(c) crown copyright
Catalogue Reference:CAB/129/156/4
Image Reference:0001
THIS D O C U M E N T IS T H E P R O P E R T Y O F H E R B R I T A N N I C M A J E S T Y S
r
COPY
C P ( 7 1 ) 29 GOVERNMENT
62
NO
8 M a r c h 1971
CABINET
COMMERCIAL
RADIO
M e m o r a n d u m by the M i n i s t e r of P o s t s a n d Telecommunications 1.
A t its m e e t i n g on 5 M a r c . h
a
the C o m m i t t e e on B r o a d c a s t i n g
i n v i t e d m e t o s u b m i t to the C a b i n e t m y d r a f t W h i t e P a p e r on c o m m e r c i a l
r a d i o , d r a w i n g attention to its m a i n p r o p o s a l s ,
THE N A T I O N A L C O M M E R C I A L
2.
SERVICE
T h e d r a f t W h i t e P a p e r p r o p o s e s that t h e r e s h o u l d b e a n a t i o n a l
c o m m e r c i a l p r o g r a m m e a s w e l l a s u p to 60 l o c a l c o m m e r c i a l s t a t i o n s .
T h e B B C w o u l d b e r e q u i r e d to r e l i n q u i s h the m e d i u m f r e q u e n c y
c h a n n e l on w h i c h it i s n o w b r o a d c a s t i n g R a d i o 1.
(mf)
T h e m a j o r i t y of the
B r o a d c a s t i n g C o m m i t t e e f a v o u r e d this p r o p o s a l , b u t s u p p o r t f o r it w a s not
unanimous.
i.
T h e a r g u m e n t s f o r it a r e s ­
C o m p e t i t i o n b e t w e e n the B B C a n d c o m m e r c i a l r a d i o w i l l b e
b e t t e r b a l a n c e d at f o u r c h a n n e l s t o t w o ( t h r e e n a t i o n a l a n d one
l o c a l f o r the B B C
f
one n a t i o n a l and one l o c a l f o r I B A ) r a t h e r than
five channels t o one
i i .
0
The national s e r v i c e can be established m o r e quickly.
W i t h o u t it t h e r e i s s o m e d a n g e r that t h e r e m i g h t b e little
c o m m e r c i a l r a d i o on the a i r a t the e n d of this
ill.
Parliament.
A n e a r l y and s a t i s f a c t o r y a g r e e m e n t w i t h the M u s i c i a n s
8
U n i o n on n e e d l e - t i m e i s m o r e l i k e l y , s i n c e the p r o f i t s of the
n a t i o n a l c h a n n e l c a n b e u s e d to p r o v i d e l i v e e m p l o y m e n t f o r
musicians.
i v .
C o m m e r c i a l r a d i o w i l l b e a b l e m o r e q u i c k l y and m o r e
c e r t a i n l y t o a f f o r d a good c e n t r a l n e w s
3.
service.
T h e r e m a y b e o p p o s i t i o n t o this p r o p o s a l f o r a n a t i o n a l c h a n n e l
f r o m the f o l l o w i n g
L
sourcess-
T h e B B C w i l l p r o t e s t s t r o n g l y , a r g u i n g that the r e m o v a l of
R a d i o 1 w i l l i n v o l v e a d a m a g i n g r e o r g a n i s a t i o n of a l l t h e i r r a d i o
s e r v i c e s , a n d that, with a r e d u c e d c o v e r a g e a n a t i o n a l c o m m e r c i a l
c h a n n e l c o u l d b e a c c o m m o d a t e d on m e d i u m f r e q u e n c i e s
R a d i o 1.
alongside
On the other h a n d , the B B C h a d only t h r e e c h a n n e l s
b e f o r e the p i r a t e s , to w h i c h i s n o w a d d e d the a r t w o r k of l o c a l
s t a t i o n s , a n d the W h i t e P a p e r p r o p o s e s t o e x t e n d t h e s e t o m e d i u m
w a v e i R a d i o 1 a n d 2 a r e a l r e a d y a m a l g a m a t e d f o r 9 to 10 h o u r s
o u t s i d e p e a k l i s t e n i n g t i m e , and f o r a l l b u t 6 t o 8 h o u r s e a c h d a y
the l o c a l stations a l s o r e l a y m o s t l y R a d i o 1 a n d 2.
I d o not
b e l i e v e e i t h e r that i t i s n e c e s s a r i l y d e s i r a b l e f o r the B B C t o
p r o v i d e out of the l i c e n c e f e e a c h a n n e l f o r n o n - s t o p
E
P o p , the
8
e x t e n t of w h i c h m u s t m a k e it h a r d f o r the I B A t o i n s i s t on a p u b l i c
s e r v i c e content in c o m m e r c i a l r a d i o .
ii,.
The N e w s p a p e r
P u b l i s h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n contend that a n a t i o n a l
c h a n n e l w o u l d d r a w off a d v e r t i s i n g r e v e n u e f r o m the a l r e a d y h a r d ­
hit national P r e s s ,
On the other h a n d , the t o t a l r e v e n u e of
c o m m e r c i a l r a d i o , n a t i o n a l a n d l o c a l , i s e x p e c t e d t o b u i l d u p to
only £ 1 0 m i l l i o n to £15 m i l l i o n p e r a n n u m o v e r a 3 - y e a r
a f t e r 1973J
period
t o t a l P r e s s a d v e r t i s i n g i s a b o u t £225 m i l l i o n a n d
national P r e s s advertising £110 million j national n e w s p a p e r s w i l l
h a v e the opportunity t o i n v e s t in l o c a l s t a t i o n s , a n d t o b i d f o r
c o n t r a c t s t o s e l l a d v e r t i s i n g t i m e f o r the n a t i o n a l c h a n n e l .
iiL
S o m e of those h o p i n g to own l o c a l c o m m e r c i a l stations w i l l
a r g u e that a n a t i o n a l s e r v i c e w i l l siphon off t o o m u c h a d v e r t i s i n g
revenue.
On the o t h e r h a n d , an i n c o m e a p p r o a c h i n g £15 m i l l i o n
s h o u l d s u f f i c e to s u p p o r t bothf l o c a l c o m p a n i e s w i l l , m o r e o v e r , ,
b e p r o g r a m m e s u p p l i e r s t o the n a t i o n a l s t a t i o n ,
iv
0
S o m e of our s u p p o r t e r s m i g h t c r i t i c i s e the I B A c o n t r o l of the
n a t i o n a l c h a n n e l a s b e i n g p u b l i c a u t h o r i t y r a t h e r than p r i v a t e
enterprise broadcasting.
On the other h a n d , p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e
w i l l b e i n v o l v e d in s u p p l y i n g p r o g r a m m e s and s e l l i n g a d v e r t i s i n g
f o r the n a t i o n a l c h a n n e l , a n d the l o c a l c o m p a n i e s w i l l b e p r i v a t e
e n t e r p r i s e o n the I T V m o d e l ,
THE
4.
AUTHORITY
T h e m a j o r i t y of the C o m m i t t e e c o n s i d e r e d t h a t , if t h e r e w a s t o b e a
n a t i o n a l s e r v i c e , $here s h o u l d b e a n A u t h o r i t y other than the I T A ;
o t h e r s c o n s i d e r e d that it w o u l d s t i l l b e u n n e c e s s a r y ,
although
I b e l i e v e that the
I T A w o u l d t r e a t r a d i o a s a m a t t e r of s e c o n d a r y c o n c e r n , a n d that a s e c o n d
A u t h o r i t y is e s s e n t i a l , w i t h or without a n a t i o n a l c h a n n e l , if c o m m e r c i a l
r a d i o is to b e v i g o r o u s l y d e v e l o p e d
c
T h e r e w a s a l s o some doubt whether
the n e w A u t h o r i t y should b e f i n a n c e d i n i t i a l l y b y a d v a n c e s f r o m the
N a t i o n a l L o a n s F u n d , to b e r e p a i d a s soon a s the s y s t e m b e c a m e
profitable.
In m y v i e w , w e cannot b e s u f f i c i e n t l y c e r t a i n that the I B A w o u l d b e a b l e to
r a i s e the m o n e y on the m a r k e t without a T r e a s u r y
BBC LOCAL
5.
guarantee,
STATIONS
T h e B r o a d c a s t i n g C o m m i t t e e a g r e e d that the B B C s h o u l d b e
a l l o w e d to continue w i t h i t s 20 l o c a l s t a t i o n s ,
CROSS-SUBSIDISATION
6.
A v i e w w a s e x p r e s s e d in the B r o a d c a s t i n g C o m m i t t e e that t h e r e
should b e no c r o s s - s u b s i d i s a t i o n .
I b e l i e v e that s o m e e l e m e n t of c r o s s
s u b s i d i s a t i o n w i l l b e n e c e s s a r y in c o m m e r c i a l r a d i o a s it h a s b e e n in
c o m m e r c i a l T V , if a l o c a l s e r v i c e of a good s t a n d a r d i s to b e e x t e n d e d
o u t s i d e the c o n u r b a t i o n s , a n d s o r i c h e r f r a n c h i s e s s h o u l d c o n t r i b u t e m o r e
than t h e i r s h a r e t o c o m m o n e x p e n s e s ,
C J C
M i n i s t r y of P o s t s a n d T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s ,
8
a r c h 1971
SE1
ANNEX
DRAFT W H I T E
AN
INDEPENDENT
SERVICE
OF R A D I O
some
years
PAPER
BROADCASTING
INTRODUCTION
1.
It
is
now
established
the
corporation
to
of
would
now
other
the
which
widespread
the
intensive
in
accepted
source
this
are
of
such
seen
to
of
^he
of
of
made
an
be
the
in
the
concerned
authorities,
with
the
of
subject
view.
of
There
with
has
been
the
widespread
nor
in
the
consensus
a
truly
itself,
public
broadcasting
a d v e r t i semen t s .
that
service.
which
of
is
did
-
there
in
news
For
the
less
and
who
now
strong
achieved
been
be
of
elsewhere.
Kingdom,
of
more
and
the
than
affairs
work
of
level
generally
one
since
i n t e l e v i s i o n there
more
largely
in
the
a general
current
existence
than
one
accepted
for
radio.
arrived
at
after
extensive
a u t h o r i t i e s , w i t h n e w s p a p e r i n t e r e s t s , trade
representatives
and
technical,
the
with
commercial
in
the
subject
which
financed
would
concerned
be
than
from
no
the
of
with
individuals
divergence
more
financed,
now
should
those
is
have
is
who
The
success
bodies
little
that
It
few
television.
the
other
There
are
of
guilds
radio
there
monopoly
the
evidence
with
opinion
Despite
United
that
in
the
the
unions,
great
public
in
advertising,
the
a
ended
maintain
with
1954
sets
which
no
as
publicly
viewers.
in
case
interest
of
one
time
medium.
with
from
of
the
are
follow,
many
radio
-
in
Act
so
Act,
restored
broadcasting
trade
but
associates
them
The
1954
television
advantages
associations
and
the
particularly
which
with
held.
by
moreover,
television
proposals
production
of
influential
major
hitherto
comparison
demands
employment.
consultations
bears
Authority
and
monopoly
of
Television
services
advertising
ownership
use
time
television
programmes,
competition
2.
the
the
Television
BBC h a d
the
desirable,
is
source
at
sale
meeting
as
the
see
since
television
certainly
The
system
to
services
from
quality
which
aroused
wish
competing
Independent
provide
broadcasting
controversy
16
programme
interested
or
social
opinions
there
can
offer
a
a vehicle
point
no
doubt,
warmly
advertisements
for
in
expressed,
be
government
place
local
must
system
for
offer
of
carrying
(CONFIDENTIAL) 3.
In
extending
to
the
sources
of
radio
different
both
to
safeguard
output,
and
standards
to
not
programmes,
than
THE
in
The
will
ensure
that
the
service
are
to
and
has
for
of
choice
Government
of
the
also
news
larger
variety
between
is
BBCs
anxious
present
maintains
and
news
radio
high
commentary
ingredient
will
be
in
radio
the
Report
in
appointed
comprise
and
at
IBA
will
the
by
case
the
of
even
least
need
particular
appoint
of
policies
local
of
to
similar
to
that
and
BBC a n d
to
in
local
be
radio
desirable.
of
all
Posts
and
independent
be
faced
with
dominant
merely
position
incidental
developed
vigorously
are
fully
to
be
IBA
will,
in
the
conduct
of
programme
matters
ITA.
desirable.
the
as
are
the
The
Government
ITA,
the
Posts
for
and
explored,
like
the
of
BBC
its
content.
Telecommunications
Members
will
The
imposed
on
other
the
will
the
be
Wales
committees
stations.
and
the
IBA
The
lay
will
IBA
put
to
advise
generally,
The
IBA
ITA
under
also
to
on
be
a
have
share
will
the
on
the
required
in
a
masts
reciprocal
Ireland,
that
it
organisations
will
and
envisages
will
be
Northern
and
local
BBC a n d
and
Government
programming,
the
of
and T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s ;
Scotland,
advisory
committees.
ITA
given
is
Members.
authorities
advisory
and
there
is
thus
service
of
its
of
would
amount,
to
with
regarded
Members
other
aspects
programming
the
four
task
body
service.
the
Although
compete
ITA
radio
control
this
Broadcasting
Parliament.
Minister
a Chairman,
and
new
be
of
before
the
to
including
Minister
Independent
separate
the
come
independent
Similarly,
for
situation
therefore
affairs,
As
this
a
extent
and
new
an
entrusting
that
opportunities
is
answer
some
might
the
day-to-day
Annual
In
If
of
ITA,
to
establish
advertising.
in
advertising,
Authority
the
the
concluded
radio
the
of
to
standards,
sight
duties.
secondary.
the
a
much
of
AUTHORITY
and
programme
radio
and
system
provision
proposes
first
television,
involve
new
necessarily
nature
at
conflicting
5.
the
provide
supervise
television
its
in
BROADCASTING
(IBA)
Independent
and
of
least
Government
a new
the
quality
which
attractions
of
broadcasting,
high
Government
incidence,
The
advantages
television.
Authority
It
the
the
INDEPENDENT
4.
listener
to
this
duty,
and
duty.
sites,
6.
of
In
deciding
responsibilities
considered
has
taken
a wide
the
BBC s h o u l d
on
upon
mf
and
drama,
poetry
and
providing
provide
to
has,
however,
Radio
4 would
releasing
7.
The
point
to
a wide
ghetto".
One
financed
by
programmes
should
be
the
is
less
in
be
by
the
force
the
directed
towards
with
a balanced
8.
There
former
licence
are
the
directly
both
view
fee
BBC
and
to
successful
but
a
real
local
small
to
local
of
this
It
speech
quality.
It
variations
radio,
on
thus
the
at
some
existing
to
is
is
to
argued
in
a
by
radio
right
highbrow
BBC s
the
IBA
and
the
there
light
to
the
BBC
that,
as
between
the
lowbrow.
should
BBC
the
since
and
and
programmes
1
that
that
differentiation
of
it
broadcasting
from
tastes
quality
that
some
it
all
"cultural
high
say
on
seems
be
service
provide
not
to
in
listener
with
terms
the
ought
comprehensiveness,
sharp
both
view
as
the
to
BBC a n d
which
which
national
of
are
being
must
stations,
those
of
at
on
IBA
level.
disadvantages
stations
whether
stations
national
services
fraction
high
4
some
Both
talks.
regional
programmes
national
competition
and
with
and
a broadcasting
for
no
of
of
and
local
Radio
a
it
ability
but
in
whether
the
the
be
should
compete
programmes.
between
local
point
its
contact
be
minorities,
at
of
leading
services
or
3 and
music
that
than
Nonetheless
differences
desirability
the
of
proportion
other,
Government
principally
local
view
rather
argument
of
is
the
has
frequencies,
a very
appealing
streamed
should
Government
Radio
drama,
BBC
1
be
maintain
output
the
all
to
indirect
on
the
two
a higher
local
of
there
Although
be
BBC o f
4
English
material.
programmes.
television,
should
must
such
of
serious
of
BBC s
tastes
opportunity
of
the
minorities,
to
enabled
functions
fee
outset
Radio
of
justifications
small
demanding
should
the
the
allocation
frequencies.
programming,
of
From
affairs,
coming
medium
range
confined
the
the
mainly
the
the
IBA
broadcast
services
and
the
shortage
to
that
accepts
its
of
for
reduces
more
of
licence
introduction
then
in
current
with
Government
the
education;
accepted
a number
comprehensive
proposal-s.
audiences
cease
frequencies
BBC a n d
3 broadcasts
news,
been
of
continue
further
minority
the
despite
to
Radio
network
of
that,
enabled
vhf.
division
between
range
view
be
the
this
the
a
inevitably
since
present
the
from
owned
(CONFIDENTIAL) a
to
the
national
all,
and
exist
to
controlled,
between
latter
listening
and
compete
available
locally
hand
favouring
financing
not
one
should
Tho e
competition
to
still
retain
radio.
9.
The
to
confine
is
desirable
should
local
BBC
Government
be
the
local
of
not
finance.
growth
Sheffield,
from
it.
services
and
from
back
up.
and
stations
come
a
Brighton,
London,
coverage
it
is
It
might
eventually
50 p e r
cent
by
day.
enable
the
BBC,
if
and
in
Northern
these
10.
be
night
only
if
the
BBC
and
of
o n mf
25 p e r
up
to
to
to
on
with
cent
are
reasonable
be
period
by
60
a
night.
a
the
to
their
extend
stations
available
to
as
that
should
they
mf
will
be
support
assigned
to
this
country,
necessary
Convention
and
is
of
course
Leicester,
Leeds,
Medway,
Derby.
The
65
per
them
with
main
approaching
the
in
longer
local
term
to
radio
Scotland,
Radio
proposed
to
be
4 will
many
Wales
continue
Article
the
Radio
Regulations
channels.
a
years
there
IBA
population
stations
and
20 BBC
with
is
a coverage
stations
both
the
under
Union
few
with
a
per
cent
cent
the
as
o n mf
IBA
the
the
and
and
day
day
IBA
stations
vhf.
the
8 of
and
but
within
a
In
BBC
frequencies
Article
These
by
by
possible
supplement
9 of
70
per
IBA.
people
both
by proposing
65
the
for
start
for
for
essential
Telecommunication
Within
of
approaching
will
it
60
in
confirm
in
provide
in
coverage
It
stations
Copenhagen
with
coverage
this
to
or
approximately
to
to
provide
are:
a coverage
versions
stations
vhf
provide
up
to
and
intention
local
national
of
also
achieve
wished,
of
vhf
initially
the
wish
to
the
countries.
accommodated
they
order
absence
Ireland,
A network
can
then
be
commercial
not
Birmingham,
Blackburn
proposed
provided
would
on
a
as
being,
They
the
small
therefore
in
of
radio
would
It
there
of
Stoke-on-Trent,
Oxford,
Humberside,
that
which
August
service.
local.
behalf
local
in
to
wrong
relatively
and
already
into
conurbations.
the
regard
be
provision
on
a kind
BBC
be
In
to
the
to
would
services.
of
IBA
cities
moreover
broadcasting
This
they
serve
would
the
granted
and
It
in
services
BBC a l s o
Nottingham,
night,
and
decided
to
have
stations
it
the
has
Newcastle,
will
towns
argued
they
and
Government
Manchester,
stations
is
The
20
shortly
Solent,
day
local
radio
authority
Bristol,
by
in
The
Liverpool,
Tees-side,
mf
point
larger
provide
could
provision
cent
they
that
broadcasting
It
communities
radio
20 BBC
between
that
concluded
the
the
provisional
Durham,
in
in
excluded
local
national
information.
stations
principal
the
to
however,
particularly
and
minorities
be
BBC
competition
news
station
has,
local
already
the
International
the
use
of
possibility
further
mf
therefore
of
approaching
70
per
coverage
up
to
of
cent
65
per
of
the
cent,
both
being
that
the
Area
is
transmitted
allocation
to
count
on
There
may
be
the
on
of
of
however
and
as
be
and
medium
reviewed
use
vhf
room
It
frequencies
that
many
mf.
local
medium
should
be
in
European
the
stations
frequency
ultimately
for
noted,
cannot
Broadcasting
necessarily
channels
more
however,
after
stations
in
1976.
the
vhf
band.
11.
of
As
the
in
local
case
for
broadcasting,
an
element
national
services.
It
transmit
a national
service
used
by
along
Radio
the
1.
lines
cent
of
the
been
suggested
available
the
The
already
by
assumed
all
the
under
the
Copenhagen
if
it
is
at
high
further
has
attempt
even
either
the
if
of
coverage
By n i g h t
the
find
the
it
would
to
IBA
reduce
local
population
would
only
services,
which
would
organisations.
In
this
services
way
to
expense
the
of
the
other
be
247m)
will
be
as
to
cent
by
night.
medium
in
from
it
is
Radio
more
serious
further
or
that
available
by
a
in
areas
margin
and
three
by
by
.of
out
the
would
and
review
to
are
disadvantage
service
the
is
coverage
per
By
day
cent.
Alternatively
substantial
provided
it
85
to
broadcasting
service.
cent.
day
is
mf
in
about
larger
receive
view
local
to
to
make
these
national
per
both
to
be
32
even
mean
able
its
reduced
as
the
a reduction
of
it
for
even
an
after
be
stations.
to
of
a
might
Regulations,
opportunities
per
has
governments
Both
An
95
addition
if
intended
ITU
It
local
foreign
now
some
frequencies
service
to
should
extended
reach
10.
Governments
areas.
kHz
para
low
then
(1214
remain
service
therefore
IBA
will
be
by
would
radio
the
as
the
exist,
same
service
be
that
said
involve
would
of
IBA
the
for
would
arrangement
the
and
room
former
be
be
which
in
provision
BBC a n d
secured
wave
made
per
the
the
the
so
national
can
be
that
national
figure
by
will
BBC
sufficient
assumptions.
to
the
would
attainable
an
of
the
effect
IBA
40
for
persuaded
service
the
further
medium
possible,
the
a
been
of
that
that
similarly
channel
this
and
Convention
the
uncertain
an
BBC
mf
by
p r o p o s a l s ,
inevitably
such
day
assumed
on
reference
of
in
is
therefore,
the
a possibility
virtually
which
by
agreement
power
on
n e e d e d
such
that
proposed,
planned
accommodate
frequencies
Technically
the
Government
competition
coverage
population
to
is
of
the
be
dense
the
mf
coverage
night.
Such
proportion
of
the
of
seven
broadcasting
wrong
to
add
population
at
in
12.
The
coverage
rejected
in
the
particularly
of
the
two
previous
after
dark
coverage
13.
of
There
abandon
the
the
with
originate
and
2
for
for
pop
most
and
"/ill
pop
this
takes
expenditure
14.
For
IBA
are
considerable.
its
service
would
much
The
be
of
more
the
quality
of
the
national
the
opportunities
for
which
to
depends
enlarge
too
the
has
strong
end
the
made
services.
to
after
find
dark
8
in
These
for
the
of
of
a
next
fee s h o u l d
are
1
vehicle
already
considerable
employed
Radio
£1.3m
Radio
the
thus
BBC
advent
stations,
is
music,
is
the
carry
1 which
There
national
before
hours,
sweet
to
three
output
frequencies
save
of
to
and
there
broadcast
1 and
2
year.
year,
balance
is
might
the
with
income
from
estimated
large
on
the
be
the
from
on
its
would
and
as
by
Government
on
and
a whole.
devoted
today
be
establish
a
well-founded
national
might
the
behalf
basis.
devoted
to
The
IBA
to
music,
such
a national
service
IBA
by
one
It
is
news,
to
of
providing
that
radio,
must
musicians.
local
or
to
profits
of
the
suppliers.
underpinning
employment
for
commission
recognises
recorded
service
programme
the
competitor
programme
international
Authority,
service
lest
It
channel
of
for
IBA.
a competitive
national
also
this
and
to
stage
that
undertaken
the
extent
expressed
the
of
music;
early
stations
be
of
an
of
a national
new A u t h o r i t y
envisaged
selected
would
possessing
at
commercial
commercial
be
BBC h a v i n g
to
Radio
amalgamation
become
opportunities
been
a
a
the
the
costs
live
the
to
day.
enable
service
channel
6
opportunity
local
profits
necessary
for
the
control
from
companies,
the
national
the
stations.
day.
of
the
It
advertising
the
anxiety
to
direct
a central
to
and
the
providing
meeting
will
under
that
reductions
1975,
BBC.
envisaged
use
licence
the
private
of
of
radio
local
the
advantages
material
three
extend
addition
entire
BBC w i l l
March
It
the
unfavourably
therefore
to
specialises
the
for
of
of
towards
quickly
its
sale
By
the
will
In
its
10 h o u r s
the
place
BBC's
question
its
adequate
day,
until
no
have
intensive
be
without
compare
the
order
role.
which
increased
the
competitor
be
rest
music.
the
recently
the
to
sweet
2,
in
own m a t e r i a l
the
9 or
a more
throughout
If
for
continue
and
of
Radio
amalgamated
will
their
of
even
services.
course
it
will
attempts
constituted
pirates,
for
new
comprehensive
which
scope
of
which
that
frequencies
two
will
its
networks,
of
medium
services,
paragraph,
Further
additional
IBA
should
stations.
help
Some
prove
To
some
extent,
however,
advertising,
and
regulate
relative
the
services.
course
than
national
the
in
would
a matter
recognisable
size
of
of
IBA
the
and
a
be
to
local
and
the
experiment
in
establishment
of
relatively
small
radio
station.
stations
IBA
be
of
in
a
stations
- There
joint
must
reflected
the
community
in
output.
be
news,
music
received
would
however
the
local
station
the
local
stations
significant
stations
more
will
be
the
to
United
is
This
not
would
switch
and
over
to
ingredient
and
radio
in
news
the
in
each
to
necessarily
as
does
advisable
in
the
which
supply
provide
Independent
different
be
and
in
the
small
this
the
of
to
of
that
for
any
term,
if
the
the
kind
of
more
thus
the
in
exception
in
material
longer
of
for
should
order
service
possible
found
The
envisaged
output
In
the
local
discretion
not
stations
possible
future
the
the
be
determine
subsequently
of
will
found
London,
than
one
locality.
company,,
envisaged
companies
near
the
may
IBA
linking
sustaining
of
the
the
for
is
information.
specialist
with
It
a
big
investigation.
at
linking.
variations
a worthwhile
Most
will
however,
but
a network
used
provide
station
Authority,
local
But
by
stations
to
and
three
national
the
loccility,
programmes.
it
independent
central
linked
have
great
order
operators
available,
cannot
A
their
become
frequencies
16.
be
recorded
news
States.
in
may m e r i t
station
A major
local
frequencies
of
be
between
coverage.
with
sustaining
in
will
serve
stages
however,.the
one
provided;
stations
rooted
other
would
early
which
will
be
be
to
more
should,
thus
possibilities
and w i t h
periods.
conurbations
in
and
will
due
balance
local
stations
various
choice
exchange
their
to
two
in
far
larger
of
firmly
stations
the
the
will
IBA
of
power
outset,
the
capable
operation
the
The
are
and
of
to
of
BBC r a d i o
Stations
first
its
a reasonable
somewhat
The
covered.
in
radio
the
BBC.
There
to
size
a
Authority.
encouraged
minimum
provide
with
it
kinds
countries,
At
disposition
among
have
other
the
different
local
network,
communities.
be
on
advertisers
that
some
and
network
new
to
programmes.
help
population
will
in
should
the
draw
ultimately
may
done
number
for
it
radio
local
precise
conurbations
be
a
should
attractiveness
national
and
The
the
IBA
has
programmes
programme
serve
it
services
national
be
as
programme
radio
15.
the
two
Alternatively,
prove,
popular
the
should
both
probably
the
complete
Television
circumstances
national
owned
and
programmes
News;
of
be
it
radio
may
to
by
local
to
be
allow
the
the
services.
local
thought
greater
flexibility
source
of
for
the
one
other
of
national
and
international
companies
possibl
be
in
also
the
news
act
as
and
the
doubts
for
London
second
THE F I N A N C I A L
17.
The
programmes.
programmes
18.
The
depend
revenue
cannot
be
with
provided
have
has
a
question
of
is
excess
used
19.
for
Each
provide
the
local
the
local
service.
three
years;
the
in
of
the
first
and
or
There
is
consideration.
independent
in
latter
music,
station
are,
and
could
however,
frequency
will
during
be
can
be
derived
natural
such
each
To
But
as
of
as
is
and
to
able
found
from
breaks
spot
within
sponsored
In
that
contracts
the
largest
radio.
system
whole.
also
be
Authority
subsequent
programme
as
a
be
given
sell
be
year,
for
the
Government
will
be
the
of
right
an
terms
extensions
of
ensure
the
and
time
grant
for
a
that
franchises
initial
to
no
ability.
should
entitled
cases
prescribed
profitable
the
such
the
Cross-subsidisation
advertising
appointed
will
in
and
IBA
the
to
conurbations
although
more
an
approved
broadcasters
the
that
In
There
potentially
and
service
income.
divided
the
will
the
provide
to
Authority.
with
potential
revenue
profits
attract
of
believes
television
easy
will
Government
after
the
develop
worthwhile,
thereafter
and
to
Estimates
substantial
ensure
company
will
the
commercial
large
be
sufficient
a very
in
is
listeners.
quality.
programmes
the
service
independent
from
Each
new
company
need
radio
and,
standard
the
There
stations
cheap.
revenue
good
local
a
STATIONS
widely.
high
such
revenue
This
a
news.
specialising
advertising
attract
The
the
local
competing
suitable
attract
should
allowing
be
to
attract
between
must
the
the
of
met,
similar
of
vary
will
necessary
foresees
contracts
to
on
may
been
proved
which
contract
proportions
IBA
radio
kinds
ability
service
costs
a
set
further
company.
whether
will
be
permitted.
certain
stations
one
however
service.
other
its
of
to
news
programmes
alternative
form
as
of
two
programmes.
the
radio
the
outset,
central
which
give
providing
between
independent
local
talk
will
new
speed
be
the
news
should
i n r e 1 a t ion to
the
will
are
in
It
treatment
for
No
upon
their
ARRANGEMENT FOR
income
advertising
material.
Government
from
considerable
a
in
attractions
London
in
its
arrangement
which
would
other
then
use
to
stations
the
the
local
company,
There
in
duty
in
to
its
term
at
the
further
of
end
year.
The
same
service
the
company
at
will
more
minority
companies;
not
than
one
necessarily
place.
participation
but
The A u t h o r i t y
he
will
will
be
not
precluded
Equally,
there
investor
in
by
an
be
allowed
expected
be
to
aim
from
will
be
a number
an
excessive
at
a wide
providing
no
of
bar
on
local
aggregate
diversity
interes
of
own e r s h i p .
20.
The
Government
has
representations
from
be
their
injurious
has
been
to
paid
successful,
to
advertising.
independent
that
in
possible
Government
television
timing
will
the
to
moreover
that
provided
inherent
in
the
existing
television
operation
-
in
company
-
can
make
an
proposes
right
-
to
of
where
be
-
a
allowed
to
television
At
times
radio
would
radio
has
guarantee
an
a
communication.
Even
small
at
its
on
be
borne
either
in
damaging
the
case
can
of
the
to
for
secured
the
means
the
impact
local
of
special
believes
the
risks
communication,
press
contribution
service.
and
newspapers.
against
of
in
Such
giving
It
for
press,
local
press.
be
the
mind.
that
most
contender
effect
a valuable
and
to
the
the
Accordingly,
a significant
a given
local
interest
awarded
newspaper
a
companies
the
in
has
station
it,
the
whether
a monopoly
be
should
in
the
have
or
not
an
area
the
they
formed
contract;
controlling
will
circulation
in
it
will
not
interest;
allowed
shareholdings
but
not
interests,
the
almost
an u n m a t c h e d
it
of
acquire
since
be
with
company
local
controlling
21.
area
acquire
the
press.
attention
larger
provincial
radio
particular
may
that:
newspapers
transmission
the
particular,
independent
In
radio
developments
be
concentration
and
independent
future
must
safeguards
of
that
suggest
and
-
local
part
local
undue
a
a variety
relatively
accepts
media
of
Government
the
on
a
necessarily
Government
consideration
an
have
not
radio
less
be
does
independent
the
effect
effect
is
that
believes
could
care
businesses.
this
there
with
believe
existing
as
None
who
wi11, however,
The
their
evidence
those
its
radio
considered
coming
completely
television
superseded.
flexibility
continuing
Public
of
place
demands
as
on
and
an
it
has
It
is
immediacy,
important
radio
may
have
seemed
now
clear
which
medium
that
that
will
of
changed.
People
probably
often
of
now
while
listen
doing
countries
of
believes
that
vitality
of
this
White
Paper
contribution,
radio,
and
record
of
Revised
a renewed
new
for
else,
growth
element
broadcasting
will
enable
particularly
will
in
encourage
achievement
draft
radio
something
this
our
to
5 March
in
the
of
but
in
the
radio
is
new
to
The
service
add
at
a
time,
evidence
listening.
competition
exploring
BBC
periods
there
services.
radio.
1971
shorter
the
will
make
a
to
its
number
the
proposed
worthwhile
possibilities
further
a
Government
to
arrangements
to
more
from
The
add
and
of
local
formidable
in
G 1FIDENTIAI ANNEX/APPENDIX
FREQUENCY
P L A N S FOB. INDEPENDENT
1.
the
Only
to d e c i d e
these
be
where
plan
frequencies
supply.
the
known
for
that
Three
for
stations
known
the
the
expanding
can
planning
and
frequency
long-wave
medium-wave
as
and
bands
is
1948)
the
is
band
the E u r o p e a n
planning
3.
the
how m a n y
system
it
will
be
able
will
need.
Until
must,
to
a
large
extent,
limited
by
the
planning
If
to
transmissions
transmitted
well
It
would
be
not
harmful
4.
only
used
band
and
broadcasting
of
than
those
* E u r o p e ,
in
Plan
(mf)
with
(Stockholm,
(If)
band
band
(also
(vhf)
Appendix
B.
separate
frequency
known
(also
in
the
Convention
it;
a Regional
(also
band
channels
to
1961).
short
broadcasting
Broadcasting
annexed
Kingdom
and
In
long
is
this
used
band
the
use
of
Agreement
Notes
on
distances
by
to
use
any
service
to
an
If
for
frequency
the
the
United
country
channel
the
by
day
of
are
14
to
If
of
which
Radio
2
reliably
and
nation-wide
Kingdom
local
BBC f o r
and n i g h t
other
authorised
for
the
one
the
band
services.
channels
for
a
without
causing
use
it;
it
would
also
all
of
which
are
services.
band
121
in
the
to
a
separate
European
lesser
programmes
they
with
plus
in
of
channels,
signals
possible
together
frequency
European
in
sound
frequency
transmission
which
Mediterranean,
of
the
contains
broadcasting
the
use
to
use
intensively
low
suited
Medixim-frequency
The mf
The
always
domestic
very-high-frequency
Droitwich.
interference
to
the
accordance
15
United
commercial
be w a s t e f u l
for
are
the
Area
relatively
therefore
these
radio
band
from
for
used
Copenhagen
in
and
medium-frequency
by
appear.at
the
is
national
the
is
the
I I ) .
regulated
contains
assigned
and
Broadcasting
are
Area*:
band)
and
standards
band
bands
Band
services
available
regulated
Low-frequency
The
made
band)
Broadcasting
mf
vhf
be
radio
Broadcasting
(Copenhagen,
is
are
the
frequency
European
as
known
If
responsible
wants
requirements
Any
as
it
BROADCASTING
hypothetical.
2.
in
Authority
A
frequency
channels,
Broadcasting
extent
intended
for
to
Area
external
be
for
domestic
broadcasting,
received
in
countries
ie,
the
other
originate.
those
Jordan
African
and
Iraq.
and A s i a n
countries
bordering
the
(CONFIDENTIAL) -
5.
The
the
medium
Copenhagen
three
the
of
day
four
stated
in
general
available
be
channels
Convention,
their
"No
frequency
national
a White
service
during
provided
1948,
only
are
of
(cmd
local
hours
and
in
3169,
sound
of
for
United
intensively
services,
Paper
the
assigned
used
1966
on medium w a v e l e n g t h s
the
well
BBC
by
for
as
of
that:
which
allotted
use
Government
1966)
broadcasting
as
by
the
December
darkness
Kingdom
would
in
be
daylight
to
the
main
mf
can
United
Ki ngdom".
This
statement
would
true
be
today,
but
some
BBC
local
radio
down
the
the
be
is
other
though
as
with
England,
country
medium
other
part
of
medium
that
of
a
combined
basis
(subject
in
it
is
some
still
cases
European
Broadcasting
frequency
channels
the
purposes.
plans
Thus,
for
Radio
4
English
-
that
Scotland
as
the
a general
back-up
common R a d i o
Wales,
this
services
the
frequency
provide
to
in
the
On
possible
their
versions
and
The
the
for
(services
affected).
assumption
administrations
of
alternative
of
the
nevertheless
available
-
on
i n t h e i r then e x i s t i n g form.
certain
envisaged
parts
it
with
re-deploy
to make
based
maintained
negotiation
to
was
it
are
4
is
programme
BBC
will
of
close
various
the
Ireland
then
to
in
for
and
themselves
service
provided
and N o r t h e r n
Area)
BBC u s e
proposed
service
to
whole
would
of
not
be
-
accommodated w i t h some
ins Lead
of
the
available
for
3 mf
service
6.
One
six
at
other
to
of
improvement
the
a
uses.
single
broadcasting
coverage
of
used
the
for
IBA
BBC's
remaining
channels
for
radio.
local
the
7.
the
two
To
provide
the
medium
has
been
Kingdom,
the
Government
and A r t i c l e
9 of
made
provided
the
Radio
of
in
to
be
to
the
White
towards
the
provision
the
entitled
of
to
day
of
use
and
of
at
the
present
The
mf
two
back-up
International
would
night
Radio
coverage.
improve
the
time
not
be
back-up
envisaged.
for
further
local
those
already
available
intends
in A r t i c l e
3
Paper).
it
the
our
frequency
addition
channels
become
Radio
augment
used
the
will
confining
of
IBA)
frequencies
cost
used
will
by
11
service
and
use
the. p r o c e d u r e
is
channels
on
with
UK
a general
be
frequency
based
para
even
(BBC
will
three
found
negligible
service
contribute
which
services
at
on
three
be
Another
(see
However,
provide
local
fullest
United
of
to
national
can
freed
services.
will
Thus
fourth,
thus
1
coverage,
used.
channel
Radio
Common F r e q u e n c i e s
possible
A
channels
external
the
present
of
to
8 of
Regulations
make
the
stations,
proposals,
Copenhagen
(edition
to
of
(CONFIDENTIAL) 1968)
after
the
by
means
Convention,
of
the
for
(CONFIDENTIAL) International
Telecommunication
assigned
to
where
it
seems
local
radio
causing
countries
likely
stations
harmful
to u s e
using
other
them.
until
the
8.
Local
stations
will
generally
the
have
from
services
to
procedures
operated
on
in
other
power
mf
50% o f
the
depend
very
by
back-up
for
9.
International
The
international
and P l a n
for
Broadcasting
of
the
place
ITU
in
quoted
use
Area.
is
1974.
be
which m i g h t
channels
10,
high
The BBC
vhf
is
band,
of
present
the
frequencies
some
60
than
the
20
20
made
and
medium
of
­
our
to
then
at
for
or
made
cases,
addition
on
of
other
70 p e r
of
also
a
population
very
to
in
hold
the
about
European
that
deployment
Council
should
1976.
of
an
Convention
Administrative
conference
will
approximate.
Copenhagen
therefore,
by
perhaps
the
proposes
the
to
stations
necessarily
by
cent
local
them and
the
independent
provide
eventually
the
a
take
new
Changes
­
medium
needed.
be
local
stations
available
for
in
England
broadcasting,
a modest
reduction
BBC
stations
and
appears
local
possible
stations.
stations
and
be
to
in
in
a part
lying
the
rearranging
accommodate
These
would
intended
to
them
mainly
and,
use
of
the
between
total
some
to
countries'
to
up
and
have
a
covering
night,
of
interference
an
frequencies
national
because
some
harmful
countries
of
revise
force,
other
night
the
Union
is,
to
in
extending
such
assumption
into
be
realisation
by
proposal
come
places,
cannot
operating
By m a k i n g
independent
BBC
area
avoid
therefore
phase
without
frequencies
MHz.
it
are
cases
authorised
particular
might,
coverage
chosen
and
first
might
recently
97.5
The
present
will
providing
95 and
radio
review
low
extensive
frequency
Very
of
to
working
and P l a n
Convention
cent
Telecommunication
the
The
per
sites
above
The
that
to
stations
local
day.
conference
the
and
technical
60
25
BBC
the
figures
to
and
by
coverage
night
the
up
day
much u p o n
service
stations
of
in
additional
present
assigned
local
of
population
at
Area
completed.
overseas
radio
at
frequencies
Kingdom,
procedures,
frequencies
at
the
for
the.United
Nevertheless,
permit
network
channels
countries.
should
scope for
been
stations
lower
population
have
of
Broadcasting
stations
these
useful
frequencies
tiie
under
in
use
countries
establish
smaller
of
of
those
a
number
station
provided
to
the
frequency
on
the
for
European
operating
substantial
local
be
frequencies
firm
the
medium
could
Decisions
interference
in
interference
particular
to b e
that
Union,
of
in
lower
coverage
the
addition,
power
3
serve
individual
spite
of
the
coverage
about
11.
radio
The
in
would
be
cent
achieve
stations
the
very
high
used
for
may,
even
this
additional
was n o t
could
be
mobile
in
the
vhf
about
to
will
the
day
be
band
were
other
improve
to
be
in
as
the
that
both
of
additional
between
could
environs.
network,
the
In
its
total
BBC n e t w o r k
be
become
independent
frequency
whether
97.6
and
freed
difficult
extend
IBA
BBC and
considering
purposes
and
immediate
ie
night.
for
require
term,
their
same
and
services,
longer
and
stations
coverage
frequency
for
of
therefore
radio
^ 1IA
V tea nil
cities
UK b y
space
required
used
of
$2
IP"
number
only
will
J*)
or
greater
in
Government
5
towns
greater
65 p e r
To
S
but
available
(eg
the
the
local
channels.
additional
1 0 0 MHz,
for
if
for
local
at
space
present
broadcasting.
all
or
part
of
broadcasting
O p e n Lin i v e r s i t y ) ,
broadcasting
This
and
it
services.
CONFIDENTIAL ANNEX/APPENDIX
FREQUENCY
PLANNING
STANDARDS
1.
This
appendix
outlines
used
iinn
and
in
formulating
the
preceding
Medium F r e q u e n c y
2.
During
which
frequencies
band),
a good
3.
start
the
reach
ground
ground
wave,
factors
or
the
sky
surface
one
transmitter
in
towards
the
earth
and
ground,
at
transmitter.
gradually
dies
sunrise.
The
it
can
the
signals
and
secondly,
4.
In
sky
lowest
channels
service
is
the
wanted
interfering
listener.
channel
them may
the
of
been
main
paper
in
other
1440
signal
in
is
to
a
such
the
121
is
the
sufficiently
daytime,
are
closely
spaced
be
limited
by
a
quality
if
on
the
sound
transmitters
the
ground,
interference
from
the
after
effects:
first,
transmitter,
has
fade
fallen
quality
at
causing
night;
to
the
is
of
of
from
to
the
of
the
10
kW
limited
the
service
range
by
service
strength
strength
same
power
The
the
satisfactory
mf
the
channel.
the
the
the
that
which
other.
the
from
use
450
at
using
the
then
hour
distance
same
transmitter
of
one
on
channel.
night
excess
appear
and
available,
in
back
distances,
including
using
signals
midnight
intensive
at
the
say,
the
to
the
signal
the
to
transmissions,
is
channels
transmitters
give
area
other
transmitter
from
same
with
transmitter.
from
two
of
ionosphere
may
about
have
satisfactory-
stations,
every
distance
signal
of
by
great
the
to
end
ground
reflected
about
the
upper
addition
is
is
lower
the
signals
frequency
the
of
kilometres
can
transmitter
of
over
wave"
which
on
the
in
in
are
at
at
from
at
That
service
same
strength
on
of
from
the
the
and
"ground
a range
changes
negligible
interference,
sound
some
almost
the
Even
of
However,
operated
from
then
have
stable
power
variable
wave
interference
gives
Europe,
range
the
(signals
place.
transmitter
a broadcasting
that
interference
range
of
but
a
has
the
direction
almost
limits
signals
which
above, b e i n g
in
better
signals
a maximum
ground
cause
and
hundreds
reaches
a
travel
takes
skyward
many
and
sunset,
mf
strong
tc
the
receiver.
in
a
from
the
can
of
at
level
listener's
with
other
range
which
f r e q u e n c i es
water),
of
by
frequency
on
before
becoming
wave
absence
transmitter
of
away,
it
of
up
effect
towards
the
service
or
places
interfere
reception
again
The
as
propagation
the
earth
(signals
propagation
wave
the
those
sea
hour
leaving
the
described
propagated
such
than
over
is
of
conductivity
about
affect
signal
farther
conductivity
to
plans
standards
appendix.
various
Beginning
frequency
a mf
over
by
reception
Band
daytime
travels
determined
the
the
the
B
to
of
the
the
frequency
of
each
of
r
5,
The
quality
an i n d i v i d u a l
of
service
listener
provided
depends
upon
by
a mf
many
broadcasting
factors,
the
station
most
to
important
being :
(i)
Effective
power
(ii)
Frequency
of
( i i i )
Distance
(iv)
Nature
(v)
of
The
transmissions
( v i i )
channels
(which
may
defined
all
site
the
transmitter
an a d j a c e n t
judged
with
this
by
of
the
that
The
q\iality
(ix)
The
subjective
When
certain
standards
The
this p o i n t but
discussion
(CCIR)
new
which,
(i)
summarised
Minimum
absence
( i i )
of
The
strength
on
the
( i i i )
same
( i v )
signal
same
Radio
adjacent
is
made
signal
on
the
of
from
a
same,
or
reception
variable
factors:
installation.
listener
taking
of
the
clearly
necessary
to
adopt
to
items
viii
and P l a n
a
programme
and
must
be
no
guidance
deal
of
work
Committee
the
ix,
gives
great
of
on
on
and
Radiocommunications
International
recommendations
-
giving
1 milli
for
100:1
-
protection
(midnight
median
protection
4:1.
satisfactory
volt
protection
frequency
-
quality
given
mf
broadcasting
follows:
signal
channel
wanted
any
character
committee
interfering
frequency
circumstances,
the
following
has
interference
frequency
Radio
it
strength
frequency
for
individual
Consultative
radio-frequency
to
certain
signal
two
and
Convention
as
the
receiving
each
relation
consultative
-
in
frequency
selectivity).
the
to
estimate
of
other
adjacent
interfering
tastes
years
Union
on
to
strength
of
any
listening.
International
Telecommunication
be
in
of
channel,
poor
listener's
is
night,
interference
having
judgment
and
above)
subject
stations
recent
technical
v/hich may
the
Copenhagen
in
the
still
he
v
day
However,
personal
which
planning
arbitrary.
of
to
any
channel.
is
by
possible
of
transmitter,
terrain.
cause
ratio
(viii)
to
also
is
to
and
transmissions
it
his
i
receivers
listener
material
site
frequency
data
frequency
account
same
any
the
into
factors
the
of
receiving
7.
on
nature
Given
receiving
characteristics
(ie
transmitter.
transmitter,
intervening
The
particularly
6.
the
nature
wanted-signa1
wanted-signa1
between
Propagation
( v i )
of
per
ratio
strength)
ratio
for
value)
-
ratio
for
service
metre
(ratio
for
a
in
the
(mV/m).
of
wanted-signa1
a non-fading
fading
signal
signal
on
the
100:1.
non-fading
signal
on
an
In
8
mV/m
the
area
decreases
Without
to b e
to
the
area
that
a
then
over
an
or
from
night'
area
would
(100
x
9.
These
be
standard
the
upon
which
service
the
stations
well
is
of
lmV/m
signal
is
present
at
of
would
least
too
transmitters)
is
is
of
strength
be
(which
were
strength
considered
reduced
10 mV/m
1 mV/m
than
signals
greater
a vhf
horizon
distance
signals
become
remains
problems
an mf
which
CCIR
this
(100
then
at
x
could
closely
0.1);
be
spaced,
the
service
least
for
the
get
100
mV/m
but,
better
accept
is
places
the
considered
where
value
frequency
of
the
protection
local
living
signals
1 mV/m,
but
area
a
radio
are
outside
the
from
with
a
local
protection
as
so
defined
people
quality
of
service
with
band
are
stable
vary
in
a
in
30:1.
and
arise
the
intervals
receive
better
weaker
constant
of
in
people,
service
transmitting
between
30:1
about
is
which
international
of
will
a
is
to
more
limit
this
at
in
quiet
uncommon
medium
basis
will
that
this
Many
service
during
accepted
and
usable
transmitter
service
are:­
be
the
service
recommended
could
than
not
from
appreciably
station
is
of
indeed
A value
Within
Very-high-frequency
from
it
paper.
30:1.
argue
and
estimates
the
audible
will
pressing,
on
standard
just
50:1.
this
above
ratios
be
that
coverage
Signals
the
least
signal
a good
people
about
value
stronger
protection
for
at
transmitters
necessary,
calculated
less
receiving
vary
of
was
in
increases.
is
strength
the
strength,
transmitter
transmitter
distant
conferences
of
body
area
of
Many
services
the
to
would
really
ratio
new
in
is
lowest
for
1 0.
the
strength
which
a
strength
of
field
relate
planning
need
ratio
area
field
transmitter
of
interfering
signal
over
signal.
protection
mf
signa.1
powerful
programme
than
frequency
based
that
the
area
co-channel
very
figures
the w a n t e d
be
a
signal
if
from
the
1) .
interfering
to
the
day
transmitter,
service
which
interfering
by
the
service
which
a
distance
co-channel
the
experienced
at
the
over
If
mV/m,
with
as
interference.,
available.
0.1
surrounding
day
in
throughout
since
standards
the
are
the
a vhf
vhf
to
aerial.
strength
and n i g h t
planning
up
so
and
At
(fade).
that
24
hours.
service
signal
different.
the
is
are
somewhat
greater
The
distances,
signals
coverage
Apart
beyond
of
from
similar
do
to
a
vhf
this,
the
those
frequency-modulated,
Those
not
recommended
by
the
CONFIDENTLY (i)
Minimum
absence
strengths
interference
from
giving
rural
areas:
0.25
in
urban
areas :
1 mV/m in
large
cities:
3 mV/m standards
motor
allow
cars,
for
mV/m
the
electrical
satisfactory
other
in
( T h e s e
from
of
signal
service
transmissions:
in
the
varying
incidence
machinery
etc,
in
of
interference
different
types
of
environmen t ) .
( i i )
Protection
same
frequency:
( i i i )
( i v )
the
ratio
t ime):
Protection
The
the
next-but-two
channels:
1:2
the
next-but-three
of
the
mV/m
of
service.
The
on
adjacent
overlapping
interference
are
used
presence
signals
relatively
few
be
above
a
that
by
on
the
for
in
the
these
a
channels
well
are
iv
plan
have
a
above
that
based
for
may
a
total
signal
of
be
severe
used
these
to
than
serve
conditions
neighbouring
selectivity
a
on
poorer
place
where
from
is
channels
that
upon
are
met
if
which
the
based.
using
transistors
local
signal,
spaced
carefully
listeners
revised
However,
lower
was
strong
are
at
stations
would
on:
1:10
local
experienced
receivers
of
minimised
of
areas.
having
CCIR r e c o m m e n d a t i o n
Furthermore,
out
frequency
may
BBC
requirements
limitations
or
4:1
channels:
existing
0.25
the
signal
(exceeded
signals
2:1
grade
be
interfering
channels:
a number
must
against
next-but-one
for
stable
interference
the
stations
wanted
fading
channels:
80
the
a
adjacent
about
in
against
ratio
limit
12.
from
the
plan
receivers
interference
25:1.
strength
some
for
60:1.
Protection
99% o f
11.
ratio
within
which
from
siting
it
the
its
are
in
subject
then
strong
signal
overloading
interferes
frequency.
transmitter
to
so
This
that
range.
with
effect