Arabic, Farsi, Hebrew & Turkish names’ structure 570 632 630
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Arabic, Farsi, Hebrew & Turkish names’ structure Modern Arabic structure common Arabic names Personal name + father’s personal name + grandfather’s personal name Ex: Fahd + Abdul Aziz + Al Masri Family name frequently begins with AL-, or EL-, such as AL-QADHAFI, but the family name can also be written without it, i.e. QADHAFI. Some family names are derived from geographical place names, e.g. AL-TIKRITI (from Tikrit a city in Iraq), AL-BAGHDADI (from Baghdad), AL-MASRI (the Egyptian), and indicate a family’s origins. Traditionally, Arab women do not alter their name upon marriage, although some women may adopt their husband’s family name. Parents may be simply referred to as Umm… (‘mother of…’), or Abu… (‘father of…’) in their community.As a family name is not always used, and many Arab names are very common, it is difficult to identify family relationship through names alone. The following titles can also be used with an Arab name: Mr Mrs Miss = = = Sayyed/ Al-Sayyes/ Sidi (latter in Western Arabic countries, e.g. Algeria, Morrocco) Sayyeda/ Al-Sayyeda Anesa/ Anisa/ Al-Anisa 661 691 643 647 652 Rise of Umayyads Tangiers, Morocco conquered 712 Jabir ibn Hayyan “father of chemistry” Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, “father of algebra” Paper making spreads 749 751 770 762 Great Mosque of Cordoba 721 Tripoli, Libya conquered Tashkent, Uzbekistan conquered 711 642 Balkh, Afghanistan conquered 698 637 Barqa, Palestine conquered Dome of the Rock Carthage, Tunis conquered 709 Damascus, Syria conquered Death of Mohammed, first year of the Islamic calendar. Many tribes on the Arabian Peninsula unite by discarding their tribal religions, accepting Islam and joining together to form a military alliance. Together they formed a Muslim army and conquered neighboring kingdoms. Palastine, Jerusalem conquered Abbasids move capital to Baghdad Al-Azhar University found in Cairo 1055 980 1098 Abbas ibn Firnas constructs first glider Abu Nasir al-Farabi wrote book on music 900 975 Pope Urban II calls for the first crusade to recapture Jerusalem Ibn Rushd translates Aristotle’s work to Hebrew 1187 1126 1100 Omar Khayyam composes “The Rubayyat” 1390 Muslims reconquer Jerusalem and Mongols sack Baghdad Baghdad is destructed by Mongol leader Hulegu 1365 Constantinople falls to Ottoman Turks 1492 1194 Delhi, India is occupied Construction of Alhambra Palace is finished in Spain 1453 875 Abu Ali al-Hysayn ibn Abd Allah ibn Sina, “father of medicine” Seljuks capture Baghdad 1095 780 Saladin recapture Jerusalem All this might explain why it is difficult to have one way to spell any Arabic names. For example, Mohammad is written, Mohaamed, Mohammed, Muhamad, Muhamed. With multiple spelling of each name the number of combinations of possible spelling increases dramatically. A typical Arabic name will consist of the first name, father’s name and the last name. The last name is always the name of tribal group sometimes which can be shared by millions of people from different Arab countries. Some single of the most significant parts of the name such as abu, ibn or bin and abd mean father, son, and slave, respectively. For example, a name such as Abu Ali, means father of Ali; ibn Abbas, means son of Abbas, and Abd Allah or Abdullah means slave of God, or servant of God. Muhammad was born 635 632 Turks of the Ottoman Empire defeats a Christian army at the battle of Maritza Three things to know about Arabic or Farsi or even Hebrew: 1. First words are not capitalized. 2. They are written in the cursive style with all letters in the world joined 3. Arabic numbers are written left to right 630 Crusaders capture Jerusalem The Arabic alphabet has 28 letters; it also has 6 vowels that are not letters. They are only sounds. Vowels are not written in Arabic nor in Hebrew. The vowels may appear in beginners’ texts, school books or in some religious texts in order to aid the reader, but in general they are omitted because it is expected that the reader understands the language and the context in which the words appear. The language is read form right to left, top to bottom. The first three letters are Alif , baa, taa, or alphabet , that along with alpha, beta from ancient Greek, gives us the origins of the English word alphabet. At least six Arabic letters or sounds are not common to English. This evident when the Arabic word that is transliterated to English, is be spelled differently in English. For example, the system of transliteration used in Encyclopedia of Islam uses dj rather than j, and q rather than k, so the word like Jinn will as djinn, and koran or kuran will be written as quran. 570 Rise of Abbasids The Arabic language is divided into three groups: 1. Classical written and spoken language 2. Modern standard and this is the newspaper and textbooks language 3. Spoken colloquial, or dialect and it is different from country to country. Conquest of Mecca by an army of 10,000 men, assembled by Muhammad. Bukhara, Pakistan conquered It is said that in the middle of Paradise there stands a Sidra tree. Each of its leaves bears the name of a soul. It is shaken one night each year, and the names of all those who will die in the coming year can be found on the fallen leaves. The many versions of a single name across time and cultures can reveal much of the history of a region. In Arabic the name Sidra is now given to a female child to mean “of the stars”. In Hebrew the name Sidra means “order, arrangement, and sequence.” And so we use this symbol of the tree, what Manuel Lima called “visualizing the branches of knowledge” to remind us of the journey that names take on the ancient and storied region of the Middle East. Rashidun Caliphate Period Timeline of Islamic Empire Muslims are driven from Spain by Christians 1245 1258 Alexandria, Egypt conquered خفص بو أ ين د ال نجيب خفص بو أ ين د ال نجيب Structure of names عمر خفص بو أ ين د ال نجيب عمر خفص بو أ نجيب الدين محمد بن عمر ين د ال نجيب خفص بو أ محمد بن عمر أبو خفص نجيب الدين Najib-al-Din Abu Hafs ‘Umar Ibn Muhammad ألرازي محمد بن Najib-al-Din Abu Hafs ‘Umar Ibn Muhammad خفص بو أ عمر ألرازي محمد بن خفصLaqabعمر أبوKunya ‘ism Nasab Laqab Kunya ‘ism Nasab ألرازي عمر محمد بن ألرازي عمر بن محمد محمد بن ألرازي ألرازي بن محمد عمر عمر محمد بن بن محمد LAQAB NASAB a combination of words into a byname or epithet, usually religious, relating a pedigree, as the son or daughter of someone. The nasab follows the ism to nature, a descriptive, or of some admirable quality the person had. in usage. Many historical personages are more familiar to us by their nasab than by their ism. Nasabs may be extended for several generations, as may ‘ISM be noted in some of the examples set forth below. However, the vast majority a personal, proper name given shortly after birth, usually on the third of nasabs found in period sources are only one or two generations long. It is day, but sometimes on day of birth and sometimes on the seventh day uncommon to find a nasab which extends three generations back (considerafter birth. ing the father of the individual as the first generation), and there are a very few examples which extend to four generations. KUNYA an honorific name or surname, as the father or mother of someone. NISBA It is meant as a prefix of respect or reverenzce. Married persons a byname derived from an person’s trade or profession, derived from the (especially married ladies) are, as a general rule, simply called name of a person’s tribe of birth or family lineage, derived from the place by their kunya. When using a person’s full name, the kunya preof residence or birth. cedes the personal name. ألرازي ألرازي Structure of common PERSIAN (FARSI) personal names Al-Razi Al-Razi Nisba Nisba Prior to the 20th century, personal proper names in Iran did not include a surname and people were often distinguished by their place of birth, profession and honorific titles. In the early 1920s, the secularization and modernization policies of the government of Reza Shah Pahlavi required the use of surnames. Family names were selected relating to geographic regions, professions, or by using abstract concepts that depict a positive human trait. First names First names may be of Arabic origin, usually related to Islamic themes. These names may follow the internal structure of Arabic names such as Abdolrashid (=Abd+Al+Rashid). There are also many first names of Persian origin, such as Kiavshor, Parastoo. First names can be either simple (e.g., Anousha, Maryam, Behzad, Ahmad) or compound (e.g., Mohammad Mehdi, Ali Reza, Amir Hossein) Last Names Last names can also appear as simple forms (e.g., Parsi, Ganji) or compound forms (e.g., Karimi-Hakkak, Vahedi Langarudi, Shariat Panahi). In addition, Persian last names may contain prefixes and suffixes that may be written attached or as a separated word (e.g., Mir kazemi, Ahmadinejad, Aryan pur, Amin Far) ألرازي ألرازي Last names may appear: Without any affixes = Mofid (useful), Azad (free), Hedayat (guidance) Geographical, referring to a region or place (usually of birth or residence of the family ancestors) = Tehrani, Shirazi, Hamadani, Khomeini, Rafsanjani, Referring to occupational, trade or profession = Tabibi (doctor) Titles and honorifics Certain titles, especially religious ones, behave as part of the proper name. These include terms like Haji or Seyyed. The following honorifics are either used before or after proper names: • Agha – means sir, mister. General term of respect • Ayatollah – means ‘sign of God’, high title given to major Shia clergymen • Darvish – means a Sufi mystic Arabic • Haji – means ‘pilgrim’, a man who has made Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca Al-Yasa • Haj Khanom – for of address for a female pilgrim Prophetic names IRAQI KURDISH Many Iraqi Kurdish have adopted Arabic naming customs. Some Iraqi Kurds and Kurds in other countries, such as Turkey, have a geographical or tribal name as last name or have adopted a grandfather’s or great grandfather’s personal name as a family name and follow the pattern below. Personal name + family name ex: Haval + Barzani Children typically adopt their father’s name. These titles are used: Mr = Berez / Kak (informal) Mrs / Miss = Siti / Khanum (informal) TURKISH NAMES Personal name(s) + family name = Ex: Kemal + Aydin Family names have been used in Turkey since 1930s. Before this, the traditional practice was for wives and children to take their husband’s/father’s or great grandfather’s personal name as last name. A family name ending in – OGLU is Turkish. The –OGLU ending is sometimes written separately from the preceding part of the family name, but both parts are needed to record the correct family name. Ex: Sarcoglu or Sarc Oglu The following titles are used with the family name Mr= Bay Mrs / Miss = Bayan Ayyub Daud Habil Haman Harun Hud Ibrahim Ilyas Isa Ishaq Ismail Jalut Jibril Karun Lut Majuj Maryam Musa Nuh Saba Saleh Shoaib Sulaiman Talut Uzair Yahya Yajuj Yakub Yunus Yusuf Zakariyya Zulkifl Hebrew Elisha Iyyov David Hevel Haman Aharon Heber Abraham Eliyahu Yeshua Isaac Yishmael Goliath Gabriel Korah Lot Magog Miriam Moshe Noah Sheba Shelah Yitro Shelomoh Shaul Ezra Yochanan Gog Yaaqov Yonah Yoseph Zekharayah Yechezqel Adaptation Elisha/Eliseo Joby David/Dave/Davis Abel Aaron/Aaren Abram/Abe Elias Joshua/Josh Isaak/Izaak Ismael Golyat Gabrielle/Gaby Marianne/Maree/Marilyn Moses/Mozes Shela Jethro Solomon Saul Ezra John/Janie/Jean Jacob/Jake Jonah Joseph/Jody Zachary/Zach Zeke Roots of names MEANING Ajmal Sajdaa Farheen Halim Mifrah Halima Ifrah Sajid jml BRAVERY sjd Jamila Sujad hlm frh Sajida Hilmi Jamal NAME FEMALE Ahlaam Jamal Abdul Jameel NAME MALE ROOT Farhat Asjad Abdul Halim Amatul Jameel Farahaat PATIENCE BEAUTY Sabir Hassan Afrah HAPPINESS Takreem Sabur Hassena Abhaj Akram hsn Husni Karim Tahsin Karima GENEROSITY sbr Sabriyah Bahjat bhj krm Sabira Baheej Sabr Baheeja Karma Ihsan Abdul Karim Mahasen Mukarram Marisela Spanish Zulikram Ahmad Hannah Hunain Hamida Marla French hnn Tahmid Hanoon Hanan Mahmud Jet Maike Czech Italian Dutch Czech French Dutch/English Finish/Frisian German Mariabella English Mia Maria Catalan Swedish Rafiq Hungarian Icelandic Italian Norwegian Malia Hawaiian Basque/Catalan Corsican/Danish Swedish Mairwen Welsh Catalan Mari Maia Basque Marianna Shafiq Marianita sfq Mushfiq Marika Greek Shakirah Mariana What is in a name? Here is an example of the root of many of the most popular names worldwide: Miriam. Believed to be derived from the combination of the Egyptian word myr = ‘beloved’ or mr = ‘love’ and the name of the god Amun, ‘beloved of Amun’, the name was first found in writing in Hebrew, in the biblical Book of Exodus, in which the elder sister of Moses is called Miriam. By then meaning of the name had changed to “bitter tears”, “rebellious” and “strong water”, because life under slavery was made bitter for her people. In the New Testament, later Judeo – Aramic version, Maryám was used for the mother of Jesus – Mary in English. In Quran, the name took the Arabic form of Maryam. As an important figure in these two religious traditions, many versions of her name have been given to girls in both Christian and Islamic cultures. In the West, the Greek Maria passed into Latin and many modern European languages. After the colonization of the New World, its many variants became popular names in American hemisphere. Uyghur Meryem Croatinan Macedonian Serbian/Slovene Mojca Slovene Maja Slovene Basque Maria Old Church Slavic Marzena Masa Masha Maryia Croatian Czech Russian Belarusian Maria Polish Polish Biblical Greek Mariam Georgian Mariam Mirjam Mirjana Croatian Slovene Mariami Miriam Georgian Biblical Mariam Armenian Miriam English Miriam Arabic Maryla Bulgarian Russian/Urkainian Polish Myriam Maryam Marika Mariya French Turkish Mara Serbian Biblical Greek Dutch German Meryem Croatian Marija Finnish Miren Mariamne Historic Marica Macedonian Polish Greek Italian Portuguese Anamarija Finnish Biblical Latin Maria Marianna Portuguese Shafiqa Finnish Marja Maaria Marjo Maria Breton Welsh Greek Shakur Marjatta Estonian Maria Ona Rafeeqa Mari Maarja Marjut Mariona Danish Occitan Portuguese Romanian Spanish Icelandic Hungarian Marie Maria English Maria Maeja Marisca Ria Romanian Mariangela Finnish Dutch Dutch Maiken Abdul Shakir Maija Marieke Mariah Majken Maiken Norwegian Madlenka Mariette Frisian Danish skr Finnish Dutch German Rafeeq rfq Maritta German Haneen COMPASSIONATE Marilena Portuguese Mitzi Marlene Marlene Mariazinha English English French hmd Shakir Spanish Marise Marleen Abdul Hameed Marisa Spanish French Muhammad GRATITUDE TO GOD Marisol Manon Marjaana Jaana Finnish Finnish Biblical Hebrew Maryam Iranian Mariam Arabic Miriam Hebrew Mirja Finnish For any further questions contact: Laila Hussein Moustafa at Lhoussei@illinois.edu
