The Advent of Women into the Workforce
as it Affected Housing Trends
by
Lisa J. Callahan
Bachelor of Arts
Fairfield University
1989
Submitted to the Department of Architecture in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
in Real Estate Development
at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
September 29, 1994
LN
Mi
@ 1994 Lisa J. Callahan
All rights reserved
The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly
paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part.
Signature of
Author
Department of Architecture
September 29, 1994
Certified by
Frank Levy
-
Department of Urban Studies and Planning
Professor of Urban Economics
Thesis Supervisor
Accepted by
William C. Wheaton
Chairman
Interdepartmental Degree Program in Real Estate Development
AR 6 1995
2
The Advent of Women into the Workforce
as it Affected Housing Trends
by
Lisa J. Callahan
Submitted to the Department of Architecture
on September 29, 1994 in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science in Real Estate Development
Abstract
The last three decades have been a time of great demographic change in the United States;
this paper seeks to explore some of these changes in regards to their effect on housing
trends, particularly that of the condominium. During the 1960s and 1970s, this country
saw the age at first marriage increase, the level of education attained by women increase,
and the entrance of large numbers of women into the civilian labor force. These
demographic changes aided in the dramatic growth of the nonfamily household formation
rate, which resulted in more and smaller households. This new demand for housing was
met in part by the introduction of the condominium as a housing vehicle. By using the
decennial 1990 Public Use Microdata Five Percent Sample, this paper strives to
understand the impact of never married individuals aged twenty-five to fifty-four on the
housing market of 1990, and to determine whether a significant housing difference exists
between men and women.
Thesis Supervisor:
Title:
Dr. Frank Levy
Professor of Urban Economics
Department of Urban Studies and Planning
4
Table of Contents
I.
Introduction
II.
Increasing Age of Individuals at Marriage
III.
Labor Force Participation
IV.
Education
V.
Condominiums
VI.
Nonfamily Household Formation
VII.
Condominium Ownership among Never Married Individuals
VIII.
Bibliography
Schedule of Ilustrations
Illustration 1 Never Married Males as Percent of Population, by Age Group, 1960, 1980
and 1992
Illustration 2 Never Married Females as Percent of Population, by Age Group, 1960,
1980 and 1992
Illustration 3 Male Labor Force Participation Rates, Age 16 and Over, 1960 and 2000
Illustration 4 Female Labor Force Participation Rates, Age 16 and Over, 1960 and 2000
Illustration 5 Female Civilian Labor Force, Ages 16 and Over, 1960 to 1990
Illustration 6 Female Earned Degrees, 1960 to 1990
Illustration 7 Number of Earned Degrees Conferred by Sex, 1960 to 1990
Illustration 8 Percentage of Earned Degrees Conferred by Sex, 1960 to 1990
Illustration 9 Tenure Choice of Never Married Persons, Ages 25 to 54
Illustration 10 Income Distribution of Never Married Persons that Own Housing
Illustration 11 Income Distribution of Never Married Persons that Own Housing, Ages 25
to 34
Illustration 12 Income Distribution of Never Married Persons that Own Housing, Ages 35
to 44
Illustration 13 Income Distribution of Never Married Persons that Own Housing, Ages 45
to 54
Illustration 14 Income Distribution of Never Married Condominium Householders, by Sex
and Ages 25 to 54
Illustration 15 Income Distribution of Never Married Condominium Householders, by Sex
and Ages 25 to 34
Illustration 16 Income Distribution of Never Married Condominium Householders, by Sex
and Ages 35 to 44
Illustration 17 Income Distribution of Never Married Condominium Householders, by Sex
and Ages 45 to 54
Schedule of Tables
Table 1
Never Married Persons as a Percent of Total Population
Table 2
Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population 16 Years
and Over, By Sex
Table 3
Civilian Labor Force and Participation rates by Sex and Age, 1960 to 1992,
and Projection of 2000
Table 4
Earned Degrees Conferred, by Level of Degree and Sex, 1950 to 1990, and
Projections, 1995 to 2000
Table 5
New Privately Owned Housing Units, By Intended Use and Design at Time
of Start, 1973 to 1993
Table 6
Never Married Head of Condominium Households, by Sex, Age and
Income for Six Metropolitan Statistical Area's
Table 7
Never Married Head of Condominium Households, by Sex, Age and
Income for Atlanta
Table 8
Never Married Head of Condominium Households, by Sex, Age and
Income for Chicago
Table 9
Never Married Head of Condominium Households, by Sex, Age and
Income for District of Columbia
Table 10
Never Married Head of Condominium Households, by Sex, Age and
Income for Los Angeles
Table 11
Never Married Head of Condominium Households, by Sex, Age and
Income for New York
Table 12
Never Married Head of Condominium Households, by Sex, Age and
Income for Phoenix
Table 13
Housing Choices of Never Married Individuals, by Sex, Age and Tenure
for Six Metropolitan Statistical Area's
Table 14
Housing Choices of Never Married Individuals, by Sex, Age and Tenure
for Atlanta
Table 15
Housing Choices of Never Married Individuals, by Sex, Age and Tenure
for District of Columbia
Table 16
Housing Choices of Never Married Individuals, by Sex, Age and Tenure
for Chicago
Table 17
Housing Choices of Never Married Individuals, by Sex, Age and Tenure
for Los Angeles
Table 18
Housing Choices of Never Married Individuals, by: Sex, Age and Tenure
for New York
Table 19
Housing Choices of Never Married Individuals, by Sex, Age and Tenure
for Phoenix
8
The United States has witnessed significant demographic change in the last three
decades. These changes have impacted the United States in varied ways, one being that
the status between genders has made large strides forward towards equality as women
started entering the labor force and attaining higher levels of education. The focus of this
paper is the dramatic demographic developments that occurred during the 1960s through
the 1980s, and how they may have affected the housing trends. During this period, the
age of first marriage continued rising, women joined the labor force in growing numbers
and the level of education attained by women increased dramatically.
The paper then
compares these demographic trends to the nonfamily household formation rate, which
constitutes those living alone or sharing housing with nonrelatives, and changes in
housing, looking particularly at the growth of condominiums and their inhabitants.
In 1990, Lawrence Santi wrote that "Any comprehensive theory of household
formation must begin with a recognition that at the most general level, the process of
household formation is embedded within a cultural context that specifies the conditions
under which the establishment of an independent household is appropriate. "1 Likewise, in
order to look at the growth of condominiums, one must look to the growth of the
nonfamily household, and acknowledge the underlying reasons for this household
formation. Once this is accomplished, the paper will address the issue of never married
individuals that owned condominiums when the decennial 1990 Census was administered.
Have the demographic changes that occurred during the past three decades resulted in
single women purchasing housing for themselves? In the 1960s, this would have been a
rare event.
Are never married women purchasing condominiums, and how do they
compare to their never married male equivalents?
'Santi, Lawrence L. "Household Headship among Unmarried Persons in the United
States, 1970 - 1985", Demography, 27: 219-232 (1990), page 221.
Housing is an obviously integral part of life, as basic as food and water. For many
people, not only is it shelter, but it conveys social status and a particular standard of living.
The innate difference between renting and owning housing is ingrained into our national
psyche. At some point in our lives, whether instilled by cartoons, our peers or our parents,
most Americans arrive at a point where they believe owning is simply better than renting.
In the 1950s and the 1960s, people lived at home with their parents and got
married with the knowledge that someday they would buy a home in which to raise their
family. Furthermore, many married couples were able to attain this 'American Dream', and
a large percentage of those were able to do so with only one person working to support
the family. Traditionally, mothers stayed home to raise the children while fathers worked
to support the family. That's just the way it was, but life did not remain this way.
As individuals began to marry at a later age in the 1970s, many young people
moved out of their parents home before marriage. This change, combined with the fact
that women began attaining ever-increasing levels of education and entering the labor
force in great numbers, caused the nonfamily household formation rate to dramatically
increase in the 1970s. The increasing nonfamily household formation resulted in a growth
of households, most of which were smaller households than had previously been the norm.
This growth of smaller households created new demand for housing, which may help
explain the dramatic increase in the price of housing over the last four decades. As well,
this nonhousehold formation rate may help explain the why the popularity of
condominiums as a housing vehicle has grown quickly.
Currently in the 1990s, it is very difficult for single-earner couples to purchase
housing, and many two-earner families have difficulty purchasing housing. The changes
from the 1960s to the present are both pronounced and dramatic.
The recent housing
patterns are significantly different, altered over the years by changing demographic trends,
changing household formations, and a cost of housing that rose faster than the rate of
inflation.
The changes mentioned above may have been some of the impetus behind the
proliferation of the condominium as a housing vehicle, as a condominium is generally
cheaper to purchase than a house, and does not contain all of the maintenance required by
a house.
Increasing Age of Individuals at First Marriage
An important part of the many changes that occurred during 1960s, 1970s and
1980s was the age at which individuals were first entering the institution of marriage.
Since the early 1960s, the rate of first marriage of young women at least eighteen years of
age and of middle-aged women up to forty-four years old has declined significantly in the
United States. In 1960, only 28% of women aged twenty to twenty-four had never been
married. By 1992, 66% of the women in this group had never been married. This trend is
the similar for men as well, and helps to explain the rising proportion of single young
adults in the population during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. In 1970, 53% of men aged
twenty to twenty-four had never been married, but by 1992, this percentage had increased
to 79%. During the 1970s alone, the median age at first marriage increased by more than
one year for both males and females. 2
The most notable change occurred during the 1970s within the group from twenty
to twenty-four years old. During this decade, the percentage of the total population aged
twenty to twenty-four that had never been married increased 14% for both men and
women. The 1980s affected this same age group almost as dramatically; the percent of
never married men aged twenty to twenty-four increased another 10.5%, and the percent
2Bloom,
David E., and Neil G. Bennett. "Modeling American Marriage Patterns",
NationalBureau of Economic Research Working PaperSeries, 3425, (1990), page 1.
of women in the same age group increased another 13%. As enumerated in Table 1, from
1960 to 1992 the age group of twenty to twenty-four years old was the only age group in
which the change in never married persons as a percent of the population was larger for
women than men. Men aged twenty-five to thirty-nine years old experienced a larger
change from 1960 to 1992 than did women of the same age, and individuals, both men and
women, from the age of forty to fifty-four years old did not experience a significant
change.
It is interesting to note that while the most dramatic increase occurred in
individuals between the ages of twenty and thirty-four years old, the changes were not
distributed evenly among the sexes. For instance, women in the 1960s aged twenty to
twenty-four years old clearly experienced more change than did their male counterparts.
For further information on never married persons as a percent of the total population,
please refer to Table 1.
Never Married Individuals as Percent of Population
by Age Group, 1960, 1980 and 1992
Mak
100
90
80
70-
1960
060 -
50 -1980
40-
30 -
1992
20
10
0
C=cn
CDU
Gro LO-Ag
Age Group
Lup
Never Married Individuals as Percent of Population
by Age Group, 1960, 1980 and 1992
Fem ab
100
90
80
70
1960
60 2 50a40
30 2010
0
1980
1992
0
. a) 14-4
0 Oi 0
--
2? ~
LO
0
W
0
LOW
Age Group
Labor Force Participation
As cultural norms changed, women in the United States began to enter the work
force in great numbers. From 1960 to 1992, the female labor force participation rate,
which is the percent of the female population that is working, grew significantly.
Obviously, the male labor force participation rate did not experience the same growth, as
many men were already part of the labor market in the 1960s. However, it is interesting
to note that the participation rate for men has fallen in the period from 1960 to 1992, and
the U.S. Census Bureau participation rate projections to the year 2000 show the
participation rate to be even lower than the 1960 level.
As well, the sheer number of
women that joined the civilian work force during the last four decades outnumbered that
of men joining the civilian labor force. While all of these changes in the female labor force
are important, male workers still outnumber female workers in today's civilian labor force,
even though there are more females in the United States.
Labor Force Participation Rates
Age 16 and Over, 1960 and 2000, Projected
Mah
10090 80 70 60
U 501
1960
c40 --
2000
30
20
10
0
LD>
Co
coJ
LO>
CJ
Age Groups
Ur)L>
The 1960s witnessed significant growth in the number of working women in the
civilian labor force. As indicated in Table 3, men in the civilian labor force from twenty to
twenty-four years old and from twenty-five to thirty-four years old experienced a change
in the labor force participation rate of -5.6% and zero percent, respectively. In the 1960s,
the male civilian labor force either decreased or stayed the same, depending upon the age
group. During this same time period and in the same age groups, the female civilian labor
force experienced an increase in the participation rate of 11.6% and 9.2%, respectively.
During most of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s, the United States was
embroiled in the Vietnam war, and approximately 590,000 men entered the military in the
1960s. The war, however, had very little impact on the civilian labor force participation
rates, as the individuals who joined the war effort in the 1960s did not even represent 1%
of the civilian labor force.
While the 1960s marked significant growth in the civilian female labor force, the
1970s marked even larger growth. The labor force participation rate for women aged
twenty to twenty-four increased 11.2%, for women aged twenty-five to thirty-four
increased 20.5%, and for women aged thirty-five to forty-four increased 14.4%.
The
cultural changes that prompted women in this period to marry at a later age and to attain
more education than they previously had also resulted in women, both married and single,
entering the labor force in greater numbers. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, "This
trend toward more working wives arises from a complex set of interrelated factors such as
greater employment opportunities, higher educational training of women, increased
efficiency in housework activities, changing attitudes toward working wives, aspirations
for better levels of living, and others." 3
Income of Families in Current Population Reports, Series P-60, Income in 1969 of
Families and Persons in the United States, 1970, page 3.
3
As illustrated below, the majority of women that joined the civilian labor force in
the 1960s were married. Although the number of single women working has increased
significantly since 1960, married women still constitute the majority of the labor force.
Female Civilian Labor Force, Ages 16 and Over
1990
U Other
1980
1 Married
1970
E Single
1960
0
20000
40000
Thousands
60000
In the above graph, the category 'Other' represents women that have been widowed,
divorced or separated.
From the 1960s to the Census Bureau's estimated projections of the year 2000,
the female civilian labor force increased 28.2%, 42.4%, and 40.2% respectively for the age
groups of twenty to twenty-four, twenty-five to thirty-four, and thirty-five to forty-four.
Combining these age groups, the U.S. Bureau of Census estimated in 1993 that 27.7
million women will have joined the civilian labor force in the years from 1960 to 2000.
Education
Education played a vital part in the change of the status and roles of women in
America, as it enabled them to enter the workforce and compete for positions that had
previously been filled by educated men. As women began entering the workforce in great
numbers in the 1960s, likewise, the conferred number of post-high school degrees
increased greatly.
During the 1960s, the total number of degrees, ranging from an
Associate degree to a Doctorate, conferred by educational institutions more than doubled.
Women played a significant role in this growth, and accounted for the majority of the
increase.
Female Earned Degrees, 1960 to 1990
600
500
Associate's
400
Bachelors
300
Masters
First Professional
200
Doctorate
100
0
-
~-
Over the last three decades, the degrees awarded to women steadily increased, and
in most cases, surpassed the number of degrees awarded to men by the late 1970s or the
early 1980s. This is true for Associate's degrees, Bachelor's degrees and Master's degrees.
However, men still achieve a greater number of First Professional and Doctorate degrees.
As indicated in the following illustrations, women surpassed and began receiving
more than half of the degrees conferred each year in 1982.
Number of Earned Degrees Conferred by Sex,
1960 to 1990
12001000o
800-
u
600-
Female
0
Male
.=400-
200
0
j
Percentage of Earned Degrees Conferred by Sex,
1960 to 1990
1009080-70
160
S5040
30
20-10 0
___
Female
Male
Condominiums
Condominium ownership in the United States offers many of the same advantages
that single family home ownership does, and without some of the disadvantages. The
condominium as a housing vehicle can provide the same tax benefits and conveys the same
perceived elevated social status that is connected with owning housing in the United
States. The difference between the two types of housing lies in their form of ownership
and their physical characteristics.
Both condominiums and a single family homes can be owned in a freehold estate,
but when purchasing a single family home, the land beneath and immediately surrounding
the dwelling to a predetermined point is owned in a freehold estate as well. The land
beneath and surrounding a condominium is not directly owned by the owner of the
condominium, but rather by an association of all of the owners of the condominiums in a
particular complex. Since the land, as well as most of the actual physical building, is
owned by this association of condominium owners, the upkeep of the land and the
buildings is the responsibility of all of the owners as a group. The individual condominium
owner is not personally responsible for watering, fertilizing and mowing the lawn,
shoveling snow or maintaining the roofing or siding. The individual owner pays a set
monthly fee to the association, and the association hires professionals to maintain the
property.
This housing vehicle has become popular among those who either do not have the
time, the desire or the capability to personally maintain their home, but desire the benefits
of home ownership.
Just as single family homes have traditionally contained families,
condominiums have been heralded as excellent housing vehicles for several of the
nonfamily household groups; single people, divorced people and the elderly.
While this study focuses on single, never married individuals and their ownership
of condominiums, it should be noted that the increase in the divorce rate over the last
thirty years created a need for additional housing, and condominiums may very well have
been the housing vehicle of choice for this group. Clearly, the divorce rate impacted both
the nonfamily household formation rate and the growth of condominiums, but that is the
subject for another study entirely.
As a result of the high densities that can be achieved by condominiums, less land is
required to develop this type of housing than the traditional single family home.
The
reduced land cost per unit of housing, combined with some of the savings achieved in the
production of units that often share walls, ceilings and floors with adjoining units, very
often results in a lower sales price than a freestanding home would command. There are
exceptions, of course, the most notable being condominiums with extraordinarily high land
costs because of a special circumstance, such as a highly desirable location. For example,
high rise condominiums in Chicago with views of the lake or units in New York that have
views of the water or Central Park will certainly cost more than an equivalent unit just a
few blocks away.
For the young, condominiums can represent a move up from an apartment; they
achieve the social and tax benefits at a price that they can afford, and without the timeconsuming maintenance. For divorced and elderly people, many of whom have resided in
single family homes in the past, owning a condominium still carries the benefits of homeownership, but relieves them of the chores of maintaining the single-family home.
Since this work is focused on six urban areas in the United States and the housing
patterns of nonfamily households, it is important to note that condominiums play a special
role in urban areas.
The shortage of available land causes urban areas to develop
residences at a higher density than in the suburbs or rural areas of this country. The
condominium allows city dwellers to own housing without having to move to the suburbs
to do so, but it should be noted that condominiums are prevalent in suburbs as well. The
further from an urban area one goes, the less likely that condominiums are present.
Not until 1973 did the Bureau of the Census began to collect data on the
construction of condominiums. Therefore, the nature and the extent of the growth of
condominiums prior to 1973 is largely unknown.
Regardless of the growth of
condominiums as a housing vehicle, the 1990 census revealed that condominiums were a
mere 4.7% of the nations occupied housing units. The majority of the United States does
not lie within Metropolitan Statistical Area's, and condominiums have not yet become a
norm in rural areas. As well, there are millions of single family homes in existence today
that were built before condominiums became a recognized form of housing.
The available data, enumerated in Table 5 indicates that 241,000 condominiums
intended for sale were built in 1973. This number represented 29% of all housing units
that were built in 1973 and intended for sale. The construction of condominiums intended
for sale each year from 1973 through 1993 averaged 21% of the new construction
intended for sale.
As one might expect, the actual number fluctuated each year, and
ranged from a low of 11% to a high of 31%. To a certain extent, the periods when the
percentage of new condominiums to new units intended for sale was low were also slow
construction periods for all new units. Since the real estate market is based on housing
supply and demand as well as the economy of the region and nation, it often cycles in
conjunction with recessions and times of prosperity. Table 5 shows that changes in the for
sale condominium market generally correlate to the overall for sale housing market; there
are only two exceptions in the twenty year period from 1973 to 1993 in which one market
experienced growth while the other experienced a decline. From 1978 to 1979, there was
a decrease of 12% in the for sale overall housing market, yet the for sale condominium
market experienced an increase of 27%. The second exception is in the period from 1985
to 1986, when the overall market experienced a growth of 7% and the condominium
market experienced a decrease of 5%. Other than these two exceptions, both the for sale
condominium and the overall housing market seem to increase and decrease at the same
times. It should be noted that the during the late 1970s, the for sale condominium market
grew at a significantly faster pace than did the overall market, and when the overall
housing market slowed, the condominium market was not nearly as affected. A decade
later, when the overall market showed signs of weakness in the late 1980s, the
condominium market showed even stronger signs of weakness. It is not unreasonable to
think that these trends were influenced by the dramatic growth in the 1970s of the
nonfamily household formation rate, which, as discussed in the next section, did slow in
the 1980s.
Nonfamily Household Formation
From the 1960s to the present, there has been a transformation in the way society
views the household patterns of never married people. Traditionally, people continued to
reside in their parents home until marriage, but as the age of marriage increased, this
notion began to change. Today, it is increasingly expected that never married individuals
will establish independent residences before marriage. Many will experience dormitory life
in college, and many more will rent housing with friends, alone, or as an unmarried couple.
The 1970s represented a significant change in American households; the rate of
growth in the number of households outstripped the rate of population growth, resulting in
smaller households.
The proportion of households maintained by married couples
declined sharply, while single-parent families and nonfamily households increased sharply.
These changes continued into the 1980s, but at a slower pace. In 1984, James Sweet
quantified the change in households from 1970 to 1980, and attributed two-thirds of the
increase in the number of households to population growth and to the change in the
composition of the population by age and marital status. He attributed the remaining onethird to the increased likelihood that people would rather have an independent household
than share housing with others. 4
According to the Bureau of the Census, in the three decades preceding the
1980 census, the number of nonfamily households, which constitutes those living alone or
James A. "Components of Change in the Number of Households: 1970 - 1980."
Demography, 21: 129-140 (1984)
4 Sweet,
sharing housing with nonrelatives, more than tripled, outstripping the general household
growth rate by a factor of four. In 1990, 60% of the total one person households in the
United States were female householders, and the remaining 40% was male householders.
The growth in nonfamily households is a reflection of the changing living trends of young
adults and the elderly, and Kenneth S.Y. Chew attributes the change in living patterns
among the young adults as the main cause behind the growth. Chew looked at the young
nonfamily households and concluded that "an area's employment base, by shaping its
migration pattern and its income and educational composition, underlies its nonfamily
household rate. Young adults are most likely to live in nonfamily households in areas
whose economies are 'knowledge-intensive' rather than 'smokestack' based."
Chew
concludes that service centers are dominated by professionals and cause an in-migration of
highly educated, high income populations. This, according to Chew, raises the disposition
to live in nonfamily households. 5
Condominium Ownership Among Never Married Individuals
To summarize the points made up until this point, there have been dramatic shifts
in the roles of women in our society over the last four decades.
However, despite
dramatic shifts in the cultural norms of the past, women still lag behind men in several key
areas. For instance, most men still make more money than most women, and attain more
first professional and doctorate degrees, which essentially means that there are still more
male doctors, lawyers and highly specialized professionals. As well, there are currently
more men in the civilian work force than women. While some conclusions can certainly be
drawn about the impact of the changes that have occurred in regards to the nonfamily
S.Y. Chew contributed a chapter entitled "Urban Industry and Young Nonfamily
Households" to a book edited in 1990 by Dowell Myers, called HousingDemography:
Linking DemographicStructure andHousing Markets. Implicit in Chew's arguement is
the fact that highly educated individuals are less likely to enter the institution of marriage
in any given year than are less educated individuals.
5Kenneth
household formation rate and the growth of the condominium as a housing vehicle, these
changes may have affected the condominium ownership of 1990 between men and women.
As discussed earlier, condominiums, while enjoying a variety of owners from different
backgrounds, have been known to be popular among several of the nonfamily household
groups; single people, divorced people and the elderly. However, it is not well known
whether there exists a large difference between the condominium ownership rates of single
women and single men, and the 1990 Census provided this information for urban areas.
In order to look at this issue in more detail, six metropolitan areas from around the
United States have been selected for study. Metropolitan areas typically have a larger
number of condominiums than do rural areas, perhaps due in part to the shortage of land
and the high density of people. As discussed earlier, metropolitan areas also tend to
attract a higher percentage of educated professional workers than do rural areas.
Therefore, in order to look at condominium ownership by never married individuals, it is
logical to focus on urban areas. At the time of the 1990 census, there were a total of
4,516,000 condominiums in the United States, of which 291,000 were seasonal housing
only.
Of the remaining 4,225,000 condominiums, 356,000 were located outside the
Metropolitan Statistical Areas, leaving 3,869,000 condominiums in the MSA's of the
United States. According to the census, 92% of the condominiums in the United States
were located inside a MSA in 1990. The areas chosen for study are Phoenix, Arizona,
Washington, D.C., Los Angeles, California, New York, New York, Chicago, Illinois and
Atlanta, Georgia. Combined, these six MSA's contain a total of 465,975 condominiums,
which represents 11% of the total year round condominium market and 12% of the total
year round condominiums located within a MSA. Within these six MSA's, 21% of the
condominiums are owned and lived in by never married individuals with incomes of
$15,000 and above, from the age of twenty-five to fifty-four.
Although the state of
Florida has an exceedingly high number of condominiums, it has not been included in this
study since Florida has an unusually high proportion of elderly people, many of whom
retire in Florida or reside part of each year in a second home.
The 1990 Census Public Use Microdata Five Percent Sample provided the data for
this study. The key variables used are CONDO, which denotes whether housing is a
condominium, TENURE, which denotes whether housing is owned or rented, SEX, which
denotes sex of householder, AGE, which denotes age of householder, MARITAL, which
denotes marital status of householder, YEARSCH, which denotes level of educational
attainment and REARNING, which denotes 1989 wages and self-employment income. In
order to study people of working age, people under the age of twenty-five and above the
age of fifty-four were discarded from the sample. Individuals with an income less than
$15,000 in 1989 were discarded as well. Householders were then placed in one of three
groups according to age. The scope of the variables was reduced, such that all figures
contained herein represent never married people between the age of twenty-five and fiftyfour. As well, all figures contained herein have been adjusted using the weighted variables
provided by the Bureau of the Census.
In order to study the propensity of never married individuals to own
condominiums, the housing choices of this group must be studied.
The male never
married population between the ages of twenty-five and fifty-four in these six MSA's totals
573,832, while the equivalent female population totals 505,630. Given the difference in
the size of these populations, it is easy to conclude that men have more of an impact on
the housing markets of these six MSA's than do their equivalent females. As illustrated in
the following graph, never married males rent and own more housing than never married
females. If the male rate of owning is taken as a percent of the total housing occupied by
male never married individuals, it shows that never married men own a higher percentage
of the housing that they occupy than do never married women. Women owned 27% of
the housing that they occupied, and men owned 32% of the housing that they occupied.
Tenure Choice of Never Married Persons, Age 25 to 54
400000
350000
300000
250000
R e nt
200000
SO wn
150000
100000
50000
0
M a le
F e m a le
M a le
F e m a le
Putting aside those individuals that rented housing, it is important not only to look at the
total number of housing units owned, but also at the breakdown in the type of housing
owned. Of the housing units owned by never married women, 35% were condominiums.
Of the housing units owned by never married men, 28% were condominiums.
In the
instance of these six MSA's, men still actually owned a greater number of condominiums
due to the facts that there are more men in the sample and that men own a higher
percentage of total housing than do women.
Income Distribution of Never Married Persons that Own Housing
Ages 25 to 54
$90,000 to
$94,999
$75,000 to
$79,999
[E] Wo me nowneris
$60,000 to
$64,999
0 me nowne rs
$45,000 to
$49,999
$30,000 to
$34,999
$15,000 to
$19,999
0
5000
10000 15000 20000 25000
25 to 34
$95,000 to
$99,999
$75,000 to
$79,999
$55,000 to
$59,999
$35,000 to
$39,999
$15,000 to
$19,999
"""
"
"
"
" " "
Female Owners
Male Owners
IE~I-6
2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
35 to 44
$95,000 to
$99,999
$75,000 to
$79,999
$55,000 to
$59,999
$35,000 to
$39,999
$15,000 to
$19,999
* Female Owners
* Male Owners
..-
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
45 to 54
$90,000 to
$94,999
$75,000 to
$79,999
$60,000 to
* Female Owners
$64,999$45,000 t o
$49,999-
* Male Owners
$30,000 to
$34,999
$15,000 to
$19,999 I
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
The previous graphs show a pattern of ownership with regard to the income distribution
of never married individuals in different age groups. As discussed, the never married men
in this sample own more housing than the never married women, and the graphs indicate
that men from twenty-five to thirty-four and men in the income range of $55,000 and
above may be a large part of the reason.
When the scope of the population is narrowed to never married individuals who
own the condominiums in which they live, a distinctly different income distribution is
created. In this distribution, women in the lower income ranges clearly play a role in the
condominium market.
Income Distribution of Never Married Condominium Householders
Ages 25 to 54
$90,000 to
$94,999
$75,000 to
$79,999
$60,000 to
$64,999
----
Men
$45,000 to
Women
-
$49,999
$30,000 to
$34,999
$15,0 00to
$19,999
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
As depicted above, both never married men and women in this sample in the
income range of $20,000 to $54,999 appear to be the largest consumers of condominium
housing in the never married category. This could be a reflection of condominium housing
normally being a cheaper form of owned housing than other types, and therefore within
reach of the lower income groups. This distribution may also reflect a preference for other
types of housing that may be more expensive than condominiums. Once individuals reach
a certain income level, they may be able to buy the housing that they prefer.
The percentage of never married women and men that owned the condominiums in
which they lived was divided evenly. Never married men that owned the condominium in
which they lived comprised 50.77% of the sample, while the equivalent women comprised
49.23% of the sample. Never married women owned less condominiums than their male
counterparts in New York and Los Angeles, but owned more in DC, Phoenix, Atlanta and
Chicago.
This is consistent with the previous income distribution of never married
individuals, as housing is generally more expensive in New York and Los Angeles. Of all
the housing units in the six MSA's owned by never married individuals, women owned a
greater percent of condominiums than did men. This was true for the compilation of the
data, but when looking at each urban area by itself, New York proves to be the only
exception. It is reasonable to assume that the extraordinarily high cost of housing in New
York serves to eliminate many people from owning, and women are certainly not the
exception.
As illustrated below, never married individuals in the age group from twenty-five
to thirty-four years old own their condominiums more than either of the other age groups.
This is entirely logical since the percent of the population that is never married decreases
as the age group increases. In the age group of twenty-five to thirty-four years old, never
married men owned more condominiums than their female counterparts, and the reverse is
true for people aged thirty-five to forty-four years old and forty-five to fifty-four years
old. However, in each age group, never married women owned more condominiums than
never married men at the lower end of the income range. For instance, for income up to
$29,999, women owned more condominiums than men. On the other side, men in the
income range of $55,000 and over owned more condominiums than women, with one
small exception.
Income Distribution of Never Married Condominium Householders
25 to 34
$95,000 to
$99,999
$75,000 to
$79,999
$55,000 to
$59,999
$35,000 to
$39,999
$15,000 to
$19,999
..i
----
El Female
-ii
U Male
1000
2000
3000
4000
35 to 44
$90,00 0
$94,999
$75,00 tD
$79,999
$60,000 ID
$64,999
6iiiiiii
$45,000ID
$49,999
$30,00 ID
$34,999
$15000 ID
$19,999
D
EM a le
iiiiiiiim
1000
F em ale
2000
3000
4000
45 to 55
$90,000 to
$94,999
.
$75,000 to
$79,999
$60,000 to
$64,999
$45,000 to
$49,999
$30,000 to
$34,999
$15,000 to
$19,999
El Female
E Male
1000
2000
3000
4000
The total sample size of condominiums in the six MSA's was 465,975, and the
subsample used in this study was 101,104.
Therefore, approximately 21% of the
condominiums in these six MSA's were owned by never married individuals between the
ages of twenty-five and fifty-four that had an income of at least $15,000.
As shown
below, this percentage fluctuated by MSA.
Never Married
25-54
Never Married
Income above $15,000
25 -54
MSA
# of Condo's
Atlanta
11,338
69%
65%
Chicago
77,436
40%
38%
D.C.
28,628
25%
23%
Los Angeles
98,031
28%
26%
New York
223,264
13%
13%
Phoenix
27,278
19%
17%
In conclusion, the dramatic demographic shifts and changes in cultural norms that
occurred in the last three decades all contributed to an increase in the nonfamily household
formation rate, which increased faster than the rate of population growth in the 1970s.
This occurrence resulted in smaller households, and may have been instrumental in the
growth of condominiums as a housing vehicle. In looking at the 1990 census data for the
six Metropolitan Statistical Area's used in this study, we find that the number of men and
women between the ages of 25 and 54 who have never been married and own the
condominium in which they reside are roughly equivalent. The data presents a pattern of
never married women being more likely to purchase a condominium in an urban area at a
lower income level than their male equivalents, and likewise, the data reveals that never
married men are more likely to purchase a condominium in an urban area at a higher
income level than their female equivalents. As well, the data showed that never married
men aged twenty-five to forty-four had a larger impact on the housing market in these
MSA's in 1990 than did similar women.
However, the data revealed that if buying a
home, a never married woman is more likely to purchase a condominium than is a never
married man. As more women begin to find themselves in high paying jobs, it seems likely
that this housing vehicle will continue to enjoy their patronage, but in the meantime, the
majority of the never married individuals who are looking to buy housing are men.
Bibliography
Bloom, David E., and Neil G. Bennett.
"Modeling American Marriage Patterns",
NationalBureau of Economic Research Working PaperSeries, 3425, (1990)
Census of Population and Housing, 1990: Public Use Microdata Samples U.S. (machine
readable data files)/ prepared by the Bureau of the Census.
Washington: The Bureau
(producer and distributor), 1992.
Dyer, Everett, D.
1979.
The American Family: Variety and Change. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Larwood, Laurie., Ann H. Stromberg., and Barbara A. Gutek. Editors. 1985. Women and
Work: An Annual Review, Volume I. California: Sage Publications, Inc.
Masnick, George, and Burns, Mary Jo. 1980. The Nations Families: 1960-1990. Joint
Center for Urban Studies of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard
University.
Myers, Dowell. Editor. 1990. Housing Demography:Linking DemographicStructure and
HousingMarkets. 1st Edition. Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press.
Oppenheimer, Valerie Kincade.
1982.
Work and the Family: A Study in Social
Demography. New York: Academic Press, Inc.
Santi, Lawrence L. "The Demographic Context of Recent Change in the Structure of
American Households", Demography, 25: 509-519 (1988)
Santi, Lawrence L. "Household Headship among Unmarried Persons in the United States,
1970 - 1985", Demography,27: 219-232 (1990)
Sweet, James A., and Larry Bumpass. 1987. American Families and Households. New
York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Sweet, James A. "Components of Change in the Number of Households: 1970 - 1980."
Demography, 21: 129-140 (1984)
Sweet, James A., 1973. Women in the Labor Force. 1st Edition. New York: Seminar
Press, Inc.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, ConstructionReports, Series C-20, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, DC, 1973 through 1993.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 75, Income in
1969 of Families and Persons in the United States, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC, 1970.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60 , No. 132, Money
Income of Households, Families and Persons in the United States: 1980,
Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1982.
U.S.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60 , No. 184, Money
Income of Households, Families and Persons in the United States: 1992,
U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1993.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, StatisticalAbstract of the United States: 1970 (91st Edition.)
Washington, DC, 1970.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1980
(101st
Edition.) Washington, DC, 1980.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1981
Edition.) Washington, DC, 1981.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, StatisticalAbstract of the United States: 1993 (113th
Edition.) Washington, DC, 1993.
(102nd
Table 1
Never Married
Persons as
a Percent of Total Population, by Sex and Age
Female
Male
Age
1980
1990
1992
1960
1970
1980
1990
1992
1960
1970
24 years
29 years
34 years
39 years
44 years
53.1
20.8
11.9
8.8
7.3
54.7
19.1
9.4
7.2
6.3
68.8
33.1
15.9
7.8
7.1
79.3
45.2
27
14.7
10.5
80.3
48.7
29.4
18.4
9.2
28.4
10.5
6.9
6.1
6.1
35.8
10.5
6.2
5.4
4.9
50.2
20.9
9.5
6.2
4.8
62.8
31.1
16.4
10.4
8
65.7
33.2
18.8
12.6
8.4
45 to 54 years
7.4
7.5
6.1
6.3
7.3
7
4.9
4.7
5
5.3
20
25
30
35
40
to
to
to
to
to
Change in Never Married Persons as a Percent of Total Population,
by Sex and Age
Female
Male
Age
'60 - '70
'70 - '80
'80 - '90
'90 -'92
'60-'92
'60 - '70
'70 - '80
'80 - '90
'90 -'92
'60-'92
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
1.6
-1.7
-2.5
14.1
14
6.5
10.5
12.1
11.1
1
3.5
2.4
27.2
27.9
17.5
7.4
0
-0.7
14.4
10.4
3.3
12.6
10.2
6.9
2.9
2.1
2.4
37.3
22.7
11.9
35 to 39 years
40 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
-1.6
-1
0.1
0.6
0.8
-1.4
6.9
3.4
0.2
3.7
-1.3
1
9.6
1.9
-0.1
-0.7
-1.2
-2.1
0.8
-0.1
-0.2
4.2
3.2
0.3
2.2
0.4
0.3
6.5
2.3
-1.7
Table 2
Employment
Year
Sex
MALE
1960
1970
1980
1985
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
FEMALE
1960
1970
1980
1985
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
Civilian Noninstitutional Total
Population
Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population
16 Years Old and Over By Sex
Civilian Labor Force (in thousands)
Unemployed
Employment
Percent
Of
Employed
Population Number
Percent of
Labor Force
Ratio
Population
Not in Labor Force
Percent
Number
Of
Population
55,662
64,304
79,398
84,469
46,388
51,228
61,453
64,411
83.30
79.70
77.40
76.30
43,904
48,990
57,186
59,891
78.9
76.2
72
70.9
2,486
2,238
4,267
4,521
5.4
4.4
6.9
7
9,274
13,076
17,945
20,058
16.7
20.3
22.6
23.7
87,857
88,762
89,650
90,552
91,541
66,927
67,840
68,234
68,411
69,184
76.20
76.40
76.10
75.50
75.60
63,273
64,315
64,435
63,593
63,085
72
72.5
71.9
70.2
69.7
3,655
3,525
3,799
4,817
5,380
5.5
5.2
5.6
7
7.8
20,930
20,923
21,417
22,141
22,356
23.8
23.6
23.9
24.5
24.4
61,582
72,782
88,348
93,736
96,756
97,630
98,399
99,214
100,035
23,240
31,534
45,487
51,050
54,742
56,030
56,554
56,893
57,798
37.70
43.30
51.50
54.50
56.60
57.40
57.50
57.30
57.80
21,874
29,688
42,117
47,259
51,696
53,027
53,479
53,284
53,793
35.5
40.8
47.7
50.4
53.4
54.3
54.3
53.7
53.8
1,366
1,855
3,370
3,791
3,046
3,003
3,075
3,609
4,005
5.9
5.9
7.4
7.4
5.6
5.4
5.4
6.3
6.9
38,343
41,239
42,861
42,686
42,014
41,061
41,845
42,321
42,237
62.3
56.7
48.5
45.5
43.4
42.6
42.5
42.7
42.2
1. Civilian employed as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population
Table 3
Civilian Labor Force and Participation Rates By Sex and Age,
1960 to 1992, and Projection of 2000
PARTICIPATION RATE (percent)
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE (millions)
SEX
AGE
MALE
16 to 19 years old
20 to 24 years old
25 to 34 years old
35 to 44 years old
45 to 54 years old
FEMALE
16 to 19 years old
20 to 24 years old
25 to 34 years old
35 to 44 years old
45 to 54 years old
1960
1970
1980
1990
1992
2000
1960
1970
1980
1990
1992
2000
3.2
4.9
10.9
11.5
9.6
4
5.7
11.3
10.5
10.4
5
8.6
17
11.8
9.9
3.9
7.3
19.8
17.3
11.2
3.5
7.2
19.4
18.2
12.1
4.4
7.2
17.3
20.4
16.5
58.6
88.9
96.4
96.4
94.3
56.1
83.3
96.4
96.9
94.3
60.5
85.9
95.2
95.5
91.2
55.7
84.3
94.2
94.4
90.7
53.3
83.3
93.8
93.8
90.8
57.4
85.5
93.9
93.7
90.5
2.1
2.6
4.2
5.3
5.2
3.2
4.9
5.7
6
6.5
4.4
7.3
12.3
8.6
7
3.5
6.6
16
14.6
9.3
3.2
6.5
15.7
15.4
10.3
4.1
6.6
14.8
18.4
15
39.1
46.1
35.8
43.1
49.3
44
57.7
45
51.1
54.4
52.9
68.9
65.5
65.5
59.9
51.8
71.6
73.6
76.5
71.2
49.2
71.2
74.1
76.8
72.7
54.1
74.3
78.2
83.3
79
Change in Civilian Labor Force and Participation Rates
CHANGE IN CIVILIAN
CHANGE IN PARTICIPATION
LABOR FORCE
RATE
60 -70 '70 280 '80 -'90 '90 200 '60 -00 60-'70 '70 -'80 '80 -'90 '90 -'00 '60 -'00
SEX
AGE
MALE
16 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
FEMALE
16 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
old
old
old
old
old
0.8
0.8
0.4
-1
0.8
1
2.9
5.7
1.3
-0.5
-1.1
-1.3
2.8
5.5
1.3
0.5
-0.1
-2.5
3.1
5.3
1.2
2.3
6.4
8.9
6.9
-2.5
-5.6
0
0.5
0
4.4
2.6
-1.2
-1.4
-3.1
-4.8
-1.6
-1
-1.1
-0.5
1.7
1.2
-0.3
-0.7
-0.2
-1.2
-3.4
-2.5
-2.7
-3.8
old
old
old
old
old
1.1
2.3
1.5
0.7
1.3
1.2
2.4
6.6
2.6
0.5
-0.9
-0.7
3.7
6
2.3
0.6
0
-1.2
3.8
5.7
2
4
10.6
13.1
9.8
4.9
11.6
9.2
8
5.1
8.9
11.2
20.5
14.4
5.5
-1.1
2.7
8.1
11
11.3
2.3
2.7
4.6
6.8
7.8
15
28.2
42.4
40.2
29.7
Table 4
Earned Degrees Conferred, By Level of Degree and Sex,
1950 to 1990 and Projections, 1995 to 2000
First
Year
Ending
1960*
1965
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1995 proj.
2000 proj.
Associate's
Degrees
Total
477
664
1271
1393
1509
1586
1653
1666
1726
1741
1744
1727
1731
1752
1788
1822
1819
1828
1830
1825
1835
1873
1937
2144
2218
% Male
65.8
61.6
59.2
59
58.7
58.1
57.5
56.1
55.7
54.7
53.3
52.1
51.1
50.3
49.8
49.6
49.6
49.3
49
48.4
48
47.3
46.7
45.4
45.7
% Female
34.2
38.4
40.8
41
41.3
41.9
42.5
43.9
44.3
45.3
46.7
47.9
48.9
49.7
50.2
50.4
50.4
50.7
51
51.6
52
52.7
53.3
54.6
54.3
Male
NA
NA
117
144
166
175
189
191
210
211
205
192
184
189
197
207
203
203
196
192
190
186
191
200
214
Female
NA
NA
89
108
126
141
155
169
181
196
208
211
217
228
238
249
250
252
250
246
245
250
264
297
314
* First professional degrees are included with bachelor's degrees
Bachelor's
Male
254
289
451
476
501
518
527
505
505
496
487
477
474
470
473
479
482
483
486
481
477
483
491
535
559
Female
138
213
341
364
387
404
418
418
421
424
434
444
456
465
480
490
492
497
502
510
518
535
558
631
649
Master's
Male
51
78
126
138
150
154
158
162
167
168
161
153
151
147
146
145
144
143
144
141
145
149
154
166
167
Female
24
40
83
92
102
109
119
131
145
149
150
148
147
149
150
145
141
143
145
148
154
161
170
188
186
Professional
Male
NA
27
33
36
41
46
49
49
53
52
52
53
53
53
52
51
51
50
49
47
45
45
44
49
51
Female
NA
1
2
2
3
4
5
7
10
12
14
16
17
19
20
22
23
25
25
25
25
26
27
37
36
Doctor's
Male
9
15
26
28
28
29
27
27
26
25
24
24
23
23
22
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
24
24
23
Female
1
2
4
5
5
6
6
7
8
8
8
9
10
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
14
17
19
Table 5
New Privately Owned Housing Units, By Intended Use and Design at Time of Start, 1973 to 1993
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
1992 1993
Structure Type and Intent
1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981
Total Units (Thousands)
For Sale, total
Condominium
2045 1338 1160 1538 1987 2020 1745 1292 1084 1062 1703 1750 1742 1805 1620 1488 1376 1193 1014 1200 1288
845 628 576 769 994 1033 914 690 584 549 923 935 867 926 862 809 735 586 531 660 760
74
86
75
61
170 276 291 225 214 196 148 118
175
65
95
118 156 198 186 181
241
29%
28%
11%
12%
12%
15%
22%
27%
31%
31%
30%
31%
26%
23%
23%
18%
16%
13%
11%
11%
11%
Not Condominium
For Rent
For Owner Occupancy, on
owners land, single family
549
456
417
453
329
380
511
230
354
674
319
449
877
455
538
877
469
518
716
396
435
504
289
314
403
230
270
380
271
242
647
450
331
644
492
323
641
541
334
712
510
370
666
373
386
661
329
350
617
305
336
510
263
344
471
147
336
586
148
393
674
140
387
Not reported*
327
% Condominium
*
These units resulted from the addition of the townhouse and condominium questions to the report forms for all units authorized beginning January 1973.
Percentage Change in New Privately Owned Housing Units, By Intended Use and Design at Time of Start, 1973 to 1993
Structure Type and Intent
For Sale, total
Condominium
73-74 74-75 75-76 76-77 77-78 78-79 79-80 80-81 81-82 82-83 83-84 84-85 85-86 86-87 87-88 88-89 89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93
-26% -8% 34% 29% 4% -12% -25%1-15% -6% 68% 1% -7% 17% -7% -6% -9% 1-20% -9% 24% 15%
-27% -63% 46% 24% 32% 27% -6% -3% -6% 62% 5% -23% -5% -8% -24% -20% -36% -19% 21% 16%
Table 6
Compiled Data - Atlanta, Chicago, DC, Los Angeles, New York, and Phoenix
Never Married Head of Condominium Households, by Sex, Age and Income
Income
Total
$15,000 to $19,999 4363
$20,000 to $24,999 8485
$25,000 to $29,999 10572
$30,000 to $34,999 13532
$35,000 to $39,999 12870
$40,000 to $44,999 10484
$45,000 to $49,999 8383
$50,000 to $54,999 7557
$55,000 to $59,999 3670
$60,000 to $64,999 3410
$65,000 to $69,999 2552
$70,000 to $74,999 2560
$75,000 to $79,999 1468
$80,000 to $84,999 1616
772
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999 1009
789
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over 7012
101104
Totals
Percent by Sex
Total
Total
Women
Men
2359
5137
6564
7211
6459
5366
4130
3329
1569
1300
1100
1139
527
551
244
412
280
2096
49773
49.23%
25 to 34 years old
Total
2165
2004
5050
3348
5913
4008
7019
6321
6884
6411
4969
5118
3777
4253
3596
4228
1408
2101
1533
2110
1054
1452
1211
1421
482
941
659
1065
315
528
279
597
363
509
2919
4916
49596
51331
50.77%
35 to 44 years old
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
1008
2152
2422
3929
3912
2759
2036
2310
827
1022
588
714
334
499
243
161
269
2041
27226
1157
2898
3491
3090
2972
2210
1741
1286
581
511
466
497
148
160
72
118
94
878
22370
1538
2401
3524
4585
4276
3399
3077
2582
1441
1360
1167
990
667
825
364
489
367
3052
36104
684
831
1172
1827
1699
1681
1365
1345
824
816
650
407
388
466
192
241
181
2164
16933
854
1570
2352
2758
2577
1718
1712
1237
617
544
517
583
279
359
172
248
186
888
19171
45 to 54 years old
Total
660
1034
1135
1928
1710
2116
1529
1379
821
517
331
359
319
132
93
241
59
1041
15404
Male
Female
312
365
414
565
800
678
852
573
450
272
214
300
219
100
93
195
59
711
7172
348
669
721
1363
910
1438
677
806
371
245
117
59
100
32
0
46
0
330
8232
Table 7
Atlanta
Never Married Head of Condominium Households, by Sex, Age and Income
Income
Total
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $54,999
$55,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $64,999
$65,000 to $69,999
$70,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $84,999
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
Totals
Percent by Sex
542
932
964
1225
1012
765
493
410
97
176
56
135
70
167
54
25
56
245
7424
Total
Women
Total
Men
154
388
611
321
468
496
851
374
504
508
486
279
283
210
195
215
41
56
73
103
56
0
31
104
42
28
0
167
37
17
0
25
0
56
198
47
3879
3545
52.25% 47.75%
25 to 34 years old
Total
Male Female
35 to 44 years old
Total
Male Female
283
505
489
646
547
392
196
128
33
106
0
135
28
78
0
0
31
51
3648
206
313
388
516
336
229
272
153
64
28
56
0
42
89
54
25
0
143
2914
157
159
248
284
324
150
72
106
33
61
0
104
28
78
0
0
31
51
1886
126
346
241
362
223
242
124
22
0
45
0
31
0
0
0
0
0
0
1762
178
73
209
50
139
87
138
58
23
0
0
0
0
89
17
25
0
96
1182
28
240
179
466
197
142
134
95
41
28
56
0
42
0
37
0
0
47
1732
45 to 54 years old
Total
Male Female
53
114
87
63
129
144
25
129
0
42
0
0
0
0
0
0
25
51
862
53
89
39
40
45
42
0
51
0
42
0
0
0
0
0
0
25
51
477
0
25
48
23
84
102
25
78
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
385
Table 8
Chicago
Never Married Head of Condominium Households, by Sex, Age and Income
Income
Total
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $54,999
$55,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $64,999
$65,000 to $69,999
$70,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $84,999
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
Totals
Percent by Sex
1560
2865
3888
4689
3990
3021
2169
1437
1143
663
591
633
372
369
126
243
267
1392
29418
Total
Women
Total
Men
876
684
1722
1143
2589
1299
2415
2274
2121
1869
1401
1620
993
1176
744
693
525
618
195
468
264
327
423
210
129
243
120
249
90
36
114
129
111
156
345
1047
15177
14241
51.59% 148.41%
25 to 34 years old
Total
Male Female
35 to 44 years old
Total
Male
Female
45 to 54 years old
Total
Male Female
603
1815
2361
2457
1953
1173
987
783
495
258
267
336
120
165
27
96
189
462
14547
639
720
1152
1662
1521
1107
786
324
375
279
300
207
171
165
63
90
78
705
10344
318
330
375
570
516
741
396
330
273
126
24
90
81
39
36
57
0
225
4527
282
693
873
1476
1011
720
492
471
363
201
138
153
57
132
0
66
123
405
7656
321
1122
1488
981
942
453
495
312
132
57
129
183
63
33
27
30
66
57
6891
228
333
369
639
624
708
399
150
174
192
165
0
105
90
0
33
33
543
4785
411
387
783
1023
897
399
387
174
201
87
135
207
66
75
63
57
45
162
5559
174
117
57
159
234
192
285
72
81
75
24
57
81
27
36
30
0
99
1800
144
213
318
411
282
549
111
258
192
51
0
33
0
12
0
27
0
126
2727
Table 9
DC
Never Married Head of Condominium Households, by Sex, Age and Income
Income
Total
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $54,999
$55,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $64,999
$65,000 to $69,999
$70,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $84,999
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
Totals
Percent by Sex
130
357
556
665
1138
709
566
723
311
412
252
336
139
46
51
72
0
244
6707
Total
Total
Women
Men
92
38
192
165
223
333
473
192
567
571
408
301
347
219
383
340
136
175
189
223
82
170
151
185
94
45
46
0
22
29
17
55
0
0
155
89
3577
3130
53.33% 46.67%
25 to 34 years old
35 to 44 years old
45 to 54 years old
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
40
185
301
258
629
239
263
219
101
152
80
58
83
0
51
17
0
121
2797
0
127
206
96
339
26
102
97
46
110
58
27
28
0
29
17
0
28
1336
40
58
95
162
290
213
161
122
55
42
22
31
55
0
22
0
0
93
1461
90
114
234
247
348
297
212
327
186
184
110
189
56
46
0
17
0
88
2745
38
26
106
96
114
212
68
171
105
91
91
69
17
0
0
0
0
46
1250
52
88
128
151
234
85
144
156
81
93
19
120
39
46
0
17
0
42
1495
0
58
21
160
161
173
91
177
24
76
62
89
0
0
0
38
0
35
1165
0
12
21
0
118
63
49
72
24
22
21
89
0
0
0
38
0
15
544
0
46
0
160
43
110
42
105
0
54
41
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
621
Table 10
Los Angeles
Never Married Head of Condominium Households, by Sex, Age and Income
Income
Total
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $54,999
$55,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $64,999
$65,000 to $69,999
$70,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $84,999
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
Totals
Percent by Sex
803
1846
2299
3576
3171
3203
2427
2397
934
1103
551
332
271
436
185
171
108
1261
25074
Total
Women
Total
Men
25 to 34 years old
Total
Male Female
35 to 44 years old
Total
Male Female
45 to 54 years old
Total
Male Female
438
1044
1483
1785
1395
1635
1225
962
434
308
114
145
34
68
70
97
76
295
11608
365
802
816
1791
1776
1568
1202
1435
500
795
437
187
237
368
115
74
32
966
13466
480
1127
1517
2022
1817
1552
1080
1269
440
441
261
120
78
222
60
72
16
621
13195
209
550
600
1054
948
1038
861
841
317
504
233
144
129
141
101
99
92
444
8305
114
169
182
500
406
613
486
287
177
158
57
68
64
73
24
0
0
196
3574
46.29%/o 53.71%
272
580
598
1189
1242
902
639
845
203
293
198
83
78
172
37
48
16
423
7818
208
547
919
833
575
650
441
424
237
148
63
37
0
50
23
24
0
198
5377
57
168
166
456
319
470
348
407
188
394
182
36
114
123
54
26
16
403
3927
152
382
434
598
629
568
513
434
129
110
51
108
15
18
47
73
76
41
4378
36
54
52
146
215
196
215
183
109
108
57
68
45
73
24
0
0
140
1721
78
115
130
354
191
417
271
104
68
50
0
0
19
0
0
0
0
56
1853
Table 11
New York
Never Married Head of Condominium Households, by Sex, Age and Income
Income
Total
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $54,999
$55,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $64,999
$65,000 to $69,999
$70,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $84,999
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
Totals
Percent by Sex
868
1717
2067
2396
2970
2398
2551
2453
1153
1018
1045
1070
616
598
356
472
358
3809
27915
Total
Total
Women
Men
471
397
950
767
1314
753
1228
1168
1609
1361
1230
1168
1183
1368
1024
1429
433
720
497
521
584
461
389
681
228
388
317
281
25
331
184
288
93
265
1254
2555
13013
14902
46.62% 53.38%
25 to 34 years old
Total
434
860
811
1038
1603
1301
1199
1081
339
548
412
546
173
194
177
94
127
1611
12548
Male
186
443
348
568
811
805
695
675
182
357
160
331
143
117
177
30
99
1081
7208
Female
248
417
463
470
792
496
504
406
157
191
252
215
30
77
0
64
28
530
5340
35 to 44 years old
Total
298
562
902
808
890
678
868
916
467
365
445
412
269
384
146
232
197
1664
10503
Male
183
231
223
465
383
204
396
559
302
139
189
264
152
164
121
131
132
1068
5306
Female
115
331
679
343
507
474
472
357
165
226
256
148
117
220
25
101
65
596
5197
45 to 54 years old
Total
136
295
354
550
477
419
484
456
347
105
188
112
174
20
33
146
34
534
4864
Male
28
93
182
135
167
159
277
195
236
25
112
86
93
0
33
127
34
406
2388
Female
108
202
172
415
310
260
207
261
111
80
76
26
81
20
0
19
0
128
2476
Table 12
Phoenix
Never Married Head of Condominium Households, by Sex, Age and Income
Income
Total
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $54,999
$55,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $64,999
$65,000 to $69,999
$70,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $84,999
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
Totals
IPercent by Sex
460
768
798
981
589
388
177
137
32
38
57
54
0
0
0
26
0
61
4566
Total
Total
Women
Men
328
132
618
150
487
311
459
522
263
326
206
182
99
78
21
116
0
32
38
0
0
57
0
54
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
26
0
0
0
61
2519
2047
55.17% 44.83%
25 to 34 years old
35 to 44 years old
45 to 54 years old
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
325
558
434
598
335
312
52
116
0
28
34
16
0
0
0
0
0
53
2861
111
150
149
316
185
156
36
116
0
0
34
16
0
0
0
0
0
53
1322
214
408
285
282
150
156
16
0
0
28
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1539
96
142
248
298
233
50
78
21
32
0
23
38
0
0
0
26
0
8
1293
0
0
99
121
120
0
16
0
32
0
23
38
0
0
0
26
0
8
483
96
142
149
177
113
50
62
21
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
810
39
68
116
85
21
26
47
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
412
21
0
63
85
21
26
26
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
242
18
68
53
0
0
0
21
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
170
Table 13
Compiled Data -Atlanta, Chicago, DC, Los Angeles, New York and Phoenix
Housing Choices of Never Married Individuals, by Sex, Age and Tenure
Twenty-Five to Thirty-Four
Male Housing
Income
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $54,999
$55,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $64,999
$65,000 to $69,999
$70,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $84,999
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
Totals
Rent
50199
48436
42495
34442
24201
16236
9941
7523
3754
4262
2179
2095
1869
1376
775
558
348
5157
255846
Income
Rent
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $54,999
$55,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $64,999
$65,000 to $69,999
$70,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $84,999
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000andover
Totals
16712
17071
15583
13511
10771
7831
5291
5013
2106
2528
1193
1257
995
685
446
346
214
3095
104648
Own
6624
10151
10827
12933
10935
9848
6115
5946
2516
3113
1336
1677
971
1201
502
443
375
5342
90855
Condo
1008
2152
2422
3929
3912
2759
2036
2310
827
1022
588
714
334
499
243
161
269
2041
27226
Female Housing
% Condo
15.22%
21.20%
22.37%
30.38%
35.78%
28.02%
33.30%
38.85%
32.87%
32.83%
44.01%
42.58%
34.40%
41.55%
48.41%
36.34%
71.73%
38.21%
29.97%
Rent
48598
52878
44997
32546
19054
12182
6633
4234
2080
2543
1225
1192
549
542
571
499
324
1357
232004
Thirty-Five to Forty-Four
Male Housing
Rent
Condo
% Condo
Own
4066
5060
5616
7298
7048
7160
5235
4708
2186
2531
1777
1415
1140
930
567
676
358
6016
63787
684
831
1172
1827
1699
1681
1365
1345
824
816
650
407
388
466
192
241
181
2164
16933
16.82%
16.42%
20.87%
25.03%
24.11%
23.48%
26.07%
28.57%
37.69%
32.24%
36.58%
28.76%
34.04%
50.11%
33.86%
35.65%
50.56%
35.97%
26.55%
17448
20012
16938
13738
9796
7875
4391
3378
1241
1644
482
689
735
471
335
263
102
1331
100869
Condo
1157
2898
3491
3090
2972
2210
1741
1286
581
511
466
497
148
160
72
118
94
878
22370
% Condo
23.77%
34.01%
37.97%
39.10%
42.01%
42.61%
54.41%
52.75%
40.40%
39.31%
45.46%
62.20%
36.36%
33.06%
52.55%
40.97%
36.43%
49.94%
39.75%
Female Housing
Own
Condo
% Condo
854
1570
2352
2758
2577
1718
1712
1237
617
544
517
583
279
359
172
248
186
888
19171
23.35%
27.01%
33.59%
34.12%
34.71%
28.71%
38.15%
43.40%
36.38%
30.39%
44.00%
51.23%
43.80%
62.00%
46.36%
64.08%
54.07%
40.14%
34.46%
Female Housing
Condo
Own
% Condo
348
669
721
1363
910
1438
677
806
371
245
117
59
100
32
0
46
0
330
8232
15.75%
20.13%
23.09%
33.96%
28.60%
39.39%
27.16%
44.73%
36.99%
32.58%
17.51%
17.72%
33.56%
8.02%
0.00%
14.11%
0.00%
48.18%
30.72%
Own
4867
8521
9195
7903
7074
5186
3200
2438
1438
1300
1025
799
407
484
137
288
258
1758
56278
3658
5813
7002
8084
7425
5984
4488
2850
1696
1790
1175
1138
637
579
371
387
344
2212
55633
Forty-Five to Fifty-Four
Income
Rent
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $54,999
$55,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $64,999
$65,000 to $69,999
$70,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $84,999
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
Totals
4804
5256
4260
5202
3507
3026
2200
1926
886
956
399
414
261
316
183
144
94
1200
32309
Male Housing
Condo
Own
% Condo
Rent
312
365
414
565
800
678
852
573
450
272
214
300
219
100
93
195
59
711
7172
15.51%
18.82%
15.83%
19.26%
26.85%
23.01%
38.19%
26.58%
33.89%
21.62%
23.26%
40.05%
30.08%
21.41%
24.93%
58.21%
50.86%
36.78%
27.18%
6623
6763
6104
4819
3716
2635
2087
1595
760
466
448
240
83
25
118
89
58
357
34051
2011
1939
2616
2933
2979
2947
2231
2156
1328
1258
920
749
728
467
373
335
116
1933
26387
2210
3324
3122
4013
3182
3651
2493
1802
1003
752
668
333
298
399
143
326
26
685
26795
Table 14
Atlanta
Housing Choices of Never Married Individuals, by Sex, Age and Tenure
Twenty-Five to Thirty-Four
Income
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $54,999
$55,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $64,999
$65,000 to $69,999
$70,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $84,999
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
Totals
Rent
6105
4918
4605
2701
1965
963
410
260
146
161
195
81
87
56
0
0
0
193
22846
Male Housing
Own
Condo
157
782
159
1577
248
1745
284
1314
324
1123
150
1106
72
398
106
541
33
194
61
235
0
86
104
303
28
59
78
184
0
0
0
56
31
53
51
180
1886
9936
Female Housing
% Condo
20.08%
10.08%
14.21%
21.61%
28.85%
13.56%
18.09%
19.59%
17.01%
25.96%
0.00%
34.32%
47.46%
42.39%
0.00%
0.00%
58.49%
28.33%
18.98%
Rent
6367
6145
5001
2298
1306
595
273
70
145
51
20
30
0
14
31
0
0
42
22388
Own
838
1213
1046
1118
1013
576
314
123
0
160
53
105
0
0
0
0
0
42
6601
Condo
126
346
241
362
223
242
124
22
0
45
0
31
0
0
0
0
0
0
1762
% Condo
15.04%
28.52%
23.04%
32.38%
22.01%
42.01%
39.49%
17.89%
0.00%
28.13%
0.00%
29.52%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
26.69%
Thirty-Five to Forty-Four
Male Housing
Income
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $54,999
$55,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $64,999
$65,000 to $69,999
$70,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $84,999
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
Totals
Rent
1009
1213
969
668
470
140
231
182
101
56
28
101
28
19
25
25
0
82
5347
$19,999
$24,999
$29,999
$34,999
$39,999
$44,999
$49,999
$54,999
$59,999
$64,999
$69,999
$74,999
$79,999
$84,999
$89,999
Condo
178
73
209
50
139
87
138
58
23
0
0
0
0
89
17
25
0
96
1182
Female Housing
Rent
159
317
149
180
138
42
0
33
0
23
0
17
0
0
0
Own
332
228
349
313
186
338
152
113
124
120
101
48
87
19
0
Condo
53
89
39
40
45
42
0
51
0
42
0
0
0
0
0
Condo
28
240
179
466
197
142
134
95
41
28
56
0
42
0
37
0
0
47
1732
% Condo
7.00%
26.34%
29.98%
34.09%
21.84%
21.26%
23.39%
38.15%
20.00%
27.45%
76.71%
0.00%
48.28%
0.00%
100.00%
0.00%
0.00%
24.23%
26.92%
Rent
1341
1754
1231
798
432
289
150
47
25
0
0
22
0
0
0
0
0
16
6105
Own
400
911
597
1367
902
668
573
249
205
102
73
48
87
0
37
20
0
194
6433
% Condo
15.96%
39.04%
11.17%
12.78%
24.19%
12.43%
0.00%
45.13%
0.00%
35.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
Rent
275
206
221
138
51
117
0
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Own
137
211
278
322
384
237
204
177
0
19
0
25
28
0
0
Condo
0
25
48
23
84
102
25
78
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
% Condo
0.00%
11.85%
17.27%
7.14%
21.88%
43.04%
12.25%
44.07%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
% Condo
25.95%
12.33%
28.21%
7.05%
17.25%
11.93%
30.13%
13.71%
20.91%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
77.39%
21.25%
39.06%
0.00%
25.13%
18.49% 1
Forty-Five to Fifty-Four
Male Housing
Income
$15,000 to
$20,000 to
$25,000 to
$30,000 to
$35,000 to
$40,000 to
$45,000 to
$50,000 to
$55,000 to
$60,000 to
$65,000 to
$70,000 to
$75,000 to
$80,000 to
$85,000 to
Own
686
592
741
709
806
729
458
423
110
160
155
98
84
115
80
64
0
382
6392
Female Housing
$90,000 to $94,999
0
0
0
0.00%
0
0
0
0.00%
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
Totals
0
28
1086
25
173
2708
25
51
477
100.00%
29.48%
17.61%
0
0
1022
0
0
2022
0
0
385
0.00%
0.00%
19.04%
Table 15
Chicago
Housing Choices of Never Married Individuals, by Sex, Age and Tenure
Income
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $54,999
$55,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $64,999
$65,000 to $69,999
$70,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $84,999
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
Totals
Male
Twenty-Five to Thirty-Four
Housing
Femaie Housing
Rent
Own
Condo
% Condo
Rent
Own
Condo
% Condo
9573
9846
8871
6807
4425
3063
1587
1230
549
435
387
234
252
171
150
0
96
597
48273
1524
2274
3066
3678
2919
2250
1335
1221
735
438
300
195
195
237
96
96
141
756
21456
282
693
873
1476
1011
720
492
471
363
201
138
153
57
132
0
66
123
405
7656
18.50%
30.47%
28.47%
40.13%
34.64%
32.00%
36.85%
38.57%
49.39%
45.89%
46.00%
78.46%
29.23%
55.70%
0.00%
68.75%
87.23%
53.57%
35.68%
11877
116829792
6762
3321
1815
846
630
135
327
219
204
57
33
0
33
30
54
47817
1260
2628
2886
1908
1866
879
699
537
177
144
189
183
63
63
27
54
66
132
13761
321
1122
1148
981
942
453
495
312
132
57
129
183
63
33
27
30
66
57
6551
25.48%
42.69%
39.78%
51.42%
50.48%
51.54%
70.82%
58.10%
74.58%
39.58%
68.25%
100.00%
100.00%
52.38%
100.00%
55.56%
100.00%
43.18%
47.61%
Rent
2289
2475
3024
2484
1884
1020
831
573
189
237
171
129
72
81
0
0
0
396
15855
Housing
Own
Condo
1116
228
1569
333
369
1434
2175
639
2202
624
2004
708
1167
399
588
150
477
174
465
192
291
165
120
0
105
144
135
90
171
0
135
33
87
33
534
813
4776
15093
Rent
2952
3327
2490
2016
1848
1143
390
231
210
300
27
192
66
81
30
0
24
132
15459
Own
1038
1350
2175
2223
1677
1347
948
519
333
270
297
222
84
75
135
72
45
324
13134
Thirty-Five to Forty-Four
Income
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $54,999
$55,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $64,999
$65,000 to $69,999
$70,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $84,999
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
Totals
Femaie Housing
Male
% Condo
20.43%
21.22%
25.73%
29.38%
28.34%
35.33%
34.19%
25.51%
36.48%
41.29%
56.70%
0.00%
72.92%
66.67%
0.00%
24.44%
37.93%
65.68%
31.64%
Condo
411
387
783
1023
897
399
387
174
201
87
135
207
66
75
63
57
45
162
5559
% Condo
39.60%
28.67%
36.00%
46.02%
53.49%
29.62%
40.82%
33.53%
60.36%
32.22%
45.45%
93.24%
78.57%
100.00%
46.67%
79.17%
100.00%
50.00%
42.33%
Forty-Five to Fifty-Four
Own
Rent
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $54,999
$55,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $64,999
$65,000 to $69,999
$70,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $84,999
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
Totals
Female Housing
Male Housing
Income
645
618
651
657
579
441
111
186
60
93
0
33
0
141
0
0
27
36
4278
552
519
525
675
885
660
606
255
171
177
114
105
129
54
60
66
0
258
5811
174
117
57
159
234
192
285
72
81
75
24
57
81
27
36
30
0
99
1800
% Condo
Rent
31.52%
22.54%
10.86%
23.56%
26.44%
29.09%
47.03%
28.24%
47.37%
42.37%
21.05%
54.29%
62.79%
50.00%
60.00%
45.45%
0.00%
38.37%
30.98%
1110
966
816
771
414
267
51
135
24
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4560
Own
654
1143
882
1020
756
891
486
297
249
51
60
57
21
69
24
27
0
126
6813
% Condo
144
213
318
411
282
549
11
258
192
51
0
33
0
12
0
27
0
126
2627
22.02%
18.64%
36.05%
40.29%
37.30%
61.62%
2.26%
86.87%
77.11%
100.00%
0.00%
57.89%
0.00%
17.39%
0.00%
100.00%
0.00%
100.00%
38.56%
Table 16
D.C.
Housing Choices of Never Married Individuals, by Sex, Age and Tenure
Income
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $54,999
$55,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $64,999
$65,000 to $69,999
$70,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $84,999
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
Totals
Male
Rent
1837
1850
1633
1061
913
486
297
268
117
171
95
68
105
43
76
22
0
114
9156
Own
156
195
525
273
545
157
203
173
46
170
92
76
98
0
29
17
14
103
2872
Twenty-Five
Housing
Condo
0
127
206
96
339
26
102
97
46
110
57
27
28
0
27
17
0
28
1393
to Thirty-Four
Female Housing
% Condo
0.00%
65.13%
39.24%
35.16%
62.20%
16.56%
50.25%
56.07%
100.00%
64.71%
61.96%
35.53%
28.57%
0.00%
93.10%
100.00%
0.00%
27.18%
48.50%
Rent
2737
2915
2352
1277
618
441
330
100
82
119
94
21
79
21
0
0
41
74
11301
Own
174
347
354
331
397
247
248
144
129
81
22
53
91
0
22
33
0
133
2806
Condo
40
58
95
162
290
213
161
122
55
42
22
31
55
0
22
0
0
93
1461
% Condo
22.99%
16.71%
26.84%
48.94%
73.05%
86.23%
64.92%
84.72%
42.64%
51.85%
100.00%
58.49%
60.44%
0.00%
100.00%
0.00%
0.00%
69.92%
52.07%
Thirty-Five to Forty-Four
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $54,999
$55,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $64,999
$65,000 to $69,999
$70,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $84,999
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
Totals
Rent
Own
Condo
% Condo
Rent
Own
Condo
% Condo
761
664
630
544
274
351
255
231
48
175
97
81
52
0
31
0
0
79
4273
95
166
228
326
328
470
288
357
177
279
146
217
45
19
0
0
0
262
3403
38
26
106
96
114
212
68
171
105
91
91
69
17
0
0
0
0
46
1250
40.00%
15.66%
46.49%
29.45%
34.76%
45.11%
23.61%
47.90%
59.32%
32.62%
62.33%
31.80%
37.78%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
17.56%
36.73%
1255
1346
982
730
562
310
247
130
75
94
0
0
0
19
0
19
0
42
5811
117
283
377
308
520
361
328
327
146
152
134
135
56
68
0
41
0
92
3445
52
88
128
151
234
85
144
156
81
93
19
120
39
46
0
17
0
42
1495
44.44%
31.10%
33.95%
49.03%
45.00%
23.55%
43.90%
47.71%
55.48%
61.18%
14.18%
88.89%
69.64%
67.65%
0.00%
41.46%
0.00%
45.65%
43.40%
Rent
646
375
207
381
409
117
162
226
171
105
81
33
22
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14
2949
Own
14
17
64
90
172
62
256
143
214
169
192
36
71
80
38
26
0
0
9
0
32
1685
Income
less than $5000
$5000 to $9999
$10,000 to $14,999
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $54,999
$55,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $64,999
$65,000 to $69,999
$70,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $84,999
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
Totals
Female Housing
Male Housing
Income
Male
Rent
469
115
223
228
503
260
259
115
188
56
124
60
43
38
22
0
22
0
0
0
0
2725
Own
154
17
108
39
108
61
128
238
134
97
186
75
95
36
105
16
41
46
52
37
156
1929
Forty-Five to Fifty-Four
Housing
Condo
% Condo
0
0.00%
0
0.00%
0
0.00%
0
0.00%
12
11.11%
21
34.43%
0
0.00%
118
49.58%
63
47.01%
50.52%
49
72
38.71%
24
32.00%
22
23.16%
21
58.33%
89
84.76%
0
0.00%
0
0.00%
0
0.00%
38
73.08%
0
0.00%
15
9.62%
544
28.20%
Female Housing
Condo
0
0
24
0
46
0
160
43
110
42
105
0
54
41
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
645
% Condo
0.00%
0.00%
37.50%
0.00%
26.74%
0.00%
62.50%
30.07%
51.40%
24.85%
54.69%
0.00%
76.06%
51.25%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
62.50%
38.28%
Table 17
Los Angeles
Housing Choices of Never Married Individuals, by Sex, Age and Tenure
Twenty-Five to Thirty-Four
Income
Rent
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $54,999
$55,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $64,999
$65,000 to $69,999
$70,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $84,999
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
Totals
16791
15848
13693
12203
8822
5521
3998
2457
1375
1746
753
781
419
275
226
122
81
1165
86276
Male Housing
Condo
Own
1805
2872
2376
3966
3520
3260
1867
2027
737
1225
554
461
219
381
132
120
34
2042
27598
272
580
598
1189
1242
902
639
845
203
293
198
83
78
172
37
48
16
423
7818
% Condo
Rent
15.07%
20.19%
25.17%
29.98%
35.28%
27.67%
34.23%
41.69%
27.54%
23.92%
35.74%
18.00%
35.62%
45.14%
28.03%
40.00%
47.06%
20.71%
28.33%
10845
13811
12191
8575
5291
3436
1711
1287
377
614
377
457
74
47
138
72
20
390
59713
Female Housing
Condo
Own
1091
1732
1885
1899
1397
1220
775
681
511
375
256
122
13
165
38
60
59
528
12807
208
547
919
833
575
650
441
424
237
148
63
37
0
50
23
24
0
198
5377
% Condo
19.07%
31.58%
48.75%
43.87%
41.16%
53.28%
56.90%
62.26%
46.38%
39.47%
24.61%
30.33%
0.00%
30.30%
60.53%
40.00%
0.00%
37.50%
41.98%
Thirty-Five to Forty-Four
Male Housing
Income
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $54,999
$55,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $64,999
$65,000 to $69,999
$70,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $84,999
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
Totals
Rent
5538
5669
5120
4353
3012
2731
1475
1582
690
773
382
394
367
207
215
78
53
828
33467
Own
1126
1101
1599
1767
1907
2183
1749
1690
611
963
653
418
403
331
122
196
32
2472
19323
Condo
57
168
166
456
319
470
348
407
188
394
182
36
114
123
54
26
16
403
3927
Female Housing
% Condo
5.06%
15.26%
10.38%
25.81%
16.73%
21.53%
19.90%
24.08%
30.77%
40.91%
27.87%
8.61%
28.29%
37.16%
44.26%
13.27%
50.00%
16.30%
20.32%
Rent
3610
4689
4433
4216
2607
2262
1021
754
193
303
162
76
94
142
39
21
24
285
24931
Own
992
1356
1435
1909
1805
1408
1242
744
385
496
253
231
110
57
84
89
94
458
13148
Rent
1390
1421
1482
782
729
437
373
228
109
26
105
21
0
0
0
0
0
26
7129
Own
575
789
656
1246
758
1126
714
448
231
249
129
82
34
47
56
108
0
160
7408
Condo
152
382
434
598
629
568
513
434
129
110
51
108
15
18
47
73
76
41
4378
% Condo
15.32%
28.17%
30.24%
31.33%
34.85%
40.34%
41.30%
58.33%
33.51%
22.18%
20.16%
46.75%
13.64%
31.58%
55.95%
82.02%
80.85%
8.95%
33.30%
Forty-Five to Fifty-Four
Male Housing
Income
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $54,999
$55,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $64,999
$65,000 to $69,999
$70,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $84,999
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
Totals
Rent
1486
1414
1194
1453
810
728
641
421
169
239
85
73
113
50
18
80
0
259
9233
Own
442
481
746
811
1041
955
627
668
483
548
271
286
198
246
70
80
16
638
8607
Condo
36
54
52
146
215
196
215
183
109
108
57
68
45
73
24
0
0
140
1721
Female Housing
% Condo
8.14%
11.23%
6.97%
18.00%
20.65%
20.52%
34.29%
27.40%
22.57%
19.71%
21.03%
23.78%
22.73%
29.67%
34.29%
0.00%
0.00%
21.94%
20.00%
Condo
78
115
130
354
191
417
271
104
68
50
0
0
19
0
0
0
0
56
1853
% Condo
13.57%
14.58%
19.82%
28.41%
25.20%
37.03%
37.96%
23.21%
29.44%
20.08%
0.00%
0.00%
55.88%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
35.00%
25.01%
Table 18
New York
Housing Choices of Never Married Individuals, by Sex, Age and Tenure
Twenty-Five to Thirty-Four
Male Housing
Income
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $54,999
$55,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $64,999
$65,000 to $69,999
$70,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $84,999
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
Totals
Rent
11731
12522
11312
10121
7070
5618
3449
3150
1433
1653
749
865
923
753
297
414
171
3067
75298
Own
1073
1553
1694
2386
2036
2302
1832
1691
749
832
236
511
364
399
232
154
133
2133
20310
Condo
186
443
348
568
811
805
695
675
182
357
163
331
143
117
177
30
99
1081
7211
% Condo
17.33%
28.53%
20.54%
23.81%
39.83%
34.97%
37.94%
39.92%
24.30%
42.91%
69.07%
64.77%
39.29%
29.32%
76.29%
19.48%
74.44%
50.68%
35.50%
Rent
13429
15644
14216
12869
8253
5690
3296
2071
1313
1432
515
456
339
427
402
394
233
797
81776
Female Housing
Own
876
1378
2176
1736
1890
1836
1072
912
611
497
505
321
240
233
50
123
84
887
15427
Condo
248
417
463
470
792
496
504
406
157
191
252
215
30
77
0
64
28
530
5340
% Condo
28.31%
30.26%
21.28%
27.07%
41.90%
27.02%
47.01%
44.52%
25.70%
38.43%
49.90%
66.98%
12.50%
33.05%
0.00%
52.03%
33.33%
59.75%
34.61%
Thirty-Five to Forty-Four
Male Housing
Income
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $54,999
$55,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $64,999
$65,000 to $69,999
$70,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $84,999
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
Totals
Condo
183
231
223
465
383
204
396
559
302
139
189
264
152
164
121
131
132
1068
5306
Rent
5949
6488
5223
5113
4839
3443
2445
2380
990
1256
515
519
476
347
175
243
161
1625
42187
Own
751
1202
1143
1488
1353
1208
1260
1473
683
569
469
447
432
292
155
234
239
2045
15443
Rent
1990
2686
1963
2531
1423
1506
1189
1145
469
545
190
200
105
87
143
64
45
830
17111
Male Housing
Condo
Own
351
28
93
496
182
705
135
953
167
566
894
159
277
535
793
195
390
236
229
25
112
229
86
199
219
93
0
36
33
123
173
127
34
34
406
761
7686
2388
Female Housing
% Condo
24.37%
19.22%
19.51%
31.25%
28.31%
16.89%
31.43%
37.95%
44.22%
24.43%
40.30%
59.06%
35.19%
56.16%
78.06%
55.98%
55.23%
52.22%
34.36%
Rent
7603
8328
7295
5749
4203
3798
2510
2188
738
947
293
399
575
229
266
223
54
856
46254
Own
644
1371
1685
1570
1943
1960
1242
977
565
770
418
502
262
369
115
165
205
1144
15907
Condo
115
331
679
343
507
474
472
357
165
226
256
148
117
220
25
101
65
596
5197
% Condo
17.86%
24.14%
40.30%
21.85%
26.09%
24.18%
38.00%
36.54%
29.20%
29.35%
61.24%
29.48%
44.66%
59.62%
21.74%
61.21%
31.71%
52.10%
32.67%
Rent
3059
3741
3310
2747
2113
1671
1501
992
456
329
262
186
61
25
118
89
58
331
21049
Female Housing
Own
Condo
108
755
202
868
172
1070
415
1178
1055
310
1239
260
207
793
261
727
309
111
228
80
76
287
26
110
144
81
20
203
25
0
19
165
0
26
128
399
9581
2476
% Condo
14.30%
23.27%
16.07%
35.23%
29.38%
20.98%
26.10%
35.90%
35.92%
35.09%
26.48%
23.64%
56.25%
9.85%
0.00%
11.52%
0.00%
32.08%
25.84%
Forty-Five to Fifty-Four
Income
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $54,999
$55,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $64,999
$65,000 to $69,999
$70,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $84,999
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
Totals
% Condo
7.98%
18.75%
25.82%
14.17%
29.51%
17.79%
51.78%
24.59%
60.51%
10.92%
48.91%
43.22%
42.47%
0.00%
26.83%
73.41%
100.00%
53.35%
31.07%
Table 19
Phoenix
Housing Choices of Never Married Individuals, by Sex, Age and Tenure
Twenty-Five to Thirty-Four
Male Housing
Income
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $54,999
$55,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $64,999
$65,000 to $69,999
$70,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $84,999
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
Totals
Rent
4162
3452
2381
1549
1006
585
200
158
134
96
0
66
83
78
26
0
0
21
13997
Own
1284
1680
1421
1316
792
773
480
293
55
213
68
131
36
0
13
0
0
128
8683
Condo
111
150
149
316
185
156
36
116
0
0
34
16
0
0
0
0
0
53
1322
Female Housing
% Condo
8.64%
8.93%
10.49%
24.01%
23.36%
20.18%
7.50%
39.59%
0.00%
0.00%
50.00%
12.21%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
41.41%
15.23%
Rent
3343
2681
1445
765
265
205
177
76
28
0
0
24
0
0
0
0
0
0
9009
Own
628
1223
848
911
511
428
92
41
10
43
0
15
0
23
0
18
49
36
4876
Rent
687
568
507
229
144
73
73
28
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2309
Own
467
542
733
707
578
240
155
34
62
0
0
0
38
10
0
0
0
0
3566
Condo
214
408
285
282
150
156
16
0
0
28
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1539
% Condo
34.08%
33.36%
33.61%
30.95%
29.35%
36.45%
17.39%
0.00%
0.00%
65.12%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
31.56%
Thirty-Five to Forty-Four
Income
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $54,999
$55,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $64,999
$65,000 to $69,999
$70,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $84,999
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
Totals
Male Housing
Own
292
430
471
833
452
566
313
177
128
95
63
115
32
38
39
47
0
42
4133
Rent
Forty-Five to Fifty-Four
Male Housing
Own
Condo
% Condo
Rent
Income
$15,000 to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $54,999
$55,000 to $59,999
$60,000 to $64,999
$65,000 to $69,999
$70,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $79,999
$80,000 to $84,999
$85,000 to $89,999
$90,000 to $94,999
$95,000 to $99,999
$100,000 and over
Female Housing
Rent
1166
562
617
349
292
146
54
65
88
31
0
33
0
31
0
0
0
85
3519
55
106
80
153
54
49
0
26
0
0
0
31
0
0
0
0
0
47
180
198
183
142
193
39
183
89
26
87
19
36
0
76
15
0
0
57
Condo
0
0
99
121
120
0
16
0
32
0
23
38
0
0
0
26
0
8
483
21
0
63
85
21
26
26
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
% Condo
0.00%
0.00%
21.02%
14.53%
26.55%
0.00%
5.11%
0.00%
25.00%
0.00%
36.51%
33.04%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
55.32%
0.00%
19.05%
11.69%
11.67%
0.00%
34.43%
59.86%
10.88%
66.67%
14.21%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
143
54
68
0
0
26
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Condo
96
142
149
177
113
50
62
21
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
810
% Condo
20.56%
26.20%
20.33%
25.04%
19.55%
20.83%
40.00%
61.76%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
22.71%
Female Housing
Own
Condo
% Condo
75
296
172
157
57
96
40
10
0
36
0
23
0
0
0
0
0
0
24.00%
22.97%
30.81%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
52.50%
0.00%
0.00%
27.78%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
18
68
53
0
0
0
21
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0