. .
..
9
B
i:
DATA BASE AND REVIEW OF PALEOFAUNAS
FLORAS OF THE FRUITLAND FORMATION,
LATE CRETACEOUS, SAN JUAN BASIN,
NEW.MEXICO, WITH INTERPRETIVE
OBSERVATIONS AND AGE RELATIONSHIPS
Donald L. Wolberq
Open File Report 117
AND
INTRODUCTION
This open-file report is.the first part of'a three-part
series o f r e p o r t s i h a t
w i l l treat thepaleobiologyofthe
uppermostCretaceous-lowermostTertiaryfaunasandfloras
of t h e San JuanBasin,'northwestern
New Mexico.
. .
This
first part deals.with the Fruitland Formation; part
wiW. treat the Kirtland and
I1
Ojo Alamo Formationsand
part
I11 w i l l t r e a t t h e :Nacimiento Formation.
Thisseries-ofrepor,ts
w i l l haveseveralobjectives:
f i r s t l y , an e f f o r t i s made t o p u l l t o g e t h e r i n
theextantdataavailableforeach
' .
1
of t h e f l o r a s andfaunas.
Secondly, it i s hoped t h a t t h i s d a t a
base and
o n ep l a c e ,
w i l l : pr'ovide a. r e a s o n a b l e
framework t o which a d d i t i o n a l d a t a c a n b e a d d e d a n d
fitted-.mostoftheavailableliterature
i n a d e q u a t e . 'T h i r d l y ,t h i s
is' d i f f u s e o r
series o f r e p o r t s
w i l l pointthe
way t o w a r d s n e e d e d d a t a i n o r d e r t o a d e q u a t e l y c h a r a c t e r i z e
each o f t h e b i o t a s i n v o l v e d
and t h u s p r o v i d e
a standard s i z e
sampleonwhichlanduseandcoal-mitigationpaleontological
e f f o r t s canbebased.
GENERAL GEOLOGY
The San Juan Basin of northwestern
New Mexicoand
southwestern. Colorado i s a n a s y m m e t r i c s t r u c t u r a l d e p r e s s i o n
. .
thatcontainsPrecambrian,Cambrian,Devonian,Mississippian,
P e n n s y l v a n i a n ,P e r m i a n ,T r k a s s i c ,J u r a s s i c ,
Upper C r e t a c e o u s ,
*
2
T e r t i a r y , a n dQ u a t e r n a r yd e p o s i t s
(see K e l l e y 1
, 951).
A
well d r i l l e d b y E l Paso N a t u r a l Gas Company i n t h e SEk
sec. 7 , T. 29 N . ,
R.
w., Hew
5
penetrated P r e c a m b r i a n r o c k s
Hinds, 1 9 7 1 , p. 4 )
.
Mexico p r i n c i p a l m e r i d i a n ,
a t 1 4 , 0 3 0 feet ( F a s s e t t a n d
UpperCretaceousrocks
inthe
San
Juan B a s i n c o n s i s t o f i n t e r t o n g u i n g m a r i n e a n d - n o n m a r i n e
d e p o s i t s r e p r e s e n t i n g a series of b a s i n a l t r a n s g r e s s i o n s
a n d regressions.
The f i n ' a lr e g r e s s i v ee p i s o d e ,m a r k i n g
t h e l a s t w i t h d r a w a l of t h e Late Cretaceous e p e i r i c sea
region i s marked by t h e P i c t u r e d C l i f f s S a n d s t o n e .
fromthe
The P i c t u r e d C l i f f s Sandstone i s o v e r l a i n by t h e
FruitlandFormationandtheKirtiandFormation,ofun.doubted
Late Cretaceousage.
Kirtland.
The Ojo Alamo F o r m a t i o no v e r l i e st h e
Evidence i s beingdeveloped(Wolberg,
i np r e p . )
t h a t most o r a l l of t h e Ojo Alamo (sensuBrown,,l910)
Cretaceousin
.
age a n d t h a t t h e
is
Ojo Alamo r e s t r i c t e d ( s e n s u
.
B a l t z , Ash, andAnderson,
1 9 6 6 ) i s a c o n c e p tt h a tc a n n o t
b es u b s t a n t i a t e d .
The N a c i m i e n t o F o r m a t i o n o v e r l i e s t h e
.
and Ls c l e a r l yP a l e o c e n ei na g e .
O j o Alamo S a n d s t o n e
T o t h en o r t h ,t h eK i r t l a n d
. F o r m a t i o n i s o v e r l a i n by t h e Animas F o r m a t i o n , t h e a g e
r e l a t i o n s h i p s of which are i n doubt.
The F r u i t l a n d F o r m a t i o n c o n t a i n s
abundance of v e r t e b r a t e , i n v e r t e b r a t e ,
a rich and varied
and b o t a n i c a l r e m a i n s .
Great c o a l reserves are a l s o c o n t a i n e d w i t h i n t h e F r u i t l a n d
Formation.FassettandHinds
approximately 200 b i l l i o n t o n s
(1971, p. 6 7 ) e s t i m a t e dt h a t
of coal i s c o n t a i n e d i n t h e
3
FruitlandFormationbetween
its o u t c r o p a n d g r e a t e s t d e p t h
i n numerous areas
o f more t h a n 4 , 0 0 0 f e e t .I na d d i t i o n ,
of the
n a t u r a l and p a r t l y man
San J u a n B a s i n , p a r t l y
(over g r a z i n g ) i n d u c e d e r o s i o n , a c t i n g
on e x p o s u r e s of t h e
F r u i t l a n d and o v e r l y i n g d e p o s i t s p r o d u c e s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
and prominent badlands topography considered by
some v a l u a b
f o r s c e n i ca n dr e c r e a t i o n a le n j o y m e n t .T h u s ,t h ee l e m e n t s
of a t y p i c a l ' c l a s h o f e c o n o m i c , s c i e n t i f i c , a n d s c $ n i c
values are i n p l a c e i n t h e
(see Wolbergand
San.JuanBasin
I t seems
K o t t l o w s k i , .1980 f o ra d d i t i o n a ld i s c u s s i o n ) .
apparentthat
..
..
a more comprehensiveunderstandingofeachof
views
t hvea r i o uesl e m e n tisn v o l v eidtnh icso n f l i cotf
'wouldserveto
more r e a s o n a b l y r e a c h
an a p p r o p r i a t e s o l u t i o n .
of t h e F r u i t l a n d
A'fullerunderstandingofthepaleontology
Formationwouldplace
the potential scientific values
a b e t t e ru n d e r s t a n d i n g
r e g i o ni np r o p e rc o n t e x t .S i m i l a r l y ,
of Fruitland paleontology
would h e l p r e s o l v e
misstatements in the literature
of t h e
a number of
a direct bearingon
andhas
t h ea g eo ft h eF o r m a t i o na n dt h el i k e l ya g e so fo v e r l y i n g
u n i t s ,t h eK i r t l a n dF o r m a t i o na n dt h e
O j o Alamo Sandstone.
THE FRUITLAND FORMATION
The F r u i t l a n d F o r m a t i o n
was named byBauer
'(1916) for
a series of d e p o s i t s t h a t c o n f o r m a b l y o v e r l i e t h e P i c t u r e d
C l i f f ss a n d s t o n ea n dc o n s i s t ' o fs a n d s t o n e ,s h a l e ,a n d
coal
:e'
4
. . '
and are o f b r a c k i s h to f r e s h w a t e ro r i g i n .
The name i s t a k e n
San J u a n River, i n
from.the.village'ofFruit1and;onthe
San Juan County', New Mexico, which l i e s . on o u t c r o p s
ration.
the
.
.
lower c o n t a c t
( 1 9 7 1 , ' p . 8) d i s c u s s t h e
FassettandHinds
Of
o ft h eF r u i t l a n dw i t ht h eP i c t u r e dC l i f f sS a n d s t o n e .
On
e l e c t r i c - l o g s , t h i s c o n t a c t i s placed a t t h e t o p ' o f t h e
massive s a n d s t o n e bklow t h e l o w e r m o s t c o a l e x c e p t w h e r e t h e
F r u i t lP
an
i cdt uC
r el idn
f ft se r t o n gIunee.x p osseecdt i o n s ,
~
thecontact
i s p l a c e d a t t h e t o p of t h e h i g h e s t
Ophiomorpha
majorybearing sandstone.
The upper wntact of the F r u i t l a n d w i t h t h e K i r t l a n d
..
'...
Formation i s n oet a s i l ye s t a b l i s h e dI. ng e n e r a lp, e t r o l e u m
a t the top of the highest
geologists place the contact
( 1 9 2 4 , p. 2 0 ) u t i l i z e dt h e
o rc a r b o n a c e o u ss h a l e ._ R e e s i d e
as t h e t o p
h i g h e s ts a n d s t o n e
coal
of t h e F r u i t l a n d , w h i l e
(1936, p. 1 1 3 ) u s e d t h e t o p o f t h e h i g h e s t
Dane
brown. s a n d s t o n e .
Barnes(1953)usedanupperboundarydefinitionthatincluded
a l l thickpersistentcoals
and a l l prominentsandstones
P o w e l l ' ( 1 9 7 2 , p. 1 6 ) p l a c e st h ec o n t a c t
w i t h i nt h eF r u i t l a n d .
a t "..thehighestpersistentfine-grainedwhitesandstone
bed which occurs .above the highest bituminous
.
.
below t h e t h i c k s h a l e s
.
of t h eK . i r t l a n dS h a l e . "
f i n e - g r a i n e dw h i t es a n d s t o n e s
coal bedand
Where t h e
are l a c k i n g , t h e b o u n d a r y ' i s
p l a c e d 'a t . ? t h et o po ft h eh i g h e s tc o a lb e d .E l s e w h e r e ,
wheresandstonesand/or
coals are a b s e n t , t h e F r u i t l a n d a n d
5
Kirtland are mapped together as Kirtland-Fruitland undivided.
The
Fruitland
Formation
. .
is
of variable
thickness
with
an average thickness
of 300-350 feet although thicknesses
may range from0 to a maximum of 500 feet.
In .the eastern
part
of
the
Basin
the
Fruitland to
thins
0 feet, partly 'due
to erosion and partly due
to a
stratigraphic
rise
of
the
underlying Pictured Cliffs Sandstone (Fassett and Hinds,
southeast
The
- -.
In ,general, the Fruitland thickens from the
'1971, p. 2 3 ) .
to
the
northwest
by as much as 150 feet.
Fruitland
is
present
in
exposure-
on
the
north,
west and south sidesof the San Juan Basin.It is absent
. in
. .
two areason the east side where the Pictured Cliffs
is
.
.
'
also absent as is the Kirtland Formation. In these areas,
the Ojo Alamo Sandstone overlies the Lewis Shale. Cobban
(1973) suggested that, "the uppermost part
of the Lewis
Shale and the lowermost part
of the
Pictured
Cliffs
Sandstone
probably 'liesin the zone of Didymoceras cheyennense (Meek
and Hayden) (p. 150)." However,he cautiously notes that
although D.
- cheyennense
. of
has
been
found
in
the
upper
part
the Lewis Shale near Chimpey Rock, only incomplete or
fragmentary
remains
of
a
Didymoceras
were
found
in
the
Pictured Cliffs Sandstone near Barker Dome. The Barker Dome
'
material.may
represent
D. cheyennense.
"
The
importance
of
this occurrence is the suggestion
of an age for the lower
part of
the
Pictured
Cliffs.that
is.older than the zoneof
Baculites compressus Say. Didymoceras is almost unknown
from this zone.
0
..
6
.
This does not date the Fruitland Formation
beyond t h e
E.
f a c:t t h a t it. must be y o u n g e r t h a n . t h e z o n e o f
cheyennense.
B. compressus was n o t , € o u n d a t Barker Dome
The f a c t t h a t -
o n l yd a t e st h a tp o r t i o n
of t h e P i c t u r e d
seem t o i n d i c a t e
other evidence would
Cliffs.
Clearly,
-a M a e s t r i c h t i a n
age
for theFruitlandFormationand'equivalentmarinerocks
t h e l a t e r p o r t i o n of t h e F r u i t l a n d
Additional study
are needed,
of h i g h e r p o r t i o n s
for
are l a c k i n g t o d a t e .
of t h e P i c t u r e d C l i f f s
The F r u i t l a n d e v i d e n c e i n d i c a t e s t h a t h i g h e r
ammonitezonesshouldbefound.
FRUITLAND LITHOLOGY
The F r u i t l a n d F o r m a t i o n
i s of e x c e e d i n g l y v a r i a b l e
l i t h o l o g y .F r u i t l a n dd e p o s i t sc o n s i s to f , i n t e r b e d d e d
.
s a n d s t o n e , s i l t s , c o a l s ," c l i n k e r "b e d sa n dt h i nl i m e s t o n e s
withanabundanceofbrackish
water mollusks such
as Ostrea.
The b r a c k i s h water l i m e s t o n e b e d s a p p e a r t o b e c o n f i n e d t o
t h el o w e s tp o r t i o n s
of t h eF r u i t l a n d .C o a l sd o m i n a t et h e
of t h e f o r m a t i o n as d os a n d s t o n e s ,
l o w e rp a r t
while
s i l t s t o n e s and s h a l e s are more common i n t h e u p p e r p a r t s
t h ef o r m a t i o n .
a n do fl i m i t e d
The l i t h o l o g i c u n i t s a r e
areal extent.
a r e a l c o n t i n u i t ya n d ,
additional detailed
Coal b e d s o f f e r t h e . g r e a t e s t
as u s e f u l
may well beexpandedwith
mapping of prominent coal units
t o t h e work t h a t h a s b e e n d o n e i n t h e
Basinsof
a t b e s td i s c o n t i n u o u s
a t least l o c a l l y ,s e r v e
h o r i z o nm a r k e r s .T h i su t i l i t y
of
Montana andNorthDakota(Sloan,
similar
Powder R i v e r a n d W i l l i s t o n
1 9 6 9 ; Wolberg, 1 9 7 8 ) .
7
FRUITLANDMEGAFLORISTICS
Much work remains t o b e d o n e
on t h e p a l e o b o t a n y o f t h e
F r u i t l a n d ,i n d e e dt h ee n t i r eu p p e r m o s tC r e t a c e o u s - l o w e r m o s t
Tertiaryofthe,
SanJuan
Basin.'
Needed s t u d i e s i n c l u d e
c o l l e c t i o n and a n a l y s i s o f m e g a b o t a n i c a l
l e a v e sa n d
material e s p e c i a l l y
wood; a d d i t i o n a l and d e t a i l e d p a l y n o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s
withinanexceedinglyfinestratigraphic
a framework. of modern concepts.
paleoecologic studies within
Much hasbeen
'"mesh" a n d d e t a i l e d
. -.
made of p r e v a i l i n g p a l e o c l i m a t e s a n d e n v i r o n m e n t s
on thebasisofleaf-marginsandform.(Sloan,
andBailey,
..
1 9 6 9 ; Axelrod
1 9 6 9 ; Wolfe, 1 9 7 1 ) , b u tt h i si d e ah a sb e e n
. .
s e v e r e l yq u e s t i o n e d
.
.
o r a t l e a s t r e i n t e r p r e t e d( W o l f e ,
1979)
A d y n a m i ca n dp e r h a p sa r c h i t e c t u r a la n a l y s e so fF r u i t l a n d
f l o r a s and f o r e s t s c a n b e u n d e r t a k e n w i t h c o n c e r t e d d e t a i l e d
. s t u d i e s much on t h e modelof
Halle, Oldeman, andTomlinson
(1978).
to the Fruitland
The b a s i c m e g a b o t a n i c a l s t u d y r e l a t e d
f l o r a s t i l l remainsKnowlton
b e e nf r e q u e n t l yr e p e a t e d
( 1 9 1 6 ) andKnowlton's
by l a t e r a u t h o r s .
i s takenfromKnowlton.Comparison
list has
The t a b l eb e l o w
i s a l s o made t o ' t h e
Vermejo FormationoftheRatonBasin(Knowlton,
1917)
.
A
good d e a l o f s i m i l a r i t y b e t w e e n t h e f l o r a s a p p e a r s e v i d e n t .
However, a c a u t i o n a r yn o t e
is inorder;thefloras
are n o t
s u f f i c i e n t l y w e l l known t o make t h i s c o m p a r i s o n u s e f u l f o r
more t h a n v e r y g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n s t o b e
The b e s t l e a f f l o r a s
drawn.
are p r e s e n t i n t h e r e l a t i v e l y
commonly o c c u r r i n g " c l i n k e r " d e p o s i t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
8
as well as n o n - c l i n k e r ,
F r u i t l a n dc o a l s .T h e s ed e p o s i t s ,
fine-grainedsedimentsshould
be sampled i n a c o n c e r t e d
effort.
F o s s . i l ~ o o di s r e l a t i v e l y common.in t h e F r u i t l a n d ,
b u tg e n e r a l l y
as i s o l a t e do c c u r r e n c e s .I nt h eS p l i t - l i p
F l a t s area, r e l a t i v e l y n e a r t h e o l d
a ni n t e r e s t i n g“ f o s s i lf o r e s t “
..
s t u m p - f i e l d ) i s exposed.
I
(more a c c u r a t e l y a f o s s i l
Numerous i n s i t u stumpsand
”
.
occasionallarge
O j o Alamo T r a d i n g P o s t ,
iogs o c c u r a n d w o u l d f o r m t h e b a s i s f o r
a u s e f u l . w o o ds t u d y .
The d i s t r i b u t i o no f
the observable
stumps w i l l be mapped.
Table 1.
M e g a f l o r ai d e n t i f i e d
byKnowlton
(1916)
FamilySchiziaceae
*
Anemia h e s p e r i a Knowlton
Anemia sp.
Family Pinaceae
S e q u o i ar e c h e n b a c h i( G e i n i t z )
A. S.
_
2
obovata? Knowlton
Geinitzia formosa
Family. . P o n t e d e r i a c e a e
Heer
. .
H e t e r a n t h e r a cretacea Knowlton
Family Pontederiaceix:
B e t e r a n t h e r a cretacea Knowlton
*
*
g e n u sp r e s e n t
i n Vermejo of Raton Basin
s p e c i e s p r e s e n t i n Vermejo of RatonBasin
.
9
Table 1.
continued
Family ,Palmaceae
*
Sabalmontana?
Knowlton
Sabalsp;
Family Myricaceae
A
. -.
Myrica t o r r e y iL e s q u e r e u x
Family Salicaceae
*
Salix baueri
Knowlton
S a l i x sp. a.
FamilyFacaceae
*
QuercusbaueriKnowlton'
FamilyMoraceae
Ficusbaueri
Knowlton
* Ficus curta?
Knowlton
F i c u s p r a e t r i n e r v i s Knowlton
* Ficus
l e e i Knowlton
.
.
F i c u s p r a e l a t i f o l i a Knowlton
F i c u ss p .
*
Ficus rhamnoides Knowlton'
Ficussquarrosa?
Ficus sp.
*
Knowlton
cf. F.. w a r d i i Knowlton
F i c u s e u c a l y p t i f o l i a ? Knowlton
.e
Table 1.
10
continued
Family Lauraceae
Laurus b a u e r i Knowlton
*
L.
c o l o r a d e n s i s Knowlton
Family Nymphaeaceae
Nelumbo s p .
Family S t e r c u l e a c e a e
*
P t e r o s p e r m i t e su n d u l a t u s
Knowlton
P . neomexicanus Knowlton
Family G r o s s u l a r i a c e a e
,
Ribes neomexicana
,
Knowlton
Incertae ~ s e d e s
Carpites b a u e r i Knowlton
*
P h y ' l l i t e s p e t i o l a t u s Knowlton
P h y l l i t e s neomexicanusknow3ton
.
.
11
Fruitland Palynology
16 s a m p l e so f
Zavada(1976).studied
coals a n d s h a l e s
c o l l e c t e d from F r u i t l a n d F o r m a t i o n e x p o s u r e s
B a s i nf o rp a l y n o m o r p h . c o n t e n t .
i n t h e San J u a n
The s a m p l e sy i e l d e d1 5 2s p e c i e s
of s p o r e sa n dp o l l e nh l o n g i n gt o
9 7 genera.Theseincluded
5 2 ' g e n e r aa n d
72 s p e c i e so fp t e r i d o p h y t e s ,
1 9 s p e c i e so f
gymnosperms, 29 generaand
16 generaand
6 1 s p e c i e so f
angiosperms.
Zavadacompared
hisresultstopreviousstudiesof
Campanian, M a e s t r i c h t i a n a n d P a l e o c e n e m i c r o f l o r a s o f t h e
America.
w e s t e r ni n t e r i o ro fN b r t h
H e found t h a t o n l y f o u r
.,
s p e c i e s known t o o c c u r i n . t h e
Fruit1m.d samples.
'
Campanian w e r e found i n , t h e
However, f u l l y 35 s p e c i e sr e s t r i c t e d
M a e s t r i c h t i a nm i c r o f l o r a so c c u ri nt h eF r u i t l a n d .
elsewhere restricted to the Paleocene
F r u i t l a n da s s e m b l a g e .
to
10 species
are found i n t h e
On t h eb a s i so ft h e s ec o m p a r i s o n s ,
Zavada a s s i g n e d a M a e s t r i c h t i a n a g e t o t h e F r u i t l a n d F o r m a t i o n .
Zavada'sstudyrepresentsthemostdetailedpalynological
analysis of the 'Fruitland Formation completed
Zavada n o t e s t h a t
t o 'date.
Tschudy ( 1 9 7 1 ) lin Fassett ana Hinds, 1971,
. pp.'19-23andTschudy,1973)
.
l i s t e d 81 generaand
1 5 2s p e c i e sl i s t e d
37 s p e c i e sf r o mt h eF r u i t l a n d .
by Zavada, o n l y 1 2 s p e c i e sa n d
are common.to a l l t h r e e f l o r a s .
c o r r e l a t i o n t o t h e f a c t t. h. a t
Of t h e
24 genera
Zavada a t t r i b u t e st h i s
Tschudy d i d n o t f i g u r e a n y
s p e c i m e n sh er e c o v e r e d ,d i dn o tp r o v i d e
low
of t h e
a systematictreatment
12
of the
materials
and
only
about
of
half
Tschudy’s
Ealynomorphs
were identifiedto species level.
Table 2.
Palynomorphs 1dentifie.d. by Zavada (1976)
. .
Division
BRYOPHYTA
Class MUSCI
Order SPHAGNALES
Family SPHAGNACEAE
’
Cingutriletes clavus (Balme)
Stereisporites stereoides
v
S.
antiquasporites
(Wilson
(Potonik
and
and
Venitz)
Webster)’
Ziivisporis
- novomexicanum (Anderson)
”
Division
~
LYCOPHYTA
Order
LYCOPODIALES
Family
LYCOPEDIACEAE
Hamulatisporis - hamulatis
Krutzsch
Foveosporites canalis Stanley
Inundatisporis vermiculisporites (Rouse)
Lycopodiacidites arcuatus
”
Hedlund
Lycopodiumsporites austroclavatidites (Cookson)
Order SELAGINELLALES
Family’
SELAGINELLACEAE
Acanthotriletes -varispinosus
Pocock
Ceratosporites pocockii Srivastava
Cingulatisporites dakotaensis Stanley
13
C.
scabratus
Couper
C.
- tavaredensis
Groot
and
Groot
Echinatisporis longechinus Krutzsch
Foveasporis fovearis Krutzsch
Division
ARTHOROPHPTA
Order
CALANITALES
Family
CALANITACEAE
Calamospora Esozoica Couper
..
Division
OSNUMDACIDITES
Order
OSMUNDALES
Family
OSMUNDACEAE
Osmundacidites
Order
wellmanii
Couper
FILICALES
Family
SCHIZAEACEAE
dentimarginatus
Appendicisporites
Brenner
A
-. distocarinatus Dettmann
"
Cicatricosisporites
cf.C.
crassiterminatus
C. dorogensis Potoni6 and Gelletich
"
C: hughesii
Dettmann
Lygodiosporites verrucosus Srivastara
Trilobosporites purverulentus (Verbitskaya)
Triplanosporites sinuosus
Pflug
Gleicheniidites 2ilobatus Brenner
Hedlund
Table 2.
e
continued
G.
circinidites
14
(Cookson)
G. concavisporites
(Rouse)
”
G. senonicus Ross
. .
..
Family
HYMENOPHYLLACEAE
Biretisporites. deltoidus (Rouse)
Family DICKSONIZCEAE-CYATHEACEAE
-
-_
Alsophilidites
kerguelensis
Cookson
Concavissimisporites punctatus (Del-Court and
Sprumont)
C. variverrucatus
-
icouper)
Cyathidites australis Couper
. .
C. minor
C.
Couper
subtilis
Family
Couper
MATONIACEAE
Matonisporites equiexinus COUper
M.
impensus
M. sp.
-
cf.- M.
ornamentalis
(Cookson)
-
Couper
SALVINIALES
Family SALVINIACEAE
Azolla cretacea Stanley
Azollopsis coccoides Hall
Parazolla
.
Hedlund
M. phlebopteroides
Order
.
heterotricha
Hall
e
Table 2.
15
continued
.
SPORAE INCERTAE SEDIS
Balmeisporites longirimosus Kondinskaya
B.
major
(Norton)
B. sp. cf. B. rigidus
Bergad
Chomotriletes fragilis Pocock
Cirratriradites
teter
Norris
Concavisporites praeobtusangulus
Krutzsch
C. subgranulosus'couper
Foraminisporis undulatus Leffingwell
Foveotriletes balteus Partridge
Granulatisporites arenaster
"
Laevigatosporites
- irroratus Hedlund
L.
Paden
and
qlacilus
Felix
Wilson
L.
- ovatus Wilson and Webster
Lygodiumsporites
exiguus
Paden'
and
tuemmlitzensis
Microfoveolatosporis Nevesisporites s p . cf. -N. radiatus
Perotriletes
cubensis
"
-
Felix
Krutzsch
Chlonova
Anderson
Peromonolites granulatus Norton and Hall
Polycingulatisporites densatus (DeJersey)
Po1,ypodiisporites favus Potanig
ellipsoideus
Punctatosporites P:reginensis
Pflug
Anderson
Reticuloidosporites dentatus
Schizosporis majusculus
Pflug
Hedlund
S. parvus Cookson and Dettmann
-
and
Web
.e
'
Table 2.
e
16
continued
Stenozonotriletes stellatus.Chlonova
Sporopollis
laqueaeformis
Trochicola
.,
scollardiana
Undulatisporites
Weyland
Srivastava.
undulapolus
, .
Brenner
CYCADOPHYTA
Division
.
Order
.
CYCADALES
Family
. -.
..and
CYCADACEAE
Cycadopites
scabratus
Stanley
. Division CONIFEROPHYTA
Order
CONIFERALES
Family
PINACEAE
Laricoidites magnus (Potoni6)
Alisporites grandis (Cookson)
Abietineae pollenites sp..
Gabonisporis bacaricumulus Srivastava
Tsugapollenites crispa Zaklinskaja
Family
TAXODIACEAE
Taxodiaceaepollenites hiatus (Potoni6)
Family
ARAUCARIACEAE
Araucariacidites.__
australis
Family
Cookson
PODOCARPACEAE
Podocarpites otagoensis Couper
P. radiatus
Brenner
Ephedripites
constaliferous
E.
-
ovatus
(Pierce)
er
Brenn
Greifield
Table 2.
continued
Family GYMNOSPERMAE INCERTAE SEDIS
Circulina
Parva
Brenner
Classopollis obidosensis GrQOt
and.Groot
Exesipollenites tumulus Balme
I
_
Eucommiidites
debizlis
E
-. troedssonii
GrQOt
and
Groot
Erdtman
Inaperturopollenites limbatus Balme
Division
ANTHOPHYTA
Class.
DICOTYLEDONEAE
Order
.
.
URTICALES
Family
ULMACEAE
Ulmipollenites Sp.
Or
der
Family
JUGLANDALE
S
JUGLANDACEAE
Momipites circularis
Norton
M.
- coryloides
Wodehouse
- tenuipolus
M.
Anderson
M. triradiatus
Nichols
"
Order
FAGALES
-Family
FAGACEAE
Psilatricolporites prolatus Pierce
Family
'
BETULACEAE
.Alnipollenites trina
"
(Stanley)
Alnipollenites n. sp.
Bet.ulaceoipo1lenites
infrequens
(Stanley)
e
Table 2.
18
continued
Order
CARYOPHYLLALES
Family
CHENOPODIACEAE
PolyIjorina cribraria Srivastava
'
Order
PROTEALES
Family. PROTEACEAE
~.
ProteaciditesmarginusRouse
P. palisadus
. -.
Couper
P. retusus Anderson
"
P. ~thalmanni
"
Order
Anderson
.
'
SANTALALES
Family
SANTALACEAE
amygdaloides
Aquilapollenites '
A. polaris
Srivastava
Funkhouser
A. pyriformis
"
A.
- senonicus
Norton' .
(Mtchedlishvilli)
Asilapollenites sp.
Aquilapollenites
n.
sp.
Fibulapollis
scabratus B. Tschudy
Family
BALANOPHORACEAE
magnificus
Thomsonipollis Order
Kurtzsch
CELASTRALES
Family
AQUIFOLIACEAE
Ilexpollenites anguloclavatus
e
T a b l e 2.
19
continued
Order SAPINDALES
Family SAPINDACEAE
.
C u p a n i e d i t e s r e t i c u l a r i s Cookson andPike
'
.
.
Family HIPPOCASTANACEAE
'
Aesculiidites
-
circumstriatus ( F a i r c h i l d )
Family ANACARDIACEAE
Rhoipites cryptpporus
R.
Srivastava
globosus Stanley
Order SCROPHULARIALES
.
..
. .
Family OLEASEAE
Fraxinopollenites variabilis
Stanley
Class MONOCOTYLEDONEAE
Order ARECALES
Family PALMAE
Palmaepollenites tranquillus
Potoni6
Order LILIALES
Family LILIACEAE
Liliacidites
-
L.
complexus
(Stanley)
d i v i d u u s (Pierce)
ANGIOSPERMAE INCERTAE SEDIS
Chlonovaia sibiricus- (Chlonova)
K u r t z i p i t e sa n n u l a t u sN o r t o n
N u d o p o l l i st e r m i n a l i s( P f l u ga n d
Quadrapollenites
vagus
Stover
Thomson)
20
T a b l e 2.
continued
Simpsonipollis mullensis
Sindorapollis
Tetracolpites
Tricolpites
T.
-
(Simpson)
g r a nulatu
Tschudy
s
pulcher
Srivastava
a l b i e n s i s Xemp
foveolatusNorton
- pannosus Dettmann and, P l a y f o r d
T.
T. p s i l a s c a b r a t u sN o r t o n
-
T r i c o l p i t e ss p .
= Sp.C of Anderson
Tricolporites leuros Partridge
T. rhomboides Anderson
Tricolpopollenites anguloluminosus
(Anderson)
T. h i a n s( S t a n l e y )
”
T.
sinuosus Norton.
T. m i c r o r e t i c u l a t u sN o r t o n
”
Tricolporopollenites a l i q u a n t u l u s Hedlund
. _
T. c o n f o s s u s Newman
”
T:
kruschii (Poton,iB)
T. m i c r o r e t i c u l a t u s P f l u g
- pseudocingulum (Potoni6)
T.
T. =ackmani.
Brenner
bituitus
(Potoni6)
Triporopollenitej - pseudocanalis Paden-Phillips
T.
,
T.
s c a b r o p o r u s Newman
”
“ P o l l e n Type A “
21
Table 3 . . Fruitland Palynomorphs Restricted to the Campanian
from Zavada (1976)
Fibulapollis scabratus
Sindorapollis granulatus
Punctatosporites
reginensis
Inaperturopollenites limbatus
Table 4.
Fruitland Palynomorphs-Restricted to the Maestrichtian
.
(from Zavada, 1976)
Azollopsis
doccoides
(=Azolla
sagittifera)
"
Aquilapollenites
polaris
- Eriformis
A.
varispinosus
Acanthotriletes reticularis
Cypanicidites pococki
Ceratosporites
CingutriIetes clavus
Concavissimisporites
variverrucatus
Cicatricosisporites
dorogensis
Cingulatisporites scabratus
Deltoidospora
halli
"
Ephedripites ovatus
Faveosporites canalis.
Gabonisporis
bacaricumulus
concavisporites
Gleicheniidites Inm'datisporites vermiculisporites
Ilexpollenites
spp.' ( = Pistillipolle.nites)
e
Table 4.
continued
Kurtzipites annulatus
Liliacidites
dividuus
agodiosporites verrucosus
Matonisporites equiexinus
Momipites. croyloides
Nevesisporites radiatus
-
"
perotriletes cubensis
cribraria
Polyporina Peromonolites granulatus
Podocarpidites olagoensis
Polycingulatisporites
densatus
lonqirimosus) .
Styx minor (= Balmaesporites Styx
B. major)
major (= -
Tricolpopollenites sp. (Type C )
Trochocola scollardiana
Tricolpopollenites
'
microreticulatus
"
Tricolporopollenites
confossus
Rhoipites globosus
undulapolus
Undulatisporites
22
23
Table 5.
Fruitland. Palynomorphs restrictedto-Paleocene
Microfloras (from Zavada, 1376)
Alnipollenites Trina
Betulaceoipollenites
infrequens
. .
Foveasporis trianqulus
Foveosporis cyclicus
Fraxinoipollenites va-siabilis
tenuipolus
Momipites
Pinus semicircuhs (= Abietineaepollenites)
anquloluminosus
Tricolpites T. psilascabratus
-
zolatus
Tricolpopollenites
24
FRUITLANDMOLLUSKS
are l a c k i n g .
AdequatestudiesoftheFruitlandmollusks
list
Much n o m e n c l a t u r a l r e v i s i o n s h o u l d m o d i f y t h e f a u n a l
i n c l u d e db e l o w .S i m i l a r l y ,p r e v i o u s
work h a s n o t r e l a t e d
a d e t a i l e ds t r a t i g r a p h y .
f o s s i lm o l l u s ko c c u r r e n c e s . t o
A
makes it d i f f i c u l t t o draw
lack' of stratigraphic precision
inferencesfromthedescribedformsregardingbiostratigraphy,
pal-eoecology o r r e l a t i o n s h i p s t o m o l l u s c a n f a u n a s e l s e w h e r e .
Work i n p r o g r e s s a n d p l a n n e d
Hartman s h o u l dr e s o l v e
byWolbzrg
in cooperation with
some o f t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s . P a r t i c u l a r
attention w i l l be paid to 'the stratigraphic distribution of
molluscanassemblages.
I t i s apparent,however,
b a s i s of a v a i l a b l e d a t a , t h a t
a t l e a s t two d i s t i n c t
a dominantly
m o l l u s c a n" b i o f a c i e s "c a nb ed e t e c t e. d :.
brackish-waterbiofaciesand
on t h e
a dominantlyfreshwaterbi,ofacies.
The l o w e r l i m e s t o n e b e d s o f t h e F r u i t l a n d
are a t times a l m o s t
c o q u i n o i dc a r b o n a t e sw i t ha b u n d a n tr e m a i n so f
Ostrea s p . ,
and c l e a r l y represent.brackish-water c o n d i t i o n s .H i g h e ri n
t h eF r u i t l a n ds e c t i o n ,f r e s h w a t e r
formsappear
t o bedominant
and are g e n e r a l l y r e s t r i c t e d t o s h a l e sa n dc l a y s t o n e s .
higheroccurrences
may r e p r e s e n t a g r e a t e r d i s t a n c e
influencesofthePictureCliffs
The
to
seaway.
A s a logicalextensionoftheseinvestigations,an
examinationofbrackish-waterdepositsforpotential
f o r a m i n i f e r a n s wouldbeworthwhile.
is a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e p r e s e n c e
' A s y e t ,n od o c u m e n t a t i o n
o f forams i n t h e F r u i t l a n d .
..
Such documentation should
..
be forthcoming and would
be most
of
w o r t h w h i l e .R
' u s s e l l( 1 9 7 5 p
, i1 5 1 )n o t e st h ep r e s e n c e
(White) i n t h e F r u i t l a n d
P r o p a r r e y s i ah o l m e s i a n a
25
and
P r o p a r r e y s i ap y r a m i d a t o i d e s( W h i t f i e l d ) - i nt h eK i r t l a n d .
These bivalves are t y p i c a l l yL a n c i a nf o r m s .
t o be d e m o n s t r a t e d
t h a tP. holmesiana
"
I t h a sy e t
and P. p y r a m i d a t o i d e s
i n theFruitland,.orintheKirtland;theseparate
bothoccur
o c c u r r e n c e s may be a n o m a l o u s .N e v e r t h e l e s st h eo c c u r r e n c e s
of t h e s e forms i s s i g n i f i c a n t .
..
Table 6.
FRUITLAND
Nonmarine' I n v e r t e b r a t e s
( f r o mS t a n t o n ,
'
1 9 1 6 ; R u s s e l l ,1 9 7 5 )
Ostrea glabra ". Meek and Hayden
Anomia gryphorhynchus Meek
Anomia g r y p h a e i f o r m i s . S t a n t o n
Modiola l a t i c o s t a t a (White)
_.
UniO holmesianus White (= P r o p a r r e y s i a h o l m e s i a n a
(Whit-e) )
Unio a m a r i l l e n s i s S t a n t o n
Unio g a r d n e r i
"
Stanton
Unio r e e s i d e i : S t . a n t o n
Unio b r a c h y o p i s t h u s White (= ' P l e s i e l l i p t i o b r a c h y o p i s t h u s ( W h i t e )
UnioneomexicanusStanton
Unid b r i m h a l l e n s i s S t a n t o n
- primaevus White
U n i o s p . , c f . U.
C o r b i c u l ac y t h e r i f o r m e s
(Meek and Hayden)
. .
'e
Table 6.
26
continuted
Corbula chacoensis Stanton
Panopaea simulatrix
Whiteaves?
Teredina neomexicana Stanton
N e r i t i n a baveri S t a n t o n
N e r i t i n a IVelatella)
sp.
Campeloma a m a r i l l e n s i s S t a n t o n
Tuiotoma thompsoni Whit:
Melaniainsculpta
Meek?
Goniobasis? s u b t o r t u o s a Meek and Hayden
Physa reesidei
Stanton
Physasp.
P l a n o r b i s( B a t h y o m p h a l u s )c h a c o e n s i sS t a n t o n
27
Fruitland Vertebrate Faunas
. .
A g r e a t d e a l of attention has been given
v e r t e b r a t ef a u n a s .
t o Fruitland
Y e t s u r p r i s i n g l y l i t t l e a c t u a lc o m p r e h e n s i v e
of v e r t e b r a t e f a u n a l
analysis of the variety and distribution
components i s a v a i l a b l e f o r r e v i e w t h a t p o s t d a t e t h e e a r l y
s t u d i e s . o f Gilmore ( 1 9 1 6 , 1 9 1 9 ) ; Osborn(1923);orOstrom(1963)
-.and i n p a r t
Gaffney ( 1 9 7 2 ) ; Clemens (1973).
Most r e c e n t work
hasbeenconcernedprimarilywithdeterminingfaunalcontent
(Powell, 1 9 7 2 , 1973;Armstrong-Ziegler,
LeMone3 1 9 80 )
1 9 7 8 ; Wolbergand
.
V e r t e b r a t e material i s r e l a t i v e l y common i n t h e F r u i t l a n d
Formation i n ' a w i d e v a r i e t y o f l i t h o l o g i c t y p e s . W o l b e r g h a s
material i n s a n d s t o n e s , c l a y s a n d s h a l e s ,
r e c o v e r e dv e r t e b r a t e
s i l t s t o n e s andeven
some material a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
V e r t e b r a t e material a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
coals.
coals i s t h e l e a s t a b u n d a n t
and l e a s t well p r e s e , r v e d o f t h e t y p e s o f o c c u r r e n c e s n o t e d .
The b e s t p r e s e r v e d
material a p p e a r s t o b e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
sandstones.
T u r t l e s are v e r y a b u n d a n t i n t h e F r u i t l a n d F o r m a t i o n b u t
f o r mt h e
l e a s t u n d e r s t o o df a u n a le l e m e n t .T u r t l es y s t e m a t i c s
was for long in need
t h a t mostof
of e x t e n s i v e r e v i s i o n
t h e r e p o r t e dt a x a
t h a t a l l previousclassification
d i s c a r d e da n dt h e .i d e a s
are s u s p e c t .
and it i s p r o b a b l e
It is suggested
schemes f o r t u r t l e s b e
of Gaffney ( 1 9 7 2 ) f o r b a e n i d s a n d
G a f f n e y( 1 9 7 5 )f o rh i g h e rc a t e g o r i e sb eu t i l i z e df o rf u t u r e
b a d l yn e e d e da n a l y s e so fF r u i t l a n d( a n dh i g h e r )t u r t l et a x a .
*
Table 7.
28
Gaffney's (1972) Classification of'Baenoidea of
North America'.
Class Reptilia
Order
Testudines
Suborder
Cryptodira
Superfamily
Family
Baenoidea
Glyptopsidae
Glyptaps
Family.
March(U.J..)
Baenidae
Subfamily
"
Cope
Trinitichelinae
Trinitichelys Gaffney
Subfamily
'
Hayemydinae
HayemysGaffmey
Subfamily
(U.K.)
Eubaeninae
Plesiobaena
Eubaena
Gaf
fney
(U.K.-Pal)
Hay(U.K. )
Stygiochelys
- Gaffney
Subfamily
(K.)
&
Hiatt (U.K.)
Palatobaeninae
Palatobaena Gaffney (U.K.-Pal)
Subfamily
Baeninae
Baena Leidy (Eocene)
Chisternon Leidy (Eocene)
Taxa
within
Baenidae
but
not
referable
Compsemys Leidy (K-Pal)
Neurankylus Lambe (U.K.)
Boremys Lambe (U.K.)
.Thescelus Hay (U.K.)
to
subfamily:
29
Table 8.
Gaffney's (1975) Classification of Higher Categories
of Turtles.
Order
Testudines
Suborder
Linnaeus
Proganochelydia
Family
Suborder
Proganochelyidae(Triassic
Casichelydia
Infraorder
Romer
Gaffney
Pleurodira
Cope
Family Pelomedusidae (X-Rec.)
Family
dhelidae
(Eocene-Bec.
)
Infraorder Cryptodira (Cope)
Parvaorder
'Paracryptodira
Superfamily
Baenoidea
Family
Glyptopsidae
Family
Baenidae
Parvaorder
fney
Williams
.
)
(Jur
(K-Eoc.
)
Eucryptodira
'Superfamily
Gaf
Gaffney
Trionychoidea
Gray
Family Kinosternidae (0lig.--Rec.)
Family Dermatemydidae (K-Rec.)
Family
Family
.
Carettochelyidae
Trionychidae
Superfamily
(Eoc
-Rec
(K-Rec.
)
Chelonioidea
Uaur
Family Plesiochelyidae (Jur.)
Family Protostegidae (K)
Family
Toxochelyidae
(K-Eoc.
)
Family Cermochelyidae (Eoc.-Rec.)
.'
Family
Chkloniidae
(X-Rec.
)
.
30
Superfamily
Testudinoidea
Baur
Family Chelydridae (Pal.-Rec.)
.
Family Emydidae (Pal.-Re.c. )
Family
Tes
.
tudinidae
(Eoc.-Rec )
31
G a f f n e y ' sc l a s s i f i c a t i o n s
havebeen
are includedbelow.Attempts
made t o r a t i o n a l i z e r e p o r t e d o c c u r r e n c e s o f t u r t l e s
scheme i n t h e v e r t e b r a t e
in the Fruitland with Gaffney's
, f a u n a l lists t h a t f o l l o w .
Although t u r t l e s o b v i o u s l y
formed a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f
Fruitlandfaunas,theirapparentabwidance
T u r t l eb o n e s
are verydenseand
cavapaseandplastron
resistant.
A singleturtle
will easily b r e a k i n t o numerous smaller
pieces that in turn break into
An
may b e m i s l e a d i n g .
s t i l l smaller r e s i s t a n t p i e c e s .
.accurate r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of t u r t l e . abundance i s b a d l y n e e d e d .
.The detailedplottingofturtleoccurrencesandabundances
I .
should provide interesting ecologic data
and d a t a r e l a t e d t o
depositionalenvironments.
Table 9 r e p r e s e n t s G a f f n e y ' s
(1972.), view o f t h e s t r a t i g r a p h i c
distribution of baenoid turtles.
T a b l e 9.
S t r a t i g r a p h i cD i s t r i b u t i o n
(fromGaffney,
of Baenoid T u r t l e s
1972).
Maestrichtian
Skulls
Hayemys l a t i f r o n s
.
AssociatedSkulls
andShells
Plesiobaena
antiqua
Shells
Thescelus
insiliens
Eubaenacepha1ic.a
S t y g i o c h e l y s estesi
Neurankylus
eximius
Palatobaena bairdi
formgenus"Baena"
"
Compsemys v i c t a
Campanian .
.Plesiobaena
antiqua
Boremys
pulchra
Thescelus
insiliens
Neurankylus
exlmlus
. .
32
To demonstrate the confusion and "over-description"
of
turtles the synonomies are^ taken from Gaffney (1972) and have
a
direct
Table 10.
bearing
on San
Basin
faunas.
Examples of Revisions
1. Compsemys
C.
-
Juan
victa
Leidy
parva Hay 1916
"
C. vafer
Hay
1910
C.
- puercensis Gilmore 1919 .
- torrejonensis
C.
2.
dilmore
.
-_
1919
.
Neurankylus eximius Lambe
"
Charitemys capitans Bay 1908
Neurankylus baueri Gilmore 1916
Baena fluviatilis
3.
Parks.
Boremys -pulchra(Lambe
1933
1906)
Baena pulchra Lambe 1906
albertensis
Boreymys Boreymys
Baena
4.
Gilmore
1919
grandis Gilmore 1935
nodosa
Wiman
1933
Thescelus insiLiens Hay 19.OC
Thescehs rapiens Hay 1908
Thescelus hemispherica Gilmore 1935
Baena longicauda Russell 1935
Gaffney (1972) notes that analyses of a sample
of Baena
arenosa
a
great
from
deal
A sympatric
the
of
Bridger
variation
species
Formation
of
occurs
in terms
Chisternon
undatum
Wyoming
of
shell
has
a
indicates
that
morphology.
distinct
skull
33
morphology b u t a s h e l l v e r y
b a s i s of s h e l l s o n l y ,
taxa.
similar t o t h a t of Baena.
it wouldbe
I nt h eC r e t a c e o u s ,
d i f f i c u l t t o separatethese
a s i m i l a r , s i t u a t i o n c a nb ed e m o n s t r a t e d
with shell morphologies that
C. undatum b u t v e r y
and -
are as v a r i a b l e as i n B. a r e n o s a
it
few a s s o c i a t e d s k u l l s . A l t h o u g h
i s l i k e l y t h a t more thanonespecies.
separation of the
On t h e
.is p r e s e n t , r e a s o n a b l e
taxa is o n l y n o m i n a l l y . p o s s i b l e .
. _. A s n o t e d . a b o v e , t h e v e r t e b r a t e s '
of t h e F r u i t l a n d are
d i s c u s s e d by Gilmore (.1916,/1919, andel'sewhere)
( 1 3 2 3 )d e s c r i b e dP e n t a c e r a t o p ss t e r n b e r g i ia n d
; Osborn
Wiman (1930,
pp.. 1 4 - 1 5 )r e p o r t e dP e n t a c e r a t o p s ?s p . ,c o l l e c t e db yC h a r l e s
S t e r n b e r g i n New Mexico f o r t h e ' P a l e o n t o l o g i c a l I n s t i t u t e
i nU p s a l a ,
Swe,den.
The fragmentary material:
"An d e r . S u d s e i t e von A l a m o Wash, d r e i miles oberh.alb
. H u n t e r s S t o r e wurden i n ' d e n F r u i t l a n d S h a l e s e i n i g e
Ceratopsidenfragmentegefunden."
a closer l o o k b u t
Sternberg's stratigraphy deserves
essentiallyappearsreasonable
and i s p r i m a r i l y b a s e d
upon
Reeside's work i n t h e SanJuanBasin.
C.M.
S t e r n b e r g ( 1 9 4 9 , p. 4 2 ) p l a c e sP e n t a c e r a t o p s
s t e r n b e r g i i i n a position older than Lancian Triceratops but
youngerthan
Monmlonius, roughlyEdmontonian
in age
as
compared t o a J u d i t h R i v e r a g e f o r M
-o n o c. l.o n.. .i u s . T h i s may w e l l
"
be v a l i d €or A l b e r t a b u t n o t ' v a l i d f o r
where, t h e P e n t a c e r a t o p s
through the Cretaceous in
contemporaneous fauna.
New Mexico.
A s n o t e d else-
community i s l i k . e l y t o h a v e c o n t i n u e d
New Mexico as a p a r t o f
The presence of
Mexiso is q u e s t i o n e d by t h i s a u t h o r .
a southern,
Monoclonius
i n New
34
O s t r o m . ( 1 9 6 3 )d e s c r i b e dP a r a ' s a u r o l o p h u sc y r t o c r i s t a t u t s
The specimen was c o l l e c t e d i n
from t h eF r u i t l a n dF o r m a t i o n .
1923by
C.H.
S t e r n b e r g near Coal C r e e k ; a b o u t e i g h t
southeast of Tsaya
miles
i n McKinley County.
P o w e l l ( 1 9 7 2 , 1 9 7 3 ) . s y n t h e s i z e d . much o f t h e d i f f u s e
San Juan Basin.Table
v e r t e b r a t ed a t af o r ' t h e
fromPowell
(1972).
l l ' i s taken
More recent work ' h a sm o d i f i e dh i s
interpretations.
Table 11.
V e r t e b r a t e so ft h eF r u i t l a n dF o r m a t i o n
Subclass Anapsida
Order Chelonia
Neurankylus 'baueri Gilmore
Baenanodosa
Gil'more
h d o c u sb o s s i
Gilmore
"
'
A s p e r i d i t e ss p .
SubclassArchosauria
OrderCrocodilia
Crocodylussp.
Brachampsa? s p .
OrderSaurischia
Family Megalosauridae
Deinodon?Sp.
Order Ornithischia
FamilyHadrosauridae
Parasaurolophus
-
'
'
y r t o c r i s t a t u s Ostrom
Family Ceratopsidae
.Monoclonius s p . ?
P e n t a c e r a t o p s . s t e r n b e r g i i Osborn
Y
It should be noted that
P o w e l l n e g l e c t s t o mention t h a t
Gilmore ( 1 9 1 6 ) r e p o r t s Adocus? l i n e o l a t u s Cope a n dA s p i d e r e t e s
a u s t e r u s Hay,
Neurankylusbaueri
i s i n f a c tN e u r a n k y l u s
e x i m i u s o f G a f f n e y ( 1 9 7 2 ) . . S i m i l a r l yBaena nocosa i s p e r h a p s
"
b e t t e r r e f e r r e d t o as. "formgenusBaena."
Clemens,and
M.C.
a series o f o t h e r r e s e a r c h e r s
(R.E.
Sloan,
McKenna f o r ' e x a m p l e ) h a v e h a d ' a l o n g s t a n d i n g i n t e r e s t
i n SanJuanBasin
mammals.
Clemens h a sl o n ga c t i v e l yr e s e a r c h e d
mammalian f a u n a s of the.Frwit1,and.
Clemens ( 1 9 6 7 w r i t t e n
communication) i n F a s s e t t
(1971', p. 1 9 ) p r o v i d e d
the following faunal
andHinds
l i s t f o r mammals r e c o v e r d i n H u n t e r
Wash f r o m t h e F r u i t l a n d F o r m a t i o n :
Table 1 2 .
. ( f r o mF a s s e t t
andHinds,
1971)
Multituberculata
Mesod m a , p o s s i b l y M.
formosa,
'
Cimolodon, two s p e c i e s , one resembling
o t h e ri n c l u d i n ga n i m a l so f
A
new s p e c i e s w i t h
C. n i t i d u s , t h e
smalxer i n d i v i d u a l s i z e .
a low, eucosmodontidlike P4.
A new s p e c i e s w i t h h i g h , t r e n c h a n t
4
PT
.
Marsupialia
Alphadonmarshi
or a closely related species
l e a s t . o n e o t h e r , as y e t u n d e s c r i b e d s p e c i e s .
Pediomys s p .
Eutheria
z p s o n i c t o p ss p .
and a t
36
Table 1 2 .
continued
C i m o l e s t e ss p .
A t h e r i a n mammal t h a t c a n n o t be r e f e r r e d t o t h e M a r s u p i a l a
or E u t h e r i a o n t h e
Clenens(p.
available evidence.
1 9 ) a l s op r o v i d e st h e 'f o l l o w i n go b s e r v a t i o n s :
"Comparisonof
t h i s faunal u n i t w i t h t h e
Lance
local faunafromtheLateCretaceousofeastern
Wyoming p o i n t s o u t
some i n t e r e s t i n g d i f f e r e n c e s .
(a multituberculate)
Forexample,Meniscoessus
andPediomys
relative
( am a r s u p i a l )h a v e. h i g h
"
abundances i n t h e
Lance. l o c a l fauna.
The
former i s unknown and t h e l a t t e r v e r y r a r e i n
Our c o l l e c t i o n s are now l a r g e
New Mexico.
enough t o w a r r a n t s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e i r
absenceor
low f r e q u e n c y o f . o c c u r r e n c e
are n o t a p r o d u c t o f b i a s i n c o l l e c t i n g
small sample s i z e .
technique
or
thesefaunaldifferences
Whether
.
reflect differences
i n a F e ,e c o l o g yo rc o m b i n a t i o n so f
these
.andotherfactors,remainstohe
determined.
"
Clemens (197k) p r o v i d e da nu p d a t eo ft h e
f a u n a (Table 13)
.
Hunter Wash l o c a l
-e
37
Table 13. (from Clemens, 1973)
Order
Multiturberculata
Suborder
Ptilodontoidea
-Family.Ectypodontidae
M.
Mesodma sp. The P4 resembles that ofc
...
but is larger
primaevus
.~
cf.C. judithae
L
Cimexomys,
-_
FamilyPtildontidae
'
cf. Kimbekohia campi
Family
cimolodontidae
Cimlodon sp. At least one species resembling.
C. nitidus
animals of
Suborder
the
smaller
other
including
individual
size.
Tasniolabidoidea
Family
Eucosmodontidae
A
Order
and
new
genus
and
species
Marsupialia
Superfamily
Family
Didelphoidea
Didelphidae
Alphadon cf. marshi. Teeth of this species are
"
approximately
A. marshi
Alphadon?
Family
new
species
Pediomyidae
Pediomys cf. cooki
intermediate
and
A.
- wilsoni.
between
38
Table 13. 'continued
. .
,
.
Order Insectivora
Family
Lepeictidae
Gypsonictops sp.
Family
cf.
TWO
species 'are present.
Palaeorcytidae
Cimolestes
sp.
Smaller
C. incisus
than
Eutherian of uncertain ordinal affinities. Clemens
(1973, p. 165) notes that the Hunter Wash collections were
obtained
from
the
upper
40
feet
of the.Fruitland
Formation
and the lower.55 feet.of the Kirtland Shale. It is
probably younger than the zone of Didymoceras nebrascense.
However, docum6ntation by Lindsay, and others (1978)
indicates
that
the
Hunter
Wash
faunas
are
from
the
Fruitland
Formation.
Although, predominantly a listing,
the,work of
Armstrong-Zieglar (1978) is very significant. Many lower
vertebrate:
forms
are
reported
from
the
Fruitland
for
the
first time. Unfortunately, difficulties exist with respect
to locaiity data reported by Armstrong-Zieglar. However, it
is possible
to
compare
her
Fruitland
fauna
to
comparable
Judith River faunas (Sahni, 1972), Lance faunas (Estes, 1964)
and Hell Creek faunas (Estes and others, 1969).
Table 14.
(from Armstrong-Zieglar, 1978)
Chondrichthyes
Selachii
Hybodontidae
39
Table 1 4 .
continued
X*Lonchidion selachos' Estes
Insuridae
I s u r u s (Oxyrhina)sp.
Orectolobidae
* S q u a t i r h i n a s e r i c a n a Estes
S q u a t i r h i n as p .
Batoidea
Pristidae
X * I s c h y r h i z aa v o n i c o l a
Estes
Dasyatidae
b i p a r t i t u s Cope
88X*MyledaphusOsteichthyes
Acipenseriformes
Acipenseridae
x* A c i p e n s e re r u c i f e r u s
(Cope)
Polyodontidae
Xpaleopsephurus
wilsoni
MacAlpin.
"
0. Amiiformes
Amiidae
'X*Amia
f r a g o s a( J o r d a n )
Estes e t a l , 1 9 6 9
H e l l . Creek o f Estes e t a l , 1 9 6 9
x s p e c i e s i n . H e l 1 Creekof
5 genus i n
s p e c i e si nJ u d i t hR i v e ro fS a h n i
(1972)
88
- g e n u si nJ u d i t hR i v e r
of Sahni ( 1 9 7 2 )
*
*
s p e c i e s i n Lance of Wyoming (Estes, 1964)
genusin.Lanceof
Wyoming (Estes, 1 9 6 4 )
# s p e c i e s of Estes ( 1 9 6 9 )
e
"
Table 14.
40
0. Lepisosteiformes
Lepisosteidae
.
' '
EX*Lepisosteus occiden,talis (Leidy)
0. Elopiformes
F. Phyllodontidae
gx#Paralbula
casei Este's'
Perciformes
Sciaenidae
- -.
*Platacodon nanus Marsh
Amphibia
Anura
...
Discoglossidae
X
.
Scotiophryne
- pustulosa
~
Estes
-
Pe'lobatidae
X?
?Eopelobates sp.
Urodela
Prosirenidae
.
EXaProdesmodon
?copei P. copei
Batrachosaurordhdae
EX**isthotriton
Kayi Auffenberg
"
?Urodela
mcnallyi
XCuttysaqkus
Reptilia
Testudinata
Dermatemyididae
X
-AdOCUS
Sp.
%ompsemys
'sp.
Estes
Estes
at
Lance
41
Table 1 4 .
continued
?Basilemyssp.
. .
Trionychidae
ETrionyx
sp.
Sauria
Teiidae
88x*Leptochamops' d e n t i c u l a t u s ( G i l m o r e )
88X*Chamopss e g n i s Marsh
Anguidae
Gen. e t . s p .i n d e t .
%f.
G e r r h o n o t u ss p .
Serpentes
Aniliidae
S on i o p h i s cosgriffi
s.sp.
Crocodilia
Crocodylidae
@%eidyosuchussp.
?Thoracosa&rus s p .
'X*Brachychampsa
sp.
Sauris'chia
Coeluridae
X*Paronychodon l a c u s t r i s Cope
?Coeluridae
Unidentifiedgenusandspecies
?Dromaeosauridae
42
Table 14.
continued
.
Deinodontidae
'Deinodon
horridus
. Ornithischia
?Pachydephalosauridae
Hadrosauridae
'Kritosaurus
navajovius
Ceratopsidae
pentaceratops sternbergii Osborn
Gilmore
?Monoclonius-sp.
Mammalia
.. Multituberculata
. ~ctypodontidae
Eli ?Mesodma
sp.
?
new
,
multituberculate(SI
Ptilodontidae
? Essonodon sp.
cimolodontidae
'
-Cimol.odon sp. n. sp.
Eucosmodontidae
new genus.
and
species
,Marsupilia
Didelphidae
:Alphadon cf.
marshi
?Peradectes sp.
e
Table 1 4 .
43
continued
Revised l i s t i n Mesozoic Mammals, p. 43
Order Multituberculata
Neoplagiaulacidae
Mesodma? s p .
new genus?and
Cimolodontidae
new s p e c i e s ?
.
-_
Cimolodon s p .
Eucosmodontidae
new genusandspecies
F a m i l yi n c e r t a es e d i s
'
Essonodon?
sp.
OrderMarsupialia
'
Didelphidae
Alphadon c f . m a r s h i
. c f . Peradectes s p .
i s in need
The t u r t l e n o m e n c l a t u r e o f A r m s t r o n g - Z i e g l a r
of revision.
P.
casei was f i r s t d e s c r i b e d by Estes ( 1 9 6 9 )
f r o mt h eM a e s t r i c h t i a no f
New Jersey(Nqvesink
i s a l s o known from t h e CampanianOld
Marl) b u t
Man Formation of Cahada
and t h e London ClayYpresian(EarlyEocene)ofEngland.
A m i a f r a g o s a( J o r d a n )
K i n d l e i af r a g o s au n t i lr e v i s e d
was o r i g i n a l l y d e s c r i b e d
byBoreske
(1974).
as
Fox (1975)
and E s t e s ( 1 9 6 4 ) h a v ea l s or e p o r t e da n i l l i i d s .
A series o f
larger trunk vertebrae
the vicinity
recovered by
Wolbergfrom
44
of B i s t i T r a d i n g P o s t ,
Thesespecimensagree
-
may r e p r e s e n t A m i a . c f . u i n t a e n s i s .
,well withBoreske's(1974,p.
description., They appear larger
64)
and more r o b u s t t h a n
v e r t e b r a e i n A. k i n d e ' i l a .
"
Wolbergand
LeMone (1980)reported
f a u n af r o mt h ev i c i n i t y . o ft h eo l d
a Fruitlandvertebrate
B i s t i T r a d i n gP o s t .T h i s
f a u n a however i s u n l o c a t e d s t r a t i g r a p h i c a l l y i n t h e F r u i t l a n d ;
work i s i n p r o g r e s s . t o more a c c u r a t e l y d e l i m i t t h e s t r a t i g r a p h y
o ft h ec o l l e c t i n g
areas.
However, t h i sf a u n a
records t h e
presence of .-Champsosaurus f o r t h e f i r s t time as well as
Gorgosaurus.
The l a t t e r r e f e r r a ls h o u l dp r o b a b l yr e a d
?Gorgosaurus.Thisfauna
i s r e c o r d e di nt a b l e1 5 .
The
turtleslistedshouldberevised.
Table15.FruitlandFaunafromnear
LeMone, 1 9 8 0 )
C l a s s Chondrichthyes
S u b c a l s sH s l o c e p h a l i
Order Chimaeriformes
Suborder Chimaeroidei.
FamilyChimaeridae
Myledaphussp.
C l a s s Osteichthyes
SubclassActinopterygii
I n f r a c l a s sH o l o s t e i
OrderSemionotiformes
B i s t i (fromWolbergand
45
Table
15.
continued
Suborder Lepisostoidei
FamilyLepisosteidae
L e p i s o s t e u s. s p .
A
Order Ammiformes
Suborder Amioidei
Family Ammiidae
.
A
m i a sp.
-
Class R e p t i l i a
..
.
Subclass
Anapsida
....
.
OrderC..helonia
Suborder Amphichelydia
Superfamily Baenoides
FamilyBaenidae
.
.
Baenia s p . A
Suborder Cryptodira
Superfami1.y T e s t u d i n o i d e s
FamilyDermatemydidae
Adocus s p .
S.uperfamilyTrionychoidea
Family Trionychidae
Trionyx sp. c f . T. vorax
"
Trionyx
sp.
cTf..' a u s t e r d s
"
46
Table 15.
continued
Subclass Lepidosauria
Order
Eosuchia
Suborder Choristodera
Family
Ch&mpsosauridae.
Champsosaurus sp.
Subclass
Archosauria
-
Order Crocodilia
Suborder
Eusuchia
Family ,Crocodylidae.
Crocodylus sp.
Brachychampsa sp.
Order Saurischia
Suborder
Theropoda
Infraorder
Family
Carnosauria
Tyrannosauridae
Gorgosaurus sp.
Order Ornithischia
Suborder Ornithopoda
Family
Hadrosauridae
cf. Kritosaurus
Suborder
Ankylosauria
Family
Nodosauridae
sp.
EuopIocephalus
-.
47
Table 15.
continued
Class Mammalia
Order MultituberculataSuborder Ptilodofitoidea
Family Ectypodontidae
Mesodma s p .
FamilyCimolodontidae
cf. Cimolodon
O r d e rI n s e c t i v o r a
'
Family Leptictidae
c f .G y p s o n i c t o p s
i s thusbetter,known,in
The F r u i t l a n d f a u n a
t h a ne x p e c t e d
a t l e a s t i n terms of p o t e n t i a l d i v e r s i t y .
However, t h i s i s a l m o s t e n t i r e l y
on t h e b a s i s o f i s o l a t e d
No definitive
s t u d i e st h a to n l yr e p o r ti s o l a t e do c c u r r e n c e s .
t r e a t m e n to rs y n t h e s i s
of t h e F r u i t l a n d e x i s t s .
s t r a t i g r a p h i c framework f o r t h e placementof
f a u n a se x i s t s . 'F o rc o m p a r i s o n ,S a h n i ' s
f a u n a i s shown below i n T a b l e
Table 1 6 .
some r e s p e c t s ,
J u d i t hR i v e r
these i s o l a t e d
( 1 9 7 2 ) J u d i t h River
16.
Fauna ( a f t e rS a h n i
Class Elasmobranchii
Order Rajiformes
Family Dasyatidae
Alyledaphus
b i p a r t i t u s Cope
No coherent
1972)
48
Table 1 6 .
continued
Class O s t e i c h t h y e s
Order .Amiiformes
Family Amiidae
KindleiafragosaJordan
Order Aspidorhynchiformes
Family Aspidorhynchidae
Belonostomus l o n g i r o s t r i s (Lambe)
"
OrderLepisosteiformes
FamilyLepisosteidae
Lepisosteus
occidentalis
(Leidy)
Order Elopiformes
Family Albulidae
?Paralbulasp.
I n f r a c l a s sT e l e o s t e i ,i n d e t
Class Amphibia
OrderSalientia
Family Discoglossidae
'
FamilyPelobatidae
Order Urodela
FamilyScaph'erpetonidae
Scapherpeton tectum Cope
Lisserpeton bairdi
Estes
Family Sirenidae
H a b r o s a u r u sd i l a t u s
Gilmore
Family Plethodontidae
Prodesmodon
-
c o p e i Estes
"
49
Table 16.
'
continued
Family ?Plethodontidae
Opisthotriton
Kayi
Auffenberg
Class Reptilia
Order
Testudines
Family
Dermatemydidae
Basilemys sp.
Family
Trionychidae
Trionyx s.p.
Family ?Baenidae
Order
.
Eosuchia
FamilyChampsosauridae
Champsosaurus sp.
Order
Crocodilia
Suborder ?Sebecosuchia
Suborder
Family
Eusuchia
Crocodylidae'
Subfamily
Crocodylinae
Leidoyosuchus canadensisLarnbe
Subfamily
Alligatorinae
Brachychampsa
Order
Gilmore
Sauria
Family
'
montana
Teiidae
Chamops segnis Marsh
"
Leptochampos denticulatus (Gilmore)
Family
Anguidae
Peltosaurus piger .Gilmore
50
Table 16.
continued
Family
Xenosauridae.
.
Exostinus l a n c e n s i s Gilmore
Family?Xenosauridae
c f .E x o s t i n u ss p .
Family Parasaniwidae
Parasaniwa
wyomingensis Gilmore
.
.~ i r a d e r m ab o g e r t i Estes
O r d e rS a u r i s c h i a
Family Deinodontidae
Deinodon h o r r i d u s
Leidy
Dromaeosaurus a l b e r t e n s i s Matthew and Brown
’
Troodon
- formosus
- Leidy
Paronychodon l a c u s t r i s Cope
Order O r n i t h i s c h i a
Family Hadrosauridae
.Subfamily Hadrosaurinae
Kritosaurus cf.
K. b r e v i c e p s (Marsh)
SubfamilyLambe.osaurinae
P r o c h e n e o s a u r u sa l t i d e n s
(Lambe)
FamilyPachycephalosauridae
? S t e g o c e r a sv a l i d u s
Lambe
Family H.ypsilophodontidae
Thescelosaurus
c f .T . n e g l e c t u s Gilmore
”
Family Ceratopsidae
Generaandsp;indet.
Family Nodosauridae
costatus
Palaeoscincus Edmontonia l o n g i c e p s
-
Leidy
Sternberg
a
.'
Table 16
Class
51
continued
Mammalia
Infraclass
Order
Allotheria
Multituberculata
Family
Ectypodontidae
Cimexomys judithae Sahni
Cimexomys maqnus Sahni'
.
"
Mesodma primaevus (Lambe)
Family
.
Cimolomyidae
Cimolomys ciarki Sahni
-
..
Meniscoessus
major (Russell)
"
Family'
Cimolodontidae
Cimolodon sp.
Infraclass
Order
Metatheria
Marsupicarnivora
Family
Didelphidae
Alphadon praesaqus (Russell)
Alphadon
halleyi
Alphadon
cf.A . rhaister
Family
Sahni.
Clemens
Pediomyidae
Pediomys clemensi
Sahni
Family Stagodontidae
Lambe
Boreodon - matutinus
Infraclass
Eutheria
Order Insectivora
Family
.
Leptictidae
Subfamily
Gypsonictopsinae
Gypsonictops lewisi Sahni
52
a t 75+2 my.
The J u d i t h R i v e r F o r m a t i o n h a s b e e n d a t e d
.,
t o t h e e a s t and i s
It'interfingers with the Pierre Shale
are f l u v i a l ,c h a n n e l
Campanian i na g e .J u d i t hR i v e rd e p o s i t s
s a n d s t o n e s , s i l t s andmudstoneswithoccasioQal
l i g n i t e and coal, especial.1-y a t t h e t o p
The J u d i t h R i v e r f a u n a
beds o f
of t h e f o r m a t i o n .
was c o n f i n e d t o t h e . l o w l a n d ,
some 400-500
coastal r e g i o n s b e t w e e n t h e r i s i n g C o r d i l l e r a s
miles t o t h e 'west and t h e Pierre Sea,about
east.
1 0 0 miles t o t h e
The area was c o v e r e d by a m u l t i s t o r i e d t r o p i c a l r a i n
f o r e s t similar t o t h a t f o u n d
eastern coast of
ThreeJudith
.at t h e p r e s e n t
time on t h e
Costa Rica.,
River communities are r e c o g n i z e d by S a h n i :
1.
Stream andStream
2.
Megaterrestrial
3.
Microterrestrial
Bank
The stream and stream bank community w a s p r o x i m a l t o
d e p o s i t i o n a l areas a n d r e p r e s e n t e d
by a d i v e r s i t y o f f i s h ,
a m p h i b i a n s ,c r o c o d i l e sa n dc h a m p s o s a u r s ,s n a i l sa n d
clams.
The M e g a t e r r e s t r i a l community c o n s i s t s o f l a r g e
h e r b i v o r o u sa n dc a r n i v o r o u sd i n o s a u r s .D i n o s a u re g gs h e l l
f r a g m e n t s are r e l a t i v e l y common.
The m i c r o t e r r e s t r i a l
community c o n s i s t e d o'f mammals (herbivoresandomnivores)
a n dc a r n i v o r o u sr e p t i l i a nf o r m s .
Sahni was a b l e t o o f f e r a d e t a i l e d s t r a t i g r a p h i c
d i s t r i b u t i o n ,d e p o s i t i o n a le n v i r o n m e n t s ,r e l a t i v ep r o p o r t i o n s
o ff a u n a l
components f o r t h e J u d i t h
River f a u n a s .T h i s
p r o v i d e d a c o h e r e n t model of community s t r u c t u r e and paleoe n v i r o n m e n t s .T h i sh a sy e t
t o bedone
f o rt h eF r u i t l a n d
Formtion.
53
Table 1 7 .below is a f . i r s t e f f o r t t o provide such an
o v e r a l l model o f a t l e a s t the. f a u n a l elements of t h e F r u i t l a n d
as t h e ya r ep r e s e n t l yu n d e r s t o o d .
and t h e r e p o r t e d o c c u r r e n c e s a r e .
p r e s e n c e o.f c e r t a i nt a x a .
can y e t be made.
It i s v e r yi n c o m p l e t e
j u s t t h a t :r e p o r t so ft h e
No statementsregardingabundance
54
Table 17.
STREAM AND STREAM BANK COMMUNITY
Brachycharnpsa sp.
Leidyosuchus
sp.
?Thoracosaurus sp.
Champsosaurus s p .
L e n c h i d isoenl a c hIos su r(uOsx y r h i nsap).
Lo
-
S q u a t i r h ianm
a e r i c aSnqau a t i r h isnpa.
D:
0
3.
H
Ischyrhiza'avonicola
Myledaphus b i p a r t i t u s
-A c i p e n s e r .-e r u c i f e r u s P a l e o p s e p h u r u s w i l s o n i
L e p r s o s t eo
u cs c i d e n t a l iPsa. r a l b u l a
r;:
4
u
casei
"
P l a t a c o dnoannSucso t i o p h r ypnues t u l o s a
?Eopelobates
sp.
Prodesrnodon ?copei
O p i s t h o t r i tkoaC
nyui t t y s a r krunsc n a l l y i
Amia fragosa .'
Neurankylus
exirnius
nodosa
Lo
"Baena"
W
Basilernys
D:
0
Trionyx
3
H
Aspideretes
z
.
0
[I)
2
s
H
m
ffi
W
Adocus
Adocus? l i n e o l a t u s
Bivalves
E4
Gastropoda
Table 1 7 .
continued
MEGATERRESTRIAL COMMUNITY
U n d efrlsotoo(rfr,o
y r) e s t
ARBOREAL COMMUNITY
(MicroterrestriaL)
-
. .
Dernodon ' h o r r i d u s
Leptochamops d e n t i c u l a t u s
co
w
dromaeosaurid
Chamops s e g n i s '
0
Paronychodon l a c u s t r i s
-
Gerrhonotus
3
gorgosaur?
C o n i o p h i sc o s q r i f f i
c
e
_
H
Gypsonictopssp.
-
z
a
Gypsonictopshypoconus
.4
.sp.
V
-
Cimolestes
,
"
. .
Alphadon c f . A.
- marshi
0
c f . Peradectes
!i!
Pediomys c f . P. cooki
-
~
3
"
-0
co.
'sp.
?Monoclonius
Mesodma s p .
W
ffi
0
3
Penta
s tceerrnadt o
ep
r gs i i
Cimolodon s p .
K r i t o s a u r u s mavajovius
-
Eucosmodontid
P a r a s a u r o l o cp yh rutso c r i s t a t u s
Essonodon
Euoplocephalus
sp.
Cimexomys s p .
a
p:
W
-
c f . Ximbetohia.campi
VI
UI
56
Age a n d P a l e o e c o l o g y o f t h e F r u i t l a n d F o r m a t i o n
Much has been
made of t h e a r c h a i c nature' of F r u i t l a n d -
other megafaunas have s t r e s s e d
Fruitland-Kirtland to
similarities t o Campanian-age
ratherthan
Comparisons of
communities.
K i r t l a n dm e g a t e r r e s t r i a l
faunas of
Montana andCanada
Maestrichtian-age,faunas of Montana andCanada.
been a g e n e r a l n e g l e c t
The e r r o r i n h e r e n t i n t h i s l o g i c h a s
. .
a stress on g e n e r a l
o fr a d i o m e t r i ca n dp a l e o m a g n e t i cd a t aa n d
f a u n a lc o m p o s i t i o n
as a c h r o n o s t r a t i g r a p h i c datum r a t h e r t h a n
b i o g e o g r a p h i ci n f e r e n c e .
A s Sloan ( 1 9 6 9 ) n o t e d some y e a r sa g o ,
a good d e a l o f r e g i o n a l
megaterrestrialcommunitiesevidence
a n dt e m p o r a lv a r i a t i o n .N o r t h
r a n g e . i.n age f r o m t h e
Late C r e t a c e o u s
American m e g a t e r r e s t r i a lc o m m u n i t i e s
Campanian t h r o u g h t h e M a e s t r i c h t i a n a n d t h a t
i n c l u d e the J u d i t h i a n , Edmontonian,andLancianStages
The term Lancian w a s f i r s t usedby
(Russell, 1964, 1975).
Dorf
(1942).
Late C r e t a c e o u sN o r t hA m e r i c a nm e g a t e r r e s t r i a l
c o m m u n i t i e sc o n s i s to f
two main " b i o f a c i e s . "
t h e s e i s a community known f r o m t h e J u d i t h
The o l d e r of
River Formation of
Montana (Sahni, 1 9 7 2 ) and t h e Oldman FormationofAlberta
(Russeil; 1 9 6 4 ) .
Folinsbee,andothers,(1965)dated
0 v e r l y i n g . B e a r p a w Shale a s 70-73 m.y.
and t h e . t y p i c a 1
J u d i t h i a nv e r t e b r a t ef a u n am u s tb ea p p r o x i m a t e l y
( R u s s e l l , 1975',
p.
148).
74-75 m.y.
T h i s community i s a l s o known from
t h e F r u i t l a n d and K i r t l a n d a n d t h e
Horn FormationofUtah
the
lower p a r t o f t h e N o r t h
from l a t e s t Campanian through
Maestrichtian.
e
57
The community i s , dominatedby
~longfrilled,
fenestrateceratopsians,crestedduckbilleddinosaurs,
ankylosaurs and
some f l a t h e a d e d d u c k b i l l e d d i n o s a u r s .
The onlyNorth
' f r o mt h e
'
American sauropod,Alamosaurus,
Late Cretaceous o c c u r si nt h i s
known
community.
The
Alamosaurus i s i n t h e t y p e
northern-mostoccurrenceof
Lance
of Wyoming ( S l o a n , 1 9 6 9 ) and it i s n o t known t o 'occur e a r l i e r
t h a nt h eM a e s t r i c h t i a n .S l o a ns u s p e c t st h a tt h eg e n u sm i g r a t e d
America fromEurope
into western North
Tethyianshore
a no l d e rs o u t h e r n
via the northern
o r by crossing Tethys from South
The above described
-
America.
more s o u t h e r n" b i o f a c i e s "r e p r e s e n t s
co'mmunity t h a t p e r s i s t s t h r o u g h
time,
basically intact with periodic additions or deletions
( e . g . ,A l a m o s a u r u s . i nt h eM a e s t r i c h t i a n .
The second megaterrestrial'community i s dominated by
flat-headedduckbilleddinosaursandtheceratopsian
A
rrhinoceratops or i t s descendant Triceratops. This
Rrobablyoriyi.1:atedfromtheJudith
River-Oldmancommunity
b u tc o n t i n u e st h r o u g h
t i m e and t o t h e n o r t h o f t h e
t h eo l d e r
T h i sl a t e r , m o r en o r t h e r n
community.
w e l l known from the upper
of Montanaand
>
t h e Dakotas a n d t h e
o f Wyoming a p p e a r s t o f o r m
l a t e phasesof
community i s
Edmonton o f A l b e r t a , t h e
By a n d d u r i n g M a e s t r i c h t i a n
community
H e l l Creek
Lance o f n o r t h e r n
Wyoming.
t.:.me, t h e s o u t h e r n b o r d e r
a boundary between the southern
Alamosaurus-Pentaceratops-Paras,aurolophus
community
n o r t h e r nT r i c e r a t o p s - A n a t o s a u r u s
dominates community.
and
the
-.
58
Apart
from
the
megaterrestrial
'community,
the
Fruitland
fauna contains another "biocomponent," the 'stream and stream
bank community. The Fruitland
stream.
and:
stream
bank
community
is very similar to stream and stream bank communities ranging
'
in age from Campanian to latest Maestrichtian (Armstrong'
Ziegler, 1978; Sahni, 1972; Estes, 1 9 6 9 ) .
( 1 9 8 0 ) note
as well;
- -.
'
Wolberg and LeMone
.occurrenceChampsosaurus
of
the
in
the
Fruitland
The .stream and stream bank community represents a
slowly evolving biota that remains stable through time and
persists well into the early Tertiari.
It would appear that
whatever ecological, constraints existed, primarily affected
the
megaterrestrial
and
micro-terrestrial
communities
rather
than the stream and stream-bank community. The latter remains
especially
uniform
Stability
in
from
the
New
Stream
Mexico
toCanada.
and
Stream
Bank
community
does
not imply compositional 'uniformity. Estes and Berberian
' ( 1 9 7 0 ) demonstrated
anda
qualitative
the sensitivityof detalled quantitative
analyses
swamp-forest-small
the
deeper
waters
for
separating
watercourse
of
faunas
environment
inhabiting
from
one
nearer
major
rivers.that probably issued from
the lowland swamps.'Such analyses has yet to be done for
the
Late
Cretaceous
.of
New
Mexico.
In Knmlton (1916) Anemia h e s p e s is
species
that
include
Anemia
-
comparedto living
wrightii Anemia
Baker,
cicutaria
Kunze, and Anemia cuneata Kunze. These species are all
natives of Cuba
and
are
found
growing
in
crevices
in
rocks
along shaded rivers. The genus Heterantherai's small and
comprises nine species, two which.occur
of
in tropical Africa,
59
U n i t e dS t a t e s .
water.
T h r e e‘ s p e c i e s are known i n t h e
Americas.
theothersinthe
they^ are h e r b s t h a t
Heteranthera
has creeping, ascending or floating
H.
leaves.
stema a n d p e t i o l e d
grow i n mud o r s h a l l o w
cretacea seems most s i m i l a r
i n form t o H e t e r a n t h e r a limosa ( S w a r t z ) ,
”
t h esmaller mud
p l a n t e i n , which c u r r e n t l y i s known f r o m V i r g i n i a
t o Kentucky
and Missouri, s o u t h t o F l o r i d a a n d L o u i s i a n a a n d i n t o
t r o p i c a l America.
~
S t o d o l a ( 1 9 6 7 , p.260-63)
-_
illustrates H.
as w e l l .
d i s c u s s e so t h e rs p e c i e so fH e t e r a n t h e r a
appears to prefer
muddy b o t t o m s o r
n e u t r a l t o . a l k a l i n e waters (pH 7-8)
limosa and
Heteranthera
a t least sandwithclayand
.
Although water
t e m p e r a t u r e s . down t o 50°F are t o l e r a t e d by H. d u b i a . a n d
- limosa as well, warmer waters (65°-860F)
p r o b a b l y K.
are
preferred.by other species.
The p r e s e n c e o f
a ceratopsian a t Elephant Butte Reservoir
w i l l have major bearing
on t h e v a l i d i t y of n o r t h e r n a n d
s o u t h e r nm e g a t e r r e s t r i a lc o m m u n i t i e s .
i s actuallyPentaceratops,
n e c e s s a r i l yv a l i d .I f
t h e model may be., b u t i s n o t
t h e c e r a t o p s i a n i s T r i c e r a t o p s ,t h e
model i s most l i k e l y wrong,and
w i l l have t ob er e v i e w e d .
If t h ec e r a t o p s i a n
the available
S a nJ u a nd a t a
On t h eb a s i so fa v a i l a b l e
b i o s t r a t i g r a p h i cd a t a ,p a l e o m a g n e t i cd a t a ,p h y l o g e n e t i cd a t a ,
p a l e o e c o l o g i cd a t a ,T r i c e r a t o p sp r o b a b l yd o e sn o to c c u r
ElephantButte.
at
e
Russell,
Edmontonian
He.found
1964
and
that
as
noted
Judithian
certain
above
stages
mollusks
recognized
and
are
there
the
Lancian,
associated
characteristic
of each
18 lists these. Note that Proparreysia
stage. Table
holmesiana
60
is
known
from'the:Fruitland
Formation.
Table 18. (after Russell, 1964) Upper Cretaceous Stages and
-
-.
Characteristics
,Mollusks
Lancian State (Upper Maestrichtian)
Quadrula
cylindricoides
Proparreysia --barnumi
Proparreysia -holmesiana
. '
Edmontonian (Partof Maestrichtian)
Fusconaia? stantoni
Sphaerium
'
heskethense'
Viviparus
westoni
Lioplacodes sanctamariensis
"
Judithian (Part of Campanian)
abbreviatus
Plesielliptio Rhabdotophorus senectus
Lioplacodes
vetula
"
Goniobasis sublaevis
?
faunas.
0
61
L i n d s a y ,J a c o b s ,a n dB u t l e r( 1 9 7 8 )p l a c et h eH u n t e r
i n magneticanomaly31,
t h eH u n t e r
Wash f a u n a
i n t h eF r u i t l a n dF o r m a t i o n .T h i s
Wash l o c a l faunaof
is
Clemens (1973) as n o t e d i n
B u t l e rL
, i n d s a ya, n dJ a c o b s( 1 9 7 7 )R
. e a s o n a b l ec o r r e l a t i o n
o ft h em a g n e t o s t r a t i g r a p h i cr e c o r db e t w e e na n o m a l i e s
e x i s t betweenthe
SanJuan
32 and31
Basin and Red Deer V a l l e y , A l b e r t a
~&d to therevised
(Lerbekmo,Evans,andBaadsgaard,1979),
Cenozoic p o l a r i t y time scale o f T a r l i n g a n d M i t c h e l l
The F r u i t l a n d F o r m a t i o n a p p e a r s
t h e lower p o r t i o n o f
. .
'
t o encompassanomaly
31 and
anomaly 30. . L a Breque,Kent,andCondie
( 1 9 7 7 ) a n dK e n t ' . ( 1 9 7 7 )i n d i c a t et h a ta n o m a l i e s
' i n c l u d et h es p a n
(1978).
of t i m e from 65.5 m.y.
30 and31should
t o 67.5 m.y.
Anomaly 31
may r e p r e s e n t j u s t o r s x i g h t l y less t h a n o n e m i l l i o n y e a r s ;
perhaps . a s l i t t l e as 750,000years
I n anyevent,
(see Kent, 1 9 7 7 , p .7 7 0 ) .
it ' d o e s n o t a p p e a r l i k e l y t h a t m a j o r i n t e r r u p t i o n s
i n s e d i m e n t a t i o n of a n y a p p r e c i a b l e d u r a t i o n o c c u r s w i t h i n t h i s
m a g n e t o s t r a t i g r a p h i ci n t e r v a l .
. D i r e c t i o n of C o n t i n u e d S t u d i e s
CertaindirectionsforcontinuedstudiesoftheFruitland
. .
Formationemergefrom
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n .T h e r e
thisdatacompilation
are obviousgapsinourknowledge
F r u i t l a n dg e o l o g y ,f a u n a sa n df l o r a s ,a l t h o u g h
broaddatabase
e x i s t s onwhich
There i s a c l e a r ' n e e d f o r
theFruitland,including
and limited
of
a surprisingly
t o base additional
work.
more d e t a i l e d s t r a t i g r a p h i c s t u d y o f
a betterdefinitionoftheformation's
lower and upper boundaries, mapping of available exposures
62
t o l i t h o l o g i e s .S t u d yo ft h e . d e p o s i t i o n a 1
and d e t a i l e d a t t e n t i o n
environmentsavailableintheFruitlandshouldbeundertaken
as s h o u l d t h e . d e t a i l e d
mapping o f coal b e d s ; i n d i v i d u a l
coal
seams may o f f e r t h e b e s t h o r i z o n m a r k e r s i n t h e F r u i t l a n d
Formation.
A detailed collecting program
be c a r r i e d o u t , b o t h l e a f a n d
for plant fossils should
wood s t u d i e s andpalynology.
Za.vada'a r e s e a r c h i s v e r y p r o v o c a t i v e a n d v e r i f i c a t i o n o f
h i sr e s u l t s
i s n e e d e d .K n o w l t o n ' se a r l ym a r c o b o t a n i c a l
s t u d i e ss h o u l db ee x p a n d e da n db r o u g h t
publishedstudyofFruitlandfossil
e x c e l l e n to p p o r t u n i t y
up t o d a t e .
No
wood e x i s t s andan
is available i n t h e " f o s s i l f o r e s t "
area.
are a l m o s t a l l o l d qr d i f f u s e , b u t
Vertebratestudies
b e t t e rd a t a
i s a v a i l a b l et h a n
extent studies
pay v e r y little a t t e n t i o n t o
s t r a t i g r a p h i c framework.
Almost a l l
was e x p e c t e d .
F u t u r ev e r t e b r a t e
a coherent
work mustbe
keyed t o an e x c e l l e n t s t r a t i g r a p h i c c o n c e p t o f t h e F r u i t l a n d may serve as t h e n e e d e d
prominent"marker-coals"
this w o r k .V e r t e b r a t e
work s h o u l dc o n c e n t r a t e
hook f o r
on t h e .
d i s t r , i b u t i o n andabundanceoftaxathroughtheformation
ratherthan
on i s o l a t e do c c u r r e n c e s . .I n c r e a s e de m p h a s i s
shouldbeplaced
on t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f m i c r o v e r t e b r a t e
materials f o r s t u d y .
I n v e r t e b r a t es t u d i e s
of published
are badlyneeded.
t'axa h a s b e e n b a a l y d i s t o r t e d
t op r e s e n tu n d e r s t a n d i n g .H a r t m a n ' s .p l a n n e d
The taxonomy
i n comparison
work w i l l go
63
far
in
establishing
Fruitland
a
reasonable
understanding
of
the
mollusks.
It is suggested that Fruitland 'studies (and Kirtland
as well)
now
have
a
model
or hypothesis
testable
that
should
guide future work.'The Fruitland fauna (and probably flora)
may be
the
southern
expression
of
a
Late
Cretaceous
community
separable but parallelto.a more northern community. Little
or
no
is seen
difference
between
stream
and
stream
bank
communities from Canada to New Mexico. Differences are
apparent, however, between the megaterrestrial communities.
Differences are also apparent between the micr.oterrestria1
communities, Some isolating mechanism must have been responsible
for these.differences.
With this model,it should
be
possible
to predict
and
tesk tlie following. Earlier faunas should have been similar
between areas. Differences should first appear low in the
Fruitland and become progressively greater higher in the
Fruitland and well into the Kirtland Oand
j o Alamo
of
theOjo Alamo
willbe discussed.in a
later
(The
report,
age
but
it is most likely Cretaceous.). &lore southern faunal elements
besides Alamosaurus shouldbe present. Additional differences
should be detectable in the microterrestrial fauna.
64
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