RATIONALIZATION OF BATHROOM SERVICE
SUB-SYSTEMS IN HIGH-RISE PUBLIC HOUSING
By
Wang, Chi-wei
B.S. Tunghai University,
Taichung, Taiwan
1977
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirement for the
Degree of
Master of Science In Architecture Studies
at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
June,
@
Wang, Chi-wei,
author hereby grants to
The
distribute publicly
to
and
in whole or in part.
Signature of
1983
Author......
1983
permission to
M.I.T.
thesis
copies of this
---------------
Department of
May 6, 1983
Certified
reproduce
document
--------- -
chitecture
By............ ---------------------------Eric Dluhosch, PH.D
Associate Professor of
Technology
Building
Thesis Advisor
/
Accepted By....
N. John Habraken, Chairman,
Departmental Committee for
Graduate Students
otch
MASSACHUSETTS INSTIT
TE
MAY 26 1983
LIBRARIES
OF BATHROOM SERVICE
RATIONALIZATION
SUBSYSTEMS IN HIGH-RISE PUBLIC HOUSING
Wang,
By
Chi-wei
Submitted to the Department of Architecture
1983 in partial fulfillment of the
on May 6,
requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science in Architecture Studies.
ABSTRACT
quantity
of the increasing demand for a large
Because
has
public housing in Taiwan, construction productivity
of
elements,
Among those building
an important issue.
become
bathroom has been accused as presenting one of the more
the
severe bottlenecks in production, due to the great number of
decrease
seriously
which
operations
"looped"
called
so
overall
and
particular
in
efficiency
assembly
bathroom
general.
in
productivity
building construction
various
developed
have
countries
foreign
Many
assembly
on-site
improve
to
systems
bathroom
industrialized
concepts
These systems have adopted different
efficiency.
which
categorization
subsystem
and
design
bathroom
towards
their
in
efficiency
assembly
increase
to
supposed
are
operations
"looped"
of
elimination
the
Since
contexts.
assembly
same purpose; i.e., to achieve higher
the
serves
the task
to
lead
also
may
it
that
clear
seems
it
efficiency,
subsystems
bathroom
conventional
redefining
conceptually
of
that are currently being produced and used in Taiwan.
first
situation that, in Taiwan, we should
the
Given
of
instead
methods
construction
our
rationalize
to
try
which
situation
a
ones,
industrialized
into
directly
leaping
the
taken for granted by both the government and
been
has
private sectors as a remedy for the current housing shortage
conventional
rationalize
to
tries
thsis
this
dilemma,
the
examining
by
processes
assembly
bathroom
Taiwanese
a
as
subsystems
bathroom
to
relation
in
operations
"looped"
assembly-efficient
rationalized,
more
for
study
pilot
industrialipossible
eventual or
and
designs,
bathroom
zation.
Thesis Advisor:
Title:
M.Arch.,
Eric Dluhosch.
Associate Professor
of Architecture.
Ph.D.
p.
2
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
I
help
am grateful
to many people for
and guidance in
thesis.
their
the production of
this
Eric Dluhosch was a very open
patient
advisor.
His
and
experience
in
building construction process
industrialized
in
helping
me
identify
proved
invaluable
thesis
subject and in directing me to pursue
aspects of problems I had not considered.
I also thank Robert D.
G.
Irwig,
Department,
Architecture
answers
to
professors of
Waclaw
Logcher and Henry
Civil
Zakewski,
Department,
of
Engineering
professor
their
questions and comments
on
of
time,
this
thesis.
I extend my appreciation to teachers and
friends who have variously inspired, directed
and conjoled me:
Ranko, Kathy, Jane, Jone and
Dorrit.
Special
help
this
thanks
to Libby.
Without
and support, I could not have
thesis.
her
finished
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
CHAPTER
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1:
INTRODUCTION.
METHODOLOGY.
CHAPTER
3:
DESCRIPTION OF CONVENTIONAL
---------------------BATHROOM SUBSYSTEMS.
3.1.
3.2.
-------------------------------Classification.
of Subsystems. -------------------Description
External Envelope. ---------------------3.2.1.
---------------------Sanitary Fixtures.
3.2.2.
Plumbing Core. -------------------------3.2.3.
3.3.
Interfaces
4.3.
4:
18
-------------------------------
2:
4.1.
4.2.
7
12
15
Productivity.-------------------The Objective:
The Background: Housing Shortage ------------The Problem: looped Operations.-------------------
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
6
-------------------------------
--
Between Subsystems.-----------------
SUBSYSTEMS AND LOOPED
OPERATIONS. ---------------------------------
25
26
27
27
31
34
36
40
--------------------------------Introduction.
Assembly Analysis of Three
Sanitary Fixture Installation
Operations.------------------------------------
41
Bathtub Assemblies.-------------------4.2.1.
4.2.11. Workflow Analysis.------------------4.2.12. Network Analysis.--------------------
43
43
49
Washbasin Assemblies. -----------------4.2.2.
4.2.21. Workflow Analysis.------------------4.2.22. Network Analysis.--------------------
59
59
64
Lavatory Assemblies. ------------------4.2.3.
4.2.31. Workflow Analysis.------------------4.2.32. Network Analysis.--------------------
69
69
75
Conclusion. ------------------------------------
81
43
p.4
CHAPTER 5:
FOREIGN EXAMPLES: TRANSFORMATION OF
SUBSYSTEMS IN RELATION TO LOOPED
OPERATIONS.----------------------------------
88
90
5.1.Introduction.-----------------------------------------------------------------Classification.
5.2.
Assembly Characteristics
5.3.
of Subsystems. ---------------------------------
CHAPTER
94
Element. ---------------------
5.3.1.
Functional
5.3.2.
Functional Core
and Function Envelope -----------------Functional Unit and Total Unit ---------
5.3.3.
6:
Hybrid Element
94
98
103
107
CONCLUSION. -------------------------------of
87
----------------
6.1.
The Forming
6.2.
The Transformation
of Component Interdependence.-----------------
108
111
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
p.5
c.
CHAPTER
1:
1
INTRODUCTION.
p.
6
1
C.
PURPOSE OF STUDY.
1.1.
to rationalize
bathroom
methods to provide
a higher
The objective of this thesis is
sub-system construction
service
and
living
standard
and/or
potential
industrialization
of
many
academic
for
possible
housing
in Taiwan.
of
housing, especially
the
in
low-income public housing, has been recommended
area
remedy
a
towards
step
further
industrialilzation
The
as
greater productivity
institutes
and
for the current housing
shortage in the Taiwan area,
reasons:
the following
1.
Substantial increase in productivity of labor
and the substantial reduction of manpower
necessary to carry out the large scale construction projects ( especially the reduction
of high-skilled, specialized workmanship.)
2.
Ability
reduce
3.
Ability to reduce costs of
and per unit.
overall
4.
Ability to secure standardized
products.
It
officials
to speed up construction,
its dependence on climate
understandable then that
is
in
a
as
officials
government
by
so as to
conditions.
housing,
high quality
housing
Taiwan have displayed great
both
agencies
and
in
the
interest
p.
7
c.
concept
further
of
industrialized
am convinced that before fully
and
utilized
of
advantages
This thesis attempts to
housing.
However,
this construction method.
the success of
adopted
1
industrialized
gain
to
possible
the four aspects mentioned previously,
How big
2.
How skillful
3.
Is the development on the economic level
compatible with the heavy investment
required by fully industrialized systems?
4.
What is the existing level of service and
social infrastructure of the context?
myth
particularly
to
large,
officials
but
efficient
than
and
to
distinguish
industrialized housing,
who
import
sophisticated
plants of
factoring
industry,
these questions
in developing areas, invites many dangers that
countries
prerequisites
labor?
is existing
and reality concerning
housing
manufacturing
is
ask
frustrate
In
the market for these systems?
1.
Failing
without
there
as:
are many pre-requisite questions to be asked, such
between
can be
systems
greatest
the
I
for
into
and
a
their
costly
the highly industrialized
the
process
not
establishing
also
into
more
all
the
only a
efficient
new
one
own
housing
countries
secondary
type
(i.e.,
of
more
the existing one.)
the range of
industrialized housing
partially-industrialized
construction
techniques, the
technique
called
p.8
c.
"rationalization"
as
first,
of
technology,
simple,
relatively
intend
take
construction
introduction
without
an
a
to
a
productive
of
large
adverse
the
long
run
industrialized
or greater housing
the
than
imported systems without
balance
of
disruption of
eventually
which
fully
It promises equal
which
by nations
payment
immediate
additionally
situation,
established
and
conventional
construction.
Terner,
opportunity
the
in
radical
methods of
mind
provide
highly
but
technologies,
methods.
of
the same time can
but
to
changes
technical
may be adopted
advantage
gains
production
at
inexpensive,
developed
to
creating
and
methods
Rationalized
less
construction comes
eventually to fully industrialized methods.
approach leading
have
housing
requires less radical
it
existing
1
in
and
concept of
his
book, "Industrialized
The Problem in
"partial
Housing.
Developing Areas.",
industrialization".
The
raises
He points
out
that:
"industrialization
is
a
composite
of which is
immediately
process,
part
appropriate
and
useful
in
developing
areas, and part
of which are not."*
*
Ian D. Terner,
"Industrialized Housing. The
Opportunity
and
The
Problem
In
Developing Areas.",
Department
of
Housing
and Urban Developmemt, Washington, D.C.,
January,
1972
p.
9
1
c.
The
as a
described
can
industrialization
of
process
composite
process embodying four
be
variable
independent
aspects:
1.
2.
3.
4.
to
composite nature of
uses
full
variables
industrialization and is
used
full
some
Conventional
satisfy
have found
all
four
that it
technological
and
"partial
industrialization"
construction
further
and
four
these
methods
may
is
some developed ones
and even
hard and also impractical
variety
constraints.
strategy
is
suitable for these nations to improve their
productivity
of
combinations
variables due to a
economic
all
these variables.
Many developing countries,
well,
have to fulfill
levels or patterns of partial
represent different
include very few or none of
while
four variable aspects mentioned
while different
aspects,
that
others.
industrialization will
idustrialization.
as
strategy
aspects,
industrialization
according to the
Thus,
these
from
postponing the use of
avoiding or
above,
industrialization derives
manufacturing or production
a
describe
selectively
of
of partial
concept
The
the
Systemization.
Labor Specialization.
Concentration of Products.
Mechanization.
to advance in
of
social,
The concept of
thus
to
a
especially
current building
an orderly fashion
towards
industrialization.
p. 10
c.
concept
the
of
the
best illustrates
(Fig. 1)
diagram
following
The
1
"partial industrialization".
In this
diagram,
by
industrialization is represented
whole evolution of
two supplementary characteristics:
1.
2.
Product Technology.
Manufacturing Process.
TECHNOLOGY
PRODUCT
Habitat '67
mobile home
FULLY
INDUSTRIALIZED
PRODUCTION
6A
0
Fig.
AREA
PARTIALLY
INDUSTRIALIZED
NEEDED
z
I
Industrialization of process
compared to product technology.
Source: Ian D. Terner,
U
HANDCRAFTED
Spairc.craft
The Opportunity and The
In Developing
Areas. "
HIGHProblem
TRADITIONAL
"Industrialized Housing.
INTERMEDIATETECHNOLOGY
PARTIALLY
LINDUSTRIAlIZED
INTERMEDIATE
TECHNOLOGY
The
central
suitable
position
industrialization
of,
or
wherein
indicates the product
of partial
characteristics
most
cell
in
and
industrialization and it is
the
whole
for those countries that are not
it
process
is not feasible to
maintain
the
of
range
capable
the
four
variable aspects mentioned previously.
p.
11
c.
THE BACKGROUND.
1.2.
From my personal
it
1
has
Taiwan
experiences in architectural practice,
in
been clear to me that the construction industry
is
yet
not
method for
industrialized
prepared
fully
to
accept
a
fully
the following reasons:
1. There is still an abundance of unskilled,
( Unskilled labor
inexpensive labor
represents almost 70". of the total construction
population.)
2.
Except for foundations and heavy construction,
the industry is still labor-intensive and uses
less mechanized construction methods.
3. Government investment in housing, which is a
very important prerequisite for industrialized
housing, has been very low, especially when
compared with that of the adjacent countries
which have a similar geographical and
environmental situation but which have adopted
fully industrialized housing methods, such as
Japan, and to some extent, Singapore as well
).
( Table. 1
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
1973
------------------------------------------------------------Japan
Singapore
Taiwan
8.82
7.97
3.08
8.09
8.16
2.80
7.75
7.75
3.20
7.86
9.17
3.29
8.52
8.43
3.59
7.41
5.92
4.22
7.34
5.21
4.49
-5.52
4.51
------------------------------------------------------------Table 1.
Housing Investment as Precentage of
GNP From 1973-1980.
(Source: Statistical Yearbook On The
Council
1982,
Republic of China,
For Economic Planning and Development,
Executive Yuan. )
p.
12
c.
4.
No modular coordination of building materials
and coordination of the different parties
involved in the building industry has been
Without nationwide product
established yet.
standardization, the possibility of producing
"open" systems is not likely and the situation
would result in developing only "closed" systems
which essentially invite high risks and heavy
Unless there is a strong
capital investment.
incentive, i.e., vigorous government financial
support in the early stage of industrialization,
is nearly impossible for "closed" system
it
Since
producers to survive financially.
government participation in this area has been
non-existent, and with poor modular coordination
of the various participants in the building
industry, it is clear why most of the
industrialized building manufacturers in Taiwan
have shut down since the 70's.
However,
there
granted
this
in
is
needed
country.
those
addition
to
building
industry
labor-intensive
of
difficulties,
of
a
whole
labor
low-cost
In
urbanization*.
factors, the production system
as
housing
for
unskilled
The
a huge amount
to rapid
due
potential
great
a
gradually decreasing;
is
housing
that Taiwan has these
nevertheless
is
industrialization
force
1
is
of
changing
the
from
towards technology-intensive methods, which
per
units
current public housing demand is 60,000
The
*
goal
period (from 1982-1991 ); if this
year over a ten year
is to be reached, the productivity of construction labor has
to be increased by 1.5 times within this ten year period.
p.
13
1
c.
means
that
Thus,
the
progressive
manage
this
of
industrialization
to be an
seems
certainly
construction
in
the
well.
building
way
effective
situation
new
emerging
as
expensive
costs are becoming
labor
to
building
construction industry.
Nevertheless,
seems
necessary
and
improvements,
to
products
and
this
to
thesis,
rationalization
has
been
to
introduce
an
example of
namely,
be
obtained
conventional
of
way
this
construction
time
future
discipline
of
such
a
of
process
industrialization
ideal
candidate
for
sub-systems
in
the bathroom as a
case
study
partially by available time for
thesis, and, more
the critical
for
full
bathroom service
also was determined
recognition of
overall
the
chosen which seems to be an
completion
the
of
processes.
housing. The choice of
example
the
pave
leading eventually to full
rationalization;
public
current
rationalize
industrialized methods and
In
benefit
processes by means of partially industrialized
construction
processes
full
housing construction method can
industrialized
it
the
before
influence of
and
cost
important,
such
in
by
the
sub-systems on
public
housing
projects.
p.14
c.
1.3.
1
THE PROBLEM.
Bathroom
inefficient
so-called
smooth
assemblies
and
characterized
time-consuming work flow
"looped"
by
their
problems,
i.e.,
operations which seriously
in the assembly process, and which lead to
severe
productive
construction delays in conventional
of
the
trades
and
environment
impede
the
flow
involved
are
construction and tend to
generate chaos in the industrialized work process.
These assembly interfaces
and
the
result
subsequent "looped" operations, are not
of
process,
only
the conflicts between various traditional
disciplines
involved
in the overall building
perceived
constituents.
and
and
defined
bathroom
the
parallel
the
need
traditional
for
higher
environment
physical
for
in
particular and the
perception
of
bathroom constituents in general
introduced
between
construction
assemblies
if
trade
When facing a rapid growth of public housing
productivity,
changed,
the
construction
but also the result of assembly conflicts
traditionally
demand
between bathroom components,
industrialized
construction
housing
methods
bathroom
industry's
have to
be
are
be
to
as a better or more efficient way to manage
the
current housing dilemma.
p.15
c.
In
this thesis,
try to examine the
conceptual
to
bathroom constituents in relation
of
transformation
I shall
1
increase
of
bathroom
"looped"
operations
efficiency
assembly
and
component
by
analyzing
in
interfaces
the
current
bathroom constructions in Taiwan.
"Looped" operations, as defined by Nuttal*, are:
the
"type of operations which require
to
halt
before
a
trade
or
gang
finishing work in a construction site,
later
complete it
at
a
to
and
return
time."
(Fig. 2)
WORK FLOW
2
\Fig.:
gA
ADE
C ;
or decreasing the number of these types of
Eliminating
operations
and
Looped operations.
- Several visits by trades
for completion of one
operation.
means rationalization with higher
requires
the
examination of
the
productivity,
various
interfaces
between bathroom components and their assembly sequences.
network
used
and
diagram
analysis of the assembly process
will
to examine where these "looped" operations take
how
they
*
Nuttal,
of
Building Work
can
J.F.,
be
reduced
in
relation
to
A
be
place
bathroom
"Some Principles of The Production Control
",
IF Accession,
No. 2497.
p.16
c.
1
subsystems.
high-rise residential
In
buildings, the impact of
operations on construction flow and
nature
the
due
significance
special
construction time are of
to the repetitive
of tasks carried out
such
and
on different floor
recurrent
locations in
same building, and to the much higher productivity that
by:
could easily be gained
by
1) maximizing the use of the learning curve
"
2) the minimizing of moving
task trade and
each
task trades off and on to a site once his task has
3) the minimizing of starting and stopping
begun
(on
task trades on each flow of similar tasks
of
locations)."*.
floor
the population density
Since
the
government's
projects
instead
to
encourage
up
is
high,
high-rise
it
is
housing
The
low- to medium-rise apartments.
operations in bathroom assemblies to
high-rise residential
rationalize
speed
of
"looped"
elimination of
to
policy
in Taiwan
building construction
construction duration for solving the
shortage dilemma thus becomes virtually
and
housing
important.
The
"Construction Planning - Beyond
*
George S, Birrell,
Division,
Construction
Journal of The
",
Path
Critical
September, 1980
p . 17
c.
CHAPTER
2:
2
METHODOLOGY
p.18
c.
Since
this
is written in the
hope
that
the
bathroom assembly processes in Taiwan could be more
current
in order to make public housing more efficient
rationalized
and
thesis
2
affordable, it is believed that the
more
Taiwanese
bathroom
conventional
assemblies should be first analyzed
to
get
insights into assembly interfaces between trades, tasks
and
components
involved
in
the
process,
and
looped
operations mentioned previously.
Before
bathroom
this analysis, a conventional
Taiwanese
conceptually
into
its
These subsystems are generated in such a
way
doing
will
subsystems.
be
subdivided
that each contains components which:
1. have similar assembly characteristics, i.e.,
components of each subsystem are assembled
a)
b)
c)
by the same trade discipline,
by using identical tools,
by using the same material.
2.
cause similar assembly interfaces with
components of other subsystems.
3.
serve similar bathroom functions.
p.19
c.
According
to these principles, a
Taiwanese conventional
into
three
Chapter
3 will
subdivided
conceptually
be
can
bathroom
2
subsystems:
1. Plumbing Core,
2.
3.
External Envelope,
Sanitary Fixtures.
Following this subsystem categorization,
between
a
describing
on
concentrate
the role each of
result
Chapter
in
a
generate
clear
detailed
operations
and
and about the
in the
bathroom
are
interfaces between these subsystems,
the
extremely important to
the
the
of
4.
also serves another
3
Chapter
about
looped operations
Since most
this chapter is
in
description
the
on
picture
general
them has on the other two
the
of
only a
these three subsystems plays,
process.
assembly
analysis
to establish
each of
influences
Chapter
to form
stay
However, this discussion will
level
subsystem
the
characteristics
the three subsystems when they come together
bathroom.
the
interface
the
basis and set of
component
assembly
important
function:
definitions of
analysis
component interfaces, to be dealt
terms
of
to
for
looped
with
in
4.
p.20
c.
in
Chapter
4,
2
detailed component assembly
interfaces
and looped operations will be analyzed in terms of a network
This diagram externalizes the assembly precedence
diagram.
of tasks involved in a specific operation
(Fig. 3).
LOOPED OPERATION
INTERFACE
5I
Fig. 3
A network diagram
for identifing
looped operations.
Three "operations" will be analyzed. They are:
1.
2.
3.
washbasin installation.
bathtub installation.
lavatory installation.
reasons
The
analyzing
for choosing these three
component
assembly
interfaces
for
operations
and
looped
operations are the following:
1. All the components in a bathroom are essentially
assembly-interrelated; the examination of one
component will have to cover almost all the
others.
2. The completion of each of these three sanitary
fixture operations usually has to involve the
completion of most of the component assemblies
of the other two subsystems.
p.21
c.
2
These three operations will then be analyzed by using a
task
order.
three operations in their sequential
these
is
tasks
usually executed by one trade *;
are
which
executed,
consecutively
identified.
trade
are
can
looped operation
thus
a
two
not
be
the looped operations in the three sanitary
All
installation
fixtures
a
in
Since
therefore,if
out by the same
carried
looped
the
involved
presenting the tasks
by
explicit
operations
makes
The network diagram
diagram.
network
operations will
this
be analyzed in
manner.
Since
categorization of bathroom
the
related
closely
to
efficiency, I shall
subsystems
these
analyzing
the
subsystems
and
the assembly interfaces
is
assembly
keep examining how the categorization of
has affected the assembly
relationships
between
efficiency
each
by
subsystem
categorization and perceived looped operations.
In
the meantime, possible improvements for eliminating
looped operations
assembly
will also be analyzed by reorganizing the
sequences in such a way that the number of
looped
*
A
network diagram is constructed on the basis
of
tasks
one
more
than
rather
than
trades;
one task may involve
in
trade.
However, experience has shown that in general,
floor
constructions,
due to the relatively small
bathroom
apartment
area
a bathroom occupies relative to that of one
unit, a task uaually involves only one trade.
p.22
c.
can be minimized
operations
be
2
and the component
simplified.
These
the
improvement
point of
bathroom
also
strategies are developed purely from
major determinants
differentiation
included in
this thesis.
existing
of
cases
Taiwanese
conventional
efficiency,
given as examples,
be
will
systems
looped
5,
in
practice
Again, these systems will
believed
the more
assembly-efficient
determinants
typical
examples
are well
examples will
have
been
current
contrast
terms
of
subsystem
of
be first
reducing
categorized in terms
which they fall
industrialized a system
it will
bathroom
assembly interfaces.
industrialization,
that
in
to
foreign
to the capacity
relation
operations and component
levels of
are
in achieving overall
studies and are not
Chapter
physical
which
other software* variables
components;
In
the
assembly of
view of an efficient
require further
of
can
interfaces
be, assuming that
managed.
For each
into.
is,
It is
the more
other software
category,
several
be given to demonstrate the ways these
adapted
to
achieve
on-site
bathroom
*
The
term
"software" here refers
to
general
economic,
sociological and environmental aspects of a context in which
a system is developed.
Such issues as building codes, trade
disciplines,
technology level of the building industry, and
hygienic
habits
of
the population are some of
the
major
elements considered as software.
p.23
2
c.
efficiency,
assembly
subdivided
looped
are
conclude this thesis by reviewing
the
way
the
these
into subsystems.
6
Chapter
concept
systems
and
of
will
bathroom subsystem recategorization to eliminate
recategorization will
further examined
suggestions
Several
operations.
will
be discussed
be raised
for
and areas that
as well.
such
need
a
to be
Two issues will
be
the stressed:
forming
of
"hybrid"
1.
The
2.
The transformation of
interdependence.
elements.
component
p.24
c.
CHAPTER 3:
3
DESCRIPTION OF CONVENTIONAL
BATHROOM SUBSYSTEMS.
p.25
c.
3
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSYSTEMS.
3.1.
A
bathroom can be
conventional
devided
conceptually
into three subsystems:
1. External Envelope.
2. Sanitary Fixtures.
3. Plumbing Core.
PLUMBING
FIXTURES
Fig. 4
Each
which
Schematic classification and hierarchical
locations of conventional bathroom components.
of
have
these three subsystems consists of
similar
characteristics.
assembly
principally
components
On-site
interfaces
subsystems
functional,
meet.
mainly
material
assembly of a
components
or
assembly
bathroom
in positions where
the
three
Thus, efficient assembly of a bathroom is
concerned with reducing the interfaces
of
causes
different subsystems and the various
operations resulting from these interfaces
between
looped
(Fig. 4).
p.26
c.
DESCRIPTION OF SUBSYSTEMS.
3.2.
EXTERNAL ENVELOPE:
3.2.1.
The
vertical
external envelope subsystem includes at least four
windows,
components.
refer
components.
horizontal
can
(Fig.
5).
only
to
finished,
When
two
Space separating components
walls
or simply partition
doors,
components
These
components and
separating
space
floor/ceiling
be
3
rough
they
are
and
unfinished
refered
to
as
"finished" external envelope components.
3
5 &6: HORIZONTAL ENVELOPE
COMPONENTS
1 - 4: VERTICAL
ENVELOPE
COMPONENTS
5
2
6
In
adjacent
two
other
is
high-rise
Fig. 5
External envelope
components.
residential buildings, the bathrooms
apartment units are usually attached to
of
each
and at least one vertical bathroom envelope component
shared by two adjacent apartment units as a party
wall.
p.27
c.
The
plumbing
always
is
core
envelope component
vertical
3
located
(Fig. 6)
adjacent
this
to
economize
in order to
on both the plumbing service space and the plumbing material
cost
(if each apartment unit had its own vertical duct, the
material cost of pipes would be doubled.)
<-P ARTY WALL
_T+-
Fig. 6
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EXTERNAL ENVELOPE
COMPONENTS.
3.2.11.
Conventional
assemblies
rely
components
as
given
Locations of plumbing
cores and bathrooms of
adjacent apartment units.
later
assemblies).
Taiwanese
heavily
reference
the
in
the
erection
of
planes (details on this
analysis of
Sometimes
on
on
component
fixture
sanitary
a
the
sanitary
Taiwanese
be
will
bathroom
component
fixture
the completion of two or
envelope
even
three
assembly
depends
envelope
components.
sanitary
fixture component depends as a reference plane and
Those
(one or several)
on
which
a
p.28
c.
plumbing lines penetrate to connect the
the
which
outlets
3
components",,
"primary
external
envelope
others are called
"secondary
external
the
called
are
the
fixture
envelope components".
instance:
For
as mentioned earlier, the assembly of
a
bathtub in a bathroom construction depends on the completion
of
at least two envelope components;
but only the one
that
is adjacent to the plumbing core has to be penetrated by the
pipe
interferes
only
external
with
words,
this
component
envelope
both the plumbing core subsystem
and
the
fixture components, while the other one interfaces
sanitary
with
other
In
lines.
the
bathtub itself.
component"
envelope component"
a
"primary
"secondary
external
The former is
and the latter a
(Fig. 7).
COMPONENT
PRIMARY ENVELOPE
COMPONENT
ENVELOPE
SECONDARY
Fig. 7
Primary and secondary
external envelope components
of bathroom sanitary fixtures.
p.29
c.
3.2.12.
3
PRODUCT VS. PROCESS OF ENVELOPE
COMPONENT S.
and
Brick
component
cement are the main materials for
construction
in Taiwan.
Bricks are
transported
assembled
the factories to various sites and directly
from
they mainly
site into four vertical envelope components;
on
envelope
represent
on-site
two
"direct
application" *,
since no
pre-assembly process involved
horizontal
concrete-made,
external
and
are
(Fig. 8).
independent
other
The
components
envelope
of
or
off-site
the
are
vertical
assemblies of vertical envelope in terms of overall building
construction
process because these two horizontal
envelope
components
bathroom
assemblies.
workflow
of
buildings.
are
8
workflow
Instead, they are included
infrastructure
construction
in
in
of
the
high-rise
PRODUCTS
MATERIAL
Fig.
included in the
not
external
AT
Product/process matrix
showing direct application
of envelope components.
E N T
COMPONEN
UNIT
BUILDING
F FORMINlG
ASSEMBL
SASUB
*
Direct
application
is
defined by
Kenneth
Claxton
as
"systems
which
are
assembled on site
from
components.",
while
indirect application is defined as "systems which are
assembled from elements and spatial units.".
*
Kenneth Claxton, "Application of Components", A&BN, July,
1977.
p.
30
c.
3.2.2.
3
SANITARY FIXTURE COMPONENTS.
fixture components are all located within the
Sanitary
envelope
external
of
and are affixed to at least one
the
external envelope components.
mentioned
As
residential
high-rise
previously,
have each of their service plumbing cores
buildings
Thus the most rational and
by two adjacent apartment units.
economical
layouts
shared
of the sanitary fixture components
are
which are arranged in such a way that all the primary
those
envelope
external
associated
components
(i.e.,
fixtures are virtually the same
component)
acting
separating wall
at
(the party wall)
one integral
as
time
same
the
with
the
sanitary
envelope
apartment
(Fig. 9).
PARTY
WALL
& PRIMARY
ENVELOPE
1,2.
COMPONENT
OfFIXTURE
PARTY
WALL
SNARED
BY
ENVELOPE
COMPONENT.
ALL
FIXTURES
ASPRIMARY
PRIMARY
ENVELOPE
COMPONENT
OF
2
UNIT
r
3-
2
3.
FIXTUREI
t
yi
-
UNITi
UNIT 2
J
UNIT 2
CASE. B
V
CASE. A
PRIMARY
ENVELOPE
OF
COMPONENf
5.
FIXITURE
Fig.
In
this
thesis,
analysis
9
will
be
on
concentrated
p.
3 1
c.
the assembly process of
rationalizing
Fig.
Case
9.
"irrational"
3
(a)
shown
because of
excessive consumption of
in Fig.
9.
the case
is
in
its inefficient
(b)
shown
in
considered
itself
use of materials
and
construction time.
PRODUCT VS. PROCESS OF SANITARY FIXTURE
COMPONENTS.
3.2.21.
Sanitary
fixture
level
of
other
subsystems.
off-site prefabrications among
components
system
components have reached
However, most
be considered as
may
interchangeability and
of
the
the
highest
the components
sanitary
"closed" in the
of
fixture
of
sense
interface adaptability.
They
are made to their own specifications, to match dimensionally
only
certain
plumbing
We
can
specific
fixtures
hardly
coordination
types
of
compatible
brand-name
or other proprietary sanitary
find any general
or
universal
fixtures.
dimensional
and/or compatibility between existing sanitary
fixture components.
In
terms
standardization,
fixture
overall
of
rationalization
these
components
current
level
prefabricated
offer
of
little help
and
"closed"
for
component
sanitary
upgrading
the
bathroom assembly efficiency.
p.
32
c.
are
as
of
But,
regardless
many
conventional
accessories
and/or
these
sanitary
washbasins and
bathtubs,
which
interface
3
fixtures on the
lavatories
incorporate
there
"closed" components,
more
other
and
related
compatible
compatibility between each
such
market,
standard
other.
These
conventional
components are routinely assembled on the site
with
envelope components and plumbing fixtures into
external
complete
or
more
bathrooms.
less
pre-assembling
being
before
relationships
Some of
integrated off-site pre-assemblies,
the plumbing
sold
on
between
Most
them are for direct
indirect
the initial
of
primitive form of
and
prefabricated
Figure
application
the
components
involve
such
faucets with bathtubs off
the market.
fixtures
of
these sanitary fixtures
10
these
these
application, except
which
involve
some
as
site,
shows
the
sanitary
fixtures.
for
degree
some
of
application *.
PRODUCTS
EIA LR
PART
COMPONENELEMENT
SPAAL
BUILDING
PA
F
F
Fig.
*
10
F FORMINlG
SA SUB
ASSEMB[Y
PA PREASSEMBLY
Process/product matrix
showing direct and indirect
application of sanitary
fixture components.
See page 30
for
definition.
p- 3 3
c.
3.2.3.
PLUMBING CORE COMPONENTS.
The
fixtures
as
3
plumbing
core
is
mainly
such as pipes and fittings.
of
These are
The enclosure that forms
components.
basic
composed
plumbing
considered
the
duct
containing these plumbing fixtures is categorized as part of
the
envelope subsystem, rather than as part of the plumbing
core subsystem.
The
plumbing
core
mainly
only
contains
plumbing
vertical
i.e.,
components;
vertical waste and supply
lines.
In the case
are
lines
LINES INTEGRATED
INVERTICAL
ENVELOPE
of
horizontal
Taiwan,
plumbing
I
RUN
BENEATN
LINES
ABOVE
NOI NAL E
PE
usually either integrated
in
the vertical external
components,
envelope
usually
the primary one,
or
are placed underneath
or
above the
external
component
CEILING
Fig.
11
horizontal
envelope
(Fig. 11).
p.
34
3
c.
As
lines
can see from the
we
run
the
within
or
underneath
above
the
do
component
(see Fig.
have
branch
not
11).
through
beneath
the floor to reach
the vertical
wall
right
to
connected
the
sanitary
fragmented
locations
lines and
smaller
then
above
in such
lines
a
way
of
the other side of
located on
fixtures
component
be
thus can easily
using
without
long
concentrates
interfaces
between
the envelope components in a
These horizontal
the
the
bathroom to
situations may
lines run within
be
the vertical
penetrate through the primary envelope component,
necessary
envelope
or
envelope
be eventually connected to the sanitary fixtures;
not
Fig.
or
run
affixed to the same piece
arrangement
This
of
lines
then
external
primary
area where assembly contingent
the minimum.
to
envelope
lines and
behind the fixtures and
lines.
duct
external
the fixture outlets.
lines can be
horizontal
a
sanitary
(envelope component)
they are all
i.e.,
component,
plumbing
the
when
In this case, the horizontal
same
the
share
they
the
the wall
or
components
the sanitary fixtures are arranged
When
wall,
only
out from the vertical
either
that
floor
horizontal
the
envelope
external
share the same primary
fixtures
to
above figure,
to
components
have
incorporate horizontal
in
this case,
nor do
lines
the
to run beneath or above the floor
it
into
is
the
horizontal
(Fig.
9
and
11).
p.
35
c.
3.3.
3
INTERFACES BETWEEN SUBSYSTEMS.
The
interfaces
the three Taiwanese bathroom subsystems defined
between
in
page
"reciprocal
see in
of the previously described
existence
this
Based
Taiwan,
usually
are
caused
by
on
so-called
component interdependence" that we are going to
section.
on
the
linkage
organizational
subunits,
"Organizations
in
between
Thompson,
Action"*,
identifies
of
activities
in
his
three
types
book
of
interdependence as follows:
1. Pooled interdependence, which occurs in
situations where a unit renders a discrete
contribution to the overall organizational
effort but does not interact at all with a
second unit.
2.
Sequential interdependence, which exists in
situations where the output of one trade becomes
the input of a second trade.
3.
Reciprocal interdependence, which exists in
situations where the output of two trades
becomes input for each other.
*
Thompson, Johns D., "Organization in Action", McGraw-Hill
Book Company, New York, 1967
p. 3 6
c.
3
The reciprocal type of interdependence best illustrates
the characteristics of component assembly interfaces between
the
three
Taiwan,
where
dimensional
between components of different subsystems
coordination
poor.
in
subsystems
In such
a case, dimensional contingency is
is
created
by an earlier trade operation for a subsequent one, and many
adjustments have to be
on-site dimensional positional
mutual
carried
out
trades
by
adjustments
create
as
many
required or
additional
ad
These
hoc.
assembly
component
interface situations and eventually require frequent returns
of
operations.
and thus lead to unnecessary looped
trades
instance, the installation of a medicine cabinet on the
For
wall may create not only an extra assembly interface between
the
wall
and
the cabinet, but may also lead to
operation
in
occur
these
if
dimensional
terms
a
of the wall erection work.
two
reciprocal
components
are
of
looped
This
may
positional
interdependence, or if
a
or
recessed
space larger than the actual dimension of the cabinet has to
be
provided
contingency
in
the
for
the
wall in order to
subsequent
assure
cabinet
the
needed
installation
adjustment since the cabinet installation is usually carried
out
Aside
have
space
only
after the completion of the wall
erection
from this, the workers of the wall erection task
to
return to patch up the reserved extra
around
installed:
the
cabinet
after
the
cabinet
work.
may
"tolerance"
has
been
thus a looped operation is created.
p.37
C.
most of the assembly processes in Taiwan, this type
In
of
3
reciprocal
component
interdependence exists in positions
subsystems
two components belonging to two different
where
join with each other.
In
creating
case of Taiwan, two main factors are
the
this reciprocal type of component interdependence:
1. Functionally interdependent
assembly components.
2.
Dimensional
incompatibility.
Bathroom components of different conventional Taiwanese
subsystems are not only functionally interdependent, in that
without the completion of the one component, another one may
not
be
reserved
also
and
interdependency
functional
the
Improvements
interdependence
of
these two aspects,
of
i.e.,
component
functional
interdependence
to
sequential
type.
definition
of
sequential
interdependence,
each other,
component
incompatibility, would mean
reciprocal
subsystems
Both
"looped" operations.
and dimensional
transformation
be
dimensional
are critical to the reduction of
interfaces and elimination of
different
dimensionally
a previous trade for the subsequent one.
by
incompatibility
a
are
fitting contingency has to
dimensional
interdependent:
the
They
installed.
As
outlined
in
components
tend to be assembly-independent
with little dimensional fitting contingency;
from
the
of
from
the
p.38
c.
sequence
of
tasks of
more
flexible and
type
of
3
a particular operation
bathroom systems as we shall
see
thus
made
This sequential
thus can be pre-planned.
component interdependence exists
is
in
most
foreign
in Chapter 5.
p.
39
c.
CHAPTER 4:
4
SUBSYSTEMS AND LOOPED
OPERATIONS.
p.
40
c.
4.1.
4
INTRODUCTION.
this
In
chapter,
we shall
look at
operations
looped
in
extent
these
the
to
in relation
subsystems, as defined
conventional
what
about
come
to examine how
in detail
Taiwanese bathroom assembly process
conventional
the
Chapter
3,
three
to see to
of bathroom subsystems, while we are
transformation
the
"looped" operations have influenced
trying
to increase the assembly efficiency.
were
operations
Three
of
complexity
interfaces
assembly
component
In
assemblies.
bathroom
complexity
of
operations
qualify
due
analysis
the
operations for detailed analysis, so that the
the
to
three
in
conventional
sanitary
themselves
the fact that
of
context
the
most
eventually involve
these operations will
of
analysis
of
selected on the basis
fixture
to be chosen
Taiwanese
the
Taiwan,
installation
for
the installation
detailed
of
these
three sanitary fixtures are usually among the last few tasks
in
the
fact
overall
that
they are located
location
of
subsystems
*
bathroom construction and
the
conventional
hierarchical
See Chapter
3,
in the
Fig.
4,
also due
innermost
Taiwanese
locations *.
Thus,
to
the
hierarchical
bathroom
three
the completion
for reference.
p.
4 1
c.
of
these
process
complex
three
of
operations exhibits
bathroom assembly and
but
virtually
will
be
sanitary fixture
analyzed
by
using
a
discussed.
chance
to
assembly
subsystems
installation
network
operations
diagram,
and
possible scheme for reorganizing the assembly
operations will
This scheme should provide us with
examine
interfaces
in
of
analysis.
sequences to eliminate interfaces and looped
be
looped
also the most interesting characteristic
three
subsequently a
whole
largest number of
the three bathroom subsystems chosen for
These
the
involves not only the most
interfaces and the
assembly
operations,
4
the
and
relationships
the three
between
conventional
a
good
component
bathroom
relation to bathroom assembly efficiency
in
Taiwan.
p.42
c.
4
ASSEMBLY ANALYSIS OF THREE SANITARY
FIXTURE INSTALLATION OPERATIONS.
4.2.
4.2.1.
BATHTUB ASSEMBLY.
4.2.11
WORKFLOW ANALYSIS.
Bathtubs
building
occupy
systems
a
because
with special
components
requirements
imposed
(such
components
as
portion
unique
they
are
structura l,
on
their
external
in
large,
residential
prefabricated
service and performance
joints
with
envelope
surrounding
components
and
plumbing core components).
Bathtub
to
the
largest
number
of
thus create the most serious looped operations compared
other sanitary fixtures.
A
envelope
12).
involve
interfaces with walls, floor and plumbing systems
component
and
assemblies
bathtub
interfaces with four pieces
of
unfinished
components and the plumbing core components
Two
trades -
the plumber
and the bricklayer
(Fig.
-
are
involved in the assembly process of the tubs.
p.
43
c.
4
to
supposed
components*,
tubs
envelope
of
size
the
by
important;
the
between
to
designer
building
accommodate
The external envelope
components which interface
with the tub assembly.
the
at
to
and the space provided
the
Fig. 12
be affixed
three
least
are
bathtubs
the
Since
the tub become most
difference
any
and
tub size
width
of space provided
extra
work for the
the
causes
bricklayer(
Fig. 13).
A
r
Fig.
are
closely
Ii;
The relationship between:
1. the size of the tub
(ad,e)
2.
the space provided
by the building
and
designer (a+b),
3.
the accuracy of the
piping work (c,d),
13
related;
any incompatibility creates extra
or
more looped operations.
The
assembly
workflow of a washbasin in
a
Taiwanese
bathroom is typically as follows:
*
They
external
secondary
are primary external envelope component,
external
horizontal
and one
envelope component
envelope component.
p. 4 4
1. PIPE ROUGH-IN
(THE PLUMBER).
I ENVELOPEI
SUPPLY
LIKE
This
WASTE
LINE
the
task asks for an accurate positioning of all
pipes
outlets
the
in
after
order to connect them to
the
tub
the primary envelope component
bathtub has been installed.
of
All the plumbing
fixtures are connected and the pipes cut on site.
COR
SIZE
Fig.
14
2. ENVELOPE COMPONENT ERECTION
(THE BRICKLAYER).
SUPPtY
LINES
LINE
WASTE
Fig.
Lii
15
This
task
includes
the
erection
of
all
the
envelope
components that have not been previously
erected.
The primary envelope component
included in
this
task.
is always
3.
BATHTUB PLACEMENT
All
(THE PLUMBER).
the pipes that have been previously set up by
the plumber
in Task
I are connected to the correct
DIFFERENCE
inlet of the tub.
SIZE
ACTUAL
BETWEEN
OFTHE
BATHTUB
plumber usually has to readjust the
AND
THE
SPACE
PROVIDEDThe
REFEIENCE
PLANE
JOINT
[SEAL
order
to match them to the
inlet
space
provided
building
accommodate
actual
Fig.
the
size
of
by
the
tub is
of
the tub.
designer
normally larger
than
the tub, because the designer
in
The
to
the
is
16
usually
that
not sure about
will
bathroom
assume
eventually
is
that
commonly used
are
not
designed.
there
the exact size of the
tub
be used at
the
The
are certain
the
time
designers
sizes
usually
that
are
for bathrooms, but often these sizes
compatible with the variety
sizes that are actually used on site.
-o
pipes
of
bathtub
in
Consequently,
order
to make
bathtub can be accommodated
this
Fig.
17
sure
that
in the designed space,
than
is usually designed larger
space
the
the
actual tub size.
ISEALI
JOINT
4.
BRICK PATCHING
In
this task, the bricklayer is supposed to patch
the
space
bathtub
Fig.
between
(THE BRICKLAYER).
the edge of one side
of
the
and the envelope component with brick and
18
cement
a
side
(Fig. 17).
panel,
When the bathtub does not have
the bricklayer has to
side with the same material
5.
F ig . 19
EVLPE
FINISHING
as well
cover
this
(Fig. 18).
(THE BRICKLAYER).
MlATERIAL
FINISHING
This task is mainly concerned with the positioning
of
wall
tiles
which are the main
bathroom wall surface finishing
material
(Fig. 19).
for
4i
,-
-
-
-
.- -
-
.
I
,
1.
%-
1
Wall
tiles
have
,
-1,
71
to be cut
-
-
when
the
reaches
the end of
or
place where the tub meets other
to a
a piece of
operation
envelope component,
external
envelope components.
This
task
cannot
be carried out
until
all
the
sanitary fixtures are in place.
The ceramic tiles
also
the joint
function as joint seal
the tub and the external
6.
This
sanitary
as
well.
cannot
Thus,
(THE PLUMBER).
be carried out until
fixtures are
between
envelope components.
THE CONNECTION OF TAPS
task
for
in place and Task 5
Task 6
and Task
carried out immediately after Task
4
all
the
is
done
5
cannot
is
finished.
be
c.
4.2.12.
NETWORK ANALYSIS.
According
diagram can
to the preceding workflow analysis,
be constructd
Fig. 20
In
4
in Fig.
20.
Network diagram of bathtub a
conventional Taiwanese bathtub
assembly.
diagram
the
as shown
above,
operations
looped
two
other twice in the bathtub assembly process.
locations of
of
the
task
bricklayer:
the
plumbing
envelope
the
while
envelope;
core
is
the
This is mainly
and
the
outside
the
plumber
located
are
each
the plumber and the bricklayer interrupt
identified:
because
a network
the sanitary components are located
inside
both plumbing task and the sanitary component
installations have to be done by the plumber in Taiwan
(Fig.
21).
p.49
c.
4
interface
the
From
diagram, the installation
of
Task
PLUMBER
PlUMBER
o
the bathtub,
depends on
3,
the
of both primary
erection
and
which is
envelope
secondary
components, which is Task
2,
BRICKLAYER
Fig.
21
in particular on
accurate
positioning
the
of
the tubs.
In
primary
be
the
and secondary external
envelope components have
As
the
work has to be completed before
plumbing
the
to
similarly,
erected before the bathtub can be installed;
external
the
words, in conventional bathtub construction,
other
primary
envelope component can be installed.
the plumber, he has to visit the same site
to
third
time
after the finishing work is
bricklayer to install all
done
by
for
the
the caps which have to be fixed to
the finished envelope components.
Thus,
between
has
piping
the
erection is
in
it
the main
become clear
and
the
that
primary
interfaces
various
envelope
component
cause for most of the looped operations
the conventional bathtub assembly as practiced in Taiwan
at this time.
Another
serious
interface
problem,
as
far
as
the
p. 5
0
c-.
bathtub
installation oeration
of
joint
the
components.
reference
of
and
the
bathtub has
logical
the
external
to
envelope
positioned
in
envelope
components
as
implication
thus
jointing
body
is
that
the edges
The reason for
this is
but
reference
between these two types
tends to arise.
waste),
problem
be
This problem
unhygienic bathroom conditions
filthy
is
should be closely attached to these
A problem of
components
concerned,
two external
planes, the
planes.
only
a
at least
a bathtub
is
between the tub
Since
to
relation
4
moreover,
(i.e.,
of
causes
not
accumulation
assembly
of
inefficiency.
as follows.
Traditionally, functions served by different subsystems
were
clearly
activities,
provide
But
while
bathtubs were designed for
jointing becomes a
positioning
the
bathtub
moisture insulation
they are made to meet and are
together,
and
bathing
envelope components were constructed
space separation and
when
where
separated;
inaccuracies
are commonly found
two functions/components meet.
the adjoining primary and
envelope components have
never taken
functions.
assembled
big problem. Water
to
closely
leakage and
in
locations
The designs of
secondary
a
external
into consideration the
"cross"
functions
those
traditionally served separately and
created by their meeting in
addition
to
distinctly
by
different subsystems.
p.
5 1
c.
principles can be
Several
joint
4
stipulated
for
improving the
problem:
Since
network
task
Seal joints. This principle is commonly used
for current bathroom assemblies in Taiwan
where no "cross" function consideration is
integrated into the design of bathtubs and
envelope components.
2.
Remove joints to positions where water leakage
problems are less severe and assembly can be
made more efficient.
3.
Eliminate joints.
New products which serve
not only as a bathtub, but also as an envelope
component have to be developed as a unified
element.
looped
diagram,
sequence
following
to see
1.
to
operations can be
identified by means of
it should be possible to reorganize
eliminate unnecessary operations.
schemes are examined according to this
what the consequence of
such
a
this
The
principle
eliminations are.
p. 5
2
c.
4
(1).
-
1 reduces the number of
Scheme
-
one
looped
the same site.
only the plumber has to revisit
the task
left
requires no modification
bricklayer
to the work
But,
actually marginal
is
for his second return
operation to only
and
previously done by the
(Fig. 22)
TASK
PLUMBER
3
Fig.
22
In
only
has
of
Assembly sequence reorganization.
Scheme 1.
this
once to finish
to install
has to visit the
Tasks 2-4-5 continuously.
site
The plumber
the bathtub immediately after the completion
piping work, then he has to leave the site to perform the
same
tasks at another site on
Following
include
are
Tasks
interrupted.
already
is
scheme, the bricklayer
6
being
been
a
package
2-4-5,
Since
to
of
the same floor
wall
be
erection
completed
the installation
finished while the wall
carried out,
or
of
the
upper floor.
tasks,
which
without
being
bathtub
erection package
has
task
the bricklayer does not have to worry
p. 5 3
c.
that
plumber.
of
visit
Task
only
one,
is
the work
the number of
that
causes
when
before,
the
the
second
new tool
a
installation task
tub
for
measuring
the
tub
or
edge will
the
on
the tub to make sure
looped operations is
will
tools
existing
eventually meet the envelope.
the number of
the
mentioned
As
the plumber
a new utilization of
the positioning of
for
before the erection
components, which means that
envelope
require
the
reduced to
relies
the bathtub
of
installation
is
a new problem
is installing the bathtub.
he
of
completion
looped operations
scheme does create
this
plumber
though
6
the pipes set up by
the plumber to the site.
Although
of
ruin the position of
his work will
the
4
that
Thus, even
reduced, and
the
interface between the plumbing core and the primary envelope
is
and
surrounding vertical
its
eliminated,
a new interface between
component
the bathtub
envelope components
for
tub
positioning becomes a problem.
-
(2).
Scheme
by
looped operations to
reorganizing the network diagram of
words,
Task
immediately
his
2 reduces the number of
work
bathtub
6
is removed to the
after
task 3;
position
work
1.
which
In
other
follows
therefore, the plumber can finish
in one continuous operation
assembly
Scheme
0
can
be
and the rest
left
entirely
of
the
to
the
p. 5
4
c.
Assembly sequence reorganization.
Scheme 2.
Fig. 23
Task
remove
To
hard to achieve.
not
process,
6
Task
to the
6
In the
available
will
that
be
conventional
bathtub
be installed
immediately
to accept the envelope
installed
is
Task 3
assembly
the
taps
supply lines and the shower head.
the tub with a certain range of
of
installation
left
can
items
two
These
position following
includes only the installation of
the cold and hot water
of
-
23)
(Fig.
bricklayer
4
finishing
the
after
tolerance
material
later.
(3).
Scheme
envelope
under
3
examines the possibility of
components before the completion of
the condition of a
the
constructing
non-looped operation
plumbing
work
(Fig. 24).
p.
55
Fig.
24
1
Assembly sequence
reorganization.
Scheme 3.
3
"~
using conventional
By
seems
scheme
of
without the completion of Task
3,
i.e.,
4 and Task 3,
Task
4 becomes meaningless.
can
this
assembly tools or methods,
not possible due to the sequential nature
Task
bathtub
6
But, on the other hand, if the
becomes
be modified to the point where Task 4
unnecessary and can be eliminated entirely from the assembly
process
(Fig.
25),,
then
becomes
scheme
this
actually
feasible.
Fig.
25
6
Reversing
creates
core
and
the
assembly
sequence
of
2
Scheme
some new component interfaces between the
the bathtub assemblies, which are hard
also
plumbing
to
solve
p.
56
c.
introduced.
of
be
innovations can to
more advanced component
some
unless
4
instance, this scheme asks for the erection
For
the envelope first, with the work of plumbing carried out
In the conventional assembly method,
after.
task
of
work
of
bathroom construction seems always to be the piping
envelope
first would require two sets of vertical plumbing
(Fig.
out
carry
erecting the
the vertical plumbing core;
component
systems
initial
the
26).
the piping work of the plumbing core
envelope has been finished
0 0
BATHROOM
010
2 0 02
1
to
Otherwise, it is almost impossible
BATHROOM
2
(Fig.
27)
the
after
.
ERECTION
1 ENVElOPE
2 PIPE
ROUGH-1N
BATHROOM BATHROOM
2
1 2
1 ISCOMPLETED
WITHOUT
RESERVING
TilE
CORE.
TWO
SETS
OFPIPES
ARE
NEEDED.
IMPOSSIBLE
TOCARRY
OUT
2.
IFI.ISCARRIED
OUT
FIRST.
Fig.
Since
Fig.
26
using
two
sets
of plumbing
units is neither economical
adjacent
27
systems
for
two
as
nor very rational,
previously discussed, the following innovatons might have to
be introduced in order to make this scheme possible:
1.
Introduce a "functional wall" which satisfies
both the function of envelope and plumbing
The workflow would be like the one shown
core.
in Figure 28.
p.
57
c.
4
2. Remove the vertical plumbing system to inside
one of the two adjacent bathroom units (Fig. 29)
In this case, one of the bathroom units that
does not have the vertical plumbing system in it
will have to adopt the Scheme 2 assembly
sequence while the other unit uses the Scheme 3
process for the bathtub assembly.
An extra
innovation would have to be introduced to the
unit that uses the Scheme 3 assembly process:
a partition as shown in Fig. 29 would have to be
added to separate the vertical plumbing pipes
from the sanitary fixtures.
This piece of
partition may be pre-assembled to the tub in an
off-site plant or may be integrated later with
the tub.
Note
either
that
all
combining
these innovations involve the
components of conventional
idea
of
subsystems
to
form new elements, or redefining constituents of subsystems,
which
may
eventually
lead
to
bathroom
subsystem
transf ormatons.
(ADOPT
SCHEME
2)
PARTITION (ADOPT
SCHEME
3)
3
8
Fig.
28
Fig.
29
p. 5 8
c.
4.2.2.
WASHBASIN ANALYSIS.
4.2.21.
WORKFLOW ANALYSIS.
essential
The
in
a
Taiwanese
of
weight
for the
a
envelope
external
for
depends
in
rough
component
because
the
As seen in
on
erection
of
washbasin
envelope
the
the pipe
installation
the hierarchical
subsystems
in
relation
installation
operation,
the
envelope
to the
the
which
interferes with the pipe line
three
both
this
Aside from this, the piece
three subsystems, and the sequential
critical
the
installation operation is
often disturbs the accurate positions of
inefficient.
these
of
presence
at
of
to support
and consequently renders the washbasin
lines,
task
component
support seriously
task,
the
Without
washbasin.
impossible to accomplish.
almost
assembly
washbasin
bathroom depends on the completion
component, the washbasin
envelope
the
precondition
one envelope component erection task,
least
of
4
importance and interferes with
locations of
assembly order
to
the
washbasin
component
the
of
of
is
installation of
the sanitary fixtures and the plumbing core as related
case of
the washbasin
assembly operation.
p.
5 9
c.
accepts
more
positional
such
created by previous tasks,
contingencies
fitting
task
this
that
is
installation
washbasin
the
regarding
feature
interesting
One
4
as
pipe rough-in and wall erection.
The
can
itself
the
fitting
horizontal
and/or
by
with respect
adjustment
(Fig. 30),
primary component
that
trap
and the washbasin
"absorb"
can
between
the distance
also
30)
washbasin
"absorb" certain
contigencies
vertical
the
that
is
reason
( "A"
certain
in
to
and
the
Fig.
of
range
vertical
positional fitting difference
between
the
( See Fig.
washbasin.
However,
mainly
Vertical and horizontal
position adjustment of
washbasin sanitary fixture.
the
30).
finishing
for the subsequent envelope
attaching
tiles
to
the
primary
The bricklayer never
component.
envelope
and
30
this feature at the same time creates another
problem
dimensional
task,
outlets
pipe
Fig.
knows
external
exactly
where the washbasin is to be eventually located on the wall,
thus he has to do the finishing task after the washbasin has
finally
been fixed to the wall.
reciprocal
typical
looped type interdependence between components in
conventional
The
This represents a
Taiwanese
assembly
bathroom assemblies.
workflow of a washbasin is shown
in
the
following pages.
p. 6 0
__ - , , . irpft ,
, - , - w , . , '.. '. '__ ki
-
1-1
,,
-
I .:
11
- ___ -
1--
__
1. PIPE ROUGH-IN
In
A
this
task,
. ., I
lines
does
not
-
-
I
the horizontal
are set up.
their
.1-I ' _- - I
(THE PLUMBER)
lines
because
.'
__
supply
and
The installation of
usually call for
outlets
are
the supply
high
not
waste
accuracy
immediately
connected to the inlets of the wasbasin;
usually a
distance
used
CORE
SITE
Fig. 31
connection
outside
the
wall
adjustments
installation.
can
during
be
the
washbasin
The waste line has to be
accurately
in
directions
because
both
horizontal
once
the
and
for
set
up
vertical
subsequent
wall
erection has been completed, this position becomes
fixed
and
cannot be adjusted to match the
basin
inlet which hasa strict trap and pipe installation
specifications.
,,-
1-
2. ENVELOPE ERECTION
This
-
finishes
component
Task
(A)
Fig.
32
the erection task of
The position of
important to the efficient
the
washbasin:
than
a
3.
the
envelope
through whi ch the pipe l ines set up
1 penetrate.
is
(THE BRICKLAYER).
(A)
is
maximun
certain
in
the waste pipe
installation of
not supposed to be
higher
limit.
WASHINBASIN INSTALLATION
(THE PLUMBER).
JOINT
ISEAL!
This
task
completes
wasbasin.
Since
the
the
installaton
washbasin
of
has
the
strict
*FINISHED
ENVELOPE
0 ADJUSTABLE
installation
the
Fig.
33
task
specifications
can
(B,C),
be effeciently
whether or not
completed
depends
A
ADJUSTABLE
heavily
on
the
depends
on
the carefulness of
work.
(D)
positional
is
accuracy
of
(A),
the wall
adjustable to absorb
fitting contingency.
which
again
erection
waste
line
i 1.4W& ,bo,
.
h1i "q 0
&
LA -
- ,.-,"--', i' -- L_ - - ,
I
- . I.-.
.
- --
- - - ' LI'
4. FINISHING
FIISNING
-iVmonLP
Ceramic
.I
- -
I
-
-I- I .-.-. .
11.: ' '
.
I-
- I
(THE BRICKLAYER).
tiles
are
often
used
as
a
bathroom
MATERIAL
finishing
JOINT
ISEALI
material.
Joints shown
in
Fig.
34,
between the ceramic tiling, envelope component and
the
Fig.
CAP
34
washbasin,
waste
leakage.
when
they
come
function
of
is
and
fixed
finishing work
"a
~AI
to
component.
Cap
35
Ceramic tiles often
envelope
washbasin
Fig.
are causing trouble
joint
meet the
is
terms
of
have to be cut
washbasin
on
the
Ceramic tiles also serve the
seal
in
the external
to
in
meeting with both
envelope
the ceramic
done
(Fig. 35).
tiles
the
components.
after
the
-
-
1
1---
c.
4
NETWORK ANALYSIS.
4.2.22.
network diagram can be constructed according to
A
the
previous workflow analysis.
TASK
PLUMBER
2
--
--
Fiq.
Network diaqram of
washbasin assembly.
3
In
each other's work.
function
in
and
the washbasin
bricklayer
the
ceramic
the
a
looped
Because of
interfere
again
the fact that,
in
both
assembly are reciprocally
interdependent,
cannot erect the envelope component and
tiles
in a continuous manner
without
area reserved
envelope component
for that purpose on
fix
worrying
washbasin will not be able to precisely fit
the unfinished
is
operation
in dimension, the assembly components involved
the
that
diagram,
the bricklayer and the plumber
identified:
with
network
this
36
into
the primary
(Fig. 36).
p.
64
c.
for
the
plumber.
He cannot assemble
the
with
concurrently
lines
plumbing
true
is
same
The
4
the washbasin without worrying that
the
be
washbasin will eventually
not
on
the
surface
to
positioned
precisely
envelope
unfinished
prevent
use-related
washbasin.
the
the
Each has to wait
for
use
the
to
order
in
other
of
stability
THE
POSITION
OF
THE
WASHBASIN
HAS
BEADJUSTED
TO
TO
MATCH
WASTE
LINE
OUTLET.
assure
to
and
leakage
ENVELOPE
COMPONENT-
Fig.
37
other's output as part of the input
of his other's next task.
The
completely,
installation
second
two
following
one
but
the
operation
tries
schemes
first
with
one
avoid
looped
starts
the piping
the
washbasin
while
the
starting
the
task,
to reverse this order, by
operations
sequence with the envelope erection task.
p.65
c.
4
(1).
-
Fig.
Assembly sequence reorganization
of washbasin. Scheme 1.
44
Scheme
Although
in the original
existing
a
new
1
fixture
sanitary
operation
As
of
washbasin
between the
and the wall
of
we can see from
the
envelope
the
38,
Fig.
the
of the washbasin is carried out by the plumber
installation
immediately
looped
the
assembly sequence, it also creates
subsystem
subsystem.
component
eliminates
interface
assembly
38
after he has finished his plumbing core
piping
task in order for the plumber to be able to finish his tasks
in
one operation continuously.
are now in place, the bricklayer then can come to
washbasin
the
job
erection
site
to
start his task
of
envelope
component
However, the question of washbasin
using this assembly sequence, there would be
to support the washbasin while the plumber is trying
accomplish
achieve
and
and finishing.
support arises;
no wall
Since the plumbing and the
an
his task.
increase
in
In such a case, and in
assembly
order
efficiency,
to
the
p. 6
6
c.
earlier-mentioned
has to be considered,
washbasin
perform
to
able
be
envelope
the
and
component
to
the washbasin has
function
only the
also part of
but
washbasin,
not
i.e.,
of
concept
introducing the
of
the
between
function
cross
concept
4
a
being
of
the function that used
be
to
performed by the envelope component to support the weight of
the washbasin.
(2).
-
The
Most
the site first, followed
visits
bricklayer
plumber.
a
reverses the assembly sequence of
2
Scheme
important, they all
single visit
1.
Scheme
by
the
can finish their tasks in
to the site.
Fig.
39
assembly sequence reorganization
of washbasin. Scheme 2.
3
a consequence of reversing the assembly sequence of
As
Scheme
1,
finishing
visit
of
the
tasks
erection
and
have to be totally completed prior to
the
external
the plumber;
envelope
component
holes for plumbing lines to penetrate
p.
67
c.
reserved for
be
must
wall
the
task
would
site
in
plumbing
Pre-assembled
the building
between
space
narrow
the
plumbing
to
deal
similar situations.
also be helpful
Scheme
Both
into
which
with integrated
Scheme 2
is
part
of
envelope,
the
show the
most of
tendency that
the cases shows
and
other subsystems in terms the forming of
components of
countries
a
plumbing system which
its function can be shared by
combine
from
might
to be adopted.
1 and Scheme 2
envelope component in
primary
one
if
units.
Other methods, such as
function as part of
additionally
on
be connected to each other and
the sanitary fixtures, have been used in many
precast concrete panel
first
inserted
that can be
trees,
and can
bathroom
two
to
with
cost*,
fixtures
to assemble plumbing
it hard
make
two
between
envelope component task as the
external
completing
located
economize
to
units
apartment
adjacent
residential
high-rise
cores are always
plumbing
buildings,
in
that,
fact
the
to
Due
can
the
to
connect
lines to
sanitary fixture in advance.
washbasin
outside
4
two, three or
the
that
integrated
new elements,
more
different
subsystems.
*
See
Chapter 3,
page 28,
for reference.
p. 6 8
c.
4.2.3.
4
LAVATORY ASSEMBLY.
4.2.31.
WORKFLOW ANALYSIS.
envelope
Two
components are involved in the
a vertical one and a horizontal one
assemblies:
lavatory
(Fig.
40).
The assembly interfaces with the vertical envelope component
involved
in lavatory assembly process are similar to
involved
in
interface
envelope
external
the
functional
the washbasin assembly, except the
between
the lavatory fixture
and
those
the
vertical
component does not exist in the case
of
lavatory assembly process because the lavatory does not
depend
weight.
on
the
vertical
external envelope to
Instead, the horizontal
support
external envelope does
Fig.
its
it
40
PRIMARY
COPONENT
Interfaces between lavatory
sanitary fixture and two
external envelope components.
NORIlONTAL
ENVHOP[
COMPONENT
*
In the conventional Taiwanese bathroom assembly practice,
residential
in
used
seldom
are
lavatories
wall-hung
buildings.
p. 6
9
c.
the
assemblies,
lavatory
can
envelope
are
involved
(the
But,
and
the
is
lavatory and the
the
components
two
only
because
before
siphonic-type lavatory
interfaces between
simpler,
bathroom
lavatory and the floor envelope
(Fig. 42),
are
component).
the interfaces
significant, because accurately dimensioned holes in
to
floor have to be reserved for the waste pipe lines,
be provided
case,
the
a
If
completed
be
to
has
an s-type lavatory is used
if
become
the
floor
be installed.
(Fig. 41),
used
Taiwanese
that in conventional
implies
This
4
during the flooring construction
three components of different
dimensional
assembly of
is
accuracy
subsystems are
to
critical
In this
involved
efficient
the
lavatories.
B
C
Fig. 41
The typical
A
Fig..42
workflow of
the following pages.
asembly
phase.
a
lavatory assembly is
shown
in
By listing these tasks involved in the
process, a network
diagram is
then
constructed.
p.70
1. PIPE ROUGH-IN
(THE PLUMBER).
I
ENVELOPE
I VERTICAt
S LIN
UNIFIISHED
FLOOR
The
position
important
of
to
lavatory
the horizontal
the
efficient
because of
fixture
functional
specifications of
Horizontal
water
waste
pipe
is
of
the
the dimensional
and
assembly
the
lavatory.
CORE
SilE
Fig.
supply lines for the water
closet
43
are allowed to have some fitting contingency which
may
or
may
not affect
the installation
lavatory.
If an
s-type of
horizontal
main
waste
beneath
the
positioned
lavatory
floor
and
outlet.
and
lavatory is
line
will
through
of
the
used,
the
have
an
to
run
accurately
reserved hole to connect
to
the
2. ENVELOPE COMPONENTS ERECTION
WATER
SUPmP
VERTICAL
POSITION
e'~oF WASTE
LINE
OUTLET
~fWATIEUL
Fig.
As
usual,
interface
(THE BRICKLAYER).
the main problem with
with
the positions
Task
1.
this
interface
only
line
However,
if
an
becomes
this task
of
lines
is
set up
s-type lavatory is
insignificant,
that penetrates
through
since
the
its
by
used
the
envelope
44
component
which
a
is
is
not
relatively
the
supply
influential
If
a siphonic-type
of
the
vertical,
external
is
as it
large range of
contigency in relation to
waste
line, the
is allowed
positional
is
makes the subsequent
The
component
shifts the positon of
to have
fitting
used, the position
line outlet, both
envelope
of
its position.
lavatory
important.
position
horizontal
erection
often
of
and
the
incautiously
the required waste pipe, and
task hard
to carry out.
The
positional
pipes
are
often
generously
allow
NELOPE
UNFINISHED
SIPHONIC IYPE
LAVAOY
intentionally
"loose" by the bricklayer
mutual
adjustments
LAVATORY INSTALLATION
Since
of
the
vertical
the
component
waste
type of
the
then
is
line
been fixed
Fig. 45
waste
made
quite
in order
the
to
subsequent
(THE PLUMBER)
envelope component
does not have to carry the weight of
fixing
the
tasks.
plumbing
3.
fitting contigency of
lavatory
to
easier.
If
outlet
in the wall
lavatory),
hole
the
is
the
( in
lavatory,
vertical
envelope
(A)
once the
the case of
of
the
line
has
a siphonic
or the outlet that comes out of
in the floor
is
accurately located
lavatory can be efficiently
and
the back
be
closely attached
of
Taiwan
the
the position
correct,
in
the water
installed,
closet should be able to
to the unfinished
the envelope component.
(B),
surface
of
10
-A 46. 0111WAA-
1 '--
"I'll"I'll
I'll,
---
%
-
I'll
II
I
'.
-
Plastic
or
cement
is
often
used to seal
the
joint
between the lavatory and the floor.
4.
-
FINISHING
(THE BRICKLAYER )
Finishing
work
tiles
the surface of envelope components
to
FINISHING
MATERIALI
TILESI
with
is mainly concerned with attaching
covering previous
joints
between pipe
and
lines
JOINT
I[TWEEN
INYlOPFINISHINGMATERIAl.AVAORY
and
the
envelope
components,
or between
fixture
and envelope components, with tiles or caps.
LAVATORY
are
usually
supplied
line
Fig. 46
the
by the plumber,
outlets
lavatory
task,
delivered together with
the
lines
and are placed
are connected to the
fixture.
pipe
lines
when pipe
inlets of
the
Having completed the finishing
bricklayer then places the caps
and attaches the caps to the
envelope components.
Caps
along
finished
- - -
c.
4
NETWORK ANALYSIS.
4.2.32.
Similar to the washbasin assembly, one looped operation
is
identified
47).
(Fig.
Although the number of looped operations is the
fixture
lavatory
the
lavatory
the
a
makes
the
Because of this difference,
dimensional reciprocal
components
assembly
in the lavatory assembly is very much
operation
result of
a
interdependence between the
of plumbing core, envelope and lavatory fixture,
due
than
interdependence,
and
in
difference.
considerable
rather
assembly
envelope component does not carry the weight of the
primary
looped
lavatory
that in the washbasin assembly, the fact that
as
same
in the network diagram of
functionally
a
to
the interface between the
like
reciprocal
washbasin
in
its primary envelope component as discussed earlier
this chapter.
PLUMBER
LF4 /--MCKLAYER
3
Fig.
4
47
Network diagram of lavatory
sanitary fixture assembly.
p.
75
c.
Without
the
forming of
the
three
primary
new elements which
bathroom subsystems;
envelope
lavatory
account
component
installation.
one
cross
interface between
component,
for all
that
for
can be
found in
rough-in
importance
the
of
we can
which still
lavatory fixtures and
exists
the primary envelope component
essential
affecting
at
the
vertical
remains
reference
This interface condition
the washbasin assembly as well.
accuracy of Task 1, the
task,
is
of
critical
placement
washbasin
can
be
assembly,
adjusted
whose
within
range of tolerence in both
horizontal
the vertical
match
supply
the
the
the primary envelope
is in contrast with the
certain
to
is necessary to take into
position.
position
assemble
without
in its correct
the
leading
to the subsequent placing of
lavatory
This
i.e.,
it
cross
combine the components of
lavatory installations.
Dimensional
pipe
Still,
intents and purposes an
plane
seems
concept of
the reason
anytime
function,
is,
reciprocal
the assembly sequence
in most the cases is
which
the
functionally
of
lesser degree the
involves to a
and
function,
presence
reorganizing
interdependence,
easier
4
lines even if
directions,
and the
waste
a
the
to
pipe
the outlets of these lines
are slightly out of position
Fig.
48
Horizontal position adjustment
of lavatory sanitary fixture.
(Fig. 48).
p.76
c.
In
the
of
case
its position is
dimensionally fixed.
vertical
direction,
lavatory
fixture to match
they are out
possible
1
and
correct
of
no
adjustment
Task 2
to keep
positions, or
Given
It
waste and
at
can be
made
in
for
the
the
line outlets
adjustments
very important
is
and thus
This means that
only horizontal
is
this
for both
supply line outlets in
are
Task
their
least the positions must be correct
direction.
these
general
we shall
installation,
features
regarding
proceed to suggest a
the assembly sequence, to test
lavatory
reorganization
the foregoing assumptions
and to see how the assembly efficiency
-
assembly,
the supply and waste
position;
(See Fig. 48).
in the vertical
of
lavatory
the
The lavatory has to sit on the floor,
impossible.
if
4
can be improved.
(1).
Scheme
reverses
the
precedence of Task 3
assembly
and
1
Task
2
to
a
assembly
continuous
environment
create
for
both
the
plumber and the bricklayer; no
looped
operation
this case.
exists
in
Fig.
49
Assembly sequence reorganization
of lavatory sanitary fixture.
scheme 1.
p.77
c.
assembly sequence calls for
This
the
of
presents
the
the
the
without
that there may be a
between
gap
or
lavatory fixture and its primary envelope component,
erection of
lavatory;
the
fact
that the
i.e.,
a gap
or
not
by
the
has
the function of
plane
for
the
If
applied,
another
lavatory
fixture
correct
component,
of
a
reference
installation
of
this scheme
to
is
LA GAP
the
NOT
ENOUGH
SPACE
FOR
ENVELOPE
ERECTION
be
which
the
Fig.
can be referenced
for
Positional fitting
contingencies
of lavatory assembly.
means
positioning,
presence
L
primary envelope component
still
lavatory.
(Fig. 50).
envelope component
space, are mainly caused
enough
the
for
happenning
difficulties
the external
between
available
the primary envelope component
two
The
space
be enough
not
may
there
that
and
danger either
envelope
However, such a sequence
its primary envelope.
presence
since
installed.
is
first,
lavatory
the
install
can
we
Thus,
it
its own weight when
carry
to
component
As
(Fig. 49).
primary
its
does not need
fixture
lavatory
to be executed
this can be done
in this section,
earlier
mentioned
Task 3
erected
the primary envelope is
before
first,
4
the
by
without
primary
has to be formed;
cross function concept
the
50
envelope
i.e.,
the
appears again.
p.
7
B
c.
plumbing
line
assembly
of
of
the
positioning
completing
lavatory fixtures, and since first
3 continuously eliminates the opportunity of
any dimensional contigency to assure the
creating
connection
efficient
of
efficient
outlets is very important for the
Task 1 and Task
and
accuracy
dimensional
Since
4
between
line
outlets
scheme seems very promising as far
lavatory,
this
interface
between
envelope subsystem and sanitary
accurate
and
the
as
the
fixture
subsystem are concerned.
(2).
-
2
Scheme
of
plumber
the
to
bricklayer
(Fig.
visits
job
order of
the
reverses
the
and
site
the
The
51).
bricklayer appears first,
then
the
plumber;
the
is
envelope
erected
Fig. 51
and only then the
first,
system
plumbing
with
along
lavatory
the
assembled.
Assembly sequence reorganization
of lavatory sanitary fixture.
scheme 2.
is
In this
case, the situation is almost the same as we had in Scheme 2
of
the
the
washbasin assembly section, as this scheme
unique
assembly features of the lavatory
renders
installation
p.
79
c.
insignificant:
the
first
in any case and
erected
whether
carry
the
the
primary
weight
4
primary envelopoe component
it does
has
not matter
envelope component has or has
of the
to
any
not
be
more
to
lavatory.
p.80
c.
4.3.
4
CONCLUSION.
In
previous sections, the
the
assembly
looped
i.e.,
obstacles,
difficult
component
efficient
assembly
and
identified
various
been
have
processes
and
examined
and
operations
the
main
complicated
which
interfaces
assembly
bathroom
conventional
impede
of bathroom components, have also
of
by means
simplified
or
reorganizing
been
the
trade tasks in three operations to eliminate looped
analysis,
previous
implies
may be noticed that on the basis
It
operations.
of
reorgazation
the
task
of
the
sequences
that a new categorization of bathroom subsystems is
as a result of an attempt to rationalize
emerging
existing
bathroom assembly processes.
For
instance, the elimination of
reorganizing
task
sequences
often
looped operations
requires
the
use
by
of
various new hybrid elements, which in themselves may contain
several
components
which
have
been
originally
clearly
categorized as conventional subsystems, that is, to increase
assembly
sequences,
be
efficiency
mentioned
reorganizing
these
assembly
new sets of subsystems of a bathroom may need to
established.
bathtubs
by
One of the examples is the installation of
in conventional Taiwanese bathroom assemblies.
in
Chapter
4,
the positioning
of
the
As
bathtub
p.81
c.
depends
on
completion
the
4
of
components as reference planes.
at
least
envelope
two
That means that the plumber
has to revisit the site for installing the bathtub after the
to
two
essential
of
pieces
envelope
If
looped operation is thus identified.
a
components;
want
those
of
completion
eliminate this looped operation, one way of
we
doing
this is to reverse the assembly sequence of those two tasks.
But given such a situation, the tub would lose its reference
planes and thus it would be difficult to install the bathtub
But if we can develop a bathtub in such a
accurately.
that
it
has
two or three
vertical
panel-type
on two or three sides, then
the
elements
molded
assembly
interface between the tub and the wall
can
way
enclosure
original
components
be shifted to the ceiling or slab or whatever it may be
(Fig. 52).*
DINT
ENVELOPE
FINISHING
FISATERIAL
NT
TUS
WITH
ENCLOSURE
MOLDED
TUB
Fig.
*
52
Positional joint shifting to reduce
assembly interfaces.
This has been realized by the U.S. industry.
p.8
2
c.
separate reference plane
a
needs
be
concept of
the traditional
that
the
means
But this
also as part of
as a
tub, but
been
transformed
both
a bathtub
into a
only
hybrid element;
it
has the nature of
three
subsystems
their
meaning.
be
to
established,
between
boundaries
we
if
and eventually industrialize the
are
the
losing
determining bathroom assembly are
Instead, a new set of
has
rationalize
that
This means
formerly clear-cut boundaries between
and
traditional
it has
the envelope component,
envelope component.
and an
to
bathroom subsystems has
because the new bathtub now functions not
changed,
subsystems
the
for positioning and
as one continuous operation.
place
in
longer
no
the tub
of
finish his plumbing core task together with
can
plumber
tub
case, the installation
this
In
4
going
to
conventional
assembly process.
to rationalize conventional
However,
by
new
introducing
capital
substantial
of
terms
approach
profit
approach
this
towards
In
a
increased
construction
of the
requires
outlays and may be relatively risky
and market acceptance, even
though
can potentially achieve significant reductions
operations
looped
usually
elements
hybrid
assembly processes
and component
limited,
interfaces.
rather
rationalizaton
process, rather than a
very base of
"active"
of
radical
We might
one,
the
in
this
of
call
leading
existing
transformation
its processes and operations.
contrast to this approach, another example may show
p.83
c.
chapter, or any
this
in
earlier
operations,
installaton
other
described
as
the lavatory installation operation
at
look
If we
"passive" way of achieving rationalization.
rather
a
4
fixture
sanitary
biggest
the
we may find out that
in these operations is to keep the bricklayers from
problem
shifting
arbitrarily
the positions of the pipe
positions.
during the second visit of the plumber to the
Consequently,
site, he has to adjust the pipe inlet positions to match the
cement around these lines,
and
bricks
Thus, since all
fixed in their positions after the
become
have
put
sanitary fixtures.
of
outlets
it
pipes
the
bricklayer
nearly
is
to adjust the position of these lines unless one
impossible
decides to knock out or to remove the bricks adjacent to the
obviously
is
This
pipes.
To improve this, several attempts have been
time-consuming.
Thus, most of the
made in Taiwan to correct this condition.
plumber will use
the
time,
larger
the
several
and
lines
waste
diameters
with
combined,
pipe lines which have been accurately set up
The bricklayer will then be asked to put
plumber.
bricks
and
plastic tubes
to
within a certain reasonable tolerance range one
accommodate
or
supply
the
than
and
irrational
extremely
cement
around the tubes
during
his
by
his
envelope
component erection task.
This
shifting
and
cover
tube prevents the bricks from
fixing
and
lines
the positions of the inner supply and waste
makes sure that these lines can remain in their correct
positions
and
thus
can
be accurately
connected
to
the
p.84
c.
addition
in
and
fixtures
sanitary
4
the positions of
adjusted to match
easily
be
also
can
if
the sanitary fixtures,
needed.
example shows a
above
The
rather
it
is
to be developed
or
active
need
or
one;
is
stable and
tools
even
in
of
pace
the
approach
However,
gradual.
disciplines,
to
eventually
concurrent
emerging;
is
subsystems
the
conventional
may
this case, and
not significantly, a new set of boundaries between
although
In
utilization of
it
all
is slower than the active approach but
rationalization
begins
need
No new product
improve performance;
this
Given
the
from
assemblies
"passive".
introduced to
a more rationaized
materials.
be more
bathroom
conventional
rationalizing
towards
different approach
the
and
affect
suggest
the
nature
mixture
of
the conventional
processes leading
next chapter,
to
to
tends
process, and
rationalize
towards industrialization.
we shall
examine some of
foreign bathroom systems which fall
active and
subsystems
conventional
a more active approach
trade
tasks,
of
into the
the passive two approachs in order
the
typical
spectrum of
to see:
1.
How they have avoided looped operations and
component assembly interfaces,
2.
What
subsystems these bathrooms are using,
3.
What
is the relationship
between
the
1.
and 2..
p.
85
c.
These
experiences
upgrading
ex'amples
which
4
are valuable in that
could turn
conventional
they may
provide
out to be very beneficial
for
processes
and
bathroom
assembly
assembly efficiency in Taiwan.
p. 8
6
c.
CHAPTER 5:
5
FOREIGN EXAMPLES: TRANSFORMATION OF
SUBSYSTEMS IN RELATION TO LOOPED
OPERATIONS-
p.
87
c.
5. 1.
INTRODUCTION.
bathroom assembly efficiency
improving
three conventional
the
elements, which
assembly
interfaces and
this
chapter,
been
used
of
serve
resetting
in the
exist
in
manufacturers;
the purpose of
have
different
in
all
are
them
of
assembly
rationalizing
efficiency.
These
us to understand the tendency and
concept
assembly
conventional
bathroom subsystems in
Taiwan for
assembly efficiency.
discussing these
While
that
mind
subsystems
in
foreign systems, we should keep
since functional
vary
environments
neither
eliminate
subsystems
bathroom systems
increase
to
may help
improving
in
variety of
by different
and
processes
systems
for a
to
categories of
many different
and
designed
looped operations which
to
by the bathroom systems presented
demonstrated
countries
in many cases may help
of
composed
bathroom assemblies in Taiwan.
conventional
As
breaking
subsystems
Taiwanese bathroom
are
of
concept
the
in terms of
recategorize new subsystems which
to
hybrid
manifest
foreign
some
use
we are going to
further
to
systems
bathroom
down
chapter,
this
In
and
5
from context
to context,
the
a bathroom varies accordingly.
intended
nor
appropriate for
us
assembly
and
requirements
to
design
of
Thus, it
is
make
direct
p.88
c.
efficiency
comparisons
subsystems
between
systems or
Emphasis in this chapter will
subsystems.
different
5
subdivisions of
in
relation
be put
these bathroom systems
to
the
their
between
elimination
on
the
into their
of
looped
operati ons.
p.
8 9
c.
5
CLASSIFICATION OF FOREIGN SYSTEMS.
5.2.
Since almost all the foreign bathroom systems have more
or
adopted
less
industrialized
pre-assembly
methods
assembly efficiency and to avoid on-site
increase
to
assembly
and looped operations, the degree and difference
interfaces
of efficiency between these systems seem to be proportionate
to
the
which
to
relative
according
of industrialization
they are categorized.
present
order
level
to
Therefore, it seems reasonable
the systems in this chapter in
a
hierarchical
as follows:
1. Total Unit.
2. Functional Unit.
3. Functional Envelope.
4. Functional Core.
5. Functional Element.
(Fig. 53)
p.90
PLUMBING CORE
~LU
CONVENTIONAL
COMPONENTS
IL
cizzi
ENVELOPE
SANITARY
~r1
Ir
FUNCTIONAL
- ELEMENTS
FUNCTIONAL
CORE
FUNCTIONAL
ENVELOPE
Fig. 53
V
FUNCTIONAL
UN IT
TOTAL
UNIT
Hierarchical classification of
different foreign bathroom systems
these items represents:
Each of
1) a different level of industrialization, ranging
from fully prefabricated bathroom systems, which
can be regarded as the products of a full
adaptation of the active approach* towards
to the rationalization of
rationalization,
existing assembly methods, which at the other
extreme can be regarded as a result of adopting
the "passive" approach of achieving higher
bathroom assembly efficiency.
a different degree of integrating conventional
bathroom components with each other to form
hybrid elements.
2)
A
fully-prefabricated
under
1, since when compared with the other four cases it is
Item
characterized
conventional
by
the
components
number
largest
to
form a
of
integrated
bathroom
ready-to-use
Item 5 may be represented by the type of bathtub with
unit.
the function of the external
last
listed
part
panels around its enclosure, which perform
integrated
of
categorized
bathroom is
It
envelope component.
since fewer conventional
bathroom
is
components
been integrated with each other than in the other four
have
cases.
these
All
characteristics:
number
*
of
items
higher
also
share
assembly efficiency
the
and
following
a
fewer
looped operations, when compared with traditional
See Chapter 4, page 83, for reference.
p.92
c.
assembly methods
any
of
context,
versus domestic examples, it
systems
these
it
may not
the
the
of
different
hardware
inappropriate,
*
See Chapter
contexts.
to
a
should be noted that
if
different
a
to
adapted
many
looped
an assembly efficiency as
its
would possess in
due to software*
is
This
existing
of
be possible to reduce as
system
transferred
context.
is to be
to achieve as high
operations, nor
context.
identical
the assembly efficiency
discussing
When
foreign
in an given
5
own
incompatibility
native
between
In other words, direct adaptation
foreign context
is
to
be
considered
unless proven otherwise.
2,
page 23,
for
reference.
p.93
c.
5
5.3. ASSEMBLY CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN SYSTEMS.
5.3.1. FUNCTIONAL ELEMENT.
reducing
envelope
external
these
"functional
these
functions.
them deal
with
between
the
subsystems;
identified between the
and the sanitary fixture subsystems
elements" have been developed to
transformation
The
seen
be
can
subsystems
the
envelope and the sanitary fixture
many cross functions have been
been
on
interfaces
assembly
on-site
conventional
i.e.,
Most of
different configurations.
in
market
have
type
this
of
different contexts and have appeared
in
developed
elements
bathroom
Various
provide
conventional
of
of
systems
in the bathroom
and
this
category.
The finished assembly of
be coordinated and
functional
made to coincide with
element often can
completing both the
an envelope component and the installation
erection
of
sanitary
fixture.
element
a
may
Thus, finished assembly
are
fixture
assembly
interfaces
introducing of
ready
thus
to
use:
are avoided or
these functional
many
a
functional
the envelope component
mean that both
sanitary
a
of
and
the
conventional
shifted
by
the
elements.
p.
94
c.
4,
Taiwan,
can
answer
their
find
found that the installation
we
primary
envelope
to be completed to support
wall
to
between
the
an
own
integrated functional
but
only as a washbasin,
not
the interface
This was
component.
By
which
will
element
its
support for
also as a
eliminated;
interependence is
this reciprocal
weight,
its
between the washbasin sanitary fixture and
external
primary
the envelope
and
the
attach
interdependence
reciprocal
a functionally
washbasin
introducing
work
can not
installed.
the washbasin has been
as
refered
before
its own weight
installed, and the bricklayer
tiles until
In Chapter
category.
fixture requires the
component
be
systems
Taiwanese
sanitary
can
Most
subsystems
begin to be
different
of
components
important,
positions.
other
to
shifted
is
component
envelope
in
of conventional
washbasin
it
assembly
foreign
those
in
element
in this functional
categorized
4,
washbasin
regarding the conventional
Chapter
in
given
example
the
in
encountered
problems
The
5
integrated with other components,
to
generate new combined elements.
is
the
system, developed by Elier Company, U.S.A.
The
typical
A
III
CONCEPT
sanitary
example
fixtures of
of
a
functional
this system are designed in
that all
the fixtures are actually an
primary
envelope components
III
elements
material;
III
is
element
also
an
integral
(Fig. 54).
external
Each
such a
part of
of
envelope
way
their
the CONCEPT
finishing
having completing the installation of the CONCEPT
elements,
the external
envelope components
have
been
p. 9 5
c.
5
finished simultaneously as well.
III
CONCEPT
the
advantage,
this
to
addition
In
elements can support their own
weights
without the
presence
the
the primary
external
of
components.
envelope
assembly
Functionally,
are
of components
interfaces
more sequential;
becoming
we
can always complete any one of
installations
fixture
these
do
the
first,
then
move to
piping
task;
or the other way
due to the fact
around,
that
Fig.
the
fixtures
sanitary
no
The COMCEPT III
system.
depend on the external
longer
54
h.,
support.
Moreover,
conventional
joints
the
for
components
envelope
the
ILU...
between
fixtures
sanitary
ELJER
and
envelope components are
their
to
shifted
positions
where
they become less bothersome in
of
terms
and/or
The
either
assembly
bathtub best
performance
efficiency.
illustrates
p. 9
6
c.
this
Fig. 55 shows
feature.
the conventional
the
5
joint between
bathtub and the envelope.
In the CONCEPT III system, the
envelope finishing function is
30
with the bathtub
combined
being
unit
joint
molded
the
-T1-
is shifted away from
outside
location to
its
old
the
shower
space
(Fig.
transformation
This
so
external
the
with
- -32r--
single
and
the tub,
with
envelope
a
into
by
56).
of
FIHISHIN
MATERIAL
subsystem constituents results
in
more meaningful
assembly
interface and looped operation
which
reductions,
eventually
Fig. 55
lead
to
an
increase
in
Conventional joint between
the tub, envelope and the
finishing material.
assembly efficiency.
-JOINTWITH
THE
ENVELOPE
VERTICAL
ENVELOPE
Fig. 56
The joint between a
CONCEPT III bathtub
and the envelope component.
p. 9 7
c.
5
5.3.2. FUNCTIONAL CORE AND FUNCTIONAL ENVELOPE.
Discussing
together
envelope"
elements
result
the
core" and
"function
exemplifies
best the
the
"functional
idea
of
hybrid
and the transformation of bathroom subsystems as a
of
eliminating
operations
looped
assembly
and
interfaces.
Both
with
the functional
efficient
assembly
core and functional envelope
of
only the
components
deal
of
the
plumbing core, but some cross functions can be seen in these
systems in relation to the functions traditionally served by
the plumbing and the external
words,
as a result of solving plumbing assembly
problems,
of
envelope subsystems.
part
the nature of other conventional subsystem constituents,
The
function
service
contained
type
efficiency
both systems show the tendency to integrate
mainly those constituent of external
the
In other
of
core type of bathroom systems group
utilities
in
envelope subsystems.
in a
pre-assembled
a steel-made frame.
The functional
increased
usually
envelope
bathrooms are based on the same idea, except
the container is usually made of concrete.
efficiency
core,
of
all
that
On-site assembly
installing plumbing fittings is significantly
in both cases.
But the most interesting
feature
p.98
c.
5
of these two types of bathroom systems in relation to looped
operations and assembly interfaces is not concerned with the
, but is their built-in nature of being
plumbing core at all
an external envelope (
as
function
to
able
function as wall studs )
-
such
to
as
another example of hybrid element
and cross function.
Case
1 (Fig. 57) is
the
developed
in
system,
KEP
As we can
Japan.
from
see
Fig. 57, a steel frame is used
to
core
plumbing
The
assembly
off
pre-assembled
utilities,
site.
service
the
all
contain
task is completed by
Fig. 57
The KEP system.
simply connecting the KEP unit
another one on the lower
with
as studs, to which
works
external
envelope
envelope
erection
envelope
component
completed
(Fig.
the
finishing
during
are affixed
materials
FUNCIONAL
CORE
IFRANEI
frame
Then, the steel
floor.
FINISHING
PANEL
task.
An
Fig. 58
In
bathroom
terms
is
thus
58).
of looped operations existing
in
Taiwanese
assemblies, this system avoids both functional
dimensional
assembly interdependence, not only between
and
the
p.
99
c.
and the envelope erection tasks,
tasks
plumbing
producers have designed a
system, the
also
but
component
type
of
different
of subsystems to avoid unnecessary assembly interfaces:
set
the subsystems seem to be
3)
and
panel,
1) functional
sanitary fixture.
core,
2) finishing
The KEP functional
integrated part of the nature of an envelope
has
core
component
itself, and the rest is taken care of by the finishing
into
the sanitary fixture subsystem remains the same.
panel;
The
on
envelope
and
The reason is that in this
tasks.
installation
bathroonm
fixtures
sanitary
the
between
5
functional envelope,
definitely
an
component,
while
usually
made
being
after
also
it
of
aI±l4
c lum
core
it
Because
59).
(Fig.
envelope
plumbing
a
as
doubles
is
hand,
other
the
is
concrete,
put in place
Chamberfor vertical water column
9. Drainage ventilation
-. wsterheater
"
entilation
s.oet stacks kitcen
Vesft stacks
bathrso
1.Collective Test staccs
:2. Collective sook.
;1 Se
stak
:2. COldseaer pipes
:3. Hot wster pipe.
:4. Dra.inage pipe04T
15. Vertical water column
16.
.7.
18.
19.
Pacid diacnarge pipe
'dater pipes kdtcjisn
tboddings.for sealing
Zseertlon and Ispection smoke stack
it
becomes an envelope component.
plumbing
inside
as
acts
well;
of
also
it
Since
has
utilities
all
the
contained
the concrete panel
it
core
as
a plumbing
thus, it has the nature
both conventional plumbing
59
A typical FUNCTIONAL ENVELOPE.
core and envelope.
capable
Fig.
of
It is also
supporting
the
p. 100
c.
weight
of
the
washbasin;
neither
dimensional
functional
fitting
before
concrete
is
in
the
off-site
trades
and
are
quality
controlled
of
stage
pouring
an
coordinated
carefully
each
the
where all
factory
well
since all
lines are accurately
positoned
of
nor
contingency
are encountered,
plumbing
5
the
at
production
sequence.
Both
type
of
of
the
functional
type
dimensionally
of
line
to
avoide
the
functional
and
has
compatible with the functional
is
conventional
3)
2)
seem
that most of
panel
assembly
the
while
the
interfaces
and
envelope type of
to be
categorized
bathroom
as
1)
envelope component finishing panel,
sanitary fixture.
different
finishing
functional
subsystems
envelope,
envelope
increasing.
the case of a
system,
envelope
sanitary fixtures
outlets are dimensionally fixed,
looped operation
In
only certain types of
bathroom systems due to the fact
plumbing
ability
functional
plumbing systems lend themselves to the development
"closed" systems:
are
core and the
performance
subsystem
Note that
this finishing
requirements from that
in
the function
core
panel
of
the
type
of
p. 101
c.
system mentioned previously.
bathroom
higher
being
core
envelope;
latter
requires
the
provides only the envelope frame, but
not
standards
fulfillmemt
than the
former,
the performance
an envelope mainly depends on
finishing
The
since
performance
functional
the
5
requirements
the performance of
of
the
panel.
p. 102
c.
5
5.3.3. FUNCTIONAL UNIT AND TOTAL UNIT.
The
systems
bathroom
spatial
are full
and
unit
become functional
to
plumbing core subsystem, all
and
tested
functional
into
fixture
functional
and
themselves.
total
the
of
between
the conventional
terms of
finished
of
2)
the
functional
Obviously,
hybrid
conventional
providing
the
envelope and
fixture
unit
exterior
for
most
sanitary
on-site assembly, there is
sanitary
and total
the
bathrooms integrate
and
Instead, only two subsystems are
unit
the
the other two
These
number
are capable of
In
except
unit types of
largest
also
subsystems.
subsystems.
core
and
nature
boundary
the components of
connections.
electrical
themselves
complete
to
connection
after
factories,
off-site
unit and
components,
no
in
and
plumbing
envelope
external
subsystems are pre-assembled together,
conventional
to
completely
Since the fixtures of
fixture subsystems.
sanitary
have
conventional
containing both
finished unit
use once connected
systems integrate into a
two types of
all
electricity.
supply plumbing lines and
These
of
types
unit"
units which combine
core functions and are ready for
the
the
"total
and the
unit"
"functional
systems:
unit
many
or
1)
envelope
left in
the
the
assembly
these
plumbing
total
unit
interfaces
p. 103
c.
between
existing
conventionally
5
and
fixture
sanitary
envelope subsystems can thus be avoided.
Japanese
The
function units together with a functional
three
earlier in this chapter
mentioned
units
functional
perform a
can
(Fig. 60).
specific
core system
Each of these
major
bathroom
such as bathing, human waste elimination,
function,
cleaning, etc.
_
of
set
KEP system has also developed a
facial
Fi
The KEP FUNCTIONAL
UNITS.
of
combining any two
By
or all
these,
bathroom
unit
bathroom
unit
conventional
total
a
or
formed;
is
on-site assembly
the
between
interfaces
sanitary
them, a partial
fixture
and
the
Fig.
envelope
are totally
shifted
Assembly interfaces
of KEP
functional units.
to position between functional
unit
themselves
and
61
to
position between units and the
plumbing core
(Fig. 61).
terms of eliminating looped operations in Taiwanese
In
bathrooms, the assembly of a function unit requires only one
visit
of
the plumber to the site for connecting a unit
the plumbing line outlets and,
connect
to
if several units are used, to
these units to each other.
If an additional
brick
p. 104
c.
or
enclosure is needed, bricklayers will have
concrete
site for this purpose, but there is no
the
revisit
5
and reciprocal
interruption
to
mutual
interdependence between the two
operations.
total
The
bathroom box with all
bathroom
and/or
contained
A variety of
molded together.
bathrooms
a
pre-fabricated
completely
utilities
is
unit
this type
of
have
Fig.
the market, such
on
been
The TOTAL UNIT.
the Unitte system developed by
I.
Crane,
system
U.S.A.
62).
(Fig.
62
as
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
This
further eliminates the
Bottom Section Sub-Assembly
Lavatory Section Sub-Assembly
Middle Section Sub-Assembly
Top Section Sub-Assembly
Light Fixture/Switch/Outet/Cable
Medicine Chest
Water Closet/Tank/Seat
ShaowerCurtain Maci/Chain
assembly interfaces that exist
16
in the "functional unit" type,
the
interfaces between
i.e.,
themselves, and
sub-units
it
.19
requires only one visit of the
and the bricklayer to
plumber
the
site.
The plumber has to
9. To-el Bar (two
10. Robe Hook
Shower Curtain Rod
12. Soap Dish
13. Toothbrush/Tumbler Holder
14. Tissue Holder
Lavatory Access Panel
'6. Sho'er
'
ead/Brcket
11.
assemble the vertical plumbing
15.
supply system first by using a
reference
rectangle
sub-floor
(see
locate
of
as
Fig. 63)
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
Vinyl Floor Covering
3/4" Plyocod Base
Both Volve/Filler Spout
Lavatory
Lavatory Supply Fixture/Pop-Up Waste
Tub Drain and Overflow
Water Closet Supply
a
to
the vertical positions
the horizontal
pipe
lines
p. 10 5
c.
to
the inlets
match
surrounding
done
The
box.
bathroom
the
box
of
5
the
enclosure
be
can
conventionally but
in
a
SURRLY
continuous manner and thus one
REFERENCE
needs
not
unintentionally
supply
and
worry
shifting
waste
about
LINES
RECTANCIE
the
line
positions.
p. 106
c.
CHAPTER
6:
6
CONCLUSION.
p. 107
c.
is not certain
it
Although
be technically eliminated,
can
higher
achieve
order
yet how looped
operations
clear that
in order to
it
is
assembly efficiency
bathroom
current
recategorize
conceptually
6
bathroom
have
to
subsystems
in
we
to:
"hybrid" elements.
1.
Form suitabe
2.
Transform component interdependence from
a reciprocal type to a sequential one.
THE FORMING OF HYBRID ELEMENTS.
6.1.
Certain
regarding
and
steps
the
directions seem
forming of hybrid
to
be
advisable
elememts.
(A):
From
the hierarchical
and
subsystem
fixture
first
the
conventional
installation
step
to
location of
reset
the sanitary fixture
workflow of
operations examined
subsystems
in
the
in Chapter
4,
the
relation
to
the
elimination of
looped operations is to form hybrid
by
the
combining
subsystem and
components
of
conventional
sanitary fixture subsystem
sanitary
elements,
envelope
(Fig. 64).
p.108
c.
plumbing
not
seem to be
with
1
U
subsystems,
are
systems
to various prescriptions of
subject
code and plumbing load
the plumbing
Combining components
requirements.
to
create
the
of
with
subsystem
is
combining
elements by
hybrid
components
large market
core
plumbing
either
the
one of
Fig.
other
two subsystems in the
stage of
I PLUMeING
CORE
2 EXTERNAL
ENVELOPE
3 SANITARY
FIXTURE
is not advisable to
it
guaranteed,
hybrid
closed
Unless a
elements.
would
core subsystem
plumbing
form
collaborative
plumbing
because
tend
does
the two other
either of
of
subsystem
core
The
6
early
64
The forming of hybrid elements.
rationalization.
(B):
this
Within
new
of the external
subsystem
subsystems,
three
candidates,
and
of
these
conventional
components
the
the
hybrid
elements
capable
of
seem
to
eliminating
elements consists
surrounding them
(Fig. 65).
be
good
assembly
(See Fig. 64).
of
sanitary fixtures and a portion of
envelope
integrated
envelope and the sanitary fixture
hybrid
more
is
and of reducing looped operations
interfaces
Each
subsystem, that
one
of
the
the envelope
As to which part of
to integrate into these sanitary fixtures,
a
p. 109
c.
more
detailed
study
on
6
the
functional
requirements
bathroom
constituents
assembly
interfaces between fixtures and their
envelopes
is
and
on
the
various
of
construction
needed to make such a decision;
surrounding
any
rational
integration will have to satisfy both.
PLUMBING EXTERNAL
CORE
ENVELOPE
SANITARY
fIXTURE
PLJMBING
CORE
EXTERNAL
+ SANITARY
ENVELOPE
FIXTURE
+
1O
_1
-
ELEMENT
1
-HYBRID
HYBRID
ELEMENT
2
--
Li
HYBRID
ELEMENT
3
+ ~-
Fig. 65
Conventional bathroom subsystems andl
components vs. new subsystems and
hybrid elememts.
Figure
66.
is
given as an
example
showing a possible result of this study.
In this figure, the envelope surrounding
the
bathtub
behind
the
is
different
lavatory
performance:
the
from
in
that
terms
former
requires
a
efficiency of moisture and water
run-off
while the latter does not;
terms
envelope
different
components
fixture
the
surrounding
interferes
with
way
the
from
also,
efficiency,
of assembly
how
surrounding
the
bathtub
bathtub
in
the
envelope
the
-.-
of
higher
in
HYBRID
ELEMENTS
a
Fig.
66
lavetory
interfere with the lavatory.
p.110
c.
formed
btween sanitary fixture and envelope subsystems
looped
operations
should
will
developed and
need
to
be
configurations
as
shown
elements
these
eliminated,
be
and
hybrid
different
have
This
in the figure.
be
should
elements
that hybrid
decision
the
Given
6
example
shows the idea of generating such possible hybrid elements.
6.2. THE TRANSFORMATION OF COMPONENT INTERDEPENDENCE.
mentioned earlier in this thesis, the components in
As
interdependence.
exhibit
Taiwan
in
assemblies
bathroom
Assembly positional
reciprocal
fitting contingency is
created by previous trades for subsequent ones, as evidenced
by
the gap left between various envelope components and the
(see
bathtub
exists
order
of
for
current
Little
4).
flexibility
in
reorganizing the sequence of tasksr trades
to overcome unforeseen situations. On-site assemblies
type of component interdependence rely heavily
this
ad-hoc
13 in Chapter
Fig.
Taiwanese
Given
the
processes,
the
the trades themselves.
by
adjustments
assembly
bathroom
on
elimination of assembly interfaces and looped operations, by
reorganizing
Chapter
4,
difficulties
introduced
task
would
on
trade
and
only
the
as
sequences,
impose
trades, unless
further
hybrid
and/or the current reciprocal
components is changed to a sequential
analyzed
in
conflicts
and
elements
are
interdependence of
one.
p.
111
c.
In
6
sequential type of
the
interdependence,
component
components become dimensionally and functionally independent
with
less
executed
Chapter
which
of
positional
in
4,
many
fitting contingency.
desirable sequences.
Tasks
As
and referring to the forming of
can
be
suggested
in
a hybrid element
can function not only as a washbasin but also as part
(in order to support
its primary envelope component
weight),
washbasin's
washbasin
the assembly interface of this
its primary component becomes
with
the
hybrid
functionally
independent, and looped operations can be easily eliminated.
Thus
the
washbasin
plumber
can finish both the
pipe
rough-in
and
installation first in a continuous operation;
the
then completes his envelope erection task,
also
bricklayer
without interruption.
Dimensional
coordination between components is another
important consideration.
sanitary
finishing
As evidenced by Taiwanese bathroom
fixture installation operations in relation to the
tasks,
almost
all
the
tasks
involved
particular
operation
positional
fitting contingencies for subsequent tasks,
creating
in
dimensional problems consequently.
the accumulated positional
followed
something
the
sequence
are
up.
by
and
The last
task
1).
to
contigencies, or has to
a revisit of a different
Examples are
a
creating
a particular assembly sequence either has to be able
"absorb"
be
assembly
in
trade
to
cover
positional adjustments
of
washbasin mounted on its primary envelope component
to
p.112
c.
"absorb"
positional
tasks,
a
with
second return of
or
erection
wall
of
page
the
final
between
the gap
envelope component,
the bricklayer to fill
the
which
in
the
of the
in order
that,
of
conventional
rationalize
to
author
the two concepts
mentioned
have to be conceptually established first.
These two
bathroom
assemblies
in Taiwan,
are applicable to different contexts for
concepts
systems
The establishment of
helpful
provide
to
domestic
efficient
further,
a
in
industrialized
suitable
systems
and
way.
bathroom
fully
systems
by
into the selection process these two concepts
in
directly
to
establishment
the
adapted, unless they are
Taiwanese
context.
of these two concepts can
Only
and to achieve more
after
technical
be found to eliminate looped operations to
efficiency,
and
productivity
foreign
No
factory pre-fabricated
assembly-
particular,
in
construction
more rational
or
more
be
selected
be
factoring
relation
bathroom
these two concepts will
increase the overall
to
general,
should
more
bathroom
products vary from context
but the physical
design,
to context.
in
2).
is the considered opinion
it
thesis
above
and
30 on
bricks.
Thus,
this
washbasin;
and the third associated
requires
gap
this
of
bathtub
(see Fig.
may cause inaccurate alignment
which
position
fitting contigency
from the previous piping
resulting
60),
6
the
solutions
increase assembly
industrialized
construction
methods.
p. 113
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