212; clergy political
protests and, 139; on women’s role,
861
Public schools: prayer in, 886;
progressive thought and, 645; in
recession of 1990s, 971; reform of,
307–308; segregation in, 623. See
also Education; Schools
Public transportation: desegregation
of, 833; segregation of, 496; suburbs
and, 582
Public utilities, 714
Public virtue, 138, 230
Public works: debate over, 668–669; in
South, 490; WPA and, 756
Public Works Administration (PWA),
755, 757
Publishing industry, 597–600, 634–635
Puddling, 267
Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon (New
Mexico), 9, 9 (illus.)
Pueblo Indians, 44–45, 84–85, 112, 515
Pueblo Revolt, 84–85, 112
Puerperal fever, 329
Puerto Rico and Puerto Ricans, 43, 633,
946, 982; immigrants and, 769, 868;
militance and, 894; slaves in, 40–41
Pulitzer, Joseph, 546, 594, 632
Pullman, George, 570
Pullman Palace Car Company, 547, 570
Pullman strike, 570, 625, 626
Purchasing power, 565
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), 664,
671
Puritans and Puritanism: Church of
England and, 58; commerce and, 86;
education and, 56–57; Elizabeth I
and, 33; in England, 32–33, 55; HalfWay Covenant and, 61–62; Indians
and, 55–56; market economy and,
58; on marriage partners, 279;
Massachusetts Bay and, 55; in New
England, 49; in New Jersey, 80. See
also Separatists
Purity campaign, 589–590
Purvis, James, 174
Push factors: for immigration, 578
Putin, Vladimir, 1009
Put-in-Bay, battle at, 245
Putnam, Israel, 174
Putnam, Mary, 584
Putnam, Robert, 987
Puyallup Indians, 892, 946
Pyle, Ernie, 811
Pynchon, John, 62
Pyramids, 6–7, 7 (illus.)
El-Qadaffi, Muammar, 961
Quaeda, Al, see Al Quaeda
Quaker Oats, 556
Quakers: antislavery attitudes of, 175;
Great Awakening and, 119; in New
Jersey, 80; in Pennsylvania, 80–82
Quality of life, see Lifestyle
I-47
I-48
Index
Quantrill, William, 443
Quantum physics, 793
Quarantines, 329
Quartering Act: of 1766-1767, 139–140;
of 1774, 151
Quasi-War, 213
Quayle, Dan, 967, 972
Quebec, 40, 45, 83, 83 (illus.), 93, 127
(illus.), 162
Quechan (Yuma) Indians, 204
Queen Anne’s War, 93
Queen City Band (Sedalia, Missouri),
598 (illus.)
Queen’s College, see Rutgers
Queenston, Battle of, 245
Quicksand (Larsen), 728–729
Quids, 238
Quitman, John A., 416
Quotas: immigration, 732, 769;
national-origin, 885; racial, 971
Rabin, Yitzhak, 999
Race and racism: advertising and, 568
(illus.); African-American leaders
and, 657, 657 (illus.); agrarian
protest and, 622; in armed forces,
633; toward Asians, 682; black
codes and, 481; Brownsville
Incident and, 664; in Carolinas, 104;
color line and, 222–224; eugenics
and, 654–655; expansionism and,
630, 637; in Harlem, 728;
immigration and, 732; interracial
marriage and, 983; IQ testing and,
687; Japanese-Americans and,
805–806; Klan and, 734–735; Mexico
and, 399; in Miami, 985; in military,
688; New Deal and, 759–760; “new
slavery” and, 34–35; in 1950s,
867–869; in North, 655–656;
population by race (2000 and 2050),
980; progressivism and, 652, 653,
655–656; in Reconstruction, 496;
resistance and, 768–769; Roosevelt,
Theodore, and, 664; Southern
Alliance and, 620; in Southwest,
529–530; student protests against,
908; Supreme Court and, 848–849;
voluntary societies and, 282; Wilson
and, 672; World War I and, 697, 699,
705–706; World War II and, 799,
802–804, 832–833. See also
Affirmative action; AfricanAmericans; Civil rights movement;
Desegregation; Quotas; Slaves and
slavery
Race riots: in Chicago (1919), 705–706;
against Mexican-Americans, 530; in
Progressive Era, 656; in
Reconstruction, 488; in St. Louis,
699; after World War I, 705; in World
War II, 803. See also Riots
Racial segregation, see Segregation
Racketeering: customs (1767–1768),
143–145
Radar, 793
Radcliffe, 602
Radicalism, 905–906; anti-radicalism
and, 733; in novels, 748–749; Red
Scare and, 706–707; repression of,
697–698, 702; student, 909–910. See
also Counterculture; Youth
movement
Radical Republicans, 442, 469, 479,
483, 485, 486, 503; emancipation
policy and, 453; leaders, 479 (illus.);
Reconstruction and, 480, 481
Radio, 723 (illus.), 723–724; in 1930s,
770; regulating, 719; War of the
Worlds and, 777; in World War II,
802
Radioactive waste, 1013–1014
Ragged Dick (Alger), 564
Rags-to-riches myth, 275
Ragtime music, 575–576, 596, 599, 599
(illus.), 651
Rahman, Omar Abdel, 993
Railroad Administration, 689, 702
Railroads, 265–269, 322–325, 323
(illus.), 473; agriculture and, 525; in
Atlanta, 494; boom in, 502; cattle
and, 535; Civil War and, 444, 461;
Douglas, Stephen, and, 414–415;
Grange movement and, 618; growth
of, 324 (illus.), 546–547; innovations
in, 545 (illus.), 545–546; land grants
and, 524 (illus.) 525 (map), 524–525;
Panic of 1893 and, 624–625; rates
and, 547, 664; strikes against, 569,
819; trunk systems, 546. See also
Transcontinental railroad
Rainbow coalition, 958
Rainey, Gertrude (“Ma”), 731
Rainmaking Among the Mandan
(Catlin), 341
Rainsford, William S., 590
Raleigh, Walter, 46
Ranchos, 112, 204
Rand, Ayn, 836
Rand Corporation, 826
Randolph, A. Philip, 802, 833 (illus.),
888
Randolph, John, 228, 238
Randolph-Macon College, 362
Range wars, 534
Rankin, Jeannette, 696, 785
Ratification: of Articles of
Confederation, 180; of Constitution
(U.S.), 189–191
Rationalist clergy: Old Lights as, 119
Rationing, 789, 792–793
Rauschenbusch, Walter, 590
“Raven, The” (Poe), 339
Ray, James Earl, 917
Raza Unida, La, 894
Reader’s Digest, 723
Reagan, Ronald, 836, 848; assessment
of, 961–962; attack on, 958; in
Berlin, 966; as California governor,
910; conservative backlash and, 946;
election of 1980 and, 952; election
of 1984 and, 958; foreign policy of,
956–958, 961; second term of,
958–962
Reaganism, 958, 971
Reaganomics, 953–954
Realist writers, 600
Reaper, 319, 322 (illus.)
Reaper (ship), 239 (illus.)
Reason: Enlightenment and, 90, 117
Rebates, 547
Rebellions: anti-Stuart, 91; in Aztec
empire, 8; Bacon’s, 72–74; in
colonies, 91; Gabriel’s, 223; by
Indians during removal, 261;
Leisler’s, 91–92; by Prosser, 346;
Revolutionary War and, 152; in
Florida, 86; in New Mexico, 84–85;
Stono, 105; by Turner, 292, 345–346,
368; Whiskey Rebellion, 202–203.
See also American Revolution;
Protest(s); Revolts
Recall (electoral reform), 647
Recession: in 1920s, 712; in 1990s, 971,
1004; in 2000, 1012; Nixon and,
926–927; Reagan and, 954;
Roosevelt, Franklin D., and, 763
Reclamation Service, 665, 666
Reconquest: of Iberian peninsula,
25
Reconstruction, 476–509; AfricanAmericans after, 621–624;
congressional, 483–485, 485 (map),
488, 490–491, 508–509; Constitution
and, 503; election of 1876 and,
505–507; Fifteenth Amendment
and, 486–488; Fourteenth
Amendment and, 482–483;
Index
legislation of, 484; Lincoln’s plan,
479–480; North and, 500–507;
presidential, 480–481, 488, 497;
women in, 493
Reconstruction Act (1867), 483–484,
485 (map), 486
Reconstruction Amendments, 487
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
(RFC), 747
Reconstruction governments, 480,
481, 488–492
Recording industry, 695
Recreation, see Leisure
Recruitment: in Civil War, 439–440
Red Army, 795, 806, 807, 820
Red Arrow, Chehia, 520, 520 (illus.),
521
Red Bird: resistance by, 261
Red China, see China; People’s
Republic of China (PRC)
Red Cloud, 510 (illus.), 516
Redcoats: at Lexington and Concord,
152
Red conspiracy, see Anticommunism;
McCarthy, Joseph, and
McCarthyism
Red Cross, 801
Redeemers, 621
Redemption: Democrats in South and,
505
Red-light districts, 652
Red Menace, The (movie), 835 (illus.)
“Red Power,” 892
Red propaganda, 835
Red River valley: wheat boom in, 535
Red River War, 516
Red Scare: first, 706–707, 834; second,
816. See also McCarthy, Joseph, and
McCarthyism
“Red Shirts,” 505
Redwood National Park, 885
Reed, Ralph, 989
Reed, Walter, 680
Reexport trade, 238
Referendum (electoral reform), 647
Reform and reform movements, 286,
303–314; campaign, 1013; civil
service, 614–615; election of 1912
and, 667–670; Farmers’ Alliance,
615, 619–621; Grange, 615, 617–619;
health care, 974–975; health
movements and, 329–330; Indians
and, 516, 518–519, 762; institutional
church movement, 590; land,
382–383; moral-purity campaign,
589–590; moral-reform societies
and, 282; in 1920s, 719; in North,
295–296; prison reform and,
311–312; public education, 603–605;
settlement-house, 590–591; Social
Gospel as, 590; Supreme Court and,
762; of tariffs, 670; urban poor and,
588–589; of welfare, 977–978; in
World War I, 696. See also New Deal;
Progressivism; Temperance; specific
issues; specific movements
Reformation: Catholic, 32; Protestant,
31–33
Refreshings, 118
Refrigerated railcars, 551
Refueling stations, 630
Refugees: in Civil War, 462–463; from
Nazi Germany, 785–786
Regan, Donald, 959, 962
Regionalist writers, 600
Regions: conflicts between, 160;
Eastern Woodlands, 10–14; in
English colonies, 54. See also
specific regions
Regulation: of business, 647–649, 672;
deregulation and, 953–954; of drugs,
653, 653 (illus.); environment and,
1014; of food and drugs, 664;
interstate, 264, 618; of monopolies,
663–664; progressivism and, 591,
646, 648; of railroad rates, 618; of
telephone and telegraph
companies, 666; of urban
entertainment, 652; World War I
and, 689, 708–709
Regulators, 147–148, 491
Rehnquist, William, 929, 972, 996
Reichstag, 785
Reid, Samuel Chester, 226 (illus.)
Reiss, Winold, 729 (illus.)
Relief measures, 747, 751–753,
756–757, 765
Religion, 6; in 1950s, 862; in 1970s,
944; African-American, 370–372,
656; communities of, 302 (map); in
Elizabethan England, 33, 46;
Enlightenment and, 117; in Europe
(c. 1560), 33 (map); Great
Awakening and, 117–120; Half-Way
Covenant and, 61–62; ideology,
resistance, and, 137–138; in Indian
cultures, 18–19; in Jersey colonies,
80; Mediterranean trade and, 24;
Mississippian, 11, 13; in New
England 55, 56–60; in New
Netherland, 78; party affiliation
and, 612–613; politics and, 286; of
Pueblo Indians, 84–85, 112; Quakers
and, 80–81; Renaissance and, 28;
Second Great Awakening and,
299–301; of Sioux, 513–514; slavery
and, 358; transcendentalists and,
313; upheavals in, 31–32; in Virginia,
68–69; in West Africa, 27; Whitefield
and, 89–90. See also Churches;
Fundamentalism; Great Awakening;
specific religions and groups
Religious freedom: in Canada, 162;
immigration for, 378–379; in
Maryland, 69; in Pennsylvania, 81;
in Rhode Island, 57
Religious Right, 975, 989; Bush,
George W., and, 1007
Relocation centers: JapaneseAmericans in, 805–806
Remington, Frederic, 537
Removal of Indians, 255, 259–261, 261
(map), 513; costs of, 260; Plains
Indians resistance to, 515
Remp, Raymond, 828
Renaissance, 28, 34; American,
334–342
Reparations, 718
Repatriados, 769
Report on a National Bank
(Hamilton), 200–201
Report on the Lands of the Arid
Regions of the United States
(Powell), 538
Report on the Public Credit
(Hamilton), 199–200
Report on the Subject of
Manufactures (Hamilton), 201
Representation: under Constitution
(U.S.), 188; Constitutional
Convention on, 187; taxation and,
135
Representative government, 68, 146
Representatives: elected, 178. See also
Congress; House of Representatives
Republic: France as, 206–207; white
women and, 217–221
Republicanism, 211; heritage of, 286;
Jefferson on, 228; Marshall Court
and, 249; Northwest Territory and,
183
Republican motherhood, 221
Republican party, 289, 414, 421,
610–611; Bush, George W., and, 1008;
in Civil War, 441–442, 461;
Eisenhower and, 845; ethnicity and,
612–613; factions in, 228; in former
Confederacy, 504; ideologies of, 611,
I-49
I-50
Index
612; Insurgents of, 666–667; KansasNebraska Act and, 418; McCarthyism
and, 838–839; in 1920s, 717–719;
Reconstruction and, 488–490, 489
(illus.), 503–504; regional strength of,
612; in World War II, 794–795. See
also Liberal Republicans; Radical
Republicans; specific presidents
Republicans, 138; after Revolution,
174; revolutionary leaders as, 179
Republicans (Jeffersonian), 211–212
Republic of Hawaii, 631
Republic of Korea, see South Korea
Republic of Texas, 378
Republic Steel Company: strike at, 767
Research and development (R&D):
genetic research and, 1010–1011; in
1950s, 854, 855
Research university, 586
“Reservationists,” 705
Reservations (Indian), 515, 946;
Dawes Severalty Act and, 518–519,
519 (map); in New Deal, 762; for
New England Indians, 63;
resettlement on, 255; termination
of, 869
Resettlement Administration, 757, 763
Residential segregation, 582
Resistance: to Coercive Acts, 152; to
discrimination, 768–769; to
Quartering Act, 139–140; religion,
ideology, and, 137–138; by slaves,
368–369; women and, 142–143;
youth movement and, 907–908. See
also Protest(s); Rebellions; Revolts;
specific acts
Resources: New Deal planning for,
761–762
Restoration (England, 1660), 61, 90
Restoration colonies, 77, 79
Restraint of trade: trusts and, 551
Retailing: chain stores in, 711–712;
department stores and, 584–585,
585 (illus.), 652; discount stores and,
935–936
Retirees: recession and, 1012
Reuben James (ship), 787
Reuf, Abe, 646
Reuther, Walter, 766, 767, 767 (illus.),
768
Revels, Hiram, 489
Revenue acts, 128–129; of 1767,
140–141; of 1942, 793. See also
Wealth Tax Act; specific acts
Revenue tariff, 390
Revere, Paul, 122 (illus.), 152
Revivalism: in East, 300–301; First
Great Awakening and, 118–120; New
Lights and, 119; Second Great
Awakening and, 278, 299–300
Revolts: peasant, 28; Pueblo, 84–85; in
Richmond, Virginia, 223; on Saint
Domingue, 223; by Toussaint
L’Ouverture, 232. See also Protest(s);
Rebellions
Revolution(s): African-American,
887–888; of 1848, 383; in Mexico, 683;
in Russia, 704. See also American
Revolution; specific countries
Revolving pistol, 321, 321 (illus.), 322
Reynolds v. Sims, 886
Rheims: in World War I, 691
Rhett, Robert Barnwell, 431
Rhineland, 783
Rhode Island, 57, 58, 91, 154
Rhodes, James, 909 (illus.)
Rhythm-and-blues, 871
Rice, Condoleezza, 1007
Rice, Joseph Mayer, 604
Rice, Sally, 279
Rice industry, 77–78, 95
Rich, see Wealth
Rich, Frank, 988
Richards, Ann, 976
Richards, Samuel, 494
Richardson, Elliot, 930, 931
Richmond, 350, 367 (illus.), 442, 446;
fall of, 471–472
Richmond, David, 875
Richthofen, Manfred von (“Red
Baron”), 690
Rickenbacker, Edward, 703
Rickover, Hyman, 851
Ridge, Tom, 1018
Riesman, David, 857
Rifle, 444–445
“Rifle Clubs,” 505
Rigas, John J., 1021
Right, the, see Conservatives and
conservatism; Right wing
Rights: of African-Americans, 223; of
enemy citizens, 213–214; of
Englishmen, 133; of Indians, 946; of
preemption, 263; in state
constitutions, 178; Warren Court
and, 886. See also Reform and
reform movements; specific rights
“Right to Life” movement, 943
Right wing: Dulles and, 850;
Goldwater and, 884; in Great
Depression, 755–756; militant
blacks and, 891
Right-wing militia, 988–989
Riis, Jacob, 580, 588, 635 (illus.)
Rimmer, Robert, 915
Rio de Janeiro environmental
conference, 972
Rio Grande River, 112, 395, 398
Riots: in Alton, Illinois, 309; antidraft,
463; Astor Place, 321, 332; for food
in South, 462; in Harlem, 768; after
King’s death, 917; in Los Angeles,
971. See also Race riots
Rivers, 262, 264–265, 268 (map), 269.
See also specific river regions
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: terrorist
bombing in, 994
Roads and highways, 268 (map); of
Inca, 8; interstate highway system
and, 845, 846–847; legislation for,
672; National Road and, 259; in
1950s, 859
Roanoke colony, 45, 46–47
Robards, Rachel, 289
Robber barons, 546
Robertson, Pat, 944, 952, 973, 975, 989
Robinson, Christopher, 70
Robinson, Jackie, 804, 831, 832 (illus.)
Rochester, New York: revivalism in,
300–301
Rock, John, 896
Rock-and-roll, 870–871
Rockefeller, John D., 549–550, 557,
582, 585, 628
Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 652
Rockets: Goddard and, 732. See also
Space exploration
Rockingham, Marquis de, 137, 139
Rockwell, Norman, 723, 842 (illus.)
Rocky Mountains, 15, 237
Rococo furniture, 327
Roe v. Wade, 912, 938–939, 943, 972
Roghman, Geertruyd, 28 (illus.)
Rolfe, Mary, 59
Rolling Stones, 912
Roman Catholic Church, see
Catholicism
Romania, 795, 820
Romanticism, 335
Romantic love, 279
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis, 786
Rommel, Erwin, 795
Romona (Jackson), 530
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 743, 744, 750, 750
(illus.), 757, 759, 765
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 670, 743, 750
(illus.), 782; African-Americans and,
802–803; criticism of, 755–756; death
Index
of, 807; election of 1920 and, 707;
election of 1932 and, 744, 749, 749
(map); election of 1936 and,
758–760; election of 1940 and,
786–787; election of 1944 and, 798;
environment, West, and Indian
policy under, 760–762; evaluation of,
777–778; fireside chats and, 751;
foreign policy of, 786–787; JapaneseAmericans and, 805; Jewish refugees
and, 786; labor and, 767–768; Latin
America and, 782–783; mobilization
for war by, 785; New Deal and,
749–764; Pearl Harbor and, 788;
Supreme Court and, 760, 762–763;
World War II and, 786; at Yalta, 806,
807 (illus.). See also Great
Depression; New Deal; World War II
Roosevelt, Theodore, 645, 662–666;
election of 1904 and, 664; election
of 1912 and, 667–670; election of
1916 and, 673, 686; expansionism
and, 630; Hetch Hetchy Valley plan
and, 668; labor and, 663; Latin
America and, 680–682; New
Nationalism of, 667, 670; Panama
Canal and, 680; Pinchot and, 665
(illus.); preservationism,
conservationism, and, 665–666;
presidency of, 663–666; race and,
664; regulation and, 664; RussoJapanese War and, 682; SpanishAmerican War and, 632;
trustbusting and, 663–664; West
and, 537; World War I and, 678
Roosevelt Corollary, 681
Roosevelt Dam, 665
Root, John Wellborn, 601
Rosebud Reservation, 804
Rosecrans, William S., 459
Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 837
(illus.), 838
Rosie the Riveter, 801 (illus.)
Ross, Edward A., 654
Ross, John, 260
Rotation principle, 290
ROTC, 910
Roth, Philip, 863, 912
Roughing It (Twain), 532
“Rough Riders,” 632
Rouse, Andrew, 53
Rowlandson, Mary, 65
Royal African Company, 74
Royal Air Force (England), 795
Royal colony: Maryland as, 92;
Massachusetts as, 91; New France
as, 83; New Jersey as, 80; New York
as, 79; Virginia as, 48
Royal Navy, 208, 210, 239
Royal Society (London), 117
Rubber, 790
Ruede, Howard, 526
Ruffin, Edmund, 351, 431
Rules Committee, 667
Rum, 37, 61
Rumsfeld, Donald, 1007
Runaway slaves, 369. See also Fugitive
slaves
Rural areas, 325; in Chesapeake, 71;
decline of, 944–945, 945 (illus.);
housing in, 327; industrialization
and, 271; in 1940-1960, 859; in
South, 349; voting in, 115–116;
whites in, 100–101. See also Farms
and farming
Rural Electrification Administration,
757
Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817), 21
Rusk, Dean, 881, 899
Russia: Alaska and, 204; Allied
invasion of, 704; Balkans and, 998;
Bolsheviks in, 689, 698; immigrants
from, 525; Japanese war with, 682;
Manchuria and, 682; Oregon and,
385; Pacific coast trade of, 204;
revolutions in, 704; World War I and,
689, 704. See also Communism;
Soviet Union; World War I
Russo-Japanese War (1904), 682, 806
Rutgers, 119
Ruth, Babe, 725
Rwanda, 998
Sabine River, 251
Sabine vaccine, 861
Sacajawea, 235
Sac and Fox Indians, 261
Sacco-Vanzetti case, 733
Sachem (chief), 62; Ninigret as, 65
(illus.)
Sacrifice, see Human sacrifice
Sadat, Anwar, 950, 950 (illus.)
Safety: workplace, 648–649
Safety bicycles, 602–603
Sagadahoc: settlement at, 47
Sagebrush Rebellion, 954
Sahara Desert, see Trans-Saharan trade
Sahl, Mort, 906
Saigon, 900; evacuation from, 948. See
also South Vietnam; Vietnam War
St. Augustine, 42, 43 (map), 44, 93, 106
(illus.), 113
St. Clair, Arthur, 206
Saint Domingue, see Santo Domingo
(Saint Domingue)
St. George’s Fields: Wilkes and, 142
St. Lawrence River region, 40, 78–79;
French in, 45, 84
St. Lawrence Seaway, 845
St. Leger, Barry, 166
St. Louis, 269; race riot in, 699
St. Louis (ship), 786
“St. Louis Blues” (Handy), 651
St. Mary’s, Maryland, 72
St. Mihiel salient, 691
“Saints”: in Anglican Church, 33; in
New England, 58–60, 62. See also
Elect
Saint Teresa of Avila, 32 (illus.)
Salem, Mass., 55, 66–67
Salem Town, see Salem, Mass.
Salem Village (Danvers), 66
Salients (holes): in World War I, 691
Salk vaccine, 861
Saloons, 592, 592 (illus.), 593
SALT treaties, see Strategic Arms
Limitation Talks
Salvation: good works and, 57; Great
Awakening and, 118, 120;
Hutchinson on, 57; Luther on, 31;
by predestination, 32; Puritan
“saints” and, 58
Salvation Army, 589
Samoan Islands, 630–631
Samoset, 49
Sampson (slave), 104
Sampson, Deborah, 176
San Antonio, 112; battle in, 388
Sand Creek massacre, 515
Sandinistas, 956
San Fernando, Fort, 209
San Francisco, 401; Hetch Hetchy
Valley and, 668–669, 669 (illus.);
Japanese immigrants in, 682
Sanger, Margaret, 660, 661, 896
San Ildefonso, Treaty of, 127
Sanitary agenda, 650
Sanitary Commission, 473
Sanitation, 328; Civil War and, 466,
467; flush toilets and, 554, 555; in
Philadelphia, 130–131, 131 (illus.);
urban reform and, 650–651
San Juan Hill, 632, 633, 636 (illus.)
San Lorenzo, Treaty of, 210
San Salvador, 23–24
Santa Anna, Antonio López de,
387–388, 398
Santa Fe: Pueblo Revolt and, 85
I-51
I-52
Index
Santa Fe Plaza, New Mexico in the
1880s (Grosshenney), 529 (illus.)
Santa Fe Railroad, 525
Santa Fe Trail, 386
Santo Domingo (Saint Domingue), 96,
207, 501, 682. See also Dominican
Republic; Haiti
Saratoga, battle at, 166, 166 (illus.)
Saroyan, William, 774
Satanta (Kiowa chief), 516?
Satellites: of Soviet Union, 821
Saturday Evening Post, 693, 723
Saturday Night Fever (movie), 937
“Saturday Night Massacre,” 931
Saudi Arabia: terrorist bombings in,
993–994
Sauer, Inez, 801
Saurez, Xavier, 984
Savannah, 111, 171 (map)
Save the Whales campaign, 938
Savings-and-loan (S&L) industry,
970
Savio, Mario, 907
Scalawags, 488–489, 504
Scalia, Antonin, 972
Scandals, see Corruption (political);
specific scandals
Scandinavians, 378, 577
Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne), 337,
338, 339
Schenck v. United States, 698
Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 879–880
Schmeling, Max, 785
Schools: black, 495, 496; Catholic
parochial, 604–605; desegregation
of, 848–850, 849 (illus.); freedmen’s,
493 (illus.); land for, 182; in 1950s,
862; prayer in, 886, 989; reform of,
307–308; shootings in, 979; urban
public elementary, 604 (illus.);
World War II and, 801. See also
Education; Public schools;
Universities and colleges; specific
schools
Schudson, Michael, 331
Schulman, Bruce, 937
Schurz, Carl, 428, 614, 615, 636
Schwab, Charles, 548
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman, 969
Science: in 1920s, 732; in 1950s, 854;
education in, 586, 870;
Enlightenment and, 116–117;
national security and, 826–827;
progressivism and, 644; World War
II and, 793–794
Science Advisory Committee, 870
Science and the Modern World
(Whitehead), 732
Scientific farming, 102
SCLC, see Southern Christian
Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Scopes trial, 733–734
Scotland: immigrants from, 100
(map), 378, 577
Scots-Irish, 99
Scott, Dred, 422
Scott, Thomas, 205
Scott, Tom, 547
Scott, Walter, 335, 339
Scott, Winfield, 396, 397–398, 413–414,
445
Scottsboro Boys, 768
Scrip: for mill workers, 559
SDI, see Strategic Defense Initiative
(SDI, Star Wars)
SDS, see Students for a Democratic
Society (SDS)
Seabury, John, 53
Sea dogs (England), 46
Sea Islands, 456, 457 (illus.), 457
(map), 496
Seale, Bobby, 892
Searle, G. D.: birth control pill and,
896–897
Seasonal workers, 277
SEATO, see Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization (SEATO)
Seattle: WTO conference in, 1004
SEC, see Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC)
Secession, 432 (map); Alien and
Sedition Acts and, 215; compromise
and, 432–433; New England and,
246; by South, 427, 429–432, 432
(map); South Carolina and, 431
(illus.)
Second Amendment, 198
Second Anglo-Powhatan War, 48
Second Bank of the United States, 248,
249
Second Continental Congress, 152,
153
Second front: in World War II, 795–796
Second Great Awakening, 278,
299–301
Second Industrial Revolution:
computers and, 855–856
Second Manassas, 448, 453
Second New Deal, 744, 756–762
Second party system, 286, 299;
collapse of (1853–1856), 414–421
Second Stage, The (Friedan), 939
Second World War, see World War II
Secret ballot, 647
Sectionalism: election of 1824 and,
289; election of 1828 and, 290;
Kansas-Nebraska Act and, 414–415;
after Mexican-American War, 399;
slavery and, 250. See also States’
rights; specific sections
Secularism: vs. fundamentalism, 1001
Securities, see Credit; Stock market
Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC), 753, 1021
Security (safety): anticommunism
and, 834–835; home-front, 1018
Sedan-Mezières: in World War I, 692
Sedition: imprisonment for, 215–216
Sedition Act, 214
Sedition Amendment (1918), 697
Seeger, Alan, 693–696
Segregation: in armed forces, 803; of
Asian children, 682; black codes
and, 481; in cities, 582; interstate
transportation and, 833; Jim Crow
and, 655; in North, 276, 656; racial,
622; in Reconstruction, 496;
residential, 582; separate but equal
facilities and, 622–623; in southern
industries, 558–559. See also
African-Americans; Desegregation
Seigneuries, 83
Sekaquaptewa, Helen, 520
Selective Service Act (1917), 687
Selective Service and Training Act
(1940), 787
Self-determination, 704
Self-government: rights of, 135
Self-help organizations: AfricanAmerican, 223
Self-interest: in Massachusetts, 58
Self-reliance, 512
Selma: protests in, 889
Selma-Montgomery march, 874
(illus.), 889
Seminole Indians, 259, 260
Seminole Wars, 984
Senate, 188; election of 1994 and, 976;
election of 2000 and, 1007; League
of Nations and, 704, 705; McCarthy
and, 848; women in, 973; World War
I and, 784
Senate (Maryland), 179
Senators: direct election of, 673
Seneca Falls Declaration (1848), 311
Seneca Iroquois Indians, 109, 167,
184, 221, 222
Senegambia, 25, 77, 97
Index
Senior citizens: incomes of, 865. See
also Elderly
Seoul: U.S. Marines in, 829 (illus.)
Separate but equal doctrine:
desegregation and, 848–849, 867;
racial segregation and, 622–623
Separate spheres doctrine, 278,
279–281
Separate spheres ideology, 563, 583,
801
Separation of church and state, 180; in
Puritan New England, 57; in
Virginia, 68–69; Williams, Roger, on,
57
Separation of powers, 196; in
Constitution (U.S.), 188
Separatists, 33, 49, 55.
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks,
992 (illus.), 994, 1015–1016; homefront security after, 1018
Serbia, 997–998, 998 (illus.); World War
I and, 683
Serkin, Rudolph, 785
Servants: in Chesapeake, 70–71, 72
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act
(1944), 817. See also GI Bill of Rights
(GI Bill)
Service sector, 858, 936, 986–987,
1003
Settlement(s): in Chesapeake, 71, 72
(map); English, 55–56, 99; in New
England, 59; in North America
(1565–1625), 43 (map); in Ohio
region, 184; in Spanish California,
204 (map). See also Expansion and
expansionism; specific regions
Settlement houses, 588, 590–591, 643,
644
Settlers: in Great Plains, 526–527;
railroads and, 524–525; in transMississippi West, 511–512
Seven Days’ Battle, 448
Seven Golden Cities of Cíbola, 44
Seventeenth Amendment, 671, 673
“Seventh of March” speech (Webster),
410
Seventy-ninth Congress, 819
Seven Years’ War, 125–128, 126 (map),
128 (map), 162
Severalty: Indians and, 518. See also
Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
Sewage system, 554, 555
Seward, William H., 410, 417, 425, 432,
473, 501; election of 1860 and, 428;
as secretary of state, 433
“Seward’s Ice Box,” 501
Sewer systems, 328
Sewing machine, 273, 317–318, 323
(illus.), 551 (illus.), 552, 557. See also
Singer Sewing Machine Company
Sex and sexuality: abstinence and,
281; conservatives and, 988; double
standard in, 220; Graham on, 329; in
1920s, 726; at Oneida community,
314; plantation standards and, 354;
premarital sex and, 912–913. See
also Gays and lesbians
Sex discrimination, 894
Sexism: in 1930s, 760
Sex Side of Life, The (Dennett), 660
Sexual harassment: Clinton and, 975,
995–996; Thomas, Clarence, and,
977
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs),
see Venereal disease
Sexual orientation: legal protection
and, 913. See also Gays and lesbians
Sexual revolution, 912–913; birth
control pill and, 896–897
Seymour, Horatio, 466, 500
Shah of Iran, see Pahlavi, Mohammed
Reza (Shah)
Shakers, 302 (map), 303; Alfred, Maine,
village of, 304–305, 305 (illus.)
Shakespeare, William, 28, 332
Shame of the Cities, The (Steffens),
646, 646 (illus.)
Shandong: after World War I, 703, 704
Sharecroppers, 497–500, 499 (illus.),
499 (map), 619; in Great
Depression, 753–754, 757; in World
War I, 698
“Share Our Wealth” program, 755–756
Sharon, Ariel, 957, 1000, 1019
Sharpsburg, Battle of, 448
Shasta Dam, 761
Shattuck, Joseph, 185 (illus.)
Shaw, Anna Howard, 697, 699
Shaw, Anna Moore (Chehia Red
Arrow), see Red Arrow, Chehia
Shaw, Robert Gould, 455
Shawnee Indians, 109, 126, 147, 162,
167, 209, 242; at Boonesborough,
169; land cessions by, 185;
Revolution and, 168
Shays, Christopher, 1013
Shays, Daniel, 185 (illus.)
Shays-Meehan bill, 1013
Sheeler, Charles, 730
Sheen, Fulton J., 839, 862
Sheldon, Asa G., 277
Shelley v. Kraemer, 833
Sheltowee: Boone as, 169
Shenandoah National Park, 760
Shepherd, Matthew, 988, 988 (illus.)
Sheppard-Towner Act (1921), 719, 720
Sheridan, Philip, 469
Sheriffs: in Virginia, 68
Sherman, John, 502, 551
Sherman, William T., 448, 468–469,
470–471, 471 (illus.), 471 (map), 494,
496, 517
Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890), 551,
570, 611, 660, 664, 672
Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890),
613, 625, 626
Shiite Muslims, 957, 970
Shiloh, Battle of, 445, 448–449, 458
Shipbuilding: in New England, 61
Ships and shipping: British and, 208;
in Civil War, 451 (illus.), 451–452;
clipper ships and, 402 (illus.),
402–403; of colonial goods, 133;
Embargo Act (1807) and, 239–240;
maritime commerce and, 94 (illus.);
Peace of Amiens and, 231; Portugal
and, 34; prefabrication and, 790;
Spanish, 204; trade, shipbuilding,
and, 94; World War I and, 684–685;
World War II and, 787, 792 (illus.).
See also Navy
Shirley mansion, 108
Shoe industry, 273, 560–561, 563
(illus.)
Shootings: in Atlanta, 979; in Littleton,
Colorado, 979, 979 (illus.); in
schools, 979
Shopping centers, 722
Shops: colonial, 102, 103
Shuttle diplomacy, 924
Siberia, 2, 15
Sicily, 795
Sickle-cell trait, 77
Sickles, Dan, 321
Siegel Cooper store, 584 (illus.)
Sierra Club, 665, 668, 722, 938, 954
Sierra Nevada range, 401
“Significance of the Frontier in
American History, The” (Turner), 536
Sigourney, Lydia, 279–280
Silent generation, 834, 872
Silent Spring (Carson), 858, 879, 938
Silicon chips, 940
Silicon Valley, 987, 1003, 1012
Silicosis, 649
Silliman, Mary, 177
Silver, 42, 96, 386, 531, 558, 613; free
silver and, 502, 610, 627
I-53
I-54
Index
Silver Democrats, 626
Silver standard, 502
Simkins, Arthur, 361
Simpson, Jerry, 620, 628 (illus.)
Simpson, O. J., 987
Sin: Finney on, 301
Sinclair, Upton, 664, 697–698
Singapore, 788
Singer, Isaac M.: sewing machine of,
317–318, 323 (illus.)
Singer Sewing Machine Company, 551
(illus.), 552. See also Sewing
machine
Singing societies (Gesangverein), 593
Single tax, 571
Singleton, Benjamin “Pap,” 506 (illus.)
“Sing Sing,” see Ossining (“Sing Sing”)
Siouan languages, 18
Sioux Indians, 14, 110, 384, 515, 516,
519–522, 892, 946. See also Dakota
Sioux Indians; Hunkpapa Lakota
Sioux; Lakota Sioux Indians, Oglala
Sioux
Sirica, John, 930
Sister Carrie (Dreiser), 600, 601
Sit-down strike: at General Motors, 766
Sit-ins, 875–876, 877 (illus.), 887
Sitting Bull, 517, 517 (illus.), 518, 522
Situation comedies: on television, 864
Six-Day War (1967), 924
Six Nations Iroquois See Iroquois
Indians
Sixteenth Amendment, 671, 673
Sketch Book (Irving), 334
Skilling, Jeffrey, 1020 (illus.)
Skinner, B. F., 915
Skull Valley Band: of Goshute Indians,
981
Sky Watchers, 825
“Sky Woman” (Smith), 4 (illus.)
Slash-and-burn land management, 14
Slater, Samuel, 217, 270
Slaughterhouse cases, 503
Slavedrivers, 364
Slave Power, 418, 421, 422
Slaves and slavery: in Africa, 34–35, 97
(map); in Caribbean region, 75–76;
in Carolina, 77–78; in Charleston, SC,
360–361; in Chesapeake, 74–75;
children of white masters and, 364;
Civil War and, 454 (illus.), 454–455,
456–458, 473; codification of, 74;
Compromise of 1850 and, 408–414;
as contraband, 453, 454–455; cotton
and, 348 (illus.); cultures of, 105
(illus.), 369–373; distribution of, 347
(illus.); economic progress and,
104–105; emancipation policy and,
452–454; in English colonies, 86;
evangelicals and, 359–362; in Far
West, 401–404; freedom for, 149; in
Georgia, 112–113; Indians as, 63, 110,
112 (illus.); industrialization and,
350; infidelity and, 365; Jefferson
and, 229; lifestyle of, 362–369; as
loyalists, 162; market economy and,
262; migration and, 53–54; Missouri
Compromise and, 249–251, 250
(map); native-born population of,
362; in New York City, 105; in North,
275; opposition to, 175; Pequots as,
56; plantations and, 362–366;
population of, 74; proslavery
argument and, 357–358; punishment
and, 364; rebellions and, 346; in
Reconstruction, 492–493; resistance
and, 368–369; Revolution and, 171,
173; Richmond revolt and, 223; Saint
Domingue revolt and, 207, 223; slave
badge and, 430 (illus.); slaveholdernonslaveholder conflicts over,
356–357; small slaveholders and,
354–355; South and, 427, 437–438; in
Spanish and Portuguese America,
40–41; state authority over, 188;
tariffs and, 292; in territories,
399–400; Texas annexation and, 391,
392; three-fifths clause and, 188;
Tocqueville and Beaumont on, 256;
Toussaint L’Ouverture and, 232; in
West Indies and Brazil, 98; white
children, slave nurses, and, 352
(illus.). See also Abolitionism;
African-Americans; Free-soilers;
Proslavery argument; Slave states;
Slave trade
Slave states: Compromise of 1850 and,
408–414; election of 1856 and, 421;
Florida as, 107; Louisiana Purchase
and, 249–250; Missouri
Compromise and, 251
Slave trade, 33, 74, 99; Dutch and, 37;
Franklin on, 100; in Indians, 78;
internal African, 34–35; internal
U.S., 350 (map); outlawing of, 222,
362, 409; slave ships and, 98, 98
(illus.); sugar industry and, 36–37.
See also Slaves and slavery
Slavic immigrants, 578
Sledge, E. B., 781, 812
Slidell, John, 395, 452
Sloat, John D., 397
Slums, 581–582, 653, 865–866, 866
(illus.), 945
Slush fund: election of 1952 and, 840
Small businesses: railroad rates and,
547
Smallpox, 41–42, 78, 234
Smalls, Robert, 456
Smelters, 533
Smith, Adam, 571
Smith, Alfred E., 719, 737, 738 (illus.);
election of 1928 and, 738, 739
(map); in Great Depression, 755
Smith, Bessie, 731
Smith, Ed, 760
Smith, Elias, 278
Smith, Ernest, 4 (illus.)
Smith, Isaac, 407
Smith, Jedediah, 258–259
Smith, John, 47–49
Smith, Joseph, 301–303, 377
Smith, Lillian, 624
Smith, Melania, 301
Smith Act (1940), 836, 848
Smith and Wesson, 322
Smith College, 602
Smith-Connally War Labor Disputes
Act (1943), 792
Smith v. Allwright, 802
Smoke Prevention Association, 650
Smoking, see Cigarettes; Tobacco
industry
Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930), 713
Smuggling, 133, 148
SNCC, see Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Soap operas, 770
Social class, see Class
Social contract, 138
Social control: progressivism and, 651
Social Darwinism, 571, 630, 644
Social Gospel, 590, 644, 646, 734
Social hierarchy, see Class; Hierarchy
Social institutions: of AfricanAmericans, 493–496, 656. See also
specific institutions
Socialist Labor party (1877), 572
Socialist Party of America (SPA),
661–662
Socialists and socialism, 661–662;
election of 1924 and, 719
Social policy, 610
Social protocol, 583
Social security, 834
Social Security Act (1935), 758
Social thought, see Intellectual
thought
Index
Social welfare, see Welfare
Social work, 589, 590–591
Society, 277–278; in 1920s, 720–726,
732–737; in 1930s, 764–769; in
1950s, 843–844, 860–865; 1960s and,
936, 937–962; in 1990s, 978–989;
affluent, 854–860; antebellum,
274–277; archaic, 4–5; of Cahokia,
12–13; Chesapeake, 68–75; in Civil
War, 460–468; colonial, 94–108;
European, 28–30; Great Awakening
and, 119; Indian, 16–19; middleclass, 583–586; multiethnic,
981–983; in New England, 55–68;
nonfarming, 14–16; Puritan, 59;
Quaker, 81; relationship changes in,
277–282; after Revolution, 173–178;
in South Carolina, 77; of southern
whites, 351–355, 356–362; space
exploration and, 869–870; tea
drinking and, 95–96; in West,
257–258; white supremacists and,
621–622, 623; World War I and,
698–702; World War II and, 798–806;
youth culture and, 870–872. See also
Culture(s)
Society for the Encouragement of
Useful Manufactures, 217
Society of Friends, see Quakers
Society of the Supporters of the Bill of
Rights (England), 142
Sociology, 601
Soft money contributions, 1013
Soft-money position, 295
Software, 940
Soil, 62, 102
Soil Conservation Service, 760
Soldiers: blacks in Union army,
455–457; British, in colonies, 145; in
Civil War, 436 (illus.), 449–451, 450
(illus.); GI Bill and, 817–818; in
Mexican-American War, 397 (illus.);
and post-Revolution egalitarianism,
174; in Revolution, 163; in World
War I, 690, 690 (illus.), 692; World
War II and, 780 (illus.), 781–782,
798–799, 815. See also Armed forces;
Military; Quartering Act
“Solid South,” 739
Somalia, 974, 998
Somers, Richard, 230 (illus.)
Somerset, James, 149
Somme, battle at, 690
Somoza, Anastasio, 956
Songhai, 25
“Song of Myself” (Whitman), 337
Son of the Middle Border (Garland),
619
Sons of Liberty, 136, 137, 141, 147
Sooners, 535
Soto, Hernando de, see De Soto,
Hernando
Souls of Black Folk, The (Du Bois), 657,
657 (illus.)
Sound-money policy, 502
Sousa, John Philip, 694
Souter, David, 972
South: Amnesty Act and, 501;
“bayonet rule” in, 501; black
migration from, 768; Civil War and,
433, 438, 452, 460–468, 473, 478
(illus.); code of honor and dueling
in, 359; Compromise of 1850 and,
411; Democratic party in, 612;
desegregation and, 849; economic
development in, 558; emancipation
and, 492–500; evangelicals and,
359–362; expansionism and,
416–417; Farmers’ Alliance and,
619–621; food riots in, 462; French
Revolution and, 207; Hamilton’s
plans and, 201; independence and,
154; industrial lag in, 560; industry
in, 270; Jackson and, 291; Ku Klux
Klan in, 491; Lower and Upper, 346;
lynchings in, 622; migration to, 489,
860; military districts in, 483, 485
(map); Nixon and, 928–929; North
compared with, 349–351;
population of, 979; in Progressive
Era, 655; public schools in, 496;
rebuilding of, 490; Reconstruction
and, 488–492, 621–624; redemption
in, 504–505; Republican rule in, 504;
reunion and, 507–508;
Revolutionary War and, 170–172,
171 (map), 181; secession and, 215,
427; Sherman’s march through,
470–471, 471 (illus.), 471 (map);
slavery in, 54, 175–176, 351; “solid,”
624; tariffs and, 291–292; two-party
system in, 624; vigilantism in,
491–492, 504–505; violence against
blacks in, 832; on war debts, 200;
white society in, 351–355, 356–362;
in World War II, 790; Yorktown in,
164. See also Civil War (U.S.);
Confederate States of America; New
South; Old South; Reconstruction;
Secession; Slaves and slavery
South Africa: end of apartheid in, 969,
998–999
South Alone Should Govern the South,
The, 427
South America, 5–8, 39; Monroe
Doctrine and, 252; recession in, 1004
South Carolina, 45, 77, 103, 224;
Cherokees and, 167; Regulators in,
148; Sherman in, 471, 471 (illus.),
471 (map); slaves in, 149; Stono
Rebellion in, 105. See also Carolinas;
Charleston (Charles Town); North
Carolina
South Carolina Exposition and
Protest, 292
South Dakota, 251, 528
Southeast, 112, 184–185
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
(SEATO), 853
Southern Alliance, see National
Farmers’ Alliance and Industrial
Union
Southern Christian Leadership
Conference (SCLC), 867
Southern Conference for Human
Welfare, 760
Southern Homestead Act (1866), 497
Southern Manifesto, 849
Southern Pacific Railroad, 546
Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union, 754
South Korea, 828. See also Korean War
South Vietnam, 853, 948. See also
Vietnam; Vietnam War
Southwest: cultures of, 8–10, 16;
Mexican labor in, 868; settlement
of, 529–530; Spanish in, 112. See also
Old Southwest
Southwestern Asia: in 1500, 26 (map)
Soviet Union: Arab world and, 924;
atomic bomb of, 824, 825; collapse
of, 965–966, 967–968; Cuban missile
crisis and, 880–881; Eastern Europe
and, 820; expansionism of, 821;
German nonaggression pact with,
771, 785; Korean War and, 829
(illus.); nuclear arsenal of, 968, 1000;
production in, 714; recognition of,
704; space exploration by, 869; U.S.
war supplies to, 787; World War II in,
795; Yalta accords and, 806. See also
Cold War; Russia; World War II;
specific presidents
Space exploration: Kennedy, John F.,
and, 879; moon landing and, 925
(illus.); in 1950s, 869–870; Sputnik
and, 851 (illus.), 869
Space industry, 854
Spain, 33; Armada of, 47; Britain and,
I-55
I-56
Index
170; California and, 204 (map);
Carolina and, 93; colonial wars and
(1739–1748), 113–114; colonies of,
96, 97; conquistadors and, 8, 40–41;
Cuba and, 632; empire of, 39 (map),
113 (map); exploration by, 38, 38
(map); in Far West, 385–386;
Ferdinand and Isabella in, 28;
Floridas and, 78 (map), 84, 86, 107,
127, 251; France and, 207–208;
Georgia and, 111; mestizos and, 42;
Monroe Doctrine and, 252; Mose,
Florida, and, 106–107; New Mexico
and, 84–86; North America and,
43–45, 232; population from, 86;
Revolutionary War and, 166, 170,
172–173; St. Augustine and, 43
(map), 44; settlements of, 112–113;
Seven Years’ War and, 127;
Southeast and, 184; southern
boundary and, 210; Southwest and,
234; sugar trade and, 37; Tennessee
and, 195; Texas and, 251, 386–387;
Treaty of Tordesillas and, 38; U.S.
territorial claims and, 205 (map);
western claims of, 128, 203–204,
209; West Indies colonies of, 75. See
also Spanish Civil War
Spanish-American War, 632–636, 633
(map), 636 (illus.)
Spanish Civil War, 771
Spanish-speaking Americans, see
Hispanics; specific groups
Speakeasies, 737, 737 (illus.)
Special Committee on Presidential
Campaign Activities, 930
Special congressional electoral
commission (1877), 506
Special interests: Jackson and,
290–291; Madison and, 191; of
organized labor, 830; Washington
and, 196
Specialization, 527, 553, 558
Specie, 264, 297
Specie Circular (1836), 297
Specie Resumption Act (1875), 502
Specter, Arlen, 973
Speculation: bonanza farms and, 535;
in Civil War, 461; Embargo Act and,
240; Homestead Act and, 526–527;
in land, 206, 263–264, 620; in 1980s,
954; Panic of 1819 and, 264; railroad
boom and, 502; reservation lands
and, 518–519; stock market crash
and, 745
Speech: freedom of, 214, 310, 836
Speed limit, 948
Spellman, Francis, 839
Spelman College, 656
Spheres of influence: Soviet, 820, 823,
825; World War II and, 798, 807
Spies and spying: contrabands and,
455; Hiss and, 836–838; Rosenbergs
and, 837 (illus.), 838; after World
War II, 834. See also Spy plane crisis
Spinning, 28 (illus.)
Spinning bees: colonial resistance
and, 143
Spinning frame, 270
Spinning mill, 217
Spirit of St. Louis, The (airplane), 725,
725 (illus.)
Spirituality: in Indian cultures, 18–19.
See also Religion
Spirituals (songs), 371–372, 373
Spock, Benjamin, 861, 901
“Spoilsmen,” 501
Spoils system, 290, 614
Sponslor, Mary Ann, 317
Sports, 602; blacks in, 656; celebrities
and, 725; at Indian boarding
schools, 522; integration of, 831;
professional, 593 (illus.), 593–595,
594 (illus.); at universities and
colleges, 585–586
Spotted Tail, 516
Springfield, Illinois, 473
Springfield, Massachusetts: IndianEnglish trade at, 62; race riot in
(1965), 890
Springfield College, 602
Spring Mobilization to End the War in
Vietnam, 908
Springsteen, Bruce, 938
Sputnik, 851 (illus.), 869
Spy plane crisis: in China (2001), 1012;
U-2, 853, 881
Squanto, 49
Square deal: of Roosevelt, Theodore,
664
Squatters, 263–264
Squatter sovereignty: doctrine of, 400
Staats Zeitung, 594
Stagflation, 926, 951
Stalin, Joseph, 795, 798, 806, 807
(illus.), 820, 823; death of, 850;
Popular Front and, 771
Stalingrad, Battle of, 795, 796 (map)
Stalwarts, 610, 614
Stamp Act (1765), 134 (illus.), 134–137,
138, 140
Stamp Act Congress (1765), 136–137
Standardization: of railroads, 546
Standard of living: in late 19th
century, 565
Standard Oil Co. v. U.S., 671
Standard Oil Company, 501, 550, 557,
647, 664
Standish, Miles, 49
Stanford, Leland, 567, 585
Stanford University, 585
Stanton, Edwin, 456
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 311, 467–468,
486, 487 (illus.), 566, 689
Stanton, Henry, 452, 485
Starr, Kenneth, 996, 996 (illus.), 997
“Star-Spangled Banner, The” (Key), 247
START II, see Strategic Arms Reduction
Treaty (START II)
Starving time: Maryland and, 69
Star Wars, see Strategic Defense
Initiative (SDI, Star Wars)
State(s), 256–257; abolition laws in,
175; under Articles of
Confederation, 181; banks in, 295;
under Constitution (U.S.), 187;
Dartmouth College case and,
248–249; “dual citizenship”
doctrine and, 503; established
churches in, 180; governments of,
178–180; Indian rights in, 259, 260;
land claims of, 182 (map);
McCulloch v. Maryland and, 249;
militias of, 163; powers of, 198;
revenue distribution to, 292; after
Revolution, 173; statehood in West,
528; war debts of, 199, 200; welfare
reform and, 978. See also specific
states
State constitutions: Reconstruction
and, 483, 490; Revolutionary,
178–180
State conventions: Reconstruction
and, 480
Statehood, see specific states
State legislatures, 611
States’ rights, 215; Calhoun and, 291;
doctrine of, 473; Hamilton and,
198–199; Hartford Convention and,
247; Tyler and, 390
States’ Rights Democratic party, 832
State universities: Morrill Land Grant
Act and, 586
State University of New York, 817
Status: colonial elite, 105–108; of
Europeans, 28. See also Class
Statute for Religious Freedom
(Jefferson), 180
Index
Steamboats and steam ships, 255,
264–265, 265 (illus.)
Steam-powered trains, 582
Steel industry, 547–549, 558, 647; labor
unions and, 766
Steel plow, 527
Steenbock, Harry, 732
Steffens, Lincoln, 645–646, 646 (illus.)
Steinbeck, John, 771–774
Steinem, Gloria, 938
Steinway, Henry, 380–381
Stella, Joseph, 730–731
Stellungen, 692
Stem-cell research, 1011
Stephens, Alexander, 442, 463, 480
Stephens, Uriah H., 566
Stephenson, David, 735
Stepparents: in Chesapeake, 70
Stereotypes: in movies, 770; on
television, 864
Sterilization, 329, 654
Steuben, Friedrich von, 166
Stevens, Judith Sargent, 194 (illus.)
Stevens, Thaddeus, 442, 479, 479
(illus.), 481, 482 (illus.), 483–484,
503
Stevenson, Adlai, 839–840, 845, 865
Stieglitz, Alfred, 731
Still, William Grant, 728
Stimson, Henry, 787, 788, 790
Stock: railroads issuance of, 545
Stockbridge Indians, 162 (illus.)
Stock exchange: in Great Depression,
753; in New York, 325; after
September 11, 1016
Stock market: crash (1929), 744–747;
and Great Depression, 746;
international economy and, 1004;
in 1990s, 1002 (illus.), 1002–1003;
prices in 1920s, 745; Reagan and,
954; recession and, 1012; rising
prices in, 712
Stock-quotation printer, 552
Stockton, David, 397
Stone, Lucy, 311, 487
Stone, William, 69
Stonewall riot, 913, 942
Stono Rebellion, 105
Storage battery, 553
Story, Sydney, 599
Storyville, 599, 701
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 335, 412
(illus.), 412–413
Straits of Magellan, 39
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks: SALT
I, 924, 960; SALT II, 950
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
(START II), 1000
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI, Star
Wars), 958
Strauss, Levi, 381
“Streaking”: on college campuses, 910
Streamlining: in 1930s, 775–776
Street gangs: in Los Angeles, 945
Street railway, 582
Strict constructionism, 201, 233–234,
249
Strikebreakers: Pullman strike and, 570
Strikes, 274, 716 (illus.), 767 (illus.);
antiwar, 909; Coeur d’Alene silver
miners, 569, 624; of foundry
workers, 566; at General Motors,
766; at Homestead Steel Works,
569–570, 624; by Knights of Labor,
567; in late 19th century, 569–570;
by migrant workers, 769; by miners,
661; by needle trades, 661; Powderly
and, 567; Pullman, 570, 625, 626; at
Republic Steel, 767; by UMW, 663;
violence and, 569–570; after World
War I, 706; World War II and, 792,
819. See also Collective action;
Labor; Labor unions
Strong, Josiah, 601, 630
Strong, Thomas W., 400 (illus.)
Strontium 90, 844
Stuart, Gilbert, 184 (illus.), 245 (illus.)
Stuart dynasty, 33, 61
Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee (SNCC), 887, 892
Student protests, 906–910, 909 (illus.)
Students for a Democratic Society
(SDS), 905–906, 907, 908
Subarctic region: people of, 16
Submarines, 444; in Civil War, 451;
nuclear, 851; in World War I,
684–685; in World War II, 787
Substitution: in Civil War, 439, 440
Suburbs, 582, 722, 846, 858–860, 859
Sudan: chemical weapons in, 1001
Sudbury, Massachusetts, 59 (map)
Sudetenland, 783–784
Suez Canal, 788, 795, 853
Suffolk Resolves, 151
Suffrage: black, 479, 482–483, 486–488;
universal manhood, 490; woman,
468, 483, 486–488, 612. See also
Voting and voting rights
Sugar Act (1764), 133–134
Sugar and sugar industry, 36; in
Americas, 36–37; in Caribbean, 76;
consumption of, 37 (illus.); Hawaii
and, 631; slavery and, 35, 41, 54, 76;
in West Indies, 96. See also Rum
Sugar trust, 551
Suharto (Indonesia), 1004
Suicide rate: in Great Depression,
747–748
Sullivan, John, 167, 170 (map)
Sullivan, John L. (boxer), 594 (illus.),
595, 598
Sullivan, Louis, 601
Summit meetings: in Geneva, 851
Sumner, Charles, 361, 420, 420 (illus.),
442, 479, 479 (illus.), 496, 501, 503
Sumner, William Graham, 571
Sun Also Rises, The (Hemingway), 730
Sunbelt, 790; migration to, 859, 860
Sun Dance, 18, 513
Sunday (Hopper), 730
Sunday, Billy, 696, 736, 862
Sunkist, 535, 733, 769
Sun Pyramid, 6–7, 7 (illus.)
Superfund: environmental, 1014
Supermarkets, 711, 721
Superpowers: nuclear weapons and,
850. See also Soviet Union
Supplementary Freedmen’s Bureau
Act (1866), 482, 484, 503
Supplementary Reconstruction Acts
(1867–1868), 484
Supreme Court: anticommunism and,
836; antitrust issues and, 551,
663–664; birth control and, 660; on
black voting rights, 802; on
censorship boards, 652; Civil Rights
Cases and, 496, 622; Constitution
on, 197, 198; election of 2000 and,
1006–1007; injunctions and, 570;
interstate commerce and, 547; on
Japanese-American internment,
806; labor unions and, 660; under
Marshall, 248–249; in 1960s,
886–887; in Progressive Era, 671,
672–673; progressive thought and,
645; racial segregation and,
622–623; on railroad rates, 618;
Reconstruction and, 503; on
segregation, 833; women on, 958,
974. See also specific cases; specific
presidents
Surgery: anesthesia and, 329
Surveying, 182, 236–237, 237 (illus.), 259
Susquehannock Indians, 73, 110
Sussex (ship), 685
Swaggart, Jimmy, 944
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg
Board of Education, 929
I-57
I-58
Index
Sweatshops, 318, 553, 557
Sweden, 78, 78 (map), 526
Swift, Gustavus, 549, 551
Swing music, 774–775
“Swing” states, 213
Switzerland: immigrants from, 110,
111 (illus.), 378
Sylvis, William H., 566
Szilard, Leo, 785
Taft, Robert A., 787, 824, 830, 833, 839
Taft, William Howard, 663, 667 (illus.);
election of 1908 and, 666; election
of 1912 and, 667–670; Latin
American policy and, 680–682;
presidency of, 666–667; on Supreme
Court, 718
Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 819 (illus.),
830, 834
Taíno Indians, 37
Taiwan, 798, 830, 1004
Talbot, Marion, 659
Taliban, 1017
“Talkies,” see Movies and movie stars
Talleyrand, Charles de, 213, 232, 233
Tamaulipas, 5
Tammany Hall, 295, 501, 587, 615, 646,
648–649
Taney, Roger B., 422, 443
Tanks, 795
Taos Pueblo, 85, 892
Tappan, Arthur and Lewis, 309, 310
Tarbell, Ida, 646
Tarheels, 77
Tariff of Abominations, see Tariffs, of
1828
Tariffs, 207, 291–292, 608 (illus.), 610,
611, 615; of 1828, 292; of 1832, 292;
of 1833, 293, 390; of 1846, 399; in
Civil War, 461; Dingley, 629;
expansionism and, 393; FordneyMcCumber, 713; McKinley, 617, 624,
625, 631; on molasses, 133; PayneAldrich, 666, 671; protective, 287,
390; reform of, 670; revenue, 390;
Smoot-Hawley, 713; South and, 558;
Underwood-Simmons, 670, 671;
Wilson-Gorman, 626. See also
Taxation; specific presidents
Task division of labor, 104, 270
Task Force on National Health-Care
Reform, 974–975
Tatum, Lawrie, 516
Taxation: in 1920s, 718; in 2000s, 1012;
Aztec, 8; Bush, George, and, 971;
Bush, George W., and, 1007; in Civil
War, 441, 461; Contract with
America and, 976; Dickinson on,
141; energy and, 951; excise, 199;
income, 626, 718, 793; Jefferson on,
230–231; Johnson, Lyndon B., and,
883; Kennedy, John F., and, 879; in
New Deal, 764; Reagan and, 953,
954, 959; representation and, 135;
Revolution and, 180; Social Security
Act and, 758; in South, 490; Stamp
Act and, 134–137; Sugar Act and,
133–134; Whiskey Rebellion and,
202–203. See also Tariffs; specific
acts
Tax Reduction Act (1964), 885
Tax Reform Act (1986), 976
Taylor, Frederick W., 648
Taylor, John, 201
Taylor, Joseph E., 761
Taylor, Maxwell, 899
Taylor, Susie King, 456
Taylor, Zachary, 395, 396, 400–401,
409, 410
Taylor Grazing Act (1934), 760
Tchow-ee-put-o-kaw (Catlin), 341
(illus.)
Tea, 95–96, 140–141, 143, 146, 148
(illus.)
Tea Act (1773), 148–149
Teaching, 308, 817
Teach-ins, 900–901
Teapot Dome scandal, 717, 722
Technicolor movies, 772–773
Technology, 318, 544; basket and
textile making and, 64–65; Bessemer
production, 547; consumer
electronics and, 937; entertainment
and, 331; environment and,
722–723; Erie Canal and, 266–267;
industrial, 217, 271, 322; large-scale
manufacturing and, 544; maritime,
34; movies and, 772–773; in 1950s,
854–856; PCs and, 940–941;
pipeline, 550; prosperity from,
325–326; slavery and, 223–224;
Sputnik and, 869–870; triumph of,
551–553; World War II and, 793–794.
See also Inventions
Tecumseh, 210, 241 (illus.), 242, 245
Teenagers, 801, 871–872
“Teetotalism,” 307. See also
Temperance
Tehran, 798
Tehuacan people, 5
Tejanos, 387
Tejas, see Texas
Telegraph, 322, 546, 552; companies,
666
Telephone, 552, 564; companies, 666
Television, 864 (illus.), 865; in 1950s,
861, 863–864; in 1970s, 937; in
1990s, 987; culture of, 864–865;
desegregation and, 850; election of
1960 and, 877; evangelists on, 944;
McCarthy hearings and, 848;
stereotypes on, 864
Teller Amendment (1898), 632, 633
Temperance, 296, 306–307, 567, 602,
652–653
Temples: Aztec, 7
“10 percent plan,” 479–480
Tenant farmers, 72, 147, 498–500, 618,
753–754, 757
Tenements, 327, 582
Tennent, Gilbert, 119, 120
Tennent, William, 118
Tennessee, 195–196, 256, 448
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 753
Tenochtitlan, 7, 41
Tenskwatawa, 242
Tenth Amendment, 198
Tenure of Office Act (1867), 484, 485,
486
Teosinte, 5
Teotihuacán, 6–7, 7 (illus.)
Teresa of Avila (Saint), 32, 32 (illus.)
Termination policy, 869, 892
Territories, 259, 399–400, 528; disputes
over, 205 (map); Louisiana Purchase
and, 228. See also specific territories
Terrorism: Bush, George W., and, 1009;
Clinton and, 1000–1001; December
7, 1941, and, 1022; in former Soviet
Union, 1000; Kaczynski and, 1016;
by Ku Klux Klan, 491; Middle East
and, 961; overseas networks of,
1016–1017; in Riyadh, 993–994; of
September 11, 992 (illus.), 993–994,
1015–1016
Tertium quid, see Quids
Tet Offensive (1968), 913–917, 916
(map)
Texas: American settlement of,
386–387; annexation of, 378,
389–390, 390–391, 395; boundary of,
410, 411; cession by Mexico, 398;
Hispanics in, 529, 869, 982;
independence of, 388; Republic of,
378; slavery and, 399, 408–409;
Spain and, 43, 86, 112, 251, 385
Texas Revolution, 388, 388 (map)
Texas v. White, 503
Index
Textbooks: evolution in, 734
Textile industry, 29, 270, 271–273, 325,
350; horizontal relationships in,
281; Irish workers in, 381; labor
unions and, 767; mill girls in, 273
(illus.); in New South, 559–560, 562
(illus.); sewing machine and,
317–318; technology for, 271; wages
in, 714. See also Cotton industry
Thain, Howard, 731 (illus.)
Thanksgiving, 49, 209 (illus.)
Theater, 332–333
Their Eyes Were Watching God
(Hurston), 775
Theology: of Quakers, 80–81
Theory of the Leisure Class, The
(Veblen), 601, 644, 645
Thermonuclear weapons, 825, 850
Thieu (Vietnam), 921
Third Amendment, 198
Third Anglo-Powhatan War, 73
Third party: Perot and, 973. See also
specific parties
Third Reich, 806
Third World, 851, 853, 879–880, 920
Thirteenth Amendment, 470, 480, 481,
487
Thirty-eighth parallel, 828, 829 (map)
This Side of Paradise (Fitzgerald), 727
Thomas, Clarence, 972
Thomas, Gertrude and Jefferson,
437–438
Thomas, Lorenzo, 485
Thomas, Norman, 697, 739, 759
Thompson, Tommy, 976
Thompson Literary and Debating
Society, 282
Thomson, James A., 1010 (illus.), 1011
Thomson, Samuel, 278
Thoreau, Henry David, 334, 336,
338–339, 340
Thorne, Florence, 699
Thorpe, Jim, 521
Three-fifths clause, 188
Three Mile Island, 938, 1013
Thumb, Tom, 333–334 , 334 (illus.)
Thurmond, Strom, 832, 833, 976
Tiananmen Square: riots in, 968
Ticonderoga: recapture of, 166
Tighe, Maria, 765
Tijerina, Reies Lopez, 894
Tilden, Samuel J., 505–507, 507 (map)
Tillman, Ben (“Pitchfork Ben”), 622,
626, 656
Timber and Stone Act (1878), 526
Timber Culture Act (1873), 526
Timber industry: strikes against, 661
Timbuktu, 25
Time-and-motion studies, 648
Time of Your Life, The (Saroyan), 774
Time-Warner, 1002
Time zones: railroads and, 323, 547
Timucua Indians, 44, 78
Tin Pan Alley, 651
Tippecanoe, battle at, 242, 297
Tito, Josip Broz, 795
Tituba (African slave woman), 66
Tobacco industry, 71–72, 75–76, 346,
994 (illus.), 995; exports and, 95;
gang system in, 104; labor for,
70–71; prices in, 71 (illus.); after
Revolution, 181; tobacco label and,
71 (illus.); in Virginia, 68 (illus.)
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 255–256, 274,
275, 282, 299, 338, 356
“Togetherness”: in 1950s, 860–861
Tohono O’odham people, 8
Toilets, 328, 554 (illus.), 554–555, 555
(illus.)
Tojo, Hideki, 788
Tokyo: bombing of, 811
Toleration, 989
Toleration act: in Maryland, 69
Tolnay, Stewart E., 622
Tompkins, Sally, 467
Tools, 15
Toomer, Jean, 728
Topeka government, 419
Tordesillas, Treaty of, 38
Tories, 152, 160, 161, 171
To Secure These Rights, 832
Tourgee, Albion, 489
Toussaint L’Ouverture, 232
Town meeting: in New England, 59
Townsend, Francis, 755
Townshend, Charles, 139, 141,
143–144
Townshend duties, 140–141, 142, 148
Townships, 182
Trade, 5–6, 241; in 1920s, 713; in
1990s, 1004; Aztec, 8; after Cold War,
968; Dutch, 49–50; elites and, 108; in
Far West, 386; in Florida, 112;
France, Britain, and, 207; free, 501;
in French Canada, 83, 84; GATT
and, 818; globalization and, 1001;
Hopewell, 11; Indians and, 45, 62,
84, 206, 514; in Indian slaves, 110;
industrialization and, 271; Jay’s
Treaty and, 210; in Louisiana
colony, 109; maritime, 204; in
Mediterranean region, 24;
mercantilism and, 83;
Mississippian, 11, 12, 13; NAFTA
and, 974; Navigation Acts and, 94; in
Ohio Valley, 109; Open Door policy
and, 679–680; after Revolution,
180–181; Russian, 204; in slaves, 74;
Spanish, 96; suppression of,
238–239; trans-Saharan, 25; urban
areas and, 102; with West Indies,
133. See also Commerce; Embargo
(1807); Slave trade; specific acts and
products
Trademarks, 556
Trade unions, 273–274, 568. See also
Labor unions
Trading posts: at Mobile, 84
Trafalgar, Battle of, 239
Trail of Tears, 260–261, 261 (map)
Trail of Tears (Lindneux), 261 (illus.)
Trails: overland, 388–389, 389 (illus.);
Santa Fe Trail, 386; to West (1840),
384 (map)
Training: in World War I, 687, 688
(illus.)
Trans-Appalachian region, 168–169,
204–206, 209–210, 256, 352
Transatlantic explorations
(1000–1587), 35–40, 38 (map)
Transatlantic migration: to North
America, 53–54, 54 (map)
Trans-Atlantic slave trade, 33. See also
Slaves and slavery; Slave trade
Transcendentalism, 313, 335, 336–337
Transcontinental railroad, 414, 416,
461, 502, 512, 523–524, 525 (map)
Transcontinental Treaty, see AdamsOnís Treaty (1819)
Transistors, 855
Trans-Mississippi West, 511–540;
Indians and, 513–523; settlement of,
524 (illus.) 525 (map), 524–525, 528
(map). See also West
Transportation: cities and, 277;
desegregation of, 833; epidemics
and, 328; farmers and, 527;
highways, roads, and, 268 (map),
845, 846–847; interstate, 618;
National Road and, 259; revolution
in, 264–269; rivers for, 262;
segregation and, 496, 887. See also
Automobiles and automobile
industry; Canals; Railroads; specific
types
Trans-Saharan trade, 25
Trappers, 257 (illus.), 386. See also Fur
trade
I-59
I-60
Index
Travel industry: after September 11,
1016
Travis, Joseph, 345
Treason: by Burr, 235–238
Treason of the Senate (Phillips), 646
Treasury: Independent, 297, 390; silver
coinage and, 613
Treaties: arms control, 960; under
Constitution (U.S.), 187; at Easton,
Pennsylvania, 126; with Indians,
111, 167, 183, 981; after
Revolutionary War, 172–173; after
Seven Years’ War, 127, 128 (map); for
Texas annexation, 391. See also
specific treaties
Treatise on Domestic Economy
(Beecher), 328
Tredegar Iron Works, 350, 440, 471
Trenchard, John, 138
Trench warfare: in Civil War, 444–445;
in World War I, 685, 689, 692
Trent affair, 452
Trenton, battle at, 164
Treviño, Jesse, 935 (illus.)
Treviño, Juan Francisco, 85
Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire,
641–642, 649, 661
“Trickle-down” theory, 718
Tripartite Pact, 787
Tripoli: Intrepid and, 230 (illus.)
Tripolitan pirates, 231
Tripp, Linda, 996
Trip to Bountiful, The (movie), 944
Trolley cars, 582
Troops, see Armed forces; Military;
Soldiers
Trotsky, Leon, 689
Trotter, William Monroe, 657
Trucking industry: interstate highways
and, 847
Truman, Harry S., 807, 816;
anticommunism and, 836; atomic
bombs and, 811, 812; Cold War and,
820–821; domestic program of,
819–820; election of 1944 and, 798;
election of 1948 and, 819 (illus.),
832–833, 833 (map); election of 1952
and, 839; Fair Deal of, 833; foreign
policy of, 839; Indochina and, 852;
Korean War and, 828–830;
MacArthur and, 829, 839; after
World War I, 703
Truman Doctrine, 822, 834
Trumbull, John, 158 (illus.), 199 (illus.)
Trumbull, Lyman, 481
Trump, Donald, 954
Trustbusting, 663–664
Trusts, 550–551
Truth, Sojourner, 309
Truth in Packaging Act (1966), 885
Tubman, Harriet, 369
Tucson, Arizona: Mexican-Americans
in, 530
Tudor dynasty, see specific monarchs
Tuesday Club (Annapolis), 117 (illus.)
Tugwell, Rexford G., 749, 750, 757
Tunney, Gene, 725
Tuolumne River, 668, 669 (illus.)
Tupatú, Luis, 85
Turkey, 821–822, 881
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 536
Turner, Henry M., 623
Turner, Nat, 292, 345–346, 368, 371
Turnpikes, 265
Turnverein (gymnastic clubs), 593
Tuscarora Indians, 110, 111 (illus.),
163, 167
Tuskegee Institute, 520, 623
Tutu, Desmond, 968
TVA, see Tennessee Valley Authority
(TVA)
TV Guide, 864
Twain, Mark, 501, 532, 533, 594, 597
(illus.), 600–601, 636, 637
Tweed, William Marcy, 500 (illus.), 501,
587 (illus.), 587–588
Twelfth Amendment, 213, 234
Twenties, 711 (illus.), 712–740
20-Negro exemption, 440, 463
Twenty-fifth Amendment, 705
Twenty Years at Hull House (Addams),
645
Two-party system: Van Buren and, 289
Tyler, John, 297–298, 390–391
Typewriter, 564
“Typhoid Mary,” 650
Tyranny: protests against, 138
U-boats, 787, 788. See also
Submarines
UFW, see United Farm Workers (UFW)
Ukraine, 795, 968, 1000
Ulster, 46
UMW, see United Mine Workers (UMW)
U.N., see United Nations (U.N.)
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 335, 412
(illus.), 412–413
Unconditional surrender, 798
Underclass, 356, 945
Underground Railroad, 369
Underwood-Simmons Tariff (1913),
670
Undocumented immigrants, see
Illegal immigrants
Unemployment: in 1970s, 948; in
1990s, 1002; of African-Americans,
759; benefits, 845; in depression of
1893-1897, 625; in Europe, 29; Great
Depression and, 746, 747–748, 755,
763, 764–765; of Hispanics, 982; of
Indians, 869, 946; insurance for, 758;
in New Deal, 763; recession and,
1012
Unicameral legislature, 82, 179
Unification church, 944
Union (Civil War), 443–444; armed
forces of, 439; society in, 460–468.
See also Civil War (U.S.); North
Union (federal): collapse of
(1860–1861), 427–433; crisis of
(1857–1860), 421–427; Jackson on,
293; Marshall on, 249
Union Iron Works, 565
Union Pacific Railroad, 500, 502, 514,
523–524, 546
Union party: election of 1936 and, 759
Unions, see Labor Unions
“Union” woodcut (Strong), 400 (illus.)
Unitarians, 301
United Automobile Workers (UAW),
767
United Farm Workers (UFW), 893
United Fruit Company, 852
United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, 93. See also England
(Britain)
United Mine Workers (UMW), 663,
792, 819, 877
United Nations (U.N.), 806, 807, 837;
Annan and, 1023; atomic-energy
control plan and, 821; Balkans and,
997–998; Bush, George W., and,
1009–1012; Charter of, 807; China
and, 825; George W. Bush and, 1020;
Human Rights Commission, 1012;
Iraq and, 1000, 1020; Korean War
and, 828–830; Rio conference and,
972; role of, 1001
United States: creation of, 154, 160;
mapping of, 236 (map) , 236–237,
237 (illus.). See also American
Revolution
United States Housing Corporation,
702
United States Military Railroads
(USMRR), 461
United States Sanitary Commission,
466
Index
U.S. Steel, 548, 647, 663, 766
United States v. E. C. Knight Company,
551
U.S. v. Cruikshank, 503
U.S. v. Reese, 503
United Textile Workers, 767
Universal manhood suffrage, 490
Universal Negro Improvement
Association, 736, 736 (illus.)
Universe: Indian perception of, 2
Universities and colleges, 585–586;
African-Americans and, 495, 656,
945; anticommunism and, 835;
Great Awakening and, 119;
Methodist and Baptist, 362; Morrill
Land Grant Act and, 461, 586; in
New England, 57; in 1950s, 862, 870;
research and, 586; silent generation
in, 834; socialism and, 662; in South,
350; women and, 602, 716, 818;
World War II and, 801–802, 817
(illus.), 817–818. See also Higher
education; specific schools
University of California, 801;
Lawrence Radiation Laboratory at,
827. See also Berkeley Free Speech
Movement
University of Chicago, 585, 645, 659,
793, 817
University of Michigan, 585
University of Wisconsin, 586, 910
Unskilled labor, 561, 565. See also
Labor
Updike, John, 863
Up From Slavery (Booker T.
Washington), 623
Upper class, 582–583, 605, 644. See
also Class; Elites; Wealth
Upper South, 346, 349. See also South
Uranium-235, 794, 827
Urban areas, 6; in 1940-1960, 859; in
1950s, 865–866; in colonies,
102–104; election of 1936 and, 759;
growth of, 269–270; markets in,
216–217; Mississippian, 11; political
life in, 116; poverty in, 102–103;
prosperity in, 325; slaves in, 105;
violence in, 981; waterworks in,
327; wealth in, 274. See also Cities
and towns; Suburbs; specific
locations
Urbanization, 269–270, 720;
agriculture and, 262
Urban professionals, 642
Ursuline nuns: in New France, 83
USA-Patriot Act (2001), 1018
Utah, 385, 399, 408, 528; defense
industry in, 854; Mormons in,
377–378; popular sovereignty and,
410; slavery and, 409
Ute Indians, 112
Utopianism, 571; communities and,
302 (map), 313–314
Utrecht, Treaty of, 93
U-2 spy missions, 853, 881
Vaccines: for polio, 861
Vaid, Urvashi, 943 (illus.)
Vallandigham, Clement L466.
Valley Forge, 166
Values: in 1920s, 727–730; of southern
whites, 359–362
Van Buren, Martin, 287, 288, 289, 297;
Bank of the United States and, 294
(illus.); election of 1836 and, 296;
election of 1840 and, 298, 298
(illus.), 298 (map); election of 1844
and, 391–392; Free-Soil party and,
400; Texas annexation and, 391
Vance, Cyrus, 949, 950–951
Vance, Zebulon, 463
Vancouver Island, 394
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 546 (illus.)
Vanguard missiles, 870, 870 (illus.)
Van Vechten, Carl, 729
Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, see SaccoVanzetti case
Vardaman, James K., 656
Vargas, Diego de, 85, 85 (illus.)
Varnum, James, 166
Vassar, 602
Vaudeville, 595, 651
Vaux, Calvert, 342
VCRs (videocassette recorders), 937
Veblen, Thorstein, 585, 601, 644, 645
V-E Day, 807
Vellosa, Gonzalo de, 37
Venereal disease, 652, 687, 701, 942
Venezuela, 630, 631 (map), 681, 853
Venona Intercepts, 838
Vera Cruz: attack on, 396–397, 398
(illus.)
Verdun, battle at, 685, 692
Vermont, 147, 256
Verrazano, Giovanni da, 40
Versailles peace conference (1919),
703–704
Versailles Treaty, 783
Vertical integration, 548 (illus.)
Vesey, Denmark, 368, 371
Vespucci, Amerigo, 39
Veterans: in Great Depression, 748
Veteran’s Benevolent Association,
805
Veterans’ pensions, 558, 611, 615, 616,
617, 625
Veterans’ Village, 817
Vetoes, 654; of Cleveland, 616; of
Johnson, Andrew, 481–482; of
Truman, 830, 839
Viacom, 1002
Vicksburg, battle at, 458, 459, 460
(illus.), 460 (map)
Victorian morality, 583, 597–600
Victory gardens, 793
Victrola, 694–695
Vidal, Gore, 912
Vietcong, 898, 899, 913
Vietminh, 852
Vietnam, 704, 825, 852–853, 904
(illus.); Buddhist protesters in, 880
(illus.); division of, 852; immigrants
from, 947; Kennedy, John F., and,
882. See also Indochina; North
Vietnam; South Vietnam
Vietnamization policy, 898, 908,
920–921
Vietnam Veterans Against the War, 908
Vietnam War, 781, 916 (illus.);
chronology of, 922; civil rights
movement and, 891; compared to
Philippine warfare, 637; end of,
921–923; escalation of, 899–900;
Johnson and, 886, 901 (illus.);
Kennedy, John F., and, 898–899; to
1968, 900 (map); Nixon and,
920–921; Tet Offensive and,
913–917, 916 (illus.). See also
Protest(s)
Vigilance committees: Fugitive Slave
Act and, 412
Vigilantes and vigilantism, 152, 491,
735; in New Mexico, 530; southern
voting and, 504–505
Villa, Pancho, 683
Villages: European, 29; of Northwest
Coast Indians, 14. See also Cities
and towns
Villard, Oswald Garrison, 657
Vincennes, battle at, 167, 170 (map)
Vindication of the Rights of Woman
(Wollstonecraft), 220
Vinland, 16
Violence: in civil rights movement,
888, 889; dueling and, 359; in inner
cities, 981; after King’s death, 917;
labor and, 716, 767, 769; social,
988–989; in South, 358–359; by
I-61
I-62
Index
Spanish in New Mexico, 85–86; in
summer of 1966, 890; on television,
864; on university campuses,
908–909, 909 (illus.). See also Crime;
Riots; Terrorism
Virginia, 68; backcountry and, 147;
English in, 47; House of Burgesses
in, 135, 139; Ohio valley and, 125;
primogeniture and, 180; public
officials in, 115; settlement pattern
in, 72 (map); slavery and, 74, 223;
western, 126
Virginia (Merrimac), 451, 451 (illus.)
Virginia City, Nevada, 532
Virginia Company of London, 47, 48,
49, 69
Virginia Company of Plymouth, 47
“Virginia Dynasty,” 228
Virginian, The (Wister), 537
Virginia Plan, 187
Virginia Resolutions, 215, 291
Virtual representation, 135, 142
Virtue, 138, 174, 230
Vision quest: among Indians, 18
VISTA (Volunteers in Service to
America), 884
Vitaphone, 772, 772 (illus.)
V-J Day, 793
Volstead Act (1919), 736
Voluntary associations, 281–282
Voluntary cooperation, 789 (illus.)
Voluntary Parenthood League, 660
Voluntary Relocation Program: for
Indians, 869
Volunteers: in Civil War, 438, 440
Von Graffenried, Christopher von, 111
(illus.)
Voting and voting rights: for AfricanAmericans, 217, 222, 275–276, 656,
802; civil rights movement and, 889;
in colonies, 115; in election of 1840,
299; electoral-reform movement and,
647; for Indians, 762; in Maryland, 69;
in Massachusetts, 91; methods of,
287; Mexican-Americans and, 869; in
New England, 59; participation rates
and, 647; poll taxes and, 287;
Reconstruction and, 483; registration
and, 832, 890 (map); in South,
504–505, 621; in states, 178; turnout
and, 216, 611; for women, 217, 311,
699–700. See also Elections; Suffrage;
specific groups
Voting Rights Act (1965), 885, 889–890,
928
Voting rights bill, 850
Voucher system: for schools, 1007
Voyageurs, 84
Wabash Railroad, 567
Wabash v. Illinois, 618
Waco, Texas: Branch Davidians in, 988
Wade, Benjamin, 480, 486
Wade-Davis bill (1864), 480
Wage laborers: in Chesapeake, 72
Wages, 561; business modernization
and, 714; cuts in, 747; English, 29;
gender and, 862; for Mexican
workers, 869; in 1990s, 1002, 1003;
prosperity and, 325; for women,
715, 765, 939; World War II and, 790,
791, 819. See also Income;
Minimum wage
Wage slaves: factory workers as, 357,
382
Wagner, Robert F., 648–649, 752, 757,
765
Wagner Act (1935), 758, 763, 766, 830
Wagon trains, 389, 389 (illus.)
Waiting for Lefty (Odets), 755
Wakan, 18
Wake Forest College, 362
Wake Island, 788
Wakeman, Sarah Rosetta (Lyons
Wakeman), 450
Wald, Lillian, 656
Walden (Thoreau), 336, 339
Wales: immigrants from, 378
Walker, Alice, 729
Walker, David, 308
Walker, William, 416
Walking Elk, Mitch, 521
Walking Purchase, 111
Wallace, DeWitt and Lila, 723
Wallace, George, 848, 884, 887, 889,
890; election of 1968 and, 918, 919
(map); election of 1972 and, 929
Wallace, Henry A., 786, 798, 832–833,
836; as agriculture secretary, 750
Wallace, Henry C.: as agriculture
secretary, 717
Waller, Fats, 731
Wall Street, see Economy; Stock
market
Wal-Mart, 935, 1002
Walsh, Thomas J., 717
Waltham: textile mills in, 272, 273
Walton, Sam, 935–936, 936 (illus.)
Wampanoag Indians, 49, 62–63, 64,
892
Wampum, 1, 50, 64 (illus.)
Wanamaker, John, 584
War bonds, 441, 692–693, 793
War crimes: Milosevic and, 998
Ward, Lester Frank, 571, 601, 644
War debts, 199, 200, 201, 718
War Democrats, 463
War Department: in World War I,
686–687
War hawks, 241, 242, 291
Wari (Andes), 6
War Industries Board (WIB), 688, 752
Waring, George E.., Jr., 554
War Labor Board (WLB), 700, 701–702
War Manpower Commission (WMC),
789
Warner, Charles Dudley, 501
Warner, Luna, 511–512, 512 (illus.)
Warner, Susan, 339
Warner Brothers studio: in 1930s, 770
Warner-Lambert, 1002
War of 1812, 242–246, 244 (map);
consequences of, 247–248; Indians
after, 259
War of Jenkins’ Ear, 113
War of the Austrian Succession, see
King George’s War
War of the League of Augsburg, see
King Williams’ War
War of the Spanish Succession, see
Queen Anne’s War
War of the Worlds (radio program), 777
War on Poverty, 884, 886, 892
War Powers Act, 789
War Production Board (WPB), 789
War Refugee Board, 810
Warren, Joseph, 138
Warren, Livinia, 334 (illus.)
Warren, Mercy Otis, 143 (illus.), 145,
174, 189–190, 221
Warren Court, 844, 848–849, 886–887
Wars and warfare: Anglo-Indian,
62–63; Aztec, 8; colonial, 93;
English-Spanish, 93; Indians and,
16–17, 73–74, 79, 449, 515–518, 516
(map); limited war, 829; from 1739
to 1748, 113–114; tank battles and,
795; total war concept, 812. See also
American Revolution; specific
battles and wars
Warsaw Pact, 824, 824 (map)
Washburn, Henry D., 538
Washington (state), 528
Washington, Booker T., 520, 623, 657,
657 (illus.), 664
Washington, D.C.: Banneker and, 176;
British capture of (1814), 248 (illus.);
in Civil War, 443; Coxey’s army in,
Index
625, 626 (illus.); Jefferson
inauguration in, 227
Washington, George, 158 (illus.); as
army general, 164; at Boston,
159–160; British and, 209; at
Constitutional Convention, 186;
Continental Army and, 152, 160; at
Continental Congress, 151;
diplomacy of, 205; Farewell Address
of, 212; as Federalist, 211–212;
inauguration of, 196, 197 (illus.);
Indians and, 206; in Ohio valley,
125; presidency and, 196–197; on
western lands, 147; western policy
of, 206; Whiskey Rebellion and, 202,
203 (illus.)
Washington, Martha: slaves and, 224
Washington Naval Arms Conference
(1922), 718
Washington Post: Watergate and, 930
Washington Temperance Societies, 307
Waste: radioactive, 1013
Wastemanship, 644
Water: in Eastern Woodlands, 10;
Hetch Hetchy Valley and, 668–669;
urban systems, 327–328; in West,
538, 665–666
“Water cure,” see Hydropathy
Water-Cure Journal, 330
Watergate crisis, 929–930, 937
Watkins v. U.S., 886
Watson, James D., 1010
Watson, Tom, 620, 622, 624, 697
Watt, James, 954, 959
Watterson, Henry, 558
Watts riot, 890
Waverley (Scott), 335
Wayne, Anthony (“Mad Anthony”),
208 (illus.), 209, 210
WEAF (radio station), 723, 724
Wealth, 96, 1003; in Carolina, 77; in
Chesapeake, 72; in cities, 104, 582;
division among heirs, 179–180;
economic benefits of Civil War, 461;
of elites, 115; housing and, 108;
inequality of, 274–275; in 1990s,
987; of planters, 352–353; single tax
and distribution of, 571; tax cuts
and, 718; Tocqueville on, 256. See
also Affluence; Poverty; Taxation
Wealth and Democracy (Phillips), 1021
Wealth gap: worldwide, 1001
Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 571
Wealth Tax Act, 758
Weapons: bow and arrow as, 15; cashand-carry policy and, 786; of Civil
War, 444–445; Iran-contra and, 959;
in Iraq, 1000; of mass destruction,
812, 1017; Reagan and, 957;
reduction of, 968; supplied by U.S.,
924; thermonuclear, 850; in World
War I, 685, 708; in World War II, 790.
See also Atomic bomb; Nuclear
power; specific weapons
Weary Blues (Hughes), 728
Weaver, James B., 614, 620, 624
Weaver, Robert, 885
Weaving: by California Indians, 15
(illus.)
Web pages, 964 (illus.). See also
Computers; Internet
Webster, Daniel, 291, 296, 391, 409;
“Seventh of March” speech by, 410
Wehrmacht (German Army), 795
Welch, Joseph, 848
Weld, Theodore Dwight, 309, 310
Welfare: agencies for urban poor,
588–589; cutbacks in, 971; in Great
Depression, 747; percent of
population on, 977; under Reagan,
954; reform of, 975, 977–978; Social
Security Act and, 758
Welfare capitalism, 716
Welfare to work programs, 977 (illus.)
Welles, Orson, 777, 836
Wellesley College, 602, 660 (illus.)
Wells-Barnett, Ida, 657, 657 (illus.),
659
Welsh immigrants: in cities, 577
Welty, Eudora, 863
Wesberry v. Sanders, 886
West: under Articles of Confederation,
181–185; atomic bomb
development in, 826–827, 827
(illus.); bonanza farms in, 535;
British control of, 132; cattle
ranching in, 531 (map), 533–535;
challenges to U.S. authority in, 209;
Civil War in, 448–449, 449 (map),
459–460, 460 (map); conservation
and, 537–539; cowboy myths of,
534; defense industry in, 854;
farming in, 527; federal government
and, 259; in Great Depression,
761–762; Hamilton’s plans and, 201;
Indians and, 513–523, 516 (map);
land ownership in, 955 (map);
legends of, 536–537; markets in,
527; mining in, 531 (map), 531–533;
Oklahoma and, 535–536, 536 (map);
population of, 979; railroads and,
523–525, 525 (map); Revolutionary
War in, 167–170, 170 (map); settling
of, 523–528, 528 (map); society in,
257–258, 527–528; Spain and,
203–205; statehood in, 528; transAppalachian, 168–169, 204–206,
209–210, 256; trans-Mississippi,
511–540; urbanization in, 269; water
management in, 665–666; in World
War II, 790. See also Backcountry;
Far West; Louisiana Purchase
(1803); Midwest
West Africa, 24, 25–28; slave trade and,
34–35, 97. See also Africa
West Bank, 961, 999–1000, 1018–1019
West Coast: Japanese-Americans and,
805–806. See also Pacific Ocean
region
Western Federation of Miners, 661
Western Front: in World War I, 691
(map)
Western Hemisphere: cultural
diversity in, 2; English objectives in,
46; peoples of, 2–3, 3 (map), 16;
population of, 16. See also
Americas; specific countries
Western Railroad, 265
West Florida, 170, 232, 251. See also
Florida
West Germany: occupation of,
823–824
West Indies: African slaves and, 98;
Carolina outposts of, 77; European
migration to, 54 (map); French in,
96, 127; Indian slaves in, 78; South
Carolina society and, 77; sugar and,
36, 36 (illus.), 75–76; trade with, 133,
181, 241; white migration to
mainland and, 76. See also
Caribbean region
Westinghouse, 543, 553
West Jersey, 80
Weston, Thomas, 49
West Virginia, 443
Westward expansion, 256–262,
384–389; into Far West, 385–386;
Homestead Act and, 461; KansasNebraska Act and, 414–415; Lewis
and Clark expedition and, 234–238;
Manifest Destiny and, 392–393;
Mormons and, 377–378; overland
trails and, 388–389, 389 (illus.); into
Texas, 386–388; trails to West (1840),
384 (map). See also Expansion and
expansionism; West
“Wetbacks,” 868
Wetlands, 722
I-63
I-64
Index
Weyler, Valeriano, 632
Wharton, Edith, 693
“What Becomes of Rosie the Riveter?”,
817
What Social Classes Owe to Each Other
(Sumner), 571
Wheat, 181, 319
Wheatley, Phillis, 176, 176 (illus.)
Wheel: in Americas, 16
Wheeler, Edward L., 534
Whete, Thomas E., 1007
Whig party, 285 (illus.), 286, 295, 296,
414, 416; antislavery, 399; in Civil
War, 442–443; election of 1840 and,
297–298, 390; Fugitive Slave Act
and, 413; leaders of, 287; MexicanAmerican War and, 396; opposition
by, 295–296; Tories and, 160, 161;
Wilmot Proviso and, 400
“Whip Inflation Now” (WIN) program,
948
Whiskey Rebellion (1794), 202–203
“Whiskey ring,” 500
White, Andrew D., 585, 586
White, Canvass, 267
White, Dan, 943
White, Hugh Lawson, 296
White, Walter, 831–832
White, William Allen, 755
“White backlash”: election of 1960
and, 884
White Citizens Councils, 849
White-collar workers, 642, 643, 858
Whitefield, George, 89–90, 118 (illus.),
118–119, 120
White flight, 983
Whitehall (house), 108
Whitehead, Alfred North, 732
White House conservation
conference, 666
“White League,” 504, 505 (illus.)
Whiteman, Paul, 731
Whiteness concept: immigrants and,
563, 581
Whites: equality and, 174; fear of
blacks by, 346; foreign-born and
native in population, 579 (map);
immigration of, 99; in 1970s, 944;
Nixon and, 928–929; in pine barrens
region, 355; rural, 100–101; slave
nurses and, 352 (illus.); slave revolts
and, 223; in South, 351–355,
356–362; status of, 74; in West
Indies, 76; women’s roles and, 124,
143, 176–177, 217–221; as yeomen,
355
White slavery, 652
White supremacy, 621–622, 623
Whitewater Development Company,
975, 997
Whitman, Walt, 334, 337, 392–393,
571, 605
Whitney, Eli, 224, 262, 271, 318, 319;
gun manufacture and, 320, 322
Whittier, John Greenleaf, 310, 411
WIB, see War Industries Board (WIB)
Wide, Wide World, The (Warner), 339
Widows: in Chesapeake, 70
Wigfall, Louis, 361
Wiggins, Ella May, 716
Wild and Scenic River System, 949
Wildcat strikes, 792
Wilder, Thornton, 774
Wilderness, 537–539, 722, 760–761,
954
Wilderness, Battle of the, 469
Wilderness act (1891), 664
Wilderness Society, 760, 954
Wild West show: of Joseph McCoy, 533.
See also Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show
Wiley, Harvey W., 664
Wilhelm II (Germany), 683, 703
Wilkes, John, 142, 142 (illus.)
Wilkins, Maurice, 1010
Wilkinson, Bruce, 987
Wilkinson, James, 205, 238
Willamette valley, 388
Willard, Frances, 602, 612
William and Mary (England), 91, 93
William Henry, Fort, 126
William of Orange, see William and
Mary (England)
Williams, Roger, 18, 57, 61
Willkie, Wendell, 786, 802
Wilmot Proviso, 399–400
Wilson, Charles, 854
Wilson, Edith Galt, 704–705
Wilson, Henry, 501
Wilson, Sarah, 364
Wilson, Teddy, 774
Wilson, Woodrow, 629, 656 (illus.),
663, 667 (illus.), 699; banking and,
670–672; business and, 672; election
of 1912 and, 667–670; election of
1916 and, 673; Fourteen Points of,
702–703; inauguration of, 667
(illus.); Latin America and, 679
(illus.), 682–683; neutrality policy of,
684–686; New Freedom of, 670; on
pacifism, 696; presidency of,
670–673; stroke of, 704–705. See also
World War I
Wilson-Gorman Tariff (1894), 626
Windmills, 527
Winnebago Indians, 261
Winning of the West, The (Theodore
Roosevelt), 537
Winning Plan of NAWSA, 658
Winter Gardens (Manhattan), 380
(illus.)
Winthrop, John, 55, 57, 58, 60
Wisconsin, 242, 251
“Wisconsin Idea,” 648
Wister, Owen, 537
Witchcraft, 31, 66 (illus.), 66–67, 67
(map)
Witch hunt: anticommunism and, 835
With the Old Breed (Sledge), 781
Wives, 30, 30 (illus.), 60, 279–281, 354.
See also Family life; Women
Wizard (male witch), 66
Wizard of Oz, The (movie), 773
WLB, see War Labor Board (WLB)
Wobblies, see Industrial Workers of the
World (IWW, Wobblies)
Wolfe, Alan, 989
Wolfe, James, 127
Wolfe, Tom, 937
Wolf packs (U-boats), see Submarines
Wollstonecraft, Mary, 220 (illus.)
Woman in the Nineteenth Century
(Fuller), 337
Woman Rebel, The, 660
Woman’s Christian Temperance
Union, 602, 612, 613, 652, 653
Woman’s National Loyal League, 468
Woman’s party, 656
Woman’s Peace party, 677, 685
Woman Spinning, The (Roghman), 28
(illus.)
Woman suffrage, 468, 656, 659 (illus.);
Fifteenth Amendment and,
486–488; Fourteenth Amendment
and, 483; movement, 657–659, 658
(illus.); Nineteenth Amendment
and, 659 (map), 673; Populists and,
612; World War I and, 699
Women: in 1920s, 715–716, 719–720,
726, 727 (illus.); in 1950s, 861,
864–865; abolitionist, 310;
antebellum, 328; in Archaic
societies, 5; in armed forces, 801;
automobiles and, 721, 722 (illus.);
bicycling and, 603; birth control
and, 660; black women in
workforce, 655, 803; in Chesapeake,
70–71; childbearing by, 97; in Civil
War, 450 (illus.), 461, 462–463, 466,
Index
467–468; in Clinton administration,
974; clubs of, 602; collective action
by, 282; college and, 602, 660 (illus.);
colonial resistance by, 124, 142–143;
in colonies, 101, 103 (illus.), 104; in
Congress, 973; cult of domesticity
and, 583–584; divorce and, 603;
education for, 221; employment of
married, 765; equality for, 81,
220–221, 281; in European families,
30; evangelicals and, 359–362;
extended families of, 16; Farmers’
Alliance and, 620; Friedan and, 876;
frontier life and, 527; General
Motors strike and, 766–767; in Great
Awakening, 119–120; as immigrants,
578; Indians and, 18, 64; as
industrial workers, 563–564; Irish
immigrant, 381; labor and, 566, 567,
569, 661; legislation protecting, 719;
leisure of, 592, 595–596; limited
workday for, 648, 649; marriage and,
279; Mexican-American, 530;
middle-class, 103–104, 643;
migration to cities by, 577; in
movies of 1930s, 771; New Deal and,
760; in New England, 58, 60–61; as
New Woman, 602–603, 643; as
nurses, 466–467; Paleo-Indian, 4; on
plantations, 353–354, 363 (illus.); in
political process, 612; progressive
reforms by, 659–660; prostitution
and, 589–590, 652; public speaking
and, 339; Puritans and, 59, 60, 62;
Quaker, 81; railroad land
promotions and, 524; in
Reconstruction, 493; reform
organizations and, 642; relations
with men, 220; republic and,
217–221; Revolution and, 174,
176–177; roles of, 216; in Second
Great Awakening, 301; in Senate,
1007; separate spheres for, 278,
279–281, 583; settlement houses
and, 590–591; on Supreme Court,
958, 974; as teachers, 308; in textile
mills, 273, 273 (illus.); treaty
banning discrimination against,
1009; Victorian constraints on, 602;
in voluntary societies, 282; voting
rights for, 115, 217, 673; on wagon
trains, 389; in West, 257; in whitecollar jobs, 643; work and, 222, 325,
564 (illus.), 603, 715, 765, 939; World
War I and, 699–700; World War II
and, 799–802, 801 (illus.), 817, 818;
as writers, 335. See also Feminism;
Women’s rights
Women and Economics (Gilman), 659
Women Appointed for Volunteer
Emergency Service (WAVES), 801
Women’s Airforce Service Pilots
(WASPs), 801
Women’s Army Corps (WACs), 801
Women’s clubs, 643
Women’s Emergency Brigade, 766–767
Women’s International League for
Peace and Freedom, 678
Women’s Joint Congressional
Committee, 719
Women’s liberation, 895–897, 910
Women’s movement, 643; of 1960s,
894–896; in 1970s, 938–942;
splintering of, 719; in World War I,
696–697
Women’s National Indian Rights
Association, 518
Women’s rights: in 1792, 220 (illus.);
in 1830s, 310–311; black suffrage
and, 486–488; Civil War and,
467–468; demonstration in 1970,
895; Stevens, Judith Sargent, and,
194
Women’s Strike for Equality, 895
Wood, Leonard, 633
Woodman, Charles T., 307
Woods, Tiger, 983
Woodstock festival (1969), 912
Woodward, Bob, 930
Wool, John F., 397 (illus.)
Woolworth’s sit-ins, 875–876
Work: manufacturing and, 544;
patterns of, 986; in Progressive Era,
648–649; social value of, 583. See
also Labor; Workers
Work, Henry Clay, 591
Workday, 363–364, 383, 561, 567, 567
(illus.), 702
Worker compensation, 702
Worker-protection laws, 702
Workers: benefits for, 562; black, 655;
in Civil War, 461–462; economic
growth and, 557; industrial
accidents and, 561–562; laws to
protect, 672, 702; McCarthyism and,
839; in mid-Atlantic cities, 273–274;
in New Deal, 755, 757–758; in 1920s,
714; NIRA and, 752; protests by, 274;
temperance and, 307; as wage
slaves, 357; wages of, 647–648;
women as, 861–862. See also Labor;
Labor unions; specific groups
Workforce: women in, 699, 861–862,
939. See also Labor
Work gangs: on plantations, 353
Workhouses, 312
Working class: in 1870s depression,
545; leisure of urban, 591–596;
married women in, 563–564;
politics and, 586–587; poverty and,
571, 588–591; progressivism and,
643; single women and factory
work, 564; woman suffrage and, 658
Workingmen’s parties, 295, 308
Workmen’s Compensation Act (1916),
671, 672
Work songs: of blacks, 373. See also
Music
Works Progress Administration (WPA),
756
World, 632
World affairs: new world order and,
1001–1002; U.S. role in (1902–1914),
678–683. See also Foreign policy
World Bank, 818
WorldCom, 1021
World Court, see International Court
of Justice
“World of Tomorrow, The,” 776
World’s Anti-Slavery Convention
(1840), 311
World’s Fair: in 1939, 776, 776 (illus.);
Columbian Exposition, 542 (illus.),
543–544, 634 (illus.)
World Trade Center: bombing of
(1993), 993–994; September 11,
2001, attack on, 994, 1015 (illus.),
1015–1016
World Trade Organization (WTO),
1004, 1012
World War I, 676 (illus.), 677–678,
702–707, 784; armistice in, 702–703;
casualties in, 708; economy in,
688–689, 698; in Europe, 683–686;
morale in, 694–695; music from, 678
(illus.), 684 (illus.); neutrality policy
in, 684–686; opposition to, 696–697;
progressivism and, 701–702;
promotion of, 692–696; society in,
698–702; United States in, 686–692;
Western Front in, 691 (map)
World War II, 781–812, 786; Atlantic
region in, 788; Berlin-Rome-Tokyo
Axis and, 787–788; brutality of, 799;
demobilization after, 816–817;
economy in, 790–793; in Europe
and Africa, 795–797, 796 (map);
foreign policy before, 784–787;
I-65
I-66
Index
Grand Alliance and, 798; “Greatest
Generation” in, 781; heroism of, 988;
Holocaust in, 807–810; home front,
799–802, 800 (map); Japan and, 784,
784 (map); Japanese-Americans in,
805–806; mobilization for, 785,
789–795; in Pacific region, 797 (map),
797–798; Pearl Harbor and, 788, 810;
propaganda and politics in, 794–795;
science, technology, and, 793–794;
society and, 798–806; U.S. entry into,
788–789; victory in Europe, 807;
victory over Japan, 810–812; women
in, 799–802, 801 (illus.)
Wounded Knee: Indian occupation at,
946; massacre at, 522, 522 (illus.)
Wovoka (Sioux prophet), 519
Wozniak, Stephen, 940
WPA, see Works Progress
Administration (WPA)
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 601
Wright, Orville and Wilbur, 651
Wright, Richard, 729, 765, 768
Writers, see Literature
Writing: Aztec, 7; Cherokee, 259;
Mayan, 7
Writs of Assistance (1760–1761), 133
Written ballots, 287
WTO, see World Trade Organization
(WTO)
Wyandotte Indians, see Huron
(Wyandotte) Indians
Wyatt, Francis, 48
Wyckoff, Walter, 601
Wyman, David, 810
Wyoming, 385, 399, 528; woman
suffrage in territory, 487
XYZ Affair, 213
YAF, see Young Americans for Freedom
Yale University, 585–586, 835
Yalta Conference, 806, 807 (illus.), 820
Yalu River, 828
Yamasee Indians, 78, 110
Yamasee War, 106
Yates v. United States, 848
Yazoo land scandal, 238
Yazoo Tract, 206
“Year of the Woman” (1992), 973
“Yellow dog” contracts, 569
Yellow fever, 77, 328, 329, 366, 398,
680
Yellow journalism, 632
Yellow peril, 682; propaganda about,
787, 805
Yellowstone (steamboat), 265 (illus.)
Yellowstone National Park, 539
Yellowstone River, 538, 538 (illus.)
Yeltsin, Boris, 968, 998
Yemen: Cole bombing in, 1001
Yeomen farmers, 29, 351, 355, 356
Yerba Buena: gold rush and, 401
Yerkes, Robert M., 687
Yippies (Youth International Party),
918
Yom Kippur War (1973), 924
Yorktown, battle at, 164, 171 (map)
Yosemite, 538, 539, 665, 668
Young, Brigham, 377, 378
Young Americans for Freedom, 884,
906
Young Lonigan (Farrell), 748
Young Lords, 894
Young Man’s Guide, The (Alcott), 279
Young Men’s Christian Association
(YMCA), 589
Young people: independence of, 279
Young Women’s Christian Association
(YWCA), 589
Youth culture, 870–872, 871
Youth Marches for Integrated Schools,
872
Youth movement: of 1960s and 1970s,
906–910. See also Counterculture
Yugoslavia, 704, 795, 997, 998
Yuppies, 937, 937 (illus.)
Zangwill, Israel, 983
“Zeal and Democracy” campaign, 835
Zenger, John Peter, 116
Zero: Mayan concept of, 7
Zones: in Germany and Berlin, 823
Zoot suit riots, 804
Zuñis, 513