(c) crown copyright
Catalogue Reference:CAB/65/26/14
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THIS DOCUMENT IS THE PROPERTY OP HIS BRITANNIC MAJESTY'8 GOVERNMENT
Printed
for the War Cabinet.
April
1942.
SECRET.
Copy N o .
W.M. (42)
53rd Conclusions.
TO
B E
K E P T
U N D E R
LOCK
A N D
K E Y
I t is r e q u e s t e d t h a t special c a r e m a y be t a k e n to
e n s u r e t h e secrecy of t h i s d o c u m e n t .
W A R C A B I N E T 53 (42).
CONCLUSIONS
of a Meeting
of the War Cabinet held at 10 Downing
S.W. 1, on Monday, April 27, 1942, at 5 - 3 0 P . M .
Street,
Present:
The R i g h t H o n . W I N S T O N S. C H U R C H I L L , M . P . , P r i m e M i n i s t e r (in the
The R i g h t H o n . C. R . A T T L E E , M . P . ,
Secretary
Affairs.
of
State
for
Dominion
Chair).
T h e R i g h t H o n . S i r STAFFORD C R I P P S ,
K . C . , M . P . , L o r d P r i v y Seal.
The R i g h t H o n . S i r J O H N A N D E R S O N ,
M . P . , L o r d P r e s i d e n t of t h e C o u n c i l .
The Right Hon. ANTHONY EDEN, M.P.,
S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e for
Foreign
Affairs.
The R i g h t H o n . O L I V E R L Y T T E L T O N ,
M . P . , M i n i s t e r of P r o d u c t i o n .
The Right Hon. ERNEST BEVIN, M.P.,
M i n i s t e r of L a b o u r a n d N a t i o n a l
Service.
T h e following were also p r e s e n t :
T h e R i g h t H o n . S. M . B R U C E , H i g h
Commissioner (representing Special
E n v o y from t h e G o v e r n m e n t of t h e
C o m m o n w e a l t h of A u s t r a l i a
(Items
1-6).
The R i g h t Hon. S i r K I N G S L E Y W O O D ,
M . P . , Chancellor of t h e E x c h e q u e r .
The R i g h t Hon. HERBERT MORRISON,
M . P . , S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e for t h e
H o m e D e p a r t m e n t a n d M i n i s t e r of
Home Security.
T h e R i g h t H o n . L . S. A M E R Y ,
and
T h e R i g h t H o n . V I S C O U N T CRANBORNE,
S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e f o r t h e Colonies.
The R i g h t H o n . A . V . A L E X A N D E R ,
M . P . , F i r s t L o r d of t h e A d m i r a l t y .
The Right Hon. Sir JAMES GRIGG,
M . P . , S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e for W a r .
The
The
M.P.,
S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e for I n d i a
Secretary of S t a t e f o r B u r m a .
Right
SINCLAIR,
Hon.
Bt.,
Sir
M.P.,
ARCHIBALD
Secretary
of
S t a t e for A i r .
The R i g h t H o n . L O R D L E A T H E R S ,
M i n i s t e r of W a r T r a n s p o r t
(Items
5-7).
R i g h t Hon.
President
(Item 7).
of
H U G H DALTON,
the Board
of
M.P.,
Trade
The R i g h t Hon. LORD WOOLTON,
M i n i s t e r of F o o d (Items 6 and 7).
T h e R i g h t H o n . BRENDAN BRACKEN,
M . P . , M i n i s t e r of I n f o r m a t i o n .
T h e R i g h t H a n . t h e E A R L OF SELBORNE,
Minister
of E c o n o m i c
Warfare
(Items 6 and 7).
T h e R i g h t Hon. J A M E S STUART, M.P.,
The
Hon.
Sir
ALEXANDER
CADOGAN,
J o i n t P a r l i a m e n t a r y S e c r e t a r y of t h e
T r e a s u r y (Item 7).
P e r m a n e n t U n d e r - S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e
for F o r e i g n Affairs (Items 1-6).
A d m i r a l of t h e F l e e t S i r D U D L E Y
P O U N D , F i r s t S e a L o r d a n d Chief of
N a v a l Staff (Items 1-6).
A i r Chief M a r s h a l S i r CHARLES F . A.
PORTAL,
(Items
Chief
of
the
Air
Staff
1-6).
G e n e r a l S i r A L A N B R O O K E , C h i e f of t h e
I m p e r i a l G e n e r a l Staff (Items 1 - 6 ) .
Secretariat.
Sir EDWARD BRIDGES.
Major-General Sir HASTINGS ISMAY.
M r . NORMAN BROOK.
W A R C A B I N E T 53 (42).
CONTENTS.
Minute
No.
1
Subject.
Naval, Military a n d Air Operations
Page
233
Air operations:
Home Theatre.
Malta.
Naval operations:
Shipping losses.
Military operations:
Burma.
2
Air Raids
233
Damage and Casualties.
8
F o r e i g n Affairs
234
Hitler's Speech.
Supplies to Russia.
French West Indies.
4
Naval Construction Programme
5
Supplies to Russia
6
Blockade
234
....
....
....
....
235
285
Proposal to allow shipment of milk for children to enemy­
occupied territories.
7
Fuel Rationing
235
233
Naval, Military
and Air
Operations.
(Previous
Eeferenee: '
W.M. (42) 50th
Conclusions,
Minute 1.)"'
Air Operations.
Home Theatre.
Malta.
Naval
Operations.
Shipping Losses.
Military
Operations.
Burma.
W . M . S3 ( 4 2 ) .
1. The Chiefs of Staff r e p o r t e d t h e p r i n c i p a l events of t h e
p a s t week.
,
T h e m a i n objectives of Bomber C o m m a n d h a d been Cologne a n d
Rostock, w h i c h h a d been a t t a c k e d on f o u r successive n i g h t s .
A
t o t a l of 1,100 t o n s of bombs h a d been d r o p p e d d u r i n g t h e week, a n d
our losses h a d been below n o r m a l , l a r g e l y because t h e t a r g e t s chiefly
a t t a c k e d d i d n o t involve a l o n g flight over G e r m a n y . .
F i g h t e r C o m m a n d h a d flown a t o t a l of 4,100 sorties by d a y a n d
460 by n i g h t . E n e m y o p p o s i t i o n over F r a n c e c o n t i n u e d t o be s t r o n g ,
a n d t h e G e r m a n s seemed t o be k e e p i n g a n u m b e r of t h e i r best
m a c h i n e s a n d p i l o t s for defence in t h i s t h e a t r e .
T h e scale of t h e a i r a t t a c k on M a l t a , t h o u g h still severe, h a d
been s l i g h t l y r e d u c e d . I n t h e l a s t few d a y s t h e r e h a d been d e l i b e r a t e
a t t a c k s on h o s p i t a l s , b o t h a t M a l t a a n d i n E g y p t . I n t h e n u m b e r
of a i r c r a f t destroyed, o p e r a t i o n s over M a l t a c o n t i n u e d t o be m o r e
f a v o u r a b l e to u s t h a n o p e r a t i o n s over F r a n c e . I n a p e r i o d of s i x
weeks w e h a d d e s t r o y e d 76 a i r c r a f t i n t h e h o m e t h e a t r e a t a cost
of 75 of o u r own. I n t h e s a m e p e r i o d over M a l t a w e h a d destroyed
151 a t a cost of 90, i n c l u d i n g those d e s t r o y e d on t h e g r o u n d .
A l l i e d s h i p p i n g losses for t h e week t o t a l l e d 101,000 tons.
On t h e B u r m a f r o n t t h e r e h a d been l i t t l e c h a n g e except on t h e
east, w h e r e p r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e J a p a n e s e h a d
a d v a n c e d r a p i d l y i n t h e l a s t five d a y s .
I n L i b y a , a n d on t h e R u s s i a n front, t h e r e h a d been no c h a n g e .
T h e r e w e r e s t i l l n o i n d i c a t i o n s of t h e e a r l y r e s u m p t i o n of a l a r g e ­
scale offensive' a g a i n s t R u s s i a .
T h e W a r C a b i n e t took note of these s t a t e m e n t s .
Air Raids.
Damage and
Casualties.
(Previous
Reference:
W.M. (42) 43rd
Conclusions,
Minute 3.)
2. T h e W a r C a b i n e t w e r e given a d e t a i l e d r e p o r t on t h e r a i d s
o n B a t h (on t h e n i g h t s of t h e 2 5 t h / 2 6 t h a n d t h e 2 6 t h / 2 7 t h A p r i l )
a n d on E x e t e r (on t h e n i g h t s of the 2 3 r d / 2 4 t h , 2 4 t h / 2 5 t h a n d t h e
25th/26th April).
A t B a t h t h e n u m b e r s k n o w n to h a v e been killed i n t h e t w o r a i d s
w e r e 148 (which m i g h t i n c r e a s e by a n o t h e r 2 0 - 3 0 ) , a n d t h e n u m b e r
of i n j u r e d w a s e s t i m a t e d a t ^200. D a m a g e to houses h a d been
extensive. One t h o u s a n d people b a d been e v a c u a t e d from r e s t
c e n t r e s i n t h e t o w n t o r e s t c e n t r e s on t h e o u t s k i r t s . T h e r e h a d been
t w e n t y fires, i n c l u d i n g one a t t h e C i t y F i r e H e a d q u a r t e r s . T h e
r a i l w a y s t a t i o n w a s o u t of u s e a n d t h e m a i n l i n e t r a i n s h a d been
diverted via Badminton.
T h e r e h a d been w i d e s p r e a d d a m a g e t o b u i l d i n g s occupied b y
t h e A d m i r a l t y , a n d , i n a d d i t i o n , a n u m b e r of t h e staff w e r e homeless.
T h e A d m i r a l t y w e r e c o n s i d e r i n g w h e t h e r some p a r t of t h e staff
should be t r a n s f e r r e d b a c k to L o n d o n .
A t E x e t e r t h e t o t a l c a s u a l t i e s for t h e t h r e e r a i d s w e r e 60 k i l l e d ,
21 seriously i n j u r e d a n d 36 s l i g h t l y i n j u r e d .
The Prime Minister
a s k e d t h a t D e p a r t m e n t s s h o u l d d o all t h e y
could t o e n s u r e t h a t d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e p u b l i c i t y w a s n o t given t o
these r a i d s . O u r a t t a c k s on G e r m a n y w e r e inflicting m u c h g r e a t e r
d a m a g e ; a n d i t w a s i m p o r t a n t to avoid g i v i n g t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t
t h e G e r m a n s w e r e m a k i n g full r e p r i s a l .
T h e W a r C a b i n e t took note of t h i s s t a t e m e n t .
Foreign Affairs.
3.
The Foreign Secretary
promised to circulate to the W a r
a c o n s i d e r e d a p p r e c i a t i o n of H i t l e r ' s speech t o t h e
R e i c h s t a g . P r e l i m i n a r y e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e speech s u g g e s t e d t h a t
i t reflected some a n x i e t y a b o u t morale, n o t in t h e Army,, b u t a m o n g
the civilian population.
Hitler's Speech. C a b i n e t
Supplies to
Russia.
(Previous
Reference:
W.M. (42) 52nd
Conclusions,
Minute 5.)
The Foreign Secretary h a d seen M . M a i s k y , w h o w a s concerned
a t t h e delay r e s u l t i n g from t h e fact t h a t fifteen s h i p s in t h e l a s t
convoy h a d been forced t o t u r n back by d a m a g e from ice. H e h a d
e x p l a i n e d t h e p o s i t i o n , a n d , t h o u g h he h a d m a d e n o p r o m i s e , h a d
s a i d t h a t i t m i g h t be possible to a r r a n g e for thirty-five s h i p s t o sail
i n t h e n e x t convoy.
French West
Indies.
The Foreign Secretary s a i d t h a t h e h a d been t r y i n g t o p e r s u a d e
t h e U n i t e d States Government to take a stronger line r e g a r d i n g
t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n in t h e F r e n c h i s l a n d s of G u a d e l o u p e a n d
M a r t i n i q u e . So f a r h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s h a d n o t been successful.
T h e W a r C a b i n e t took n o t e of these s t a t e m e n t s .
Naval
Construction
Programme.
4. T h e W a r C a b i n e t h a d u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n a m e m o r a n d u m
by t h e F i r s t L o r d of t h e A d m i r a l t y g i v i n g d e t a i l s of t h e A d m i r a l t y
p r o g r a m m e of n e w c o n s t r u c t i o n for 1942 ( W . P . (42) 173).
(Previous
The First Lord of the Admiralty
gave a r e v i e w of t h e p r e s e n t
Reference:
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
of
t
h
e
fleet,
g
i
v
i
n
g
d
e
t
a
i
l
s
of
t
h
e n u m b e r of s h i p s a v a i l a b l e
W.M. (41) 118th
i
n
e
a
c
h
m
a
i
n
class
a
n
d
t
h
e
losses
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
ed.
Conclusions.)
P o i n t s r a i s e d i n d i s c u s s i o n w e r e :—*
(a) I n a d d i t i o n t o a r m o u r e d a i r c r a f t - c a r r i e r s , i t w a s p r o p o s e d
t o o r d e r four ' ' i n t e r m e d i a t e ' ' c a r r i e r s i n 1942. I t w a s
s u g g e s t e d t h a t i t m i g h t be possible t o o b t a i n some
a s s i s t a n c e from t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , w h e r e t h e r e w e r e
under construction twenty carriers and eighty auxiliary
c a r r i e r s . A s o u r c a r r i e r s w e r e m o r e often a t risk, t h e
U n i t e d S t a t e s m i g h t be asked t o u n d e r t a k e t o r e p l a c e
from t h e i r n e w c o n s t r u c t i o n t h e n e x t t w o or t h r e e
c a r r i e r s w h i c h w e lost.
(b) T h e l a t e s t specifications for T a n k - L a n d i n g C r a f t w o u l d
m e a n t h a t i t w o u l d t a k e m a t e r i a l l y longer to b u i l d t h e
large numbers required.
Efforts should be m a d e to
evolve a s i m p l e r s t a n d a r d d e s i g n , w h i c h e l i m i n a t e d all
non-essentials a n d w o u l d lend itself t o m a s s - p r o d u c t i o n
methods. I f t h i s w e r e done, t h e w o r k could be s p r e a d
more widely, u s e could be m a d e of y a r d s (e.g., i n the
T h a m e s a n d t h e Severn) n o t n o w in u s e for s h i p b u i l d i n g ,
a n d labour could be m o r e easily p r o v i d e d , e.g., f r o m men
w h o w e r e t o be released f r o m t h e C i v i l D e f e n c e Services.
The W a r C a b i n e t ­
(1) A p p r o v e d t h e p r o g r a m m e s u b m i t t e d i n W . P . (42) 173.
(2) I n v i t e d t h e F i r s t L o r d of t h e A d m i r a l t y t o p r o v i d e the
P r i m e M i n i s t e r w i t h m a t e r i a l on w h i c h h e m i g h t base
a n a p p r o a c h t o t h e P r e s i d e n t of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s for
a s s i s t a n c e i n connection w i t h a i r c r a f t - c a r r i e r s .
(3) A s k e d t h a t t h e V i c e - C h i e f s of Staff should consider a n d
r e p o r t t o t h e D e f e n c e C o m m i t t e e w h e t h e r a simpler
d e s i g n of t a n k - l a n d i n g c r a f t c o u l d be evolved; and
i n v i t e d t h e M i n i s t e r of P r o d u c t i o n t o s u b m i t to the
Defence Committee t h e memorandum which he w a s pre­
p a r i n g o n t h e p r o s p e c t s of i n c r e a s i n g t h e p r o d u c t i o n of
these-craft.
235
Supplies to
Russia.
^Previous
Reference:
W.M. (42) 48th
Conclusions,
Minute 4.)
Blockade.
Proposal to
allow shipment
of milk for
children to
enemy-occupied
territories.
(Previous
Reference:
W.M. (41) 75th
Conclusions,
Minute 9.)
W.M. 53 (42).
5. T h e W a r C a b i n e t h a d before t h e m a M e m o r a n d u m by t h e
M i n i s t e r of P r o d u c t i o n on P o s t - P r o t o c o l S u p p l i e s t o R u s s i a
( W . P . (42) 178).
A f t e r a s h o r t discussion, t h e W a r C a b i n e t —
A g r e e d t h a t t h i s P a p e r should be r e m i t t e d for c o n s i d e r a ­
t i o n by t h e Defence C o m m i t t e e a t t h e i r n e x t M e e t i n g .
Q T h e W a r C a b i n e t h a d before them a M e m o r a n d u m by t h e
S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e for F o r e i g n Affairs ( W . P . (42) 175) in r e g a r d t o
a p r o p o s a l t h a t a s u p p l y of l i m i t e d q u a n t i t i e s of m i l k i n concen­
t r a t e d form, for t h e relief of c h i l d r e n only, should be allowed t o
e n t e r t e r r i t o r i e s of t h e A l l i e d G o v e r n m e n t s occupied by t h e enemy,
I t w a s e x p l a i n e d t h a t i t w o u l d be a c o n d i t i o n of t h e scheme
t h a t n o c u r t a i l m e n t of o u r own s u p p l i e s of m i l k from t h e U n i t e d
S t a t e s w a s t h e r e b y involved. I t w a s p r o p o s e d t h a t s h i p m e n t s should
be m a d e i n S w e d i s h s h i p s now i n t h e B a l t i c a n d t r a d i n g for t h e
enemy. F u r t h e r , o u r dollar resources w o u l d n o t be used for t h i s
purpose.
I t w a s e x p l a i n e d t h a t the scheme w a s p u t f o r w a r d a s b e i n g i n
our i n t e r e s t s . T h u s , useful p r o p a g a n d a could be based u p o n it, a n d
i t w o u l d h a v e a n effect in m a i n t a i n i n g t h e m o r a l e of t h e peoples of
the overrun territories.
The Minister
of Economic Warfare
said t h a t his Department
now f a v o u r e d a scheme on the lines proposed.
O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , i t w a s u r g e d t h a t , if once t h i s concession
w a s m a d e , s t r o n g p r e s s u r e w o u l d be b r o u g h t t o b e a r u p o n u s by t h e
A l l i e d G o v e r n m e n t s t o e x t e n d it, more especially since t h e a m o u n t
of c o n c e n t r a t e d m i l k w h i c h i t w a s p r o p o s e d should be allowed
t h r o u g h t h e blockade w o u l d go a v e r y l i t t l e w a y t o m e e t t h e n e e d s of
the c h i l d r e n i n t h e t e r r i t o r i e s concerned. Once t h e p r i n c i p l e w a s
conceded, t h e r e w o u l d be n o firm g r o u n d on w h i c h w e could resist
f u r t h e r concessions. T h e a r g u m e n t s p u t f o i w a r d i n favour of t h e
scheme w e r e t h e s a m e as those w h i c h h a d been u r g e d a y e a r a g o . A t
t h a t t i m e w e h a d h a d g r e a t difficulty i n r e s i s t i n g t h e s t r o n g p r e s s u r e
p u t o n us by t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s G o v e r n m e n t ; b u t t h e r e w a s reason
t o s u p p o s e t h a t o p i n i o n i n t h a t c o u n t r y on t h i s m a t t e r h a d g r e a t l y
c h a n g e d since they c a m e i n t o t h e w a r .
I t w a s suggested t h a t m a n y of t h e a r g u m e n t s a g a i n s t t h e
p r o p o s a l w o u l d be m e t if, w h i l e w e r e t a i n e d effective control over
t h e scope a n d e x t e n t of t h e scheme, i t took t h e form of a c t i o n on
behalf of t h e A l l i e d G o v e r n m e n t s for t h e benefit of the people i n
t h e i r o w n t e r r i t o r i e s , occupied by t h e enemy.
The W a r C a b i n e t R e c o r d e d n o decision, a n d a g r e e d to r e s u m e c o n s i d e r a t i o n
of t h i s q u e s t i o n in, say, a w e e k ' s t i m e .
Fuel Rationing.
7. R e f e r e n c e w a s m a d e t o t h e i n t e r e s t a r o u s e d in t h e H o u s e
of C o m m o n s a n d i n t h e P r e s s by t h e a n n o u n c e m e n t m a d e by t h e
P r e s i d e n t of t h e B o a r d of T r a d e on t h e 21st A p r i l t h a t t h e G o v e r n ­
m e n t h a d d e c i d e d t o i n t r o d u c e a comprehensive scheme of fuel
r a t i o n i n g a s soon a s possible, a n d t h a t i t w a s h o p e d by t h i s m e a n s
to r e d u c e t h e domestic c o n s u m p t i o n of coal by 10 m i l l i o n t o n s a year.
The Prime Minister
s u g g e s t e d t h a t c o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u l d be
given t o t h e a l t e r n a t i v e m e t h o d of a n a p p e a l to t h e p u b l i c t o r e d u c e
consumption voluntarily. H a v i n g regard to the grave complications
i n h e r e n t i n a n y scheme of fuel r a t i o n i n g , t h e r e w o u l d be g r e a t
a d v a n t a g e if t h e r e q u i s i t e s a v i n g could be o b t a i n e d w i t h o u t
e l a b o r a t e m a c h i n e r y , a n d b y a m e t h o d w h i c h w o u l d secure g e n e r a l
assent.
T h e W a r C a b i n e t w e r e i n f o r m e d t h a t a M o t i o n h a d been p u t
d o w n for discussion i n t h e H o u s e of C o m m o n s a t a n e a r l y d a t e t o
t h e effect t h a t , before a n y scheme for t h e r a t i o n i n g of fuel w a s
i n s t i t u t e d , steps s h o u l d be t a k e n , i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e recommen­
d a t i o n of t h e Select C o m m i t t e e o n N a t i o n a l E x p e n d i t u r e , in t h e
T h i r d R e p o r t of t h e Session, 1 9 4 1 - 4 2 , t o release m e n t e m p o r a r i l y
f r o m t h e A r m y , a n d i n o t h e r w a y s t h e r e i n set o u t m a t e r i a l l y t o
i n c r e a s e t h e p r o d u c t i o n of coal i n t h i s c o u n t r y . I t w a s also s t a t e d
t h a t t h e r e w a s likely to be some o p p o s i t i o n t o a r a t i o n i n g scheme i n
both the m a i n political P a r t i e s .
T h e view w a s also e x p r e s s e d t h a t some of t h e c r i t i c i s m w a s
d i r e c t e d not a g a i n s t fuel r a t i o n i n g a s such, b u t a g a i n s t w h a t t h e
c r i t i c s i m a g i n e d t o be t h e e s s e n t i a l f e a t u r e s of t h e scheme d r a w n u p
by S i r W i l l i a m B e v e r i d g e . A W h i t e P a p e r w o u l d b e p r e s e n t e d o n
t h e following d a y s e t t i n g o u t t h e B e v e r i d g e scheme, to w h i c h , of
course, H i s M a j e s t y ' s G o v e r n m e n t w e r e n o t c o m m i t t e d , a n d w h i c h
w a s r e g a r d e d as a basis of discussion. F u r t h e r , t h e P r e s i d e n t of
t h e B o a r d of T r a d e w a s p r o p o s i n g to h a v e d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h r e p r e ­
s e n t a t i v e p o l i t i c a l bodies i n t h e c u r r e n t week.
The W a r C a b i n e t ­
(1) Took note t h a t v a r i o u s m e a s u r e s w e r e i n h a n d w h i c h would
r e s u l t i n a f u r t h e r e l u c i d a t i o n of o p i n i o n i n t h e H o u s e
a n d a m o n g t h e p u b l i c g e n e r a l l y i n r e g a r d t o t h e fuel
r a t i o n i n g scheme.
(2) F a v o u r e d t h e s u g g e s t i o n t h a t t h e r e s h o u l d be a discussion
i n t h e H o u s e on fuel r a t i o n i n g a t a n e a r l y d a t e , probably
i n t h e following week.
(3) A g r e e d t h a t for t h e p r e s e n t n o firm decision should be taken
in f a v o u r of t h e a d o p t i o n of a n y p a r t i c u l a r m e t h o d of
s e c u r i n g t h e n e c e s s a r y s a v i n g i n t h e c o n s u m p t i o n of
domestic fuel.
Great
George Street, S. W. 1,
April 27, 1942.