1
Inhabitable THERMAL Variations
by
George T. Tremblay
B.S.A.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1975
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
the Degree of
MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE
at the
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
June 1978
)
Copyright George T. Tremblay 1978
Signature of Author
.
$1
II
I
. . . . . . . . . . 7 .
. . .
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....
May 19, 1978
.
/
Accepted by
.
Department of Architecture
f
Certified by
.
. ...
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Architecture,
.
. . . . .
Imre Halasz,
r
.
.
H
. . . . . . . . . . . .
Professor of Architecture
Thesis Supervisor
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chests Sprague, Associate Professor of
Departmental Committee for Graduate Students
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
JUN 2 8 1978
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2
Inhabitable THERMAL Variations
by George T. Tremblay
Submitted to the Department of Architecture on May 19, 1978 in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Architecture.
ABSTRACT
This work investigates the constraints and opportunities of energy conscious building
design and their effect on richness and variety of-form, connection or continuity between
building and landscape, and user choice and control of environmental conditions.
The work is based in a design project which suggested directions to investigate the
thermal behavior of earth-like building methods and configurations as contrasted to
edge conditions. These two form organizations are explored in terms of their energy
use performance and resulting "passive" thermal conditions.
This analysis is done within a framework composed of a catalog of climate, of building
elements, and of form configurations. Form configurations are diagrammed and analyzed
for thermal performance and behavior. Changes are made in the diagrams to explore the
effect of these parameters.
The thesis also presents an attitude about assembling form. The use of metaphors and
references to understand how climate is tempered to provide a thermal and physical
dimension for inhabition is discussed.
The existence of variations in climate and form are presented as positive activity
initiators. The tradeoff between constancy and variation is addressed in terms of
building elements, building configurations and use oplortunities.
Thesis Supervisor:
Title:
- . . . . . . - . - . . . . . . . . . ---.
. . . . . . . . Imre Halasz
Professor of Architecture
3
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I gratefully acknowledge and sincerely thank the following persons for their personal
contributions.
Imre Halasz, Edward Allen and Chester Sprague for support and critical comment.
Frank Miller, John Meyer, Pamela Van Couvering, Cathy Chulich, Hallie Wannamaker
and John Torborg for comments and help in preparation and editing.
Rosemary Carpenter for making these ideas readable.
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4
TITLE PAGE
1
ABSTRACT
2z
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
3
Climate
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4
Building Elements
INTRODUCTION
5
Building Code Information
THERMAL ANALYSIS OF CONFIGURATIONS
BASE INFORMATION
38
THE EARTH
PURPOSE
REASON
OVERVIEW
HISTORY OF PROCESS
EXAMPLES
THE EDGE
METHOD
OVERVIEW
THERMAL PHYSICAL METAPHORS
EXAMPLES
THE EARTH
APPENDIX
THE EDGE
INITIATION: THE DESIGN PROJECT
MIT ART CENTER
37
Zr
75
5
INTRODUCTION
fURPOSE
RETON
HISTOIRY Of
METHOD
??
55s
6
PURPOSE
which result.
The ability
added a new consideration to
and extent to which people
the process of designing and
can directly affect the
building.
physical and thermal charac-
whether this "new"
teristics of these places
will result in a new aesthetic
will be discussed.
or will building approaches,
The purpose of this thesis is
The question is
to investigate the constraints
constraint
and opportunities of energyconscious building design and
their effect on richness and
which have been useful through
variety of form, connection or
REASON
the years, adapt to meet these
continuity between building
This work is prompted by in-
new criteria.
and landscape and user choice
terest in the thermal perforand control of environmental
In the recent past we have
mance and conditions of
conditions.
Examples and
experienced a movement to the
buildings and its influence
procedures for assembling
landscape.
The associative
as one of the numerous forces
enclosure will be explored to
qualities of the earth and
which can affect physical
determine the impacts of
vegetation have been seen as
form.
The issue of energy
"passive" energy-gains and
beneficial to our living and
conservation and passive
the various thermal charac-
working environments.
solar enerty utilization have
teristics of these spaces
are being accepted and
They
7
designed with.
Creation of
breaking of the total en-
of visual connection through
linear parks, the establish-
closure.
ment of wilderness areas,
and views through articula-
forces, eliminating the need
increased use of house plants,
tion of the enclosure strength-
for mass at the building's
backyard gardening, are all
ens this connection.
perimeter.
evidence for a greater desire
ing the building into the
materials are heating, venti-
for connection to the land-
landscape in plan and section
lation and cooling technolo-
scape and the natural environ-
by minimizing the perceived
gies which have allowed these
ment.
inside-outside barrier lets
new spaces to be constant in
building and site, the motion
those spaces be both out and
environmental characters with
of connection to the land-
in.
great differences between in-
The desire to integrate
Emphasis on access
Expand-
scape, visual and implied
the transfer of building load
Coupled with these
side and out.
The low price
This direction to relax or
continuity is strong in
of energy allowed this coneliminate separations between
peoples' minds as well as
dition to continue.
The
in and out has been sustained
designers' hearts.
implied connection to the
and supported by modern techlandscape is achieved only
Continuity with the landscape
nology.
is being achieved through the
glass has allowed continuity
The use of steel and
through larger energy expendi-
8
tures allowing great differ-
The design and building indus-
is also the approach to look
ences between indoor-outdoor
try is reacting in several
for alternatives to "new"
conditions.
ways to this energy "chal-
energy sources, such as wind,
lenge".
sun, tides, fusion, etc.
We see many cases
We are now faced with the
where there is no response at
Within this grouping is the
all;
active technology group which
energy crisis, or at least
that is, conventional
rapidly rising energy costs.
buildings are built which
propose new equipment at a
ignore the need for conserva-
level of sophistication equal
tion and result in higher
to or above today's heating,
energy costs.
ventilating and air condition-
This has stimulated a reassessment of building form
as well as a search for
This approach
improved system technology.
may be short lived due to
ing systems.
building code revisions.
is promoting a passive solu-
The other group
Energy conservation standards
are being enacted in legistion to energy needs and
latures and funding for
There is the mechanical system
alternative energy approaches
approach which attempts to
conservation.
These people
advocate increased conservais widespread.
decrease energy usage through
tion first and then, using
improved or adapted mechanical
natural systems to supply
and lighting systems.
There
9
energy needs (often highly
The notion that a building is
of these extremes and "opti-
labor intensive) which could
simply an enclosure with
mal" solutions based upon hu-
have a major impact upon life-
mechanical systems added to
man use and response criteria.
style.
make it
Building places which are
usable is
as wrong
as the notion that producing
comfortable in many climatic
a well insulated or buried
situations is not only a
box which uses no energy is
modern technological marvel,
ecologically sound.
but a heritage of learned
There are problems with all
these approaches.
Basically
they overlook the fact that
These
people use the resulting
approaches, i.e. to centrally
processes.
and completely control a
from a new direction will be
building's environment for
helpful.
A look at these
environment and should be
able to impact or adjust this
association.
Energy criteria
minimum energy consumption
In light of the direct chal-
is often viewed as paramount
or to totally enclose vast
lenge of energy conservation
but the search for the energy
volumes of territory at a
one can imagine other im-
optima neglects the multitude
constant climate, are mis-
pacts or responses which are
of characteristics that conplaced enthusiasms.
What
not only technical.
stitute an inhabitable environ-
These
is needed is an examination
ment.
may include moving to a more
10
accommodating climate.
Mi-
itectural form be possible if
By
increasing energy costs?
gration is not that remote an
energy criteria are met?
option for most Americans
building this richness we
between landscape and building
who move often, for other
provide for the culturally
be the price we pay for energy
associative sense of place
conservation?
to respond to climatic varia-
which people need. Can we
look to nature itself to ex-
tions may be seen as a posi-
build richness at a minimum
amine how regions are defined
tive direction or as an in-
energy cost and maximize its
and environmentally moderated
use?
to accommodate plant families.
reasons.
Changing lifestyle
convenience.
Buildings which
Will this articulation
change or have different
be interpretable by people
characteristics over time and
and promote a sense of con-
allow choice at one time may
nection between people and
Will the loss of continuity
Here we must
How can people be given control over their environments
and their characteristics
be a way of accommodating both
place?
Can the strong rewithout sacrificing the whole?
environmental variables as
assertment of the importance
well as human preferences.
of landscape and vegetation
Is it possible for individual
differences and the group
in people's lives be reThe question then is
can
needs to be accommodated?
The
inforced through building
decentralization of mechanical
richness and variety in archconfiguration and form, given
11
systems as well as physical
due to the extremes which are
give individual control and
spatial definitions is the
employed by people to over-
choice over that connection,
ride control when it is not
as well as adequately util-
adequate and responsive.
izing many resources?
The ultimate question, then,
HISTORY OF PROCESSES
direction to pursue.
The
breaking down of an organized
whole (space or mechanical
system) into subparts which
is can we use a problem to
are responsive to the indi-
The method of investation in
initiate an opportunity?
vidual will allow this greater
this thesis is
heavily har-
Can this opportunity solve
control over place and pro-
bored in a design process.
the problem and at the same
mote interaction between
The general chronology of
time begin to expand its
people and environment.
thinking was based first in the
solution to other problems.
Conversely, what may be the
development of an actual deCan the need for energy con-
starting point, is the ag-
sign project during Spring
servation prompt a richness
gregation of these smaller
1974.
This project is des-
in thermal and physical prounits to produce a whole.
cribed in more detail later.
perties of space?
Can we
The seeming decrease in flex-
Through the design of actual
increase the connection be-
ibility or efficiency in this
organizations, building
tween building and landscape,
approach may be a fallacy
12
which are prevalent.
This
technologies and spaces, cer-
generating quality.
tain configurations and po-
urations which solved pro-
is done deliberately to
tentials for thermal explora-
blems of energy, programs
clearly understate the ex-
etc. and generated use and
ample so it will not be viewed
based on the understanding
change potentials were
as a design proposal,
of the environmental forces
sought.
increasing its applicability.
This thesis picks up at the
This simplication is also
point where design insight
done to state an attitude
leaves off.
about energy calculation pre-
tions evolved.
These were
Config-
thus
acting on a building and
building responses to these.
Design decisions were made
The work here
based upon an intuitive anallooks more closely at the
cision and the fallacy of the
actual configurations which
optimal solution.
evolved in
an attempt to bring energy
ysis of proposed places underIt is also
lying heat flow principles.
the design process.
Judgment was not made through
The investigation of these
design criteria to a visual
configurations is not, how-
representation between form
ever, specific for this pro-
and performance which de-
ject but an abstraction or
signers may find useful.
calculation or replication of
a previously built diagram.
Decisions were strongly
weighed in terms of their
diagramming of the conditions
usability or opportunity
13
The next step is to regard
METHOD
is
the diagram of form and per-
first
a body of base in-
formation, followed by form
The basic method used for
formance.
This new informa-
configurations.
The base
examination of diagrammed
tion is then integrated with
information is subdivided
building configurations is
other design issues and
into climate descriptions,
open ended.
opportunities.
This work is
This hope-
typical and new construction
seen as a framework which
fully will result in a rich
techniques and materials, and
can be continually added to,
and responsive environment
various building code inforresulting in catalogs of
for people, as well as being
mation and requirements.
various relations between
energy conservative in per-
These dimensions are also
climate, building techno-
formance.
organized internally so inlogies, form assemblages and
formation can be very specific
thermal behavior.
and yet the grouping is comThe organization of this
prehensive.
cataloging is broken into
Climate is divided into four
two main groupings.
There
categories:
temperate, hot-
humid, hot-dry and cold.
14
Temperate (Boston) is the only
Building code information and
into specific building con-
one explored at present.
requirements can be changed
figurations which are reco-
Building elements are divided
easily in this category to
gnizable as typical places.
into five groupings based upon
view different impacts based
For example,
physical properties and func-
upon changes in building
ing Edge may contain a confi-
tional application.
occupancy type or legislative
guration of solarium or porch.
action.
In this thesis Earth and Edge
These
groups consist of Mass Walls,
Panel Walls, Glazed Walls,
the form group-
families are investigated.
Form configurations are also
Roofs and Floors, and Screens.
organized and investigated
Just as building techniques
based upon their physical pro-
could easily be added to the
perties and relationships to
base information matrix,
building and function.
numerous configurations can be
These groupings each contain
actual material details and
physical property information.
These
These may be expanded at will
generic form families or
created and added to the Form
groupings are coded as Earth,
Family Matrix.
Edge, Planting and Thermal
figurations may be different
Sources.
because of form organization
with new building materials
These con-
and processes easily added to
the matrix.
Each of these
families is further divided
and placement or merely
15
material and construction
different periods in the year
method employed.
and between day and night.
This information is
in
the form
The thermal analysis of each
of temperature readings and
specific configuration is
qualitative implications of
then composed of two basic
form, thermal comfort, and
parts.
The first is the
use opportunities.
This
overall monthly and yearly
portion will also address the
energy performance of the
potential for individual
given configuration in a
control and inhabitation.
given base situation.
This
is also compared to a control
example or base building
which is usually a typical
structure in use today.
The second body of information gives information as to
the usability of these places at
16
THERMAL & PHYSICAL
METAPHORS
THE EARTH
THE EP6'E
17
EARTH
may also be an existing land
formation into building
form (cave) and provide pro-
elements.
tection with little or no
place typically in regions
additional definition. Caves
where the earth composition
and fractures in the earth's
is easily formable and re-
crust historically have be-
sponsive, whereas settlements
come an initiation of settle-
based upon other activities
ment site or place.
tend to inhabit suggestive
Farming takes
Building with earth is probably the oldest and most universal of all shelter defining
techniques.
Using the earth
for shelter is first evident
in the process of choosing a
site for settlement.
This
landscapes.
step of observing suitable
This process of settlement
micro climates associated -with
can be promoted through two
The next strategy in defining
large and partial earth forms
mechanisms;
shelter or place through earth
(canyons, valleys, mountains,
dication of building size and
forming, is the piling or ad-
ridges, etc.) begins the
form exhibited by the land-
dition of smaller earth com-
process of inhabitation and
scape and secondly, the pre-
posed elements.
leads to the establishment of
sence of a malleable or re-
stacked to produce forms which
individual sized shelter.
sponsive composition of earth
are both usable by people and
This smaller scale enclosure
suitable for excavation or
reminiscent of the larger com-
first, an in-
These can be
18
position they were part of.
It
is
through this process
smaller needs that sheltering demands.
This reciprocal
which is responsive and
usable for human habitation.
that we know most of our
arrangement exists because
The product often is reminis-
"ground" buildings.
earth forming is a process
cent of the size and former
through which the larger
use as well as indicative of
landscape becomes human sized
new sizes and potential uses.
In actuality, building with
earth or ground is usually a
and inhabitable.
Each act
There are many metaphors and
combination of these strateor product is then both a
gies.
examples for built ground
Foundations for
historic fact or remnant of
which can be established for
shelter are either prepared
what and were it was and an
various characteristics of
or existing land forms.
indication of what it can, or
earth.
Regardless of their heritage,
We find that many
is prepared to be.
metaphors hold true across
they must be able to accept
the subsequent stages of
enclosure.
Metaphors
characteristics.
Built ground is defined as
In this discussion we will
the forming of earth or earth
use the metaphor of earth to
materials to a size and form
yield insight and under-
They also must
exhibit characteristics of
the large context of which it
is a part as well as the
19
standing to the thermal be-
can be seen as the metaphor
havior and properties of
for the assemblage of all
places defined with built
earth forming strategies.
ground.
These metaphors
are not implied to be optimal
The various conditions in
or exclusive examples of the
caves affected by the external
form type but they do begin
environment are determined by
to bridge the gap between the
the position and number of
space defining and thermal
openings.
If the only open-
characteristics of earth
ing of the cave is
below the
building.
enclosed volume, warmed exThe manipulation of earth or
ternal air will rise and fill
earth materials can be viewed
the cave yielding a warm in-
as a process of defining
sulated and stratified air
regions similar to caves,
mass.
earth terraces and rock
ing above their volumes will
planes or spires.
trap and stratify the cool
The city
Caves with their open-
20
air produced in winter months
hourly/daily fluctuations
the relatively static con-
creating a condition much
are absorbed.
dition of these forms.
The
period and extent of response
colder than the ambient enEarth terraces, vertical
vironment.
of these elements is more
Caves with multiple
rock extrusions and plates
frequent and greater than
openings will be drafty deare metaphors for partial
those of the cave due to the
pending upon the number and
shelter and enclosure with
placement of openings.
increased exposure.
These
earth.
The
The defined places
variations of response are
drafts tend to produce condithermally behave as exten-
also dependent upon the loca-
tions less extreme than those
sions of earth depending
tion and orientation of these
in enclosed caves because interupon the extent of enclosure
elements.
action is increased between
with ground materials.
inside and out.
The funda-
mental characteristic of
These elements act as
earth enclosures is the rela-
thermal stabilizers to level
tive constancy of conditions
diurnal cycles.
over the year.
exposure to the sun and other
Seasonal
variations are evidenced but
Increased
forces will gradually erode
21
mediating between the need
EDGE
for comfort and the constantThe dimensions between inside
ly changing environment it
and outside is the point at
is placed in.
The interface
which architecture must
creates a zone which is both
address the largest range of
part of the inside activity
differences.
These differences
Both
and outside landscape.
include thermal, insolation,
criteria must be met through
air movement, moisture, pests,
an affectable edge or a total
privacy and use variations.
separation into two worlds.
In addition to the different
forces acting on the periphery
This zone between inside and
of a building these conditions
out also functions to orient
themselves change seasonally,
one in the larger landscape
daily, and hourly.
and provides cues to interior
activities as well as to
The edge must be responsive
provide views and connection
if it is to be successful in
from inside to out.
Clarity
22
in interior organization can be
in this region can be sup-
appropriate.
read from the exterior enclo-
ported only through deploy-
tegy might be to accomplish
ment of another system capa-
the different functions of
footprints of climatic forces
ble of supplementing or
protection with discreet
acting on a place through the
negating the effects of en-
elements deployed where
manner in which protection is
vironmental resources.
deployed.
act is, in effect, the
assembled into layers creat-
creation of another edge
ing a new intermediate dimen-
which is a network of mech-
sion.
anical control.
usable place which is respon-
sure.
One can also see the
This
required.
Another stra-
They can be
The edge is the region which
This results in a new
is exposed to the elements of
sun, air, and water.
Difsive to environmental forces,
ferent uses require diferent
These differences in outlook
amounts of each resource and
or exposure of use demands
different levels of their
suggest an organization or
yet different from both the
overall controlled enclosed
space and the external landcontrol.
This suggestions
zoning of activities in rescape.
then that an edge condition
sponse to environmental
would be varied to respond to
forces as well as interior
These layers act as
selective screens creating
mediated conditions but not
these various needs.
Equality
programmed agencies, where
equal spaces.
This also
23
produces more usable regions
can be accomplised through
and exposure at the edge where
the adjustment of other
it is usually desirable.
variables in the layer configuration or through the
The act of building an actiaddition of mechanical system
vity zone which functions as a
reinforcement.
selective screen yields a
place of thermal variation at
the edge.
These places will
The result is a building
which responds to climatic
be influenced by external
forces and use demand with
conditions yet be habitable.
equal ease.
They are usable at times when
can expand and contract with-
environmental forces passively
out costly maintenance of
produce suitable conditions.
constant equal conditions.
The opportunity is also pre-
There is now no need to
sented to override or sup-
pretend the enclosure of a
plement these forces when
building is equivalent or
demand is great enough.
This
Usable space
that conditions everywhere
24
are constant.
Control of
air.
Similar edge conditions
outlook is then directly in
result in the earth-air and
the hands of the user
earth-water systems.
through articulation of the
the interface of cell walls
edge or the choosing of a
exhibit dimensions of pro-
suitable place to be in.
tection or layers which
Even
insure survival through their
METAPHORS
screening function.
These
The boundary between different
metaphors or analogs give
worlds or microcosms often
insight as to how boundary
appears discreet and singular;
layers can be produced to
in fact, they never are in
provide shelter as well as
nature.
connection to both worlds.
The earth-space
system is modulated by an
The atmosphere is a large
intermediate atmosphere.
scale example of successive
The air-ocean boundary is
and selective screening of
overlapping in a sea of moist
external influences.
It
4wx~
~r*
25
produces the ultimate inhabit-
Trees and vegetation are
vival of their species.
able thermal variation and
another good example of
The vegetation types as well
survival dimension between
systems which affect the
as actual leaves, branches,
inhabitability of a place.
roots, etc. change as a
They are next in a heirarcy
result of different environ-
of different elements and
of layering for survival.
mental conditions.
physical properties which
The fact that they also have
to define an overall dimension
function to filter various
strong cultural associative
in scale with the atmosphere
The net effect of
qualities is not to be dis-
as well as create places at
this assemblage is to screen
missed in favor of their
the human
and shade radiation from
utilitarian function of
space, to insulate the earth's
providing oxygen for the
surface for thermal inhabita-
human race.
earth and space.
mension
forces.
This di-
is composed of layers
They act
use scale.
This foliated assemblage acts
to shade, provide moisture,
absorb and store solar energy,
bility, to store energy where
Vegetation creates its own
to produce oxygen and to
layering of thermal con-
filter the air.
ditions which modify existing
also a very powerful spatial
conditions to promote sur-
definer and rich in associa-
needed and to provide a
Vegetation is
transport system for energy
flows in the form of wind and
rain.
26
tive qualities.
of clothing can be accomp-
But in places where environ-
lished with one garment whose
mental forces and activity
properties will produce the
are changing, a more re-
required condition or many
sponsive approach is
garments separated into
necessary.
successive layers which se-
layers solution works fine
lectively screen environmental
here.
Clothing is the most affectable layered system people
deal with every day.
It
The composite
also exhibits the widest
range of functions.
Adjust-
ment to meet changing external
forces.
The resulting com-
conditions is possible almost
posite will yield an effective
at will.
The potential conequivalent condition but allow
figurations of clothing are
greater choice and range of
almost infinite but they all
comfort.
The single garment
function to insulate body
approach is very successful
conditions, reflect or absorb
where conditions and activisunlight, retain or shed
ties are constant and exmoisture, and to repel adverse
treme, which is almost noair movements in greater or
where.
lesser degrees.
The functions
27
INITIATION: DESIGN PROJECT
MIT AFL5 CENT
28
semi-independent operations
adjacent MIT's student union
of the arts program at MIT.
and Chapel.
There was a need to express
oriented in a north south
The program for the MIT Art
a sharing of space between
direction along the
Center called for a wide
identifiable groups as well
Massachusetts Avenue frontage.
range of uses, sizes, and
as to integrate the whole
DESIGN PROJECT:
MIT ART
CENTER
HALASZ STUDIO
SPRING 1977
The site is also
This project posed many inenvironmental conditions for
arts complex into the
teresting and complex pro-
its varied activities.
~Large
Massachusetts Avenue site
blems whose solutions were
public meeting spaces for
and the MIT community.
Added
exhibitions and performances
to this program was a section
needed the ability to be
for Institute housing pre-
often in conflict.
Questions
in this project which prompted
this thesis investigation
controlled.
Support for these
sumably associated with the
includes:
spaces was needed in the form
How can energy
Arts.
conservation be achieved in a
of workshops, studios,
How can
Associated with these program
difficult urban site?
needs is a complex and pro-
program clustering be used to
minent site directly across
define public spaces which
from MIT' main entrance and
interface the outside, provide
offices, libraries and laboratories.
The building was
designed to house several
29
thermal variety and energy
problem to generate richness
ity of experience are funda-
saving benefits?
in
raental goals in this project.
What are
the opportunities in
zoning?
form.
thermal
Underlying the desire to
If
explore the opportunities
nesting), is to occur, a
of thermal variations and
sense of ownership or associa-
energy conservation are
tion must be able to develop.
design values.
This will occur if people can
inhabitation (settlement,
How can a mechanical
ventilating system be integrated with building mass
to take advantage of winter
These values
solar gain and avoid overheating?
encompass issues of control
have a direct impact upon the
and ownership, and cen-
physical and environmental
tralized vs. decentralized
qualities of the place they
organization.
use.
What are the means
to allow passive thermal performance and individual conThermal con-
trol of the building's entrol and supply, decision
vironment?
The ultimate goal
Accompanied with this desire
making and form aggregation
is
to integrate a thermal or
to stimulate a sense of place
can all be addressed on this
energy solution to be a
and ownership is the opinion
count.
The ability to change
physical or activity oppor-
that the overall form must
over time and a sense of both
tunity utilizing the thermal
reflect and respond to this
clarity in image and complex-
30
attitude.
Decentralized
One way of looking at a
because it will not affect
organizations, form aggrega-
building may be as a frame-
the total organization of
tions, or clusters reinforce
work of physical and thermal
decentralized elements.
this attitude about inhabita-
realities (stabilities)
tion.
with variable portions at
The design of the Arts Center
Mechanical systems as
is based upon these values
well as spatial definitions
different levels of re-
can exhibit qualities and
sponsiveness.
potentials for decentralized
of impact will vary depend-
control and supply.
ing upon the amount of time
and goals.
Solutions to
The levels
problems were evaluated in
terms of their potential to
The con-
generate future possibilities
cern with change over time
and expenditure of resources
will be more easily accom-
allowed.
modated if the physical de-
from opening a window for
finition as well as thermal
air and moving a piece of
sources and environmental
furniture, to choosing a
controls are able to be broken
cooler, warmer, larger or
down into zones of smaller
smaller space.
impact.
different levels is allowed
and provide for other needs.
They may range
Physical forms were generated
which exhibited different
relationships to the site and
interior distribution.
Change at
Spaces defined by these forms
would have varied climatic
as well as privacy character-
31
an internal network of dis-
if
how the programmed needs
tribution and access.
greater flexibility for
could work with these con-
these are used to define
future changes.
activity areas, they house
a potential conflict in max-
then on interplay between
uses which need more control
imizing edge conditions and
activity informing physical
or stability in their environ-
energy conservation goals.
conditions and vice versa.
ment.
This was responded to by
The myriad goals and con-
show these regions thought of
building public distribution
straints led to the develop-
as ground.
zones or interior edges as
istics.
ditions.
It was then seen
The process was
When
Figures 1.1-1.4
ment of two basic notions.
desired, as well as allow
There is
enclosed but predominantly
The other relationship exunheated.
One is the concept of earth
This provides
plored here is that of the
interim zones which are
or ground which could be
edge exposure to outside,
used to be more enclosing
basically a layer between
street, interior distribution
and thermally stable.
This
inside and out whose climate
and service networks should
was used to build major
is somewhere intermediate to
be maximized.
This would
public places when exposed
both.
increase the possibility for
to the external climate and
interaction between functions
32
These public places become
problem.
large areas which organize
are placed in regions of
movement through the build-
potential use with vents
ing, provide differences in
and shades available to ease
network relationship for
summer conditions.
Infra-red lamps
system.
The creation of edges is
also
evident in the external courtyard.
This acts as a more
private overflow of interior
use groupings, as well as
The external edge perimeter
spaces as well as the area
is also thought of as a
most connected to the street.
dimensioned layer.
Cool air from this region and
passive energy gainers and
ducts for the ventilation
system.
On north
The potential also
exposures glazing is minimized
other shaded ground zones is
and insulation increased.
used as fresh air intake for
South exposures become more
cooler summer ventilation.
exists to heavily plant
these areas so they can act
as air purification and retransparent with an insulatcharge zones.
If the
The thinking in this project was
ing zone built out of layers
climate becomes too extreme
on a design level in regard
of glazing or panels.
Heat
in these zones there are
to thermal performance.
gains
This
by these layers would
individually controlled
be distributed throughout the
devices to reconcile the
led to the more indepth study
and classification of forms
building by the ventilating
and materials which follows.
ii
I'll
IJ~
I
f~I
1.
FIG. 1.1
4
m
p
m
U
U
U
.0LV t
m
a
U
U
ii
7'
I~I
-d~L
i-a
El'
a
a
I
V
I
BI
ARTH ZO~tS
~r
-A
0
FIG. 1. 2
u
,I
_
I
35
It
-~
4
4
Ii
~Ij.
U
U
U
II
U
V
z
il~9
SAPATH
FIG. 1. 3
ZONES~
~
-~
efte zome5
: A% - U-:;
-~
U
B
mr~i
IL
A
-4
a
E
0
al
a
.
~'
U'
11
r
FIG.
1.4
a
Eme ZONE-or,;r
m
.
4j~
IF
37
THERMAL ANALYSIS of
CONFIGURATIONS
BA5E INFOMAt1ION
Suit& mai
suilding CatRqirann
IM E EAKTKOVc~Krvirtz4t
THE E06E
Ovryism
Co-fi5vrasifons
38
The base information is
or-
then be analyzed in
terms of
ganized into three groups of
their thermal performance.
specific characteristics
It will be easy to explore
which impact the energy and
the impact of adjusting any
thermal performance of build-
of these base factors by
ings.
substitution and recalcula-
DASE INFORMATION
I.
These bodies of infor-
mation are divided into sub-
Temperate - Boston
Hot-Humid - Miami 1
Hot-Dry
- Phoenix
Cold - Minneapolisj
II.
tion.
or updated without altering
mation.
III.
Building Code Information.
This information will
be used to construct building
diagrams for a specific
climate with actual building
wall and roof sections and
energy related code requirements.
Building Elements
Mass Walls
Panel Walls
Glazed Walls
Roofs and Floors
Screens
groups which can be increased
the remaining body of infor-
Climate
These diagrams will
Ventilation Requirements.
39
comfort zone.
CLIMATE
This report
BUILDING ELEMENTS
also lists climatic reThe catalog of building ele-
Climate information is divided
sources which could be uti-
ments and material assem-
into four types whose characlized to alleviate this pro-
blages (Figure 2,2 will be
teristics could have specific
blem.
Either framework of
used to make decisions about
impacts upon building form.
climate categorization can
materials based upon thermal,
-It-has been proposed by many
be employed in the continua-
as well as functional and
researchers that this classition of this work.
aesthetic properties.
fication, promoted by Olgyay
This
in Design with Climate, does
Boston fits into the
is only a partial listing
not take into account the
TEMPERATE zone in Olgyay's
which can be updated as new
finer qualities of climate
classification and Region 1
materials are developed and
of the AIARC study.
more information is desired.
characteristics.
The AIA
Research Corporation has proThis list of elements is
duced a study proposing 12
further broken down into categroupings based upon the
gories based upon both
amount of time and extent
function and physical properconditions are outside the
ties.
The material groupings
40
FIG. 2.1
CLIMATE:
BOSTON
TEMPERATE:
40* North Latitude
January
March
July
September
(a) Mean Monthly
(b) Mean Daily max
(c) Mean Daily min
28
31
20
37
43
28
72
80
63
64
71
46
(d) Degree Days av.
1108
Temperature
1025
841
F
538
245
98
338
A
M
S
0
647 1008
N
Total: 5936
Relative Humidity
Min/Max 12:00 noon-4:00
12:00 Midnight-
60%
73%
56%
72%
58%
75%
60%
81%
6:00
Insolation
Sun Altitude Noon
BTU/FT 2 at noon
(1) Average
V
236
250
H
N
110 260
V
164
H
170
N
236
V
60
760
H
N
240 247
V
164
460
H
170
N
236
(2) Clear
365
170
261
270
375
82
330 340
261
270
375
402
460
Hours of Insolation
8:00-6:00 (10)
6:00-6:00 (12)
5:00-8:00 (15)
6:00-7:00 (13)
Clear Cloudy Days
(Average)
C
Cl.
C
Cl.
C
Cl.
C
C
9
13
l9
12
9
9
12
P Cl.
Cl.
P Cl.
9
P Cl.
9
P Cl.
13
P Cl.
9
9
Wind - M.P.H.
Average Wind
W 12.4
W
1.29
S.W.
10.3
S.W.
10.5
Strongest Wind
N.E. 50
S
56
S.W.
47
S.
73
Information from: "Regional Climate Analysis and Design Data, X Boston Area
C1
D
41
also represent the beginning
expressed in a resistance
of a hierarchy based upon the
value (R) and a heat capacity.
impact a "user" can have upon
These material properties
their deployment in space.
can be generalized as
Each assemblage has as one of
follows.
its properties a level of
or cross section is like non-
flexibility for installation
moving air or produces non-
and change.
moving air between places of
Mass Walls
Mass walls are dense material
constructions which have a
relatively high heat retenThe more a material
tion capability.
They are
also mediocre as thermal
insulators,
The ability of
especially at
the thickness which is
these materials to be altered
temperature extreme, the
or varied over time is some-
greater its thermal resis-
what congruent with their
tance or insulating value.
thermal behavior.
The greater the density and
commonly used in today's
practice.
For this reason,
the mass walls examined are
usually a composite, consistspecific heat of a material
The two basic thermal pro-
ing of a material with good
the greater will be its heat
thermal capacity layered with
perties evident in materials
storage capacity.
is the resistance to transmit
one exhibiting good insulating
heat and ability to store
qualities.
heat.
to consider is to layer these
These properties are
A good practice
42
composites so the mass is on
Panel Walls
supported by something else.
the interior of the building
It is therefore seen as
Panel Walls exhibit the
for greater thermal inertia.
inherently more independent
largest range in thermal
This will enable the build-
and changeable.
Panels
characteristics of these
ing to be more constant in
usually have low heat retention
groupings.
Panels made of
thermal variation.
capabilities and therefore will
most every material are now
not support a thermal condition
It is not easy to change
being used in building con-
massive materials once
struction.
through retained heat.
They
The notion of
are, however, able to insulate
they are in place.
They are
panel connotes an assemblage
a condition which is supported
very continuous and fixed in
of relatively light weight
from another sources because
their deployment and heavy
in structural loading.
nd
(.
smalle-r
sizeg
which
is
T$PWL RC-91tTANC665 ()
o0
1 Vl/NCq ELPMENT'-7
Creating openings is a design opportunity but not a
MA/Y
O
-A''It
change opportunity for the
user.
~Z.
&'1
FIG. 2 .2a
\AM
WALL'
*4"i
'1
4
-----
A,&
~MI
Thermal
Resistance
Density
Thermal
Storage Cap.
Ma
10
6.8
140 lbs./ft2
17 Btu/ft -"F
Thermal
Resistance
14.3 w/2"15.6
22.3 w/2"x6'
Density
15 lbs./ft 2
Thermal
Storage Cap.
6.3
92 lbs./ft2
64 lbs./ft2
150 lbs./ft2
17 Btu/ft 2 oF
62 Btu/ft 2 -oF
25 Btu/ft 2 oF
PANEL WALL/
Pi
3M1
P2.
1.6 lbs./ft 2
44
Fig. 2.2b
ciA7ED
Double Kalwall
Transparent
2 Glass
Glazed
Insulation
& Shutter Core Door
1.8
2.65
1.6 lb/ft 2
3.4
4.5
10
Heat Mirror
Solid
Single
Glazed
Thermal
Resistance
Density
WN-u.5
3.0
4.5 @ 71% trans.
6.-7 @ 607- trans.
5.6 lb/ft 2
3 lb/ft 2
Thermal
Storage Cap.
KooFS/ FLOOR
Rpi
Thermal
Resistance
22.7
_
RF
RKF2
2.6
10.1 W2"
12.0
styrofoam
Skylight
-
single 0.87
Annhl e 1
45
FIG. 2.2c
POOF/FLOOR
Z'
-rM gALc
KF4
Thermal
KLwo
Resistance
13.7
6.7
Density
49 lbs/ft 2
12 lbs/ft 2
Thermal
Storage Cap.
.!!
.. --.in-----
i~5iL
46
of their high insulation po-
allows sun to enter interior
low heat transmission
tentials.
spaces for warmth and light.
qualities as well as
weight in their construction
This quality yields them
provide usable spatial
and will fluctuate with
zero in heat retention pro-
dimensions.
ambient conditions more
perties.
periodically than the mass
properties of glazing are
wall group.
poor in relation to other
The category of Roofs and
categories, although
Floors is more a functional
improvements in technology
grouping than a thermal
are being made.
behavioral grouping.
They are light
The insulating
Roofs and Floors
Glazed Walls
Glazed walls move farther in
the direction of increased
There
are elements in this type
Windows and glazed walls
response to ambient condi-
which exhibit the range of
present greater opportunity
tions.
They act to connect
thermal characters evident
for change and alteration
people with outside condi-
in the mass, panel and glazing
by the user in response to
tions visually and thermally
categories.
The ultimate
inside and outside conditions.
unless added measures are
choice of which element to
The addition of further layers
taken.
Their transparent
employ depends primarily upon
of glazing can improve the
or translucent quality
the use which will be housed
47
in the structure and its need
It is this scale of element
for change.
which can be made directly
Issues of
thermal constancy versus
affectable by individuals.
variation may also be in-
This combined with the
fluential.
group glazing can result in
a rich, variable and respon-
Screens
sive edge.
This grouping identifies elements which function to shade
light, direct wind, add
humidity,
resources.
etc. as thermal
These elements
are of both the built and
planted varieties.
They
will usually occur either
directly inside or outside
the building edge.
VENTILATION
REQUIREMENTS
FIG. 2.4 HEAT TRANSFER OF VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS
Outdoor Fresh Air
FIG. 2.3 Ventilation Requirements
Cf pr
Smoking
Recommended
Minimume
LOW
Some
20
10
DeLuxe
Banking space
Barber shops
Beauty parlors
Sonme
Occasional
Considerable
Occasional
20
10
I5
10
10
74
10
7.
..
....
..
Brokers' board rooms
Cocktail bars
Corridors (supply or exhaust)
Department stores
Directors' rooms
Very heavy
20
25
....
None
Extreme
50
40
...
74
50
5
30
05
....
Drug stores*
FactoriesU
Considerable
None
10
10
MEDIUM
7.
7.
5
Five and Ten Cent stores
None
Funeral parlors
None
10
...
74
...
None
None
...
30
...
25
None
20
10
....
Heavy
30
25
0.33
Restaurant
Residence
Laboratories'
...
...
20
...
...
Some
15
4.0
2.0
....
Meeting rooms
Very heavy
50
30
1.5
General
Private
Private
Restaurants
Cafeterin*
Dining room'
Some
None
Considerable
15
25
30
10
15
25
.
0.25
Considerable
Considerable
12
I5
10
12...
....
Schoolrooms'
Shop, retail
Theater''
Theater
Toilets' (exhaust)
None
None
None
10
7
15
71
5
....
....
10
....
...
...
2.0
74
Garages'
Hospitals
Operating roomst"
Private rooms
Wards
Hotel rooms
....
....
1.0
Kitchens
Offices
Some
'Taken from present-day practc.
bTbis is contaninant-free air
*W.ea
is uteditakethe wer of the rm
samninam
S= local codes which may govern.
be governed byeshan-4.
' May be governed by special sources of contamination or local codes.
sADoutside air recommended to overcome explosion hazard of anesthetics.
Copyright by the American Socwry of Heat.nL Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineeus.
.May
Ine Repriated by pernn.sa from ASHRA E
H.&a.nk
of Fundw
eaeais
1%
FMFBtu/Hr.F
Minimum*
Apartment
Average
Heat
Transfer
OUTDOOR FRESH AIR REQUIREME NT
Sq F of
Floorb
Cfm per
Pesonb
Application
48
HIGH
FACTORIES
DEPARTMENT STORES
0.1
0.12
OFFICES
CORRIDORS
0.25
0.27
HOTELS
HOSPITALS
0.33
0.29
49
THE. EARTH
OVERVIEW:
Aesthetic
Insulation
Constancy vs. Variation
Cooling Opportunities
Heating Opportunities
CONFIGURATIONS:
Base Building
2 Level Below Grade
2 Level Below Grade and
Level Bermed
Sloped: 3-1 Level Below
Grade
Cut and Fill
Buried
50
EARTH
ground.
The earth is
The need for refer-
a useful vocabulary of form
ence to ground level or
based on both thermal and
newly built ground levels is
symbolic qualities.
a base for all
building in associative and
due to the association betconstruction terms.
The
INSULATION
ween earth,orientation and
strong connection to the
foundation.
The earth is
a poor thermal
earth of most buildings in
insulator.
the past is
a direct result
The ability for
The aesthetics of using
earth material to resist
of the structural quality
earth, as it is evident in
of masonry.
nature, to define building
Today there is
heat flow is extremely low
(12" earth R - 0.6).
still need for these founda-
levels and partial enclo-
tions but structures need
sure is part of a long build-
not be as broadly supported
ing heritage.
at the bases.
a powerful symbol of
It is,
in fact, a very good conductor
of heat due to its moisture
The earth is
content.
Justification for
placing buildings beneath
constancy and stability in
The act of settlement or
ground cannot come from
spatial as well as thermal
inhabitation has associated
purported high insulation
associations.
The process
with it a notion of encamp-
values.
One layer of glass
of building with earth is
ment or huddling to the
with its associated air layers
EART H EMAILDIfthN
COMPARI5OM
Conduction
Heat Loss
Btu/vr-SF
[
Modern
TyT e
Potential
is
51
equal to 3 ft of earth in
10 6 Btu/day
Base Bldg.
Old
January 21
Solar Gain % Region/
Old
21,000
Modern
26.400
14.5
Earth
15%
Edge
85%
Earth
29%
21.7
2 Level
Below
Grade
insulating value.
The thermal property which is
important in earth is its high
thermal inertia due to mass.
12,600
12.3
2 Level
Below
Grade - 1
Edge
71%
Earth has a great ability to
Earth
44%
store qualities of heat (1025 Btu/ft 3 *F).
These large
Level Berm
11,400
10.2
Sloped 3-1
Level
Below
Grade
Edge
56%
quantities of heat can be
Earth
29%
stored in very low temperature changes.
12,800
13.9
Cut and
Fill
Conversely,
Edge
71%
earth may be acted upon by
Earth
41%
great atmospheric temperature
fluctuations resulting in high
14,000
15.4
Buried
130
13,900
4
4.5
Edge
59%
heat loss, but very little
Earth
93%
Lchange in ground temperature.
Eg
Edge
7%
7%
FIG. 3.1 Comparison of Earth
Configurations
FIG 3.2 Unit Volumeof Earth Zone
52
We can see in
Figure 31
CONSTANCY VS. VARIATION
overall effect on conductive
Those portions of buildings
heat loss for buildings in
which are heavily enclosed
various stages of ground
with earth do exhibit some
covering.
Energy losses due
thermal benefit.
These
to conduction per unit of
regions will behave relatively
area are very close, illusstable in face of external
trating little gain in heat
outdoor variations.
The fact
loss benefit due to ground
that the earth is a constant
insulation.
When we add to
Specifications
this the heat loss due to
Dimensions: 30ftx30ftxl2ft. 900 SF
Heat Capacity Perimeter Wall
Floor 27,400 Btu/ventilation requirements
0oF
Ventilation: Office Use 0.25CFM/SF which are a function of buildHeat Transfer of Air 276 Btu/Hr0 F
ing area, the discrepancies
' Air Change per hour when not
0
ventilating 194 Btu/Hr F
between examples lessen.
Lights: 2 watts/SF: 6.8 Btu/SF 6100 Btu/hr
People: 150 SF/person
@ 600 Btu/person hr - 3600
Btu/hr
50*F provides an effective
damper upon extreme temperature variations.
The mass
construction system these
buildings are made of will
also store a good deal of
energy further resisting
temperature fluctuations.
53
FIG. 3.4 Summer Temperature Variations
FIG. 3.3 Winter Temperature Variations Without Added Heat
JANUA6Y
Savings resulting from this
stable quality will come from
decreased size of necessary
mechanical equipment, not
41
decreases in energy loss.
Mechanical equipment now will
not be needed to respond to
the extremes in atmospheric
swings because energy stored
in earth and building will
RJAT
DAI LY TE M PE RA UP VA
counteract this instantaneous
demand.
Figures 3.3-3.7 illustrate
<(D Earth
the temperature fluctuations
'Unit volume
experienced in a unit zone
0
whose external edge is earth.
IZZ 4 (a 5 (ON
4 G
2
FIG. 3.5-3.7 Summer Temperature Variations: Impact of Altering Occupancy, Flow Rates & Lighting54
FIG. 3.5
FIG. 3.6
FIG. 3.7
I
FIG. 3.8
Earth and Edge Zones of Thermal Behavior
55
The unit zone is taken to be
a 30' x 30' x 12' section of
building which has as one of
its boundaries the exterior
earth perimeter.
These
regions are coded earth in
further analysis.
Figure 3.2
shows the characteristics of
this typical area.
The
-n - -------relative amounts of this zone
Base Building
Area: 109,000 SF
Earth: 16,000 SF 15%
Edge: 93,000 SF 85%
Earth Zone
Edge Zone
2 Level Below Grade
Area: 109,000 SF
Earth: 32,000 SF 29%
77,000 SF 71%
Edge:
2 Level Below Grade
1 Level Berm
Area: 109,000 SF
Earth: 48,000 SF 44%
Edge: 61,000 SF 56%
type are also liste d in
Figures 3.8 and 3.9 for the
tested building configurations.
We can use these relative
amounts of thermal behavior
types to estimate what the
FIG. 3.9 Earth
Edge Zones of Thermal Behavior
56
overall thermal stability
of the structure is
before
considering the addition of
mechanical cooling or heating
equipment.
During the summer months this
unit area enclosed predominantly with earth will assume
the temperature of its
surroundings if no other force
Sloped 3-1 Level
Below Grade
Area: 109,000 SF
Earth: 32,000 SF 29%
77,000 SF 71%
Edge:
Cut: Fill
Buried
acts upon it.
Area: 102,000 SF
Earth: 42,000 SF 41%
Edge: 60,000 SF 59%
Area: 97,000 SF
Earth: 90,000 SF 93%
7,000 SF 7%
Edge:
Even though
these portions of building
experience little direct sunlight which would contribute
to heat gain, they are exposed
to the heat given off by
occupants,
lighting and
57
appliances.
Because of these
heat sources a temperature
The
rise will be experienced.
occupancy period.
There are many potential
Figures 3.5-3.7 allow us
strategies to "passively"
to see the impact of changes
heat and cool a building.
requirement of controlled
in occupancy, ventilation
ventilation with fresh air
flow rate and lighting levels
will also contribute to heat
upon temperature fluctua-
gain above earth temperature
tions.
but also acts to carry
impact of changing occupancy
excess heat away.
to eight hours from twelve.
COOLING OPPORTUNITIES
- Change lighting standards
to the use of more individual
Figure 3.5 shows the
controlled task lighting.
-
Alter occupancy cycles and
durations during warmer
Figure 3.6 studies the impact
months.
Figure 3.4 shows the
of doubling the air flow
-
temperature variation of the
Increase air flow rates
rate in cooler non-occupied
during times when the outside
unit area in July when the
periods to increase struc-
air temperature is below
building is occupied for 12
tural cooling.
Figure 3.7
building temperature.
hours and ventilated for 24
examines the impact of dehours.
Precool fresh air through
The required lighting
creasing high standards in
of 2 watts/ft 2 is considered
underground ducts before
overall lighting to one
entering the building.
a heat gain during the
half their current level.
58
- Use effective shading
heating the required fresh
- Use the earth as mass for
devices and planning.
air.
temperature stability not
- Use controllable, operable
can act as the energy trans-
insulation.
windows, vents and mechanical
port system, taking heat from
is desired, use a good ins-
ventilation.
where it is excessive to where
lating material to minimize
it is needed.
heat loss.
- Connect ventilating
should optimally be placed
switches to respond to occu-
outside the mass of the build-
pancy.
ing itself to provide further
The ventilating system
If insulation
This material
HEATING OPPORTUNITIES
The basic thermal problem in
most commercial,
office and
When a space is
working environments is heat
occupied the ventilation can
balance, not total energy
be turned on, when not
thermal inertia.
The general desire is
demand.
Parts of a building
occupied, off.
to
This could be
build a base building which
may experience overheating
in a form similar to light
because of sun, people, and
switches.
lights, while other parts are
creating "task" ventilating
supports a climate at the
In effect we are
lower end of the comfort
zone which can be adjusted by
cold.
One of the largest
similar to task lighting.
individuals or impacted by
components of heat loss in
exterior weather conditions to
these buildings is
59
a desired situation.
This
can be utilizing the differences between the earth's
thermal stability and thermal
fluctuation of the edge to
provide both constancy and
variety.
The level of actual
control or fine tune adjustment should be in the hands
of the user rather than an
optimizing machine.
60
EARTH CONFIGURATIONS
Building with massive
of earth covering begins by
Changes of area in the buried
materials and setting spaces
establishing a base build-
building occur because some
into the earth creates en-
ing and determining its
natural light and ventilation
vironments whose thermal
associated heat loss chara-
is needed.
behavior is relatively
cteristics.
To this earth
To accomplish
this a courtyard light well
covering will be added and
is introduced so most interior
gested by many people that
the building further ex-
spaces will have some open
this may be a worthwhile
tended into the ground.
edge.
strategy to follow for
The diagram is kept the
cut and fill example it was
same as much as possible
desired to show that earth
diagrams of spaces with
but in the "cut and fill",,
can be added to roofs in ways
various portions enclosed
and "buried" cases,
by earth are investigated
terations in building area
to see what the thermal and
were necessary.
Heat loss
tions of building can be
energy impacts of such a
per unit area is
a result-
earth-like and still have
stable.
It has been sug-
energy conservation.
strategy are.
Those
The method
used to explore the effect
al-
In the case of the
other than burial.
The earth
can be worked so great por-
ing common denominator
ample edge condition for
between all the configura-
light and air.
tions.
(1
Cut and Fill
January
Heat Loss
March
Season
6
Loss to
Earth
Btu/hr
Btu/day
Btu/mo
34,700
834,0006
25.OxlO
34,700
834,0006
25.0x10
275x10
Loss to
Air
Btu/hr
Btu/day
Btu/mo
323,0006
7.75xl
232x10
250,0006
6.0x10
180x10 6
1150x10
Total Conduction Heat
Loss
Heat Loss
per Season
per Feet
2
1425x10
14,000
6
6
62
BASE BUILDING
The base building diagram is
The older masonry building
We can see from Figure 3.8
a block 100'x160' elongated
is assumed to have a peri-
that only 15% of the base
in the East-West directions.
meter composed of 50% single
building could be classified
The plan is constant for
pane glass and 50% masonry
as earth.
six floors at which point
cavity wall.
it narrows to 40'x60' for
building the amount of
regions which behave thermally
two additional floors.
glazing is increased to
as edges.
This results in a total area
75%.
in temperature from day to
of
In the modern
These buildings
are predominantly composed of
They will fluctuate
night and need a mechanical
-109,000 S.F.
In the base building there
system to provide constant
The building is constructed
is one level below ground
of concrete floor slabs
which normally is used for
(RF2) and foundation wall
a basement.
condition.
(M2).
The exposed perimeter
wall is calculated for two
cases.
Glass areas are
It is possible
This fluctuation can be de-
to make these occupiable
creased if the building is
spaces if they are designed
built of mass materials.
to be used as such.
The concrete construction of
changed to represent old
the base will serve to store
and modern buildings.
heat in its structure.
Base Building:
63
Old
Air Exposed M1
20,400
Perimeter
6.8
3000
Underground M2
Wall
6200
10
620
E
_
I
Loss to
Air
Total Conduction
Req
Btu/Hr *F
Conduction
14,300
620
6
1_ 1_
Heat Loss
Loss to
Earth
Screen
GL
1.8
20,400A1300,
Roofs
_
Roof
Floor
Glazing
Panel
Mass
Btu/hr
Btu/day
Btu/mo
RF4
L6000
13.
1168
1168
1
January
March
11,200
268,0006
8.04x10
11,200
268,0006
8.04x10
619,0006
14.8x10
445x10 6
480,0006
11.5xl1
Season
6
64.3x106
2210x10
345x10
2270x10
Heat Loss
Heat Loss
per Seasgn
per Feet
21,000
6
64
Base Building:
Modern
Mass
Air
Exposed
Perimeter
Panel
mJ
10200
6.8
61
1500
Underground M2
Wall
6200
Roof
Floor
Glazing
Btu/Ir "r
Conduction
18500
18500
10
620
6200
RF4
116000
Heat Loss
IIImffmruilT1d "111
Req
1.8
30600 17000
Roofs
iii.
Screen
13.7
1168,
January
March
Loss to
Earth
Btu/hr
Btu/day
Btu/mo
112,000
268,0006
8.04x10
112,000
268,000
8.04x10 6
Loss to
Air
Btu/hr
Btu/day
787,000
18.9x10 6
610,0006
14.6x10
Btu/mo
566x10 6
439x10 6
Season
64.3x10 6
6
2810x10
Total Con-
duction
2870x10 6
Hat TLoss
Heat Loss
per Season
per Feet 2
26,400
65
2 LEVEL BELOW GRADE
The example cases of earth-
become a larger percentage
like building begins by
of the heat loss total
placing two of the occu-
because conduction losses
pied levels below the
are decreased over the
earth.
The glazing is
held constant at 50% of the
exposed perimeter but is
now double glass.
A
decrease in the overall heat
loss per unit area is
experienced but with
decreased edge opportunity.
The building now can be
viewed as being 29% earthlike in thermal stability
and 71% edge-like.
Ven-
tilation heat losses will
base building.
66
2 Level Below Grade
Mass
'I
Panel
Air exposed
P2
15.6
Perimeter
17300
1109 17300
.Underground M2
Wall
L2500
Roof
Floor
Glazing
G2
Screen
2.7
Req
Btu/Hr*F
Conduction
7500
6407
10
1250
1250
Roofs
RF4
13.7
116000
1168
1168
------------
Heat Loss
I
1111
January
March
Season
Loss to
Earth
Btu/hr
Btu/day
Btu/mo
234,000
562,0006
16.8x10
234,000
562,0006
16.8x10
134x10
Loss to
Air
Btu/hr
Btu/day
Btu/mo
348,0006
8.55x10 6
251x10
270,0006
6.47xlg
194x10
1240x10
6
6
Total Conduction
Heat Loss
1374x10
Heat Loss
per Seasqn
perFeet
12,600
6
67
Two Levels Below Grade;
level below grade example.
1 Level Bermed
The thermal behavior of the
structure is now 44% earth-
This is a case similar to
like and
56% fluctuating
the previous example with
in character.
the addition of earth landscaped to cover an additional use level.
This
level can be punctured to
allow light and views were
needed.
The calculations
assume a continuous
concrete wall for the three
levels covered by earth.
There is a small decrease
in energy usage in this
configuration over the 2
2 Level Below Grade
1 Level Bermed
68
Mass
Panel
Mr Exposed
Perimeter
Underground M2
wal
18700
P2
14200
RoofBtu/Hr
Floor
Glazin
15.6 G2
910 14200
Screen
2.7
5259
6169
10
1870
1-
Roofs
RF4
1
F
Conduction
1169
Req
i16000
13.
116E
1870
1 70
1168
116
I
Heat Loss
I'll
III1
1111
IHI 1IIIIJII I~I
"ii,11111 111
January
March
Loss to
Earth
Btu/hr
Btu/day
Btu/mo
33,700
808,0006
24.2x10
33,700
808,0006
24.2x10
Loss to
Btu/hr
294,0006
Air
Btu/day
Btu/mo
7.04x1g
211x10
227,0006
6
~IIi
Total Conduction
Heat Loss
194x10
1050x10
1240x10
Heat Loss
per Season
per Feet 2
5.46x10
164x10
Season
11,400
I
6
6
6
69
One can take
Sloped: 3 Levels to 1 Level
configuration but exposure
tunities.
Below Grade
to the south is increased.
advantage of both enclosed
This will allow more sun-
or open zones.
light to be utilized in
ing of the earth allows
those areas formerly en-
greater access at
The terrac-
The sloped earth example is
done to investigate the
3 dif-
benefit of covering different
closed.
The north experi-
ferent levels.
This will
elevations with varying
amounts of earth.
ment will also have less
increase design and organi-
surface area exposed to
zational opportunities.
In this
example the north elevation
stronger and colder storm
is covered up to three levels
winds.
and the south left relatively
open with only 1 level below
grade.
The east and west
We experience
29% earth-
like thermal behavior in
elevations have earth
this configuration versus
terracing at different levels.
71% edge.
We have the edge
and earth situation shifted
The energy usage in
this
in this example allowing
example is equal to that
for greater design opporof the 2 level below grade
Sloped: 3-1 Level Below Grade
70
Mass
Panel
Air Exposed
Perimeter
P2
17900
Underground M2
11300
Wall
Glazing
15.6 G2
1147 17900
Roof
Floor
2.7
6630
Btu/Hr *F
Conduction
1130
RF4
16000
January
Heat Loss
13.7
116.
1168
March
Season
Loss to
Earth
Btu/hr
Btu/day
Btu/mo
20,300
488,0006
14.6x10
20,300
488,0006
14.6x10
117x10
Loss to Air
Btu/hr
Btu/day
Btu/mo
358,0006
8.59x10
258x10 6
227,0006
6.66xl0
200x10 6
1270x10
lii
111111
i I l IIIII
Req
7777
10
1130.
Roofs
I'
Screen
Total Conduction
Heat
per Feet 2
6
6
1400x10
Loss
Heat Loss
per Season
6
12,800
71
Cut and Fill
levels to have some edge
This benefit comes at minimal,
contact.
if any extra overall energy
Earth is then
The cut and fill example
added to upper roofs with
cost.
adjacent use levels taking
added cost due to increased
advantage of the gardens
structural loading of the
and terraces created.
raised earth, however.
There will be an
illustrates all three
earth forming strategies,
excavating, terracing and
adding.
Here we have
This strategy yields a
increased edge conditions
structure which behaves
with a small increase in
as earth and 50% as edge.
heat loss.
The heat loss
costs may be traded off with
The act of terracing,
increased edge and solar
excavating and adding
utilization potentials.
creates places which have
the earth and edge condi-
The earth is terraced as
tions more closely intein the sloped example with
grated.
This will allow
an additional excavation in
one to take advantage of
one corner allowing all
either at most points.
41%
Cut and Fill
72
Mass
Air Exposed
Perimeter
Underground M2
Wall
11300
P2
17500
15.6 G2
1122 17500
2.7
6482
Req
Btu/Hr*F
Conduction
7604
7604
1130
1130
Roofs
RF4
6400
13.7
467
467
467
Earth
RF7
9600
12
800
800
Heat Loss
lnI
Screen
10
1130
Covered
Roofs
.. %a,,,,,,
I
ai t ,,hq,
Roof
Floor
Glazing
Panel
January
March
Loss to
Earth
Btu/hr
Btu/day
Btu/mo
34,700
834,0006
25.0x10
34,700
834,0006
25.0x10
Loss to
Air
Btu/hr
Btu/day
Btu/mo
323,0006
7.75xl6
232x10
250,0006
6.0x10
Total Conduction Heat
Loss
Heat Loss
per Season
per Feet 2
Season
275x10
6
1150x10 6
180x10 6
1425x10 6
14,000
73
illustrating that under-
Buried
ground buildings do not
The buried building is the
necessarily mean burial.
extreme in earth enclosure.
The example tested is not
This example gives only a
totally buried but every
minimal increase in energy
horizontal exposed surface
performance over the cut
is earth covered.
The
and fill configuration
open edges are found in
with none of the benefits.
the perimeter walls of the
It also performs worse than
two upper levels and in the
most of the other examples
added courtyard light well.
in heat loss figures.
These were introduced
We experience 97% stable
because this designer canthermal behavior in
the
not think of totally burying
buried example.
people.
This is
Proponents of
the only benefit but we no
this strategy often propose
longer have a larger edge
similar open courts,
opportunity.
74
Buried
Mass
Panel
Roof$0/
Floor
Glazing
*
Screen
Re
Conduction
Air Exposed
P2
Perimeter
4800
308
4800
177
2086
Courtyard
Perimeter
P2
3100
15.6
200
G2
9400
2.
347
3672
3672
Underground M2
Wall
37400
Buried
Roofs
15.6
10
3740
G2
2.
-
3 740-7
__6000
12
1333
1333
------4
Heat Loss
January
March
oss to
Earth
Btu/hr
Btu/day
Btu/mo
91,300
2.19x10
65.7x10
91,3006
2.19x10
65.7x10
Loss to
Air
Btu/hr
tu/day
tu/mo
230,000
5.53x10 6
166x10
178,0006
6
4.28x10
.29x10
Season
6
526x10
8016
Total Con-
Btu/year
1346x10
eat Loss pe
Sq.Ft. Bldg. Btu/year
13,900
duction
peat Loss
[AreaII
6
75
THE E06E
OVERVIEW
Inside:
Outside
Temperature Variations
Integrations: Variations
vs. Constancy
Shading and Venting
Use Potentials
Orientation
CONFIGURATIONS
Base Building
Solarium 1
Solarium 2
Solarium 3
Solarium 4
76
INSIDE:
OUTSIDE
One example of the articu-
more often.
lated edge is the addition
the bay window which pro-
of a solarium.
jects beyond the regular
This layer
It may also be
of space is similar to
building edge to intercept
adding an overcoat or wind
more light and encounter
breaker to one's body for
more views.
that portion of building
All of these produce a bouncovered.
It can also be
dary between what was nor-
looked at as taking a piece
mally inside and outside.
of double glazing and seThese articulations create
parating the glass layers
a place whose thermal conuntil the space between is
ditions and spatial dimenlarge enough to use.
This
sions are in variation to
place could also be thought
those of the base.
What is
of as a porch or entrance
functioning to let light in
which has been subsequently
can provide views and special
enclosed so it could be used
77
upon the strategies employed
directly reflect and fluc-
to provide added insulation
to accept and regulate the
tuate with adjacent external
can be expanded to allow a
climatic forces they are
conditions.
use.
exposed to.
place.
What was functioning
The opportunity
The existence of thermal
suggested by the partial
TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS
variations and physical dif-
enclosed porch is a space
ferences in these places
which allows more activity
The layering of a building's
area with minimal additional
edge can create variations
expense.
in both physical space and
suggests that these are the
regions in which buildings
These additions
offer the greatest potential
also create zones whose
thermal conditions.
thermal conditions are
added layers need not be of
between the extreme of inside
the same construction as the
and outside.
core to which they are
These
for inhabitation, individual
choice and alteration.
Extenal fluctuations in
As seasons
temperature insolation, wind
and configurations vary,
attached.
different environments will
weight building technologies,
be present in this space.
such as panels, glazing, and
The extent to which
screens will produce a place
these are usable depends
whose characteristics
The use of light
and moisture directly affect
the character of these peripheral spaces and create a
need and opportunity for
78
different mechanisms to con-
greatly in temperature
weight will always be near
trol these forces.
through the seasons as
those of the exterior en-
well as from day to night.
vironment unless acted upon
effective at the human scale.
We can see the extremes
by another force, such as
Shades, wind scoops, win-
which this zone will
sunlight.
dows, etc. all have the po-
experience if no provisions
ture variations for the
tential to be directly
are made for heating, ven-
attached, but separated,
operable by people and are
tilating, or shading in
solarium range from a low of
very effective in mediating
Figure 4.1.
220 F at night in January to
conditions between inside
These figures are based upon
154*F during sunny summer
and outside.
the assumption there is no
days.
interconnection between the
during the summer months re-
new layer and the base
sult from calculations which
building.
assume no venting or shading
of control is
The level
usually most
Seasonal tempera-
The high temperatures
The addition of a room or
built layer of single pane
(discussed later).
glass to the south side of
We can see from these
a building will provide a
graphs that conditions in a
zone which fluctuates
room constructed of light
These
conditions occur when ambient
temperatures are 20*F and 80*F
respectively.
79
FIG. 4.1
EXTREMES IN THERMALLY ISOLATED SOLARIUM (#1)
We can see that temperatures
at night almost return to
those of the outside if we
have no heat source.
During the average day we
find that the solarium heats
up greatly due to incident
sunlight.
JANUARY
Day to night
MARCH
I
A-
solarium temperature
DAILY TEMPE RATK
fluctuations remain relatively constant at 90*-100 0 F
s
AV4ATioNS
III
U-
Air
temperature at the same time
1
%a50
solarium
E.
gouse
UL 0.
3
40
varies approximately 10-20*.
VA90TION/
arium
Il
throughout the year.
L
DAILY TEMPERA
House: Air
o-air
20,
From these graphs we can see
that there are times when
this space is either too
22 4 (
0N Z 4 ( 1B1012
JULY
127.Z , 6 5 1
SEPT.
7- 4 {
1
80
cold or too hot for use with-
energy gained during over-
itself, we can begin to in-
out some additional moderat-
heated periods or adding
crease integration of the
ing controls.
additional energy to prevent
solarium with the relatively
extreme cooling.
constant base.
INTEGRATION:
The integration of the sola-
The amount of
time it is too cold versus
too hot depends upon the
VARIATION
season but even in January
VS.
CONSTANCY
rium addition with the base
we experience both extreme
building takes place on
conditions.
Variations
Glazing and panels exhibit
several levels.
in temperature can be
characteristics of varia-
useful, but violent extremes
tion whereas mass walls and
may be intolerable.
elements constitute stabili-
The breaking down of physical
separation increases light
What
and views as well as heat
we would like, is a flatten-
zation or constancy.
ing of this variation curve
can combine these qualities
so that temperatures may fall
we result in a dampened
within a usable range more
fluctuation in extremes
often.
without energy loss.
If we
flows.
The integration of
activity and function along
this edge takes place as
visual and thermal connections
At the same time
Just as
are increased.
we would like to accomplish
we add mass materials to
this without wasting the
stabilize the space within
Continuity in
use and connection to the
FIG.
4.2
81
EFFECTS OF SOLARIUM INTEGRATION WIIH BASE BUILDING: JANUARY CONDITIONS
DAIY TEMPERATUKE VAR4ATION5
DAI(Y TEMPERATUKE VAF4AToN6
DAIIY TEMPEFATUKE VA4TIoN5
U-
u-
U-
u
house
*
3.
4U
20
LI
122 4 6
122 4 6 5 10 N Z 4 6 B 1012
10jN Z 4 6B8ot2
0
122 4 6
I
1
Z4 6 8I12
I
SOLARIUM 1
SOLARIUM 3 W/O INSULATION
SOLARIWM 3 W/ INSULATION AT
SIGHT
DAlY TEMPERATUKE- VAP4ATlM5
DAILY TEMPERATUKE VA4AT1oNS5
DAIIY TEMPERATUKE VA4AToNS5
U-
too"
solarium
5Q h ouse
house
solarium
40
A40.
-
air
% 20
%U 20 air
air
122 4 6 5 10 N Z 4 6 b 1IDZ
SOLARIUM 2
122 4 6 5 10 N Z 4 6 5 1o 12
SOLARIUM
W 0 INSULATION
122 4 65 to NJ 2 4 6 B lo2
SOLARIUM 4 w/
AT NIGHT
INSULATICN
82
landscape are promoted.
access doors and glazing
when desired and closed when
which allow some of the
thermally necessary.
insolation effects to be
final integration is the
experienced by the interior
connection of the solarium
of the base building directly.
to the base buildings
The use of a mass wall which
mechanical heating-ventilating
is at once both heat
system.
storage and transparent
the separating wall not used
allows views and light plus
for windows are assembled
temperature stabilization.
as panels and glazing which
The addition of a moveable
act as solar collectors to
layer of insulation on the
heat the base building.
of mass foundation walls
exterior solarium wall will
This integration allows over-
which are part of the base
isolate the space from out-
heated times to be controlled
side temperature extremes.
as well as cold times to be
This causes the solarium to
supplmentary heated if
behave open and fluctuating
desired.
We see what the thermal im-
The
pacts of this integration are
in the solarium examples
tested.
Figure 4.2.
Each of these examples becomes
successively more thermally
connected to the base build-
ing.
Connection is fostered through
several strategies.
The use
structure tend to stabilize
solarium temperatures.
Changes in the separating
wall include the addition of
Those portions of
We can see the effect
FIG. 4.3
upon the internal solarium
ture variations activities
conditions as a result of
may change.
these integrations in
activities may depend upon
Figure 4.2.
the passively generated
We can also see the savings
conditions.
83
% HEATING LOAD SUPPLIED BY
SOLARIUM CONFIGURATIONS
89 - 133%
The timing of
w/o insulation
0
SOLARIUM 1
The decision to
71 - 91%
in
base building energy use
use many of these spaces
due to supplementary heat
may be one of special choice;
given off by the solarium or
the choice to sit
gained directly through
sun, or be in a cooler zone
in
the
w/o insulation
15%
SOLARIUM 2
layered glazing.
Figure 4.3.
80y-
in the evening.
1i0%
W/ insulation
55 - 96%
w/o insulation
The addition of plants for
29%
USE POTENTIALS
humidity, beauty, air puri-
SOLARIUM 3
Places built along the
fication, heat storage or
edge of a building have
food production is an oppor-
various use potentials.
tunity if one of the more
Because they will experience
temperature stable config-
- 125%
w/ insulation
-
insulation
SOLARIUM 4
seasonal and daily tempera-
urations is used.
85% w/
84
Plants moving in from the
of people these spaces are
landscape promote the con-
easily utilized.
tinuity between building
only provide extra space and
and landscape desired.
a cool "source" but can be
They not
warmed by heat given off by
These spaces may be thought
the increased number of
of as ancilliary areas.
people (600-100OBtu/persons
They can be extra spaces
hour).
derived at little initial
cost providing energy
savings.
When expansion
As the need for space
increases these places can
is needed for short times
be utilized.
activities can be accom-
arises for more constant
modated.
They may be thought
If the need
conditions the building's
of as predominantly day rooms
controlled edge may be ex-
but are useful even at night.
tended to the extreme layer.
When extra space is needed
These places provide the con-
for a party or large numbers
text for addition or growth.
85
They are partial places
with spontaneous response to
worse case in Figure4.5
(thermally incomplete) need-
any alterations.
This con-
where solarium configuation
ing only the addition of a
figuration can be condensed
#1 is not shaded or vented.
more insulating edge to
to occupy the same area if
In this extreme example the
maintain thermal control.
density requirements demand
solarium will cook at appro-
Even the great increase in
more thermal constancy or
ximately 140*F during parts
space demand at high density
expanded, as discussed
of the day.
can utilize the benefits of
earlier to provide spaces in
a layered building edge.
between.
The addition of shading and
vegetation will lower the
An assemblage of balcony,
SHADING AND VENTING
overall incident solar
shutter, louvre, window and
energy absorbed by the
curtain provides the oppor-
The addition of a solarium
tunity to respond to most
to the south side of a build-
external climatic conditions
ing where solar gain is great
as well as privacy require-
may cause problems of over-
solarium.
Figure 4.4
shows the amount of sunlight
actually experienced when
shade is
ments.
The control of
provided in
heating in the summer months.
forms listed.
these barriers is
directly
at the individual level
We can see the high temperatures experienced in the
the
86
FIG. 4.4
SHADING COEFFI CIENTS of VARIOUS MECHANISMS (amount
Shading Device
_____
Vegetation
Metal Veneti
Placement
i P.acts
Trees: Li ht Shading
'
.62
Moveable Insulation (white)
.
to
.50
of thermal mediation and
.15
spatial definition.
.25
.20
the winter.
It also
to provide another zone
Shading mechanisms such as
Information from Olgy ay "Design with Climate"
The basic strategy is
admitted * total)
leaves have fallen.
Overhangs
shade awnings, blinds and
movable insulation are also
stop sunlight before it
provide such protection
excellent devices because
strikes an interior surfac e.
and increase the inter_
they are directly alterable by
If it is impossible to kee p
action between inside and
the user.
the shading mechanism from
out.
made to design enviornments
which thermally perform near
the interior of the buildi
Vegetation as a shading
light colored shades shoul
mechanism is very effective
be employed.
Attempts should be
Articulation
because it will shade when
of the edge can create
needed most and allow sunplaces which are shaded in
light to penetrate in the
the summer and sunlit in
cooler months after the
comfort and allow the user to
tune conditions to their
desired state.
Shading and
venting mechanisms which are
local in coverage and control
87
VENTING AND SHADING
FIG. 4.5
IMPACT
JULY
should be employed when-
act to decrease the total
ever possible.
energy striking an area and
We can see the effect of
various shading strategies
in Figure 4.4.
The
decrease in shading coefficient will result in a
proportional reduction in
temperature changes in the
solarium.
Various shading
strategies may be employed
together to further decrease undesirable summer
temperature increases.
Venting is also an attractive option for the solarium.
Shading will
DAY
venting will carry off the
heated air which results.
e0o
We can see the effect of
venting alone in Figure 4.7
NIGHT
3.3
and the combination of
shading and venting in
Figure 4.5.
Venting is accomplished
simply by opening some of
DA1L.Y TEMPiArTUKE. VAK4AT0oMS
li_
*
the windows in the solarium,
building roof vents, or
through a mechanical system.
Opening windows and roof
vents will easily allow
adequate air changes to carry
<
a 40
10%
Solari
losed
air & solarium
w/venting & shading
%U
a 20
0
12 2 4 6 b 10 N Z 4 6 8 1012
FIG. 4.6
SHADING IMPACT ON TEMPERATURE
heated air way.
Ten air
changes an hour will produce
the result in Figure 4.7
but the higher air velocities
of breezes will allow even
more rapid cooling.
Windows which are operable
allow users to adjust to
varying conditions of
breezes and sunlight.
The
ability to adjust one's
connection to the outside
through venting and shading
will increase the usability
of these places.
Where these
devices are employed it
seems wise to place them near
FIG. 4.7
88
VENTING IMPACT ON TEMPERATURE
N
the actual place they affect.
If there are winter shading
They should also be access-
trees or other obstructions
ible to ease their adjust-
different orientation may
ment.
be more favorable.
Where it is not pos-
W
When one
sible to have a use or
takes into account solar
direct access to the device,
gain from the summer westerly
its control should be reach-
sun, the optimum orientation
able from the area it
becomes shifted to the south-
influences.
east.
TEMPERATE
17.5* (NEW YORK)
Figure
This work does not attempt
ORIENTATION
HOT-APID
to investigate optimum orienThe optimal position for
tation and shapes.
maximum solar gain in an
clusions of Olgyay in Design
attached solarium is on the
with Climate are suggested
south elevation.
for further information.
This
25 (PHOENIX)
The conW
E
HO(A14T-HUIMIP
FIG.
assumes other facts are
What is important to know is
equal.
the relative effect of taking
Figures 4.8-4.10.
4.8
5
Optimum houe oricntation% for
four different U.S. cimates.
SOLAR HEAT GAIN FACTORS FOR 400 N LATITUDE, WHOLE DAY TOTALS
2
Btu/ft /day (Values for 2 1st of each month)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
N
118
162
224
306
406
484*
422
322
232
166
122
98
NNE
123
200
300
400
550
700*
550
400
300
200
123
100
NE
127
225
422
654
813
894*
821
656
416
226
132
103
ENE
265
439
691
911
1043
1108*
1041
903
666
431
260
205
E
508
715
961
1115
1173
1200*
1163
1090
920
694
504
430
ESE
828
1011
1182
1218*
119 17
1179
117 5
118 8 t
1131
971
815
748
SE
1174
1285
1318*
1199
1068
1007
1047
1163
1266
1234
1151
1104
SSE
1490
1509*
1376
1081
848
761
831
1049
1326
1454
1462
1430
S
1630*
16 26 k
1384t
978
712
622
694
942
134t
1566T
1596
1
SSW
1490
1509*
1370
1081
848
761
831
1049
1326
1454
1462
1430
1068
Dec
SW
1174
1285
1318*
1199
1007
1047
1163
1266
1234
1151
1104
WSW
828
1011
1182
1218*T 1191t
1179
1175t
1188T
1131
971
815
748
W
508
715
961
1115
1173
1200*t 1163
1090
920
694
504
430
WNW
265
439
691
911
1043
1108*
1041
903
666
431
260
205
103
NW
127
225
422
658
813
894*
821
656
416
226
132
NNW
123
200
300
400
550
700*
550
400
300
200
123
100
HOR
706
1092
1528
1924
2166
2242*
2148
1890
1476
1070
706
564
*month of highest gain for given orientation(s)
orientation(s) of highest gain in given month
SOURCE:
FIG.
ASH RAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, 1970; Koolshade Corporation.
4.9
90
91
INSOLATION ON WALL (Btu/day)
oa
FACADE ORIENTATIONS
a
A
B
a
N
dC
c
c
<
2320
361
3210
1630
1016
3780
DOUBLE C
236
508
3260
508
4612
A
123
828
1490
265
2406
B
87
1180
1060
376
2703
C
174
590
2120
188
3072
DOUBLE B
DOUBLE C
A
123
246
127
1656
828
1174
1490
2980
1174
530
265
127
3799
4319
2602
90
180
127
254
265
188
1670
835
2348
1174
1490
2120
835
1670
1174
2348
828
590
180
90
254
127
123
174
2775
2775
3903
3903
2406
3072
DOUBLE B
DOUBLE C
A
d
doaB
6
gC
a
c
2764
2668
361
C
b
1630
1160
1016
c
b
c
Total
118
a>
d
A
d
508
722
DOUBLE B
A d
BC
e
508
722
118
84
c
168
2> 2% a
b
b
C
376
1060
1180
87
2703
DOUBLE B
265
2980
DOUBLEC
530
1490
828
1656
246
123
4319
3799
BUILDING SIZES: RELATIVE WALL AND FLOOR AREAS.
Variation A
Variation B or C
Variation double B or douMe C
1.42 w
1W2w
Relative insolation on houses of different shape and orientation - January 21, 40*N Latitude. Listed
values represent the insolation on a hypothetical house with w = 1 square foot. To get the daily insolation on a house of similar shape with w = 100 square feet, multiply these numbers by 100.
FIG . 4.o10
ANPMgON !o&AK H*1 500'r
FlG. 4.11
SOUTH ELEVATION SOLARIUM
the tested south facing
We can see the impacts of
solarium configurations and
these solar gains in the
moving them to another
daily temperature variation
facade.
charts for solarium config-
Will these places
be equally as inhabitable?
uration #1 in each of the
different elevations.
East and west orientations
Similar decreases in the
receive approximately 30% of
maximum temperatures and
the incident solar energy
their timing during the day
that the south intercepts.
can be expected for all the
Heat gains from this energy
configurations.
is experienced in the morning
for the east orientation and
afternoon for the west.
North orientations will receive approximately 7% of the
south total.
Figs. 4.11, 4.12.
JAN UAriY so"
92
FIG. 4.12
THERMAL CONDITIONS OF SOLARIUMS ON EAST, WEST & NORTH ELEVATIONS
JANUAPRY-
I!
1.!-
DAY
JANUARY
DAY toe
WO4T
NoRTh
DAY
3'
NIGHT
JANUARY
93
63'
U'
3/0
NIGHT
22'
zo'
20'
2o
-i.
DAILX TEMP~F-ATUK-
VAAToN51 DAILY TEF-M RA7ORE VAgTiON3
DAILY TEMPERATOR VAKIATIoN3
/>
-j
;o-s
-1
I-
S ouse
I)
Solarium
"L'I
8 1012
12 4 6 8 1o NZ 4 Gp
5 11 9
Al S to1&M 0 it
12 E
q6
BO0M & Ab
50LZ
94
SOLARIUM CONFIGURATIONS
The solarium is one example
in the south wall which sep-
calculations one may wish to
of an added zone whose
arates it from the solarium.
make.
temperature and use oppor-
A printout sheet is prepared
then compared to the heat loss
tunities will vary.
for each configuration.
of the solarium and base build-
following examples are
This sheet contains informa-
ing to see what the energy
diagrams of possible configu-
tion about the materials used
saving or deficit is.
rations.
in the south separating wall
Figure 4.14 for page
solarium becomes progressively
of the base building and heat
organization.
more integrated into the
loss through these wall sec-
actual workings of the base
tions. The solar gains this
building.
structure will experience
The
In each case, the
This information is
See
These calculations are conducted using the noon hour
insulation data for average
are given for specific surThe base building is a normal
days during the month.
This
faces in daily and monthly
is
two-story, wood-frame struc-
then reduced by 50% account-
totals for January, March,
ture which is described in
ing for changes in insolation
July and September.
Fig. 4.13.
The base building
intensity over the day and
Interpolation for other
remains unchanged in the test
reflection losses.
months can be done for further
examples except for changes
This
95
FIG. 4.13 Base Building
from "Passive Design Ideas for
the Energy Conscious Architect"
Physical Description:
Floor area
Volume
Perimeter
Exposed surface area:
1,600
12,800
114
1,824
800
2,624
walls
ceilings
total
SF
CF
LF
SF
SF
SF
Energy Consumption Characteristics (Winter):
Building
Element
Basement walls
Basement floor
Exterior walls
Area
(SF)
Temperature
Difference
(*F)
Heat
%of
Loss
(BTUH)
Heat
Loss
12.2
6.3
13.4
4 (SF)
2 (SF)
.068
35
3096
1600
3401
342
.504
35
6033
23.8
Glass doors
35
1.13
35
1384
5.5
Solid doors
42
.27
35
397
1.7
12,200
800
.018
.055
35
40
7686
1760
30.3
6.8
Windows
774
800
1,429
"U"
Value
Infiltration:
(CF/hour)
Ceiling
Total BTU/hour
Total BTU/year
Total BTU/year/SF
25,357
120x106
75,000
Solarium 4
FIG. 4.18a Energy Performance and Characteristics Printout
%'
Heat Loss Btu/hr*F
Solar Gains Btu/hr; Btu/day
Surfare
Solarium
Floor
South Wall
Ml
South Wall
P2 and G2
Collector
South Wall
G2 Direct
Gain to Int.
Total
_Jan?
15,800
158.000
9,000
90,000
16,500
165,000
Mr
March24,500
294,000
6,200
74,400
July
34,600
518,000
2,300
34,200
24,500
319,000
6,200
80,600
11,500
138,000
4,200
63,000
11,500
150,000
~Mass
~6
Sept.
South
Wall
Panel
_
8
§~11.2
,
14
Reo
Ru
6.3
288/45.'
2.
( )
GI 1.8
816/453
ion
So arium
w nsu-
Con,
G5 1\
816/.6
I____________
5,900
2,200
5,900
85,000
49,800
498,000
70,800
48,100
577,000
32, 400
43,300
650,000
76,700
48,100
625,000
:[oral
50.0
45.7
4.3
453
7300CFH
131
1.6
F
8,500
Inf il-
uctionitratigi
, 140/8.(
Sola urn
o~ n-
sl
Glazin;
Roof
FloorScre
ELEVAT IO
E
8 7300Cn i
3
584
213
1'
f/6_VAUIL0NN
PLa
Heating Load Btu/day; Btu/mo.
Base
670,000
Building
20.lx10 6
Solarium 68383,000
w/insulationll.5x10
12 hr
7561,0006
w/o insul. 16.8x10
545,000
16.3x10 6
296,000
8.89x10.
434,000
13.OxlO
Gains to Building Bt /day; Btu/mo.
G2 Direct
250,0006 209,0006
P2+Gl Hybrid 7.5x10
6.2x10
% Base Bldg
Heat Load
37%
38%
Supplied
Gains to Solarium Btd/day; Bt /mo.
Floor
248,0006 368,000
Ml
4l.lxlO1 l7.
,% Solarium t 4% withJ12
Heated
insul. fl2hr_ insu l L.
Supplied fo 44%w/o
85% w/o
Solarium 68 insul. ...
isil.
J
4
Ar oPfu
TO
OA~fJtiqJt4(V A.
vu/~gfATN
A~~
&~
97
assumes that 50% of the energy
and variations over the
These implications and
striking an area in the con-
average day.
principles, similarly, apply
figuration will be turned into
horizontal lines represent
to larger scaled installa-
an adjusted comfort zone
tions.
rate for the solarium is
between 55*-85*F.
to link many small residential
calculated to be 2 air
information can be used to
sized areas together in a
changes per hour using
illustrate what the process
curtain wall arrangement.
of using the sun passively
These could be connected via
the overall performance print-
implies.
the ventilating system of a
out of the simulated configura-
some actual printout of con-
large building.
tion is an examination of the
ditions in the calculated
could also be independent,
interior temperature condi-
examples.
working only with its adjacent
tions of these spaces.
these implications will be
space.
Temperatures of exterior
useful to determine materials
project listed earlier and
ambient air, solarium interior
and dimensions in designing
more detailed "solutions"
temperature, and interior
the inhabitable thermal
in the following section.
house temperatures are illus-
variation desired.
usable heat.
Infiltration
the crack method.
Following
trated for the daily extremes
The dotted
This
It will also give
It is hoped that
An approach might be
Each unit
See the design
FIG. 4.15a
98
Energy Performance and Characteristics Printout Solarium 1
Solar Gains Btu/hr; Btu/day
Surface
Jan.
March
July
Sept.
Solarium
Floor
15,800 24,500
158,000 294,000
34,600
518,000
24,500
319,000
South Wall
34,000 23,600
340,000 283,000
8,640
130,000
23,600
307,000
Total
49,800 48,100
498,000 577,000
43,200
649,000
48,100
625,000
ELE.VAT ION
3OUTM WALL
3oFF4'M)
Heating Load Btu/day; Btu/mo.
Jan.
Base
Building
Solarium
684F constant
March
670,000 545,000
20.lxlO 6 16.3x106
561,000 434,000
16.8x10
6
13.OxlO
6
Gains to So arium Bta/day; Bt /mo.
Floor
South Wall
% Solarium
Heat Load
Supplied if
Kept at 680_
498,000 577,000
14.9x10 6 17.3x10 6
89%
133%
L4LI
&U~DI'lN
8
StA1JUM
FIG. 4.15b Solarium 1 Temperature Variations
Solarium
JANUARY
MAR~CH
DAY
DAY
Solarium 1 is basically isolated from the base building
I/"O
bep
99
1
except for an access door and
insulated shared wall.
/A.(O
interior is thermally isolated from the solarium.
NIGTI
NIGHT
The
solarium is
The
single glazed
and the south wall insulated
I
'zoo
1
I
wood frame construction.
It
is assumed there is no heat
DAL.Y TE MPEATKE. VA AT4ON5
DAILY TFEMPERAWRE VARMATiON3
storage capacity in the floor
solarium
solarium
or wall of the solarium.
U_
Even with only an access door
house
house
U1
< 60
between the solarium and the
base building,
U1
air
o
some use and
air
energy benefits are possible.
6
I22 4 6 &
\0N
4
GBio 2
S2.
to5
gNai 48
012.
100
FIG. 4.15c Solarium 1 Temperature Variations
JULY
SEPTEMBER
DAY
DAY
During over-heating times,
the door could be opened to
supplement house heat.
In
the cooler evenings, the
7
A9"
door could be opened to warm
the solarium.if extra space
was needed.
MIGHT
NIGHT
A heating
supply register with an
could also be provided.
4b"
010
openable and closable damper
A14o5
DAL.Y TEMPERAT
DAILY TEMFERATUR
VAM4TION,
so arium
/1'
U-
W,4
House: Air
C-
2a
140bO
t
~Ii
air
solariu
FIG. 4.16a
Energy Performance and Characteristics Printout, Solarium 2
-I
Solar Gains Btu/hr; Btu/day
Surface
, Jan.
Solarium
15,800
Floor
158,000
,
Solarium
13,600
(So) Wall P1 136,000
South Wall
10,100
M1
101,000
South Wall
10,100
G2 ;Direct
Iside 101,000
Ga
Total
March
24,500
,
Sept.
24,500
294,000 , 518,000
9,450
3,500
lSouth
Wall
318.000
Solarium
113,000
7,080
85,000
7,080
51. 800
2,600
39,000
2,600
9,450
123,000
7,080
92,000
7,080
85,000
39,000
92,000
49,600
48,100
43,300
48,100
577,000
650,000
625,000
545,000
16.3x10 6
434,000
13.0x10 6
Gains to Building Btu day; Btu mo.
G2 Direct
101,000
85,000
South Wall
3.03x106 2.55x10 6
% Base Bldg
Heat Load
15%
16%
Passive SolaSupplied
Gains to Solarium Btu day; Btu mo.
Floor, P1,M1 395,000
492,0006
_l1.9x10
14.8x10
% Solarium
Heat Load
Supplied for
Constant 68*
Mass
July
34,600
496,000
670,000
20.1x10 6
561,000
16.8x106
I
Heat Loss Btu/Hr'F
Heating Load Btu/day; Btu/mo.
Base 680
Building
Solarium if
Kept at 680
101
Panel
Glazing
Roof
Floor
M1 G8
P1/14.: G2/2.7
90/13.2108/7.5 90/33.3
5.3
54
453
1645
Infil-
Req
GI 1.8
116/453
ELE.VATI ON
30OUTH WAL
ConScreen
I
11
5.3i
593*
300CFB
584
18
131
102
FIG. 4.16b Solarium 2
Temperature Variations
Solarium 2
Solarium 2 begins to become
JAN UARY
MARCH
DAY .1
integrated with the base
DAY
building through the addition of double glazed windows and sliding glass
doors in the south wall.
MIGI-IF
MIGHT_
/
The masonry foundation and
solarium floor are now
being used as heat-storing
-~~
masses.
DAiL.Y TEMPERATKE. VAR4ATMSN5
DAILY TEMPeRATURL VA-LATION/
In this case, we now experience some direct sunlight
and heat gain in the interior of the base house.
This
solarium
100
o
solarium
->house
-
60,
U1
5Q. -
Xo
is providing 15-16% of the
20 i2-
hou
A~
~
air
~r~
base building's heating
12 2 4 G
requirement.
If it was
IOloNX
(o 15 ID12i
2.q
?2
0
t.
soD
103
desired to keep the solarium at a constant 68* (the
same as the house), we see
that only 10-30% more energy
need be added to supplement
the sun.
The addition of
increased connection to the
base building and thermal
storage mass acts to make
the solarium's climate more
usable.
Opening windows
and doors act to thermally
and spatially connect the
interior to the solarium
when desired and isolate it
when necessary.
Energy Performance and Characteristi s Printout
FIG. 4.17 a
Surface
....j
Jan.
Solarium
July
March
15,800
Floor
158,000
10,600
South Wall
Ml
106,000
South Wall
9,200
92,000
M3
Interior Bld 14,200
Thru Glazing 142,000
49,800
498,000
l
T
24,500
294,000
7,080
85,000
6,400
76,800
9,840
118,000
47,800
574,000
Heating Load
Base
Building
Solarium 680
t 12hr insulation
/o insulat.
396,0006
8.89xlQ
434,000
13.0x10
34,600
518,000
2,600
39,000
2,340
35,100
3,600
54,000
43,100
647,000
Btu/day; Btu/mo.
670,0006 545,000
20.lxlO ,16x106
383,0006
1l.5x10
561,000 6
16.8x10
Gains to Building Btu/day; Btu/mo.
Glazing
188,0006 156,0006
5.64x10 4.69x10
50% M3
% of Base
29%
28%
Bldg Heat
Load Supplied
Gains to Solarium Btu/day;
Btu/mo.
Floor, MI
310,000 6 417'0006
9.30x10 12.5x10
50% M3
140% w
% of Solarium 80% w
12hr ins.
Heat Load if
68* w or w/o' 1
96% w/o
insula.insulation
Insulation
~insulati10
V
Sept.
-
34,500
318,000
7,080
92,000
6,400
83,100
9,840
128,000
47,800
621,000
Roof
Glazing Floor
Panel
Mass
]Solar Gains Btu/hr; Btu/day
104
Solarium 3
Screen
4.7
288/
61.3
Ml 6.8 M3 6.3 Gi 1.8
90/13.2 156/ 42/23.3
24.8
South
Wall
Solarium
w/o insulation
_____
+
Solarium
w/insul-
4
f
1
I
272CFH
4.9
61.3
453
GI 1. 8
816/
453
G5
Req
eat Loss Btu/Hr*F
nInf ilotal
uction tratio
It
66.2
584
r300CFH
131
1
1
10
116/81.6
81.6
131
213
ation-
ELE-VATIN
3OUT H WALt
:
UILtING
-
SotA JUM
FIG. 4.17b
Solarium 3
Temperature Variations (No Insulation)
105
Solarium 3
MARCH
JAN UARY
Solarium 3 begins to take
DAY
DAY
actual measures to provide
passive solar heat for the
base building and solarium.
45'
IGYTE
F~
It has also increased visual
connection between inside to
outside over Solarium 2.
1
The
south wall is built of two
layers of glass separated
DAILY TEMPERATUKE. VARATAoNS5
DAILY TF-MPrRATOKE~ VAEwrw(N-
by a zone whose area is 50%
open and 50% heat storage
/A
containers (water bins).
This
UN
20
house
house
solariu
wall becomes a passive solar
collector which absorbs heat
40
|210 G\N
I--
11012
Z 4 GP
during the day and radiates
air
U1L
air
0
to both the solarium and to
i1.ZI to Bow.
b801Z
base building during the night.
106
FIG. 4.17c Solarium 3 Temperature Variations (with night insulation)
Direct sunlight and heat
will also be experienced
through the transparent
sections.
Sliding glass
access doors are still
present to allow activity
connection.
The decrease in temperature
extremes is due to this
thermal mass.
The solarium
temperatures fall near and
in the comfort zone more
often than before.
To further increase the
usability of this space, a
layer of movable insulation
107
is added at night which will
winter heating needs with
increase the R-value of the
this configuration.
glass wall from 1.8 to 10.
This will decrease the heat
lost in the evening and
result in warmer solarium
temperatures.
The insulation
can also act as a shade in
the summer to decrease
excessive solar gain by
approximately 80%.
We can
see we are providing 80-140%
of the solarium's heating
needs if kept at a constant
temperature of 68%.
The
base building is being
provided with 28-29% of its
FIG. 4.18a Energy Performance and Characteristics Printout
Solarium 4
108
I
Solar Gains Btu/hr; Btu/day
- Jan;
Surface
15,800
Solarium
Floor
South Wall
Ml
South Wall
P2 and G2
Collector
South Wall
G2 Direct
Total
Hea
July
34,600
294,000 1518,000
24,500
Sept.
6,200
74,400
2,300
34,200
24,500
319,000
6j,2UU
80,600
16,500
L65,000
11,500
138,000
4,200
63,000
11,500
150,000
8,500
5,900
2,200
5,900
85,..000
49,800
70,800
48,100
577,000
32,4M0
43,300
650,000
76,700
48,100
625,000
158,000
9,000
90.000
Gain to Int.
March
Heat Loss Btu/hr*F
_498,000
Heating Load Btu/day;
Base
670,000
20. x106
Building
Solarium 680383,0006
w/insulationll.5x10
12 hr
561,0006
w/o insul. 16.8x10
Btu/mo.
545,0006
16 .3x106
296,0006
8.89x10.
434,000
13.OxlO
Gains to Building Bt /day; Btu/mo.
250,0006 209,000
G2 Direct
6.2x10_
P2+G1 Hybri 7.5x10
% Base Bldg
38%
37%
Heat Load
Supplied
Gains to Solarium Btd/day; Bt /mo.
368,0006
248,000
Floor
11.lxlO
7.44x10
Ml
w
125%
with
64%
% Solarium
insul. 12hr insul.
Heated
85% w/o
Supplied for 44%w/o
insul.
insul.
681
Solarium
Mass
Panel
rIalon
F
Gla
6.3
288/4s.
Ml 6.8 P2&G1 G2 2.7
17.4 72/26.7
76 11.2
South
Wall
Bnuhr*
Total
.
7
50.0
4.3
11
140/8.1/
Loss
v
7 -11F
in1
131
453
816/453
584
sulation
Solarium
G5
101
81.6
816/8.6
""-
latUonTM
EL-FVAT 10 N
3OUTJH WALL
__
V
_ULD_
N'ILD46R
~
7300CF
131
213
50_ARU
RU~
FIG. 4.18b
Solarium 4 Temperature Variations (no insulation)
Solarium 4
JANUARCY
fr/AIZJI
Solarium 4 represents a total
DAY
integration of energy supply
I-
DAY
109
mechanisms between solarium
and base building.
Direct
sunlight and energy gain is
supplied to both spaces.
NIGHT
NIGHT
Heat
storage is taking place in the
solarium floors and mass walls.
A combination glass and panel
wall is assembled on the south
I.-
DARlY TEMPE PATKE. VAF4AToN5
3
DAILY T4F-MPERATRE VAMATIONJ
/A
wall to create an "active"
solar collector.
The mechani-
L
S
cal air heating system is conhouse
U1
60
-solarim
'I?
'U
20
40
r
Ui
-
122 4 6
10 N Z 4 6 5 o2
nected to take warmer air from
the solarium and distribute it
.air
throughout the base building,
Z2I to 51
24 1 b
10 12
or to place it in thermal
storage for future use.
110
FIG. 4.18 c Solarium 4
Temperature Variations (with night insul.)
This air handling system will
also allow summer venting
I
I
j[MARCH
JANUARIY
DAY
I
AY
for increased cooling.
The addition of the insu-
4';0
lating panels to the interior glazed surface further
NIGIT
MIGIIP
_
increases the livability
of the solarium.
,76
In this configuration 37-38%
of the building's winter
DAILY TEMPERATOKE VAK4ATIoMS5 DAILY TEMPERATORE VA.WTION-
heating needs are being
//.
U-
supplied.
We also find 64-
125% of the solarium needs
solarium
80D - honse_
solarium
.0house
are provided if insulation
Iis in place at night and
44-85% if not.
ai
0
iz9oN1~4sL
4b
12~ "1
t10
Z 4 (6 B 10o12
111
Aff'ENPDIX
DRAWINGS
PROGRAM
CALCULATIONS
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117
/
nUpwer
C1MW-tAM
e
Theater for the EnvironmentaI kr
SPACE REQUIREMENTS
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
Approximately 15,000 s.f.
net plus a minimum of 7000
s.f. outdoor working space
Space structuring: large,
clear, flexible, hangarlike workshop and exhibitions spaces; likely
construction of temporary structures inside
Theater for the Environmental Arts facilities:
exhibitions laboratory,
experimental workshop and
research space,
support spaces for workshop and exhibitions area,
including wood- and metalworking shop, sound studio,
computer terminal, storage,
lockers, and showers,
assigned, specialized research spaces including
media studio, film/video
technology workshop,
outdoor work space accessible from shops
Environmental controls
and equipment: all surfaces attachable and flex-
ible; equipped for full
range of sound and visual productions; video
and computer cables;
adequate plumbing and
electrical supply
Location: accessible to
a public audience; convenient service access
The large experimental facility sometimes called
the "Theater for the Environmental Arts" is necessary for collaboration and experimentation with
media and performance technologies. Large scale
media presentations and events would be developed
and installed in the T.E.A.'s workshops and exhibitions laboratory; such projects would be the
basis for the developing research and professional
teaching programs in environmental art and in performance technology and media.
The facility would also give undergraduate students
unique opportunities to become exposed to and involved in the most advanced work being done by professional artists on the faculty, visiting fellows
at the Center for Advanced Visual Studies, and advanced students. This facility implies growth in
technical, supervisory, research, and teaching staff,
and in operating budget.
The Theater for the Environmental Arts is seen as a
complex of working and exhibitions spaces centered
around a large, equipped, and controlled teaching
workshop for direct experimentation with the visual
arts and with sound in a form and at a scale that
can affect the environment. This workshop would be
surrounded by smaller and more specialized research
spaces used by the Center for Advanced Visual Studies
It
and by the Film and Environmental Art programs.
would connect to an equipped outdoor working space
and to a mbre formal exhibitions laboratory where
experimental productions and displays could be
staged for public audiences.
The facility must be located in the general campus environment in such a way that performances,
displays, and events, can be opened to impromptu
involvement, public exposure, and criticism without either imposing them on a captive audience
or jeopardizing the environmental controls necessary for media work.
d9
v..
.
U~
...
~.
*
4
9
9
Performance and Video Workshop120
SPACE REQUIREMENTS
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
Range of 12,000-15,000 s.f.
net including 1500 s.f. net
for video facilities
Space structuring: main
Drama facilities:
acting workshop and rehearsal center,
informal meeting places,
faculty offices,,
support spaces (lockers,
shops, storage)
Video facilities:
video editing stations,
video studio
workshop should be a high,
clear, flexible space with
flat floor and movable
seating and staging
Environmental controls and
equipment: controllable
lighting; acoustic treatment, video cable, ventilation and temperature
controls
Location: near related
activities if possible;
accessible from public
transportation
Drama at M.I.T. is a growing part of the Humanities
Department's teaching program in Literature and a
long-standing and popular extra-curricular activity.
In a fully developed teaching program in Drama,
which would require substantial new funding, work
would range from traditional dramatic productions
and dramatic writing (plays and film and television
scripts) to more experimental multi-media theater
emerging through potential collaboration with Film
and Environmental Art.
The presence of a stronger Drama program would
especially benefit the growing interest in video.
The directions of growth in the Drama and Film
programs over the past several years show a common interest in video's applications to dramatic
performances, both in documenting events and in
contributing to the performance settings themselves.
Proximity of theater rehearsal, video production,
and mixed media experimentation would be mutually
stimulating and would lead to important changes and
developments in all programs.
The teaching of acting is seen as the core of any
future Drama program and would be the basis for
collaboration with Film/Video and other programs.
Acting, and corollary studies of dance as movement,
are also of general educational benefit to students
who in many instances will develop careers in public or academic life that require both empathy and
public performance. For acting studies, students
need the flexibility, privacy, and control of an
equipped teaching workshop as well as occasional
public exposure of their work through performances
and video recordings.
The focus of this project would thus be an acting
workshop or theater laboratory where most of the 121
non-classroom teaching would take place and where
experimental and informal productions could be
staged. This place would be the visible and identifiable "home" for the academic and extra-curricular
Drama program. Surrounding the main workshop space
would be a variety of informal meeting and working
areas, faculty offices, and more specialized shops
for producing videotapes and for building stage
sets.
This project would not satisfy all the space needs
for Drama, even for the current program. It is
assumed that a more formal theater setting such as
that now provided by Kresge's Little Theater would
be available for full scheduling by the academic
and extra-curricular programs in Drama.
Visual Studies Workshops
SPACE REQUIREMENTS
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
Approx. 34,000 s.f. net,
including workshop space
accessible to other programs in the Architecture
Department; additional
outdoor working space; use
of the Theater for the Environmental Arts
Space structuring: high,
clear, flexible spaces
for studios
Possible inclusion of the
Student Art Association,
additional 4000-5000 s.f.
Photography facilities:
teaching gallery open to
the public,
studios for teaching and
working,
outdoor work space,
production spaces (darkrooms, finishing areas),
faculty offices and equipment cage with storage
Visible Language Workshop:
teaching gallery (with
Photography),
layout studio and teaching
space (with Visual Design)
production spaces (darkrooms, finishing areas,
offset press, print-making),
media lab,
faculty offices,
storage
Environmental controls:
variety of natural and
artificial lighting;
adequate plumbing and
electrical supply; ventilation and temperature
controls
Location: near other
Architecture Department
activities; convenient
to public circulation
for galleries and screening rooms
122
The Visual Arts offer students the opportunity to
integrate personal experience with visual expression
and communication through hands-on work in various
media. Students in Photography, Visible Language
Workshop, Visual Design, Environmental Art, and Film
need to work directly with the demands of the media
and at the same time need to be made aware of the
cultural context of their work through parallel studies in history, theory, and criticism.
The teaching programs commonly have design, production,
display, and evaluation components which call for a
variety of excellent conditions for working and presentations. Students in these programs need to have immediate access to workshops and spaces for projects and
exhibitions, and need to encounter in their studies a
variety of working methods and media.
23
Visual Design and Environmental Art facilities:
shared display area,
studios with access to outdoor work space,
controlled light lab,
darkroom,
machine shop and contiguous
crude work space,
faculty teaching offices,
shared seminar room
Consolidating the visual studies programs which areil
presently in widely scattered locations would produce a lively and efficient work center where faculty and students can evolve new patterns of collaboration and technical innovation. Some production
spaces and studios could be shared among these programs; the combination can also create a centralized
media resource for the whole School of Architecture
and Planning, perhaps including some of the computerrelated activities which now work closely with the
visual arts.
Film/Video facilities:
large screening room accessible to public audiences,
smaller screening room and
studio,
support for screening (projection room, sound studio,
film vault) also used for
teaching and production,
film production spaces,
video production spaces,
equipment cage and workshop,
faculty offices and work
stations
This project, whose chief advantage is in joining
these inter-related activities, should also be sited
in such a way as to bring them closer to the rest of
the Architecture Department and to make them more
visible within Institute circulation. Because the
undergraduate teaching programs must be closely associated with the graduate programs and with the most
advanced creative work and research being done in
the arts at M.I.T., the visual arts teaching workshops
should have strong programmatic and perhaps physical
links to the Theater for the Environmental Art, the
Center for Advanced Visual Studies, and the Exhibitions program.
Student Art Association
facilities:
separate display area,
pottery studios and kiln
rooms,
photography darkrooms,
studios for crafts, drawing,
and painting,
student lockers and storage,
administrative offices
The extra-curricular Student Art Association, generally allied with the visual studies curricula in interests though not in administration, might also be
included in this project. It allows students and
others at M.I.T. to try out various arts and crafts
in an unpressured and informal way. Although the
types of facilities required are similar, there would
not be much overlapping since the nature of the activities requires a more casual use of facilities than
do the organized teaching programs.
124
Exhibitions &Advanced Study benta
SPACE REQUIREMENTS
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
Approximately 11,000 s.f.
net for Exhibitions;
9000 s.f. net for CAVS;
plus use of the Theater
for the Environmental
Arts and outdoor work
and display space
Space structuring: large
volumes of well-equipped
and flexible space
Exhibitions facilities:
box-type gallery for temporary exhibits,
study galleries for the
permanent collections,
corridor gallery for informal exhibits,
pocket gallery for student exhibits,
outdoor space for sculpture and events,
curatorial, installation,
and storage space,
administrative space
CAVS facilities:
individual studios for
fellows,
common media studio,
student reserve space
for undergraduate pro-
jects,
specialized workshops,
administrative areas
Environmental controls:
variety of natural and
artificial lighting;
adequate plumbing and
electrical supply; temperature and humidity
controls; acoustic treatment
Stringent security
measures
Location: convenient
to public transporatation and to main Institute circulation
The Exhibitions program is an important visual,
cultural, and educational resource for the Institute
because it exposes memttrs of the community to historical and contemporary works of art both throughout M.I.T.'s public spaces and under specially controlled gallery conditions. First-hand experience
and study of works of art are vital for students in
art history and humanities subjects and for students
in visual arts studios. The Exhibitions program
must also reflect the kinds of creative work being
done at M.I.T., and thus has special opportunities
for innovative display of some of the most advanced
developments in the arts today through the Center
for Advanced Visual Studies and other programs.
The Center for Advanced Visual Studies is the primary source of M.I.T.'s leadership in and contact
with professional arts fields. It provides working
spaces and support for visiting artists in the visual arts and sound. Their presence on campus acts
as catalyst to interdisciplinary projects in art,
science, and technology, both at advanced levels of
research and for undergraduates. The Center's fellows require excellent, private working environments
and must also have the opportunity to make public
presentations of their work.
Coupling these programs would create a mutually
supportive working context where places for contemplation and viewing could be provided alongside
places for active investigation and presentation.
The Exhibitions program and the Center for Advanced
Visual Studies require a variety of public and private indoor and outdoor spaces. Their facilities
include a series of "event spaces", possibly related
to the experimental Theater for the Environmental
Arts which is described in the follQwing pages.
These event spaces would be a center for collaborative projects and would attract audiences from
the M.I.T. and greater Boston communities. The
facilities should therefore be sited convenient to
public transportation and to Memorial Drive. In
addition to these publicly accessible spaces, there
should be rougher and more private workshops where
much of the teaching and research would take place,
shielded from continual public view.
125
126
2. EXHIBITION-LAB considered part of
EXHIBITIONS
Theater for the Environmental Arts
A. Gallery spaces
sf not designated
3. CORRIDOR GALLERY
1. BOX-TYPE GALLERY
3000-3500sf
(similar to present Hayden corridor
(essentially a larger, better equipped, and
gallery but with better, more secure wallmore flexible version of Hayden Gallery,
mounting system)
for temporary exhibits and display of per-adjustable spotlighting
manent collection)
-TV security monitor
-large, high, clear space (apx. 16' ceiling)
500 sf
4. POCKET GALLERY
-must be subdivisible in variety of ways
(an extension of public corridor for
-flexible lighting, sound system
student exhibits)
-attachable ceiling
-same requirements as ocrridor gallery
-plumbing (1 set outlets & drain), ample
5. OUTDOOR EXHIBIT
electrical supply
(assume that site for Exh.
program's
-video hook-up (maybe computer cable?)
facilities
could have adjacent outdoor
-may be skylit but screenable
exhibit area; if
combined with T.E.A.,
-no sprinklers--use other type of fire
this outdoor area might also be for work
equipment
space--discussed under T.E.A.)
127
-less secure than above
B. Installation and support spaces
1. STUDY/STORAGE SPACE FOR PERMANENT COLLECTION
1500-2000sf
lation shop with direct connection to
-vault-like; very secure; TV security
gallery
monitor?
-near or part of shops, installation,
-no sprinklers--use other type of fire
uncrating
suppressant
400-500sf
-large empty space for receiving, holding
-secure
-a "clean room"
5. INSTALLATION STAGING SPACE
crates
1000sf
CARPENTRY SHOP
-near loading dock and accessible to
400sf
-noise separation from galleries
gallery
-for non-portable tools, have lockable
-secure
200sf
tools crib also
PAINT SHOP
-secure, same as above
3. INSTALLATION FURNITURE STORAGE
300sf
4. FRAMING ROOM & STORAGE
-temperature and humidity controls
UNCRATING STORAGE
furniture, display hardware, vitrines, etc.
-either part of gallery or next to instal-
-rolling racks, shelving
2. "HOLDING" STORAGE
-for storing flats, pedestals, gallery
500-600sf
-100sf spray paint booth and storage
200sf
[28
400sf
6 2-person @ 400 (minimum)
4200sf
1250sf
2. undergraduate project space
600sf
6. LOADING AREA, SERVICE
C. Administrative Areas
-conference room
"student reserve" (minimum)
-common work area
450sf
3. reception
-individual work stations for:
director of exh., 5 staff, CVA chairman
EXHIBITIONS TOTAL
Galleries (not counting exh. lab.)3500-4000sf
Support
4900-5600sf
Administration
1250
sf
director
250sf
conference/seminar (minimum)
300sf
archives/library/reference
250sf
4. workshops, etc.
650sf
darkroom, photo areas
(small gang darkroom @300, individual
darkroom @100, wet and dry finishing
9650-10850sf
areas @250)
plus outdoor space?
5. common media studio
1500-20 00sf
and nearby food facility, lecture hall for
highly equipped,
changeable
150-200 (otherwise assume kitchenette)
video, plumbing, electrical, flex.
lighting, etc.
CAVS
6. assume workshop part of adjacent T.E.A.
1. individual studies for fellows
or add at least 1000sf to CAVS itself for
6 1-person @ 300 (minimum)
129
shop and another 750 for associated mock-up
T.E.A. than might be located elsewhere, but we
lab or crude work space
also assume that it would be more "finished"
7. storage (projects, equipt, mat'ls)
total apx
500-800sf
9000sf
given the publieness of that site, so I think
the cite issue/trade-off will all wash.
1.
"Exhibitions lab"
THEATER FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL ARTS
-public presentation segment of TEA
The uses of the T.E.A. and its needs for service,
-requirements are similar to those for
environmental controls and space structuring are
the box-type gallery described under
described in the A.E.S. report (the 1st one) on
Exhibitions
pp. 23-24, and in Walker Tennis Court project
pp. 46-48.
right though
The square footages are not quite
because we've shifted around what
"belongs" to the T.E.A. versus what "belongs" to
CAVS, Exhibitions, etc.
Programming and admin-
istration of T.E.A. is another issue not dealt
growth, and is currently under discussion.
-must have computer and video cables,
plumbing, adequate electrical supply,
flexible theater-type lighting, attachable and accessible ceiling, high level
of security, etc.
2. T.E.A. work and research space
-a big "dirt studio"
with here but it clearly implies new program
If
we assume the Walker site, we assume a smaller
4000sf
-more crude than the exh.-lab
-lots of hook-ups--video, computer,
6000sf
130
be used by research groups:
lighting, plumbing, sound,
drive-in truck access perhaps--
-film technology workshop @600sf
large serviceability
-another @l000sf
5. Outdoor work space
-natural light desirable but should
-equipped outdoor work space--some
be screenable
planting, some hard surfaces
3. Supports to this work space
-connections for plumbing, ample
-wood and metal (+?) shop with some
electrical, possibly hook-up for
crude work sapce (most of work
would be done in TEA itself)
-storage
1200sf
1000sf
-sound studio
400sf
-computer terminal room
500sf
-projection booth(s)
200sf
-lockers and showers
(small)
4. Assigned research space associated with TEA
-(media studio of the CAVS, 1500sf would
be one, but is accounted for under CAVS)
-assume about 2 more similar spaces to
video, computer-run events
-accessible directly from shops
1600sf
7000sf
during class, plus a few extra
ENV. ART, VISUAL DESIGN, PHOTOGARPHY, VLW
This is a plan based on sharing of produc-
7 Ms
people at the same time (Pho,VD,VLW)
Cage-dispensary for equipt and supplies
tion and studio space among these programs.
If they were not to be housed in the same place,
the total cost would surely be greater.
500sf
and office
Storage next to cage
750sf
VLW production studio
1 200sf
A. Production areas and support
VLW media lab (machine room, computer
Gang darkroom 16 enlargers (PhoVD)
800sf
500sf
and video cable)
Gang darkroom
5 enlargers (VLW)
250sf
VLW offset press (part of prod. studio) 300sf
Copy camera & copy wet area (VLW)
150sf
Controlled light lab (Vis. Des.)
500sf
Clean, wet, light finishing area
VLW copy animation (computer and video,
(Pho,VD,VLW)
1000sf
150sf
with video lab)
50sf
Drying area (Pho,VD,VLW)
4 individual darkrooms at 120
480sf
Loading rooms, indiv. darkrooms 4@80
B. Studios and other teaching areas
(Pho ,VD,VLW)
320sf
exhibitions area/teaching gallery
Color darkrooms 3@150
450sf
(VLW,Pho,VD)
Dirty wet light finishing area (VLW)
1000sf
300sf
Seminar room with projection, video
Drymount/cutting area, large enough
(all)
for 16 people to work in at once
500sf
Lounge--informal meeting and teaching
area (all)
Library archives (VLW,
300sf
Pho)
special projects)
(all)
studio 500, office 150
750sf
Studio: open, clean studio for
10@300
-plumbing
work (Pho,VLW) with variable
-durable floor, attachable ceiling,
tackable walls
lighting, ceiling grid, tackable
1500sf
-good sound proofing
-some will have need for desks or
Studio workshops: 3 class studios for
Env. Art & Vis Des, sometimes VLW
tables and seating arrangement for
layout with some individual work
small groups
D. Shops
space (desks, stools, bulletin
-machine shop for working with metal,
boards, storage), some common work
wood, glass, plastic, maybe some
space (clear) and some meeting
space (tables and chairs)
Grad. student work stations
(like studio workshop)
3000sf
-natural and variable artificial lighting
teaching, demonstration, in-class
wall surfaces, movable partitions
650sf
C. Teaching offices/studios for faculty
600 for stored mat'ls, 150 for
study areas
132
Project reserves (for visiting fac'y
4000sf
1000sf
ceramics
-crude work space, mock-up lab
3000sf
750sf
133
-cage, office for technical assts
250sf
-service, receiving
250sf
-storage
800sf
5050sf
E. Outdoor work space
-directly accessible from shops
-equipped: power, plumbing, lighting,
maybe simple metal attachable
framework?
134
as 2-stories
FILM AND DRAMA WORKSHOPS
This project is essentially the same as that
in Jim Czajka's thesis.
The student broadcasting
If I can find it, I'll include Jim's plan
and program along with the supporting material.
stations would remain where they are though.
Otherwise, the top floor of Walker (the gym) is
FILM
converted into an acting workshop surrounded by
1. Large screening
meeting and office spaces and workrooms.
For
collaboration between film/video and drama there
need to be a couple video facilities there, too.
1500sf
-fixed seating for 200+
-sound and light locks
Small screening and studio
800sf
-more informal than large screening
Assumptions about the building:
-probably an exterior stair and elevator
tower
-the main high space of the gym would probably remain relatively clear, with permanent structures built in there as seating,
etc.
-the balconied areas would probably be kept
-may be used for variety of activities
Video studio
800sf
-taping and screening
Small seminar, screening capacity
2. Headquarters and sec'y
3 fac'y work and teaching offices @250
3. projection booth/room
sound room, sound transmission @100
400sf
400sf
750sf
200sf
200sf
135
8 film edit @100
800sf
1 film cutting (Kellar machine) @100
100sf
4 video edit @80
320sf
video mixing
600sf
video sound
500sf
film vault (secure, temp-humidity
controls)
200sf
film equipt cage and office for
technical assistants
600sf
video storage, cage and office for
technical assistants
500sf
4. public waiting (screening room spilloutd 200sf
film common room with lockers
300sf
Film would also have a research space associated
with the TEA, along with use of the TEA spaces
themselves.
136
CALCULATION FORMULAS
APPENDIX:
1.
Solarium Temperature (Instantaneous)
y
Tsolarium =
Toaru
=
Temperature in Solarium
H
sun
=
Insolation in (Btu/hr)
H
=
Heat Gain, from people, appliances, lights, etc.
H
c
=
Heat loss from conduction (Btu/hr 0F)
Hinfilt.
=
Heat Loss due to air infiltration Btu/hr OF
T
=
Temperature of outside air
other
ou L
2.
sun
other + T
out
H + H
c
infil
Solarium Temperature (Instantaneous)
Night
Hs.wall Tin + Tout (Hc +Hinfilt)
Tsolarium
+
+
H
wall + Hc
other
Hinfilt
H
s. wall
T.
in
T
out
H
=
Heat loss to solarium from base through south wall (Btu/hr 0F)
=
Temperature in Base Building ( F)
=
Temperature of outside air ( F)
=
Heat loss due to conduction through solarium wall (Btu/hr
H
inf ilt
Hother
= Heat loss due to air infiltration through solarium wall (Btu/hr
C
F)
= Heat gain from other sources, i.e. lights, people, appliances.
F)
137
3.
Daily Solarium Average Temperature (24 Hours)
H
T.
solarium av.
+ H
Hsun
(H
c
H
sun
other
H
c
Hinfilt
4.
H other
H
))+
infilt 24
+ T
out av.
= Daily heat gain from insolation
= Daily heat gain from other sources
= Heat loss due to conduction (Btu/hr 0F)
= Heat loss due to air infiltration (Btu/hr OF)
Change in Storage Temperature in Solarium During Day
6Tstorage
Tstorage
H
sun
=
H
-LtT+LT
HT t Tinitial + HT Tout
sun
(H.C. + HTt)
=
2
change in heat storage temperature (assumed = air temp. of solarium)
= Daily insulation Btu/day
= Total heat loss through solarium wall (Conduction + Infiltration) (Btu/hr OF)
HIT
t
= duration of day (hours of sunlight)
T.
initial
Tout
= initial
H.C.
= heat sotrage capacity of thermal mass
=
storage temperature in the morning
daily air temperature maximum
138
5.
Change in Storage Temperature During Night
A storage
=
HTt Tinitial - (HTt Tout)
H.C. + HT t/2
Tstorage
= Change in
HT
= Total heat loss of Solarium;
t
= duration of night time cooling
Tinitial
= initial
Tout
= Night minimum air temperature
H.C.
= Thermal heat storage capacity
Thermal Storage Temperature of Solarium
storage temperature;
Conduction and Infiltration (Btu/hr OF)
temperature at end of day
139
FUTURE EXPANSIONS
PLANTED FORM
Shelter Belts
Gardens
Plantings
Water
POINT THERMAL SOURCES
Hearth, Fireplace, Stove
Lamps, Infra red Lamps, Heaters
Solar Storage
Heat Diffusers, Radiators, Convectors
Air Conditioners, Heat Pumps, Furnaces
140
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