52
minute.
~elieved
Neverthelss3, he
iFmigrant
f~milies
that a total of 20,000 additional
t~e
couli enter Palestine and be absorbed into
economy Buccessfully.
Ths first eight
ye~rs
of
im~igration
under the Mandate showed
excellent overall rosults for the National Home.
The Jewish proportion
of the entire population of Palestine in 1 0 20 was
16.8~ cD~p~red
t~e
with 111 in In22, the year of
inception of
t~e
Mandate.
There
were 154,330 Jews in Palestine as the decade of the 1920's ended.
Economic conditions beEan to iEprove in Palestine with the
of the 1930's;
immi~ratiDn
and
opportunity.
conseque~t
~ajor
beg2n to rise because of new prosperity
However, a different reason was the
cause of a vast wave of
Mandate in the 1930's.
ap~roach
im~igration
that characterized the
This was the arrival of Nazism in Europe.
In 1 0 30, the immigration
la~s
were revised in order to prevent
undesirable growth of popul&tion in Palestine.
To help rectify
the problems of persons of independent means (c2tegory A immigrants)
lacking sufficient funds to establish themselves after enterins
the country, the capitEl requirements for this classification were
raised from 500 pounds sterling tD 1000
po~nrts
sterling,
alt~ou5h
some provisions were left for indjviduals with leSE than this sum
to
im~i~r8te.
simi1er
t~
category B (those
im:~igrunts wit~
characteristics
those in class A, but wIthout the capital on_hand)
totally eliminated.
T~e
classifications of
8up~orted
orphans, students, and reli5iou8 fisures were chansed.
w~s
persons,
Im~igratiDn
levels remained f2ir1y low at this time, however; 4,Q44 Jews entered
the country in 1 0 30.
Nevertheless, there wos a wind of change
blowins in the air in lQ30.
The British 50vernment wes forced to examine its responsibilities
in Palestine because of the violence th2t had so far marred its
53
its administration of the
-
SJvermr.ent issued
On October 20, 1030,
British
t~e
white paper (sometimes called tl1e rassficld Faper)
2.
on policy in Falestine.
of previous
~andate.
immi~ration
Several reservations r8sardins the effects
policy were ncted.
The Passfield Paper
steted t'::v,d "im:;:igro"tion should no lone;er be determined by the test
of
t~e
country's economic absorptive cap2city,
~ut
that other
conslderetions ••• such &s 'wide spread suspicion' (of
and the desirability
o~ im~rJvin=
Je~s
'mutual relRtions' (of Arabs and
"l"
'
" t 0 conSluera
" -'l
t"10n. 117 0
Jews ) ••• srrOD
0 'De taKsU
In
The Faper mentioned
that a2 lOll:.': as Arc.bs belie'lee. th2t Je'"'is:l imr:llgration
them economicolly,
the belief
of Are,b
t~ct
rel:tio~s
Je~lsh
enployme~1t;
should be sU:3pended.
would be poor.
Imli2r~tiDn
The Paper also
fill its
~h3
shou15 depend uron the condItion
Paper of 1 0 30 o.lso express-d
~{hit,::e
Je~i8h
r32ction
undGr
w~s
reiterated its
t~e
pacityas
to ful-
lIe;;l ('}1':' t
"~, 1:
impo~"ed
UCO,l
the
5~rowtt
c.t,
1"
C
S
-+-u0.
q
t~n:on
JV •. ,\.....- ...... +
lJ
of til::::
the
c13srly a proviso to thd ccncept of economic absorptive
prolTlulc;at9c, in tl'e Churc'1ill rarer of lC'~22.:{]~ere9s
the Churchill Farer mentioned that
-
rurchased
scarce.
~etcrmination
that
ii. t
w~s
beco~in~
l~n'}
Mandate, the reaction of Jewish officials
of the limit,:tiort8 v;'nic'1 must be
Parer
land wus
availa~le
ZDvernmc~t
Dbli~~tions
Bt~ted
should t:-::is be 3.:1versely affected, im)::isration
for this purpose, since
the
hurtinG
IVi:'S
reservations about the ability to further settle JeNs on
Althou~~
by Arabs) •••
im~i~rsticn
shouldn't
~8~riv2
c~-
54
-
which were
Ho:,.ue.
his
As~'
~Dsiti~n
~~e
III it,
-.vorlc-l
-
EU1d
In
~his
a thrsat tc the Jewish National
cJns~ituitin5
result of t.li2 cuter;!, PrL,s ==ini2ter
sn ?alestins
Dolic~
reaffirmed Brit:l.in's
in
cJmmitt~:e~jt
to
I':acDonE'lc.
early
1~30's,
eco~D~ie
CDil~ition2
~8C2use
of crop
f~ilures
d~e
r
:J 3 [~,
C",
1. t
t:--·(~
to
wer2
~rou3~t
clarified
:~acDonald
letter to Dr.
~
n'Jt just those in PaJectine.
t~8
til2
as
regcr~ed
Weiz~ann
in 1931.
:e ' ,]::, in 811 of t:-:e
G.ckno1!rled3e~
2~a2n
an~
that
set back.
locu~ts.
3ut
~~ 0 : 1 _~
8Y1tered
entry of 3,730
~er8Drs
in
1~~2.
Thus, there were in reality at least
In J..f'·33, Arabs
tl~~[-tt
-
~,re2,r.
Still,
t~~e
31'"1itj_s~'~
hel,j
0
e.s t to
t~l::;il'
course.
In its
55
-
of 2azi power in 8ermsny, ani
2s~oclrte~
JeNish
cDms~nit~
~t~
iss~ed
a manifesto in
there and in
fear c2used
e=:rrsE~ed
J...~,
r sections of
+
r
ccn~e~ned
'_11';1,.....'" V
b~
anti-secitism 2g2inst the
t~eir
persuaded
~urore,
t~e
nev sett.lers,
acqulsitiJTI of land in
t~e
countr~,
it.
besan that year
They
pre8s~red
u ~e~ c~~;ai~n
against such SSl20
Je~3.
The Arrbs,
to
ArGbs.
t~s
to prevent
wer2
ho~ever,
Th~
Jew:8~
~nd
~:re
on a
c~.rric~
uns~cce88ful
l~nd
in
transfers.
of Dr::
~13n
n~zed
rc~tralcln:
in Falestins
~o~ul~ti:n
0:\
II-- ~
w~s
brou:tt to
370,483 Clut Jf 1,336,5:L:3 Iclestinians ir.. totc;l,:-:cikilJ::; tLe Jews
27.7~
of
t~E
population.
settled in urb2n
cultiv~jle
l~nd
are~s,
-- a
If
t~8
fi~ure
Jewis~
rural
!8ci~ration
c~ntinue6
~Dpu1~tion ~ossesced
!ntoler~ble
at
t~D2e
12; of the
to the Ar3bs.
?or the Ar[l1Js, thE:re s::08rr:ed to be no redress for t"ese
-
t~'ley
were Derely inforr:ec1oy tl:e
~ration
levsls h8dn't
Eurr~82e~
~1~t~
the
Con,',isEioncr tli,.t
6et~rrninsd
of the country, anJ therefore, accorCin: to the
eCJnomic
~2nd~te,
t~'}e
in.;.. i-
R~sorptive
t~E;
entry
caracitY
riots in
Palesti~e.
roliticEl 3rn 0=
Palestini:c-[l
t'-~e
.Ar~'0s,
2::
crgt:;:nizec1 on Avril
a
secsr:> 1 strite tllrcu(:lOut t>:<. c:juntry to pretest t':V? conc.itioYl2
6efiBDce of
L-JDd
to
Jr~ti2~
roysl
~te
•
_
_
1·:~,'C0·,_1_,~pr,l
~
ter~in2t~d
~~s
Arc:bs.
t~_2
On
t1.1'_
+w.....~~
'-'
the
CO~~i2siDn
d:.y of
1·7r~t1~~
~
Lv V - . ..... _..:..
r~sDlved
tc settle the
~ttemrtin:
to Fale2tine tJ investigate th2 abrasive
Ar~bs
rral"Jt··.
t~le
WR2 slow in
sover~~G~t
com2i2si~n
if
t~6re,
l'E
aut Drity.
s::tles.
~b
~
~ov8~umental
t~28
"l~Qn'~
~
_
V
!_'.
Tl18
strl~8.
Ar~
bE
~;;S l'le
situ~tion
C:)~)
1 to
left for Falestine in the fsll of
CDl1kission's dererture,
2
~~ltccl
__ c
....... t
of the
f~~
.
l./.J...
tD refuse to cDoperate
t~c
~_,
~I'r~tl·rn
1...-1
<...-~ J
~ ....
"....
.......
w~tt
;:,
..
""1
""1
~eCloe0
was referred to
new
~s
":"'1,, __ ,
U.:..JC
".L
IG
W~8
In
..
reel Corr.,_,is2ion
57
alarrr: &t
t~~s
extent, 0.':' lcmd trG.nsfer'E'.
c')untry.
~~8
economic
2~2orrtive
~hLJ8
tile'
caracity could
ve
~e?n
incre~sed
due to
Com ission believed tLut, in 8.ocUticn to
SiCel cor:sicerations 8,:10 indeed
tion.
~~
e~;tim2te
of
an~T
sLle> !l1otter
ttO~
'-
•
i~
"/L~n~e
G!lL.c
~,
U
-"n'-~~n~e-L
....:.
~i.;;j}-_~Cl..LI)_ .. LlL,
~rr-ltLCl..··l_::-~
·.·,r·,_Jl~l._~,
_, _
10,~,O
'- _
-~'_oun'.~~,
~j
_
immisrants ;l.::d :J8C01Tie so extensive due to
The Commission sus:ested 125811zin:
immie;rants
t~len
rine-.
CO"Tr~:8sion
Thr.:
t~e
,
t~je
__
~Ll.~rl-_·.'_Yl,,~
~':;
_1~
~
s~_tlJ8tiDn
C,',.:·,
~ ~ -_"Ll'~_~~)
-'
'I~~
_~
in Europe,
status of [11 the illicit
in Falcstine, but <;:dvised ti:1at a srecie'l frontier
r,r=r1osed t,',ct the burden of rroving authoriza-
tion for residence in Palestin? be pla.ced upon the immicrant.
-
immigr~ticn
sisht reach, but not
8·f
ths absolute detsrEinant of
immicraticn for the period in question.
reCJm:cYl'Je5 1;het for' tl,l3
a ceilinc of 12,000
~he
Commission therefJre
five yeC';,rs immizri tion be limiteJ to
nE-)'~t
entries each ye2r.
authori~ed
This
~roposition
was cri ticizE;j by Jewish 3.utltori ties a.s a violE tLm of the :::anclc.-;te
and a repudiation
li tcmy of t
T~(;
o~
the 3alfour Declaration -- the
s Ice In :.,;18 cDnflict in Falestine.
.....
:~E;
•
.J... .,
ICel Comrr:ission offered aY'cother radicE,l idea for Gealing
with the problem of t118 rc:arcdClte.
Palestine into Arcb
cm(~
saw fit, without
The British
7, 1 () :3 7, iss u e d a
~he
governmc~t
parer annocnced
th~t
recomflGr~ced
a l·ertition of
i~~i~ratiDn
tb(~
into their country os
t~ey
Arab animosity.
arousin~
ivhit e
It
Jewish sktes. Under thie ar:os.ne:er:lent,
Jews wDuld be able to conduct
.-
now-f~mili[r
was interested in the idea and
t:' ape rae c e p tin:; the pol icy
a
pla~
of partition
~o~ld
0
f
1.= art i
O~
July
t ion.
be investisuted,
-
and pending comfletioD
o~
this plRn, Jewish
pro j e cted
WOll
113 be prohibited; in a/tel '1.. ti on, iml:;ii3ra tion
resi ODE
Ar:~b
l~n~
in
rurc~a8es
wO'Jle be ref:i;ricted to a limit of 8,00C er.trc'.nts from all cate50ries.
But
3~fter
commission appointed to
th~;
inveptl~2
te pErti ticm p088ibili-
tjes filed three unsatisfactory schenes, the 3ritish 30vernment
abandoned the attempt to parcel the country.
In 1932, economic conditions were poor in Palestine due to
another
boycott ejlneD D_t protestins f:overnment policies.
Ar~c.b
conditions in Europe wene so much worse for the Jews; thus
t~e
derrand for immigration was hi3h.
to handle
on
An immigration ordinance pEssed
situation contained among its provisions a new limit
t~e
The
immi~rati)n.
in addition he
c~uld
in that fie:ure.
Commissioner in Palestine WES eEpowered
Hi~h
to determine the total
~umber
of
imci~rants
to be allowed in, and
determine the proportion of Jews to be included
Thus t1''.e Je';JS would no
lon[~er
pcssess
status for imJi3retins into Palestine, accordinG to
hAve
bee~
expected -- the scheme was in apparant
of Mandate bans on discriminatory laws.
the controversial
W:J.S
provlBlD~
1()~3,
exrir~ti)n
beca~e
to over
TllUS
raside~ts
hC8,COC --
possibilities WEre
realized
t~at
th~t
t~e
ent~re
W2S
a~81yzed
conflict
tot8~1
a-r~d
~~B.rch,
extended
exte~sion,
p~st
12,818
lOY', over 22,000
of Palestine, brinzing the Jewish
of the
ordinance
Conditions in
Under this
from AU2:ust, 1937 to
2e,.6,;
mi-ht
Betvreen August, 10?7
the ordinance
date te March 31, 1 0 39.
Jews immigre' ted.
Jews
h~~ever,
13.8
Becnuse of this reaction,
9,600 immi::ronts enterec [8lestine.
Palestine were such,
plan.
contr~dicti~n
eliminated, and the
set to expire on T-1arch 31, 1938.
:r-larch,
its
W~~
slecial
c~.
t~i8
There was immense Jewish reaction ag2inst this policy,
-
Yet
popul~tion
[:'opuleticn of ',h,:: country.
and rejected, the British government
W~E
irreconciliable wit 'out a nir8cle
60
occurrin:.
~hus
ths government
to c110:8e a rolicy in which
h~d
responsibilities.
~he
formula
t~e
30vernment devised
promulgated
w~s
in t}-;.e White Paper Df 103°.
~fhite
Par,er (after the Prime l"linister, ic:alcolm
in a climate of desperRtion and worry.
Europe had degenerated into war.
havin~
its effect upon the
I'~acDonc)ld),
l'VEtS
issued
The political situation in
German and Italian proposanda was
Ar~bs.
~he
British realized that their
vital interest lay in retaining the goodwill of the Arabs, in order
to keep the JvTiddle East stable.
This necessity, combined \,rlth the
problem the British had encountered during the entire attempt to
establish the Zewish National Home, lad to a
decidedl~
pro-Arab
policy by the British government.
Tlv f.'IacDonald
by the
Briti~3h
it fUrther
~'lhi
ts h, per
goverrx:ent to establish
s-~1:1t,ed
t~,:::t
that it
decl:~,red
&
1tlP S
neiTer intended
Je\vish StG.+,e in fcclestine;
tc:·lc'ce tl,e Arabs under
E,
Je1tliBh stc::te
against the former's will was contrary to British responsibilities.
The Jritish, the raper said, wished to create a unified stat2 of
Arabs and Jews.
The Parer stressed the need to
the termination of the Mand2te.
would be
resul~ted
~e~in
~l~nninz
for
The Paper also said that immigration
more strictly by means of a quota of 75,000
immiITrants to be admitted over the following five yeers; illegal
immigration was to be deducted
that
-
permiss~ble
1trithout
t~1e
the
the schedules.
Subsequent to
wave of entry, no further imrrigration woulj occur
cons2nt
o~
the opinion -:'!:1[-"t "His
w~en
~rom
immi~ration
t~le
Ar--:')2.
?in21ly, the
l'lajost~TI8}overnmer:.t
',,'1'_i~e
Is,peer expressed
are sstis[j.c,c_
t~~.8.t,
over five ye2rs which is now contemrlpted h[8
61
~e
taken p12ce, they will not
-
unde:~
tl1ey be
O~
t~e
Jewis~
obli~a tion
any
Natio~21
f~lci1i t3
to
resar~lesF
their
document
r~;8t
been vain.
WeS
of the wishes
Th(:; Je 1.,:1sh populC'.tioD \ou1d h8ve r2acl1ed
1/3 of the total porulation at the ces9ction of
~hi8
tbe first full
a~mission
efforts to achieve pe2ce a'-1o
Noneti'lsless, t:'c: Fe.fer
d~0
unit~T
in
immi~rRtion.
by the British that
}'Et18stil~e
in~posed
b)T
he-d all
sreak of tice 'need f::r cDoperC'~ranted
tion between Jew and Arab before independence would be
e..cc·orc, one 'iVo\Jld be
nor will
te, tiie furVler develoJ;:ment
im~iEration
Home by
of the Arcb population. "S6
f~cilit~tin=,
justified in
the Sr1t:'Lsr.
seem to represent a continuance of PS2t
Such
~olicy;
CJ
to
statement 'I[ould
in effect it was.
cor: t inui n= EroHth of t :1.3 Je'.'1181: Na t i one I Homs fr om the formu18. for
the develorm3nt of
im7izrat~Dn
PD12-ti~e,
~ecause
diffic~lty
of the
th2t Jewish
had created for Britain -- an action drastic and
im-~rope r und::or the terms of t he l'=and[~ te. 87
The
cha~[es
that
i~rni~r~tion
pr2vious T'olicy stat2ments.
of tho Nation&l Home
w~s
Tl~e
wrou3ht durin[ the course of the
1(l22
Churc'~i11
a detriment to the
IFr.;er s'poke of tl1e
cou~try,
and therefore
any imrr;igration Nhicl) contributecl, tCl this sro\.rth hac. to be
The Paper st..::tec th: t 3ri k.in
nothinp' in the
S,'CW
1·~ancl~lt2
chec~:ed.
"..:hic1-::
indicated th,-t the Jewish YatiGDul Home could not be established
Hi thou:' ::nde fin1 te irr:ui.::ra tLm.
The 1922
need to re,sulate imndzrat10n accordi'-::; to
caracity of the country.
The
lO~o
W~it6
tT'.l1i te
T
tl~e
Parer spoke of the
ec:momic a'osorrtive
PEper st8ted
t~at
t
62
~he
re8ctians of Jews and Arabs were predictable.
ae:hast at wlwt trey vim·red
13.2.
Jews were
crystalllzation of the Natlonal
t~s
c ial bas is of t 1,8 Je'.V"ish c ommuYli ty in Pale s tine, Ivhicb vTaS heavi ly
tied to irnmi:::;rlltion,
fear
WGS
'.,,£lS
beiTIe left as
being curtai12d.
t~e
But the Je\'!s
I
gre[ltest
permanent minority at the han0s of Arab
to c008erate
.
w~t~
the Jews iYl develorinT
.
~
cooperation.
The only
ch~Yl3e
W~G
t~~t
the Jews we n
3
now at a
deci1ed jisadvantage.
The covernment
\'l~B
Paper
detc:r1,in:::Q to sticl: to the rolicy o:f
&n~
not to
rstre~t
from
•
.L
102
:~lans
t~le
un,~_er
m"
.LJ12
~arch,
Into, and between April
immi~r2tion
-
RYld
1 0h l, there
w~s
DO
lesal
cermitted
due to the the extent of illicit
..
".
':-llTI -I-'-'
-
J~ne,
Dr th,-::; trcdltionrl interpretation
left in t1:-:2
administration of Palestine.
63
--
1039.
The
made an attempt
SDvern~ent
t~
iffip1sffi2nt the principles
'The
consequent upon proof of the ability of the Arcbs
in
CODperat~
adrninisterin~
t:: 75,00C persons over
t~lf;
an~
Immi:rstion
Palestine.
fo1lo 1'Ting five years,
be rcstricted
N~ulj
P3
Jews
~~e
stp,ted in
'f[!lS
t':1e raper.
Roth t l 13
a~d
d:str~2t
Ar~bs
anJ tha
Je~s
~rou=ht
tleir traditional aniGositiss
to th2 conferenGs.
with immisr&tion being
Js~,m
froc' be i
an hrab
-
left in i11inori ty s tc; t us oe f'rovided.
:~':.::
r2prese~tat!ve,
requested th t
soon as poscible, and t':1at
im~ed12te
and land purchases be enacted.
inde~8ndence
';2.mal al-Husaini,
be
sran~e:
cessatlon of Jewish
The conference
restDr:~
t~erefDre
RS
i~~i=ration
ended in
the same blLld alley tlw.t all other attempts tel 'orins peace \vound
up in.
'furtiffiG brought a Dsasure of uneasy peace to Palestine as
W2r efforts 18d to increased
monitDri~c
of d:sruptive activity
and as tlle government obtained be2rudsin3 cooperation from the Jews
and ~he Are~b.s .89
Post-war ye,::,rs
S2.1<!
the 3ri tisil sovernment attempt
to set up apparatus by which Palestine
resr,onsibi11ty.
provinces, much like
that
t~e;e
be set free
Characteristic of :1. couplE: of t:2'=; mc,jJi' prof.osDls.
Mo:"'rison Sch<3me ['roposed tr'at
an~
co~ld
t~le
old
t~lere
be Ar2,bic,
p2rtitio~
ndministratio~s
JeHis~l
schellies would
h2ve control
ove~
and 3ri tish
~rve
e8~2blishe~,
immi3ration,
~ubject
64
February, 1 0 47 propose] similEr provisions for
for indepsnJence,
c~llic:
administ!'c::tions, Ii its
constituent assembly.
for
and establishment of a
3ut V1e Bevin Flan we.s presente,.). jon
Ernest 3evin, stated
tcle Eouse of
Forei~n
Affairs in 1 0 45
of state fer
Com~on2
th~t
~he
when he
W~2
a
to the Jews of
commit~ent
the
3lob~1
t~e
context
Secretary
T~erefor€,
t~e
world had to be counter-balanced by
to the Moslems or the world -- and considerin3 thct
KDsle~
populrtion was over five times Inr3er than the size
of World Js'·.ry, this commitment t:J the IJIoslem world
become the more important one.
--
3,
Rttitude of the Moslem
world had to be considered in dealin3 with Palestine.
cJrn~itment
Falestine
of local Jewish and Arabic
are~s
i::~'l.:L:~r8,tion,
OD
prsr?rin~
Je"ry in relf:.;ttion to Fs.lestine
of placatinc a Duch l&rser
Thus the
W,)S
~heir
~ornelnnd
t::e nec':?ssi ty
sradual whittling away
to establish throu:h
of the Britlshmsnt C01c:itment to "t'1e
displaced from
obviously
status of World
s~eclal
over;;!helmedl)~T
i~tere3t.
1:[0'116
for so many ye· r8 -- was cDmpleted.
The problem in ccntrollins Jewish immiGration Dversh9dowed the
f8.ct
t~1[;lt
there'd's siGnific[clt Ars.b irw isretion occurrins, 2nd
that this influx
1,[[,;.S
8,1so prcvir:=
During the
ten
ye~rs
~irGt
trouo~esome
tc: the Xandate.
of the civil administration in Faleotine,
more Arc; 08 'd8re lee_ vi ns t 1-:e c Dun try thar. 'lere snteri ne; it becD. use
of poor economic con:J.itions.
As tlle economy
improve~
in t:,e 1 0 30's,
the trend reversed itself, but in a manner disturbins to the British.
.--
The bulk of Arab immisration occurred illegally •
Arabs
o~ten
Trans-JDrdan with
crossed the Palestinian frDntle" from Syria and
Dff~c12l
S8Dction.
Resl~ents
of Syrinn jistricts
fDr
te~porary
pass&ce
~ntD
Palestine.
30wever, many of
t~SG3
Arc,be from Trans-Jordan
,-{ere per;nitt'3G t'D \vorlc se::\30:12lly in Pe,lestine -- but m&r:y settled
in the cou':1try 1!litbout
permis~:i'Dn.
TDe
?r:tti8~1
encountere:], zreat
(Ef£'iculty \'(len they attecJptec, to strenstben t':eir precautions
ag::inst sucre illeyl settleTli8Lt.
The
-:=:r~ t1_s~1
trir.::c1 in 1935 to
introduce a system of identification papers for all Trans-Jordrn
ye<cr th'c, t th::: arr&,n2;ement
'lt13,S
le r3e ly uns uc ces 2 ful in curbinG the
8. 0U2,es.
In fcwt, tl1e number of illeS,ll non-Je"i'rish 3ettlers in the
country Hc,S
~rea ter
than tLe number of Jel:rish ones.
3et\.,-'een 1933
and 1939, 11,601 persons in the country illicitly were deported.
-
Of tbese, 10,145 ~ere non-Jews -- a figure equivalent to 80% of the
authorized non-Jewish immi3ration for the perio~.00
ille2;fls were Arabs.
It is hard to estiKDte how
c ountr:r , but the figure must have been hieh.
8~ny
Many of these
were in the
The 5Jvernor of
J'
C Cle
Huarci.TI district in Syril.c estimated tbc:t loet,'leen 30,0(;0 and 36,000
l r-'~4
-':J • nl
Palestini,Ul disturbcH1.ces and were of U'1.C::ssir'ble
c~~E:rDcter.
Yet
Jewish infr2cticns Jf th3 imcicrrtion codeS. The Jeportatioll fizvres
don! t
see,,;~
-l:. J
'bear out tlli s alleGa ti:::;n.
But it
T'Ic;
s undoubtedly
66
o~
,,-
t~8
-,,711i te
Arab
porul~ce,
FEe r'er i
Pa1esti~e
nj icc~ t.e
S'let:
a ne:::a.
• .\ memcrundura the.',!
it to undertake
~he
,::'-,Yet
to
t~~e
United Fations requested
development of a solution to the problem of
t"le 3r1 tiEl';. -'rere no clD3er
soIvinc:
t~e
t:;
o~ t~2
~2S
weI":;
a
United
~atiDns'
d~sturbi~=
t~~
!3s~e2
de1iberaticns
occurrence tJ
D~
eventu~l
l&nd and
t~e
W08
Arcbs
t~e
Df
partition of
outco~e
F~lestine
Palestine -- ofter all,
3~lf-3Dvernffient.
~c~nDwic
crievenc28
these issues would not have been so upsett.inG to the Arabs -- at
des::"res of t::e Zion:Lsts in r3t'Jrcir:.,: Je':is t:.; '::L',lestine.
,-
e'--:-~~::,:::::er
the pSrf10YL 1 live" of t>ce Arccbs t"
t
t"e
adament Gliiositio:J
67
i~8tituitians
f~r
Arab sslf-::vernIent.
:olicies
l,Tl:t:l.c], at~2~~ted
tD
r~cQ~cile
3. Violation of
prsventio~
b~
t~e
3rit~sh
privils3cd
;Js~tion
t~sir
of
influence thEt this posit50D
self-rul~.
Lr~rted
- 1J'::-:::
+
,~
u.
a~0
ri:hts
4.
[osition beccuse
~he
unjl1stifictble
t~em.
given numsrOl1S rroEJises 0.:'::
in~erenderce
En~
srvereisnty, such
in
-
st ted
.L
ls
~.
.
.L
LJ
,..L
.,
-,
CO~~8n0e0
tl~~~
.
L
explained t:;.., t
••
l~
civen the icpression
t~at
Falestine
W~2
tc
~e
:r~nt2(
inJepe~dence
Sever?l investiC2tive
c:~~ission2
C orres f'orlc.en::e.
of Sritish administrrtion
wit~
t~e
0istinct
i~~r2ss1D~
t~~~
the:
.aspirations were to be held subject to those Gf
'>'Iere infuric: ted.
. 'tS
rlf:SD
Zionlsts, they
The influx of [olitical Zioni8ts iDto Falestine
Tl~e
due
t~e
initi~l
2ccertance by some Ar2b leaders
Bspir3tionf' •
France in
th~
development of a free Syria, lSi' to
t~e
~ullificatiDn
refute: Zion'st
l~nds
W2re free,
rC21i~8tiDn
~f
Ar:b
indcr2nj8~ce
cD~ld
not be
c12i~s
, •
cODsidere:i
"c; 1.J
8C.~leVGCi.
.
.-
• • +
S·lr1,"Ol
~.
in F31estine.
freedo~
residsnce in the
t~eir
the
~eter8in8
2.00
!here Cccurrents
the
cou~tr7
intentio~G
c'.'ld
=:a:'1:~s.te,
of the
CYJICI
8e~Te~
was of no
Britis~
t~
Arabs to
t~e
cDnsequ8~ce.
from
As Shaw and
pU.pers.
t~ssc
of Arab
in~ependence.
Declaration anj the OCandate as
in February, 1 0 22, informed
t~e
an:} ordered
Ho~e
le[iti~~te
3ri t ish C01 on1al Of ric e th.::'. t t:ley
~!ich
two documents to be an affront to Arab sovereiGnty
a practicle obstacle ••• to the concession 12ter cf
'I(l~
national lnaepenaence..:"1
...,
The Arabs developbd a ;reat fear for their own
because
of t '1e
c;::.
t~-le
the
charters -- Arab 12aders
position of Are,.o intransigence \,ritt. the Handatory.
cj
cre~ted
~ean
The Arabs never accerted the 3alfour
were unacceptable, and the Arab Executive formed a policy
cDnsidered
3ut the
only presume thEt it lv-as the Je1:TS c:m5 not
the Arabs whD were to benefit by these; such benefit would
blockin~
r318~'
Zionist cl13"llsn2:s a "::"1:3 tbe
:lc"n:2c"~efs
Br~_tisb
provisions which s2.nctioned it.
well-bein~
acministreticm
The Ar2bs ,,"rere
te
well
.-.
of ZioniE;t
8.vl8re
in LOD.1:)!: at the
[~ctivity
of the
t~me
~18r
Cabinet's deliberations on Dost-wLr policy -- 1en2ral Clayton
race of
pro~ress
the Zionist
~OVGIent
wilitary governor of Palestine reporte6
were fearful of a Zionist
As
tl~e
continue~l,
B.
concsptiDn of
,,07
exronents.'
f;~vor8:}
The
~ionist
Com~is2ion
tl-;.e Je,ls over
~:1e
Ialestininn Ar2bs
riots f1c:rec from tllese
~ue
titet
re~,orted
"fec::11n2 an;one; the Are.os
with, ani hostility to, the Jews,
Ar~bs')
t~~t
The nBycraf'c, CCni','ission
of 1020 vrere caused b',
the?
2 C ,-: 1
ta~sover.
pace of imnie:ration
fears of the Arsbs.
,. e v 1. n c •.06
was
0:'
discontent
to po1iticcl ani econowic
policy as perceived from
reporteJ
Arabs; V-:'Et
too much Euthority in FelestiDo;
t..J '1')
__ 0.
tU
riots
tl~e
si~ilar
t~le
c~uses
Jewis~
underlyinG
Zionist Corr;:isshm
the country was
bein~
[1'-
d
overrun
t'-:.re:::tenin2: J.rc:J 1ivslihood; and that im:1'ic;rc:mts 1;1ere 30lshevilcs
and of
un~esirable
ChGrBcter.
The Arabs cculd hardly be expected
negative attitudes.
The Shaw Commission reporte rl that the Zionist
Or5anizatiJ~'2
tendency to disregard "'::.>e imeJiEra"':,ion r·o1icy ()f the 1 0 22 :'Jhite Par',,"r
was
knO~1
to the Arabs; coupled with the belief that Jews had
excessive influsnce with the
govern~ent,
this led Arcb leaders to
justify their uncertainty about the future of
-
1.
' ·1 ne • 08
n P
a l
est,
~ .
gcvern~ent
~overnment
policy
'I'he Ar:< bs kneH th:c t t 11e Zi onis ts press ured the
to admit large numbers of immigrants; analysis of the
effect this Zionist
~olicy
of larS8 scal(
immi~r~tion
h: J led to
71
t~1Gt
tIle conclusion
-
"t':ie claims c.nd de:-r.c.nds vihic'l from V,e Zicnist
side h' ve been adV8.nr::ed in re
c::
~
r:' to t"lle future
0:"
Jev'l'isJJ im.TioTetion
'-'
into Falestine heve been suell as to arouse aprrehension in
. d
mln.
11 00.
The
pollc~T
Are.!:)
th~
of "packins as many JeONS into FelestinE' as
possible,tI promulgated by several prominent Zionists such as
Ruppin and Jsbotinsky, was not 1ma3ined by the Arabs out of paranoia;
it was reality.
ties
It wes found that the consequences of Jewish activi-
-- which involved this ideal of imoisration -- gave Arab
leaders a means to convince their fcllovters th: t "a continuance of
Je~ish
immisration and land purchases could have no other result
than that the Arabs would in time be deprived of their livelihood
and ••• misht ultimately come under the political domination of the
Jews. tllOO
The
bul~
of Arab exasperation stemmed from the Mandate and its
implementati'Jn.
The FCllestinian Arabs argued that the
I\:and~ite
wo.D
a violation of the portion of the Covenant of the League of Nations
which encoure.ged the development of independence for the Arabs.
Ar~bs
The
of Falestine believed they were as advanced as the Arabs of
other areas lOl and wpre entitled to the same form of Eandate as other
territories received, without the 3alfour Declaration included as a
que,lifier.
'rhe Aro.bs (:"lso maintained thet Bri tc:in was required to
set up self-governins instituitions for Palestine which I-roul'.:: lead
to Arab rule; the fcilure of the British to do so led to Arab
concer~
that their rights and position were goin3 to be violated, des;ite
injunctiDns tn t':1e MancJ[:te to prevent this. Britain contended th2.t
such action as the Arabs desired '\vould infringe upon the pledge to
the Jews of establishing the National Home in Palestine.
-
The Arabs
also argued th9t article 6 of the 1,Iandate, which concerned immigration, actually entailed restrictions upon imni5ration depending
72
on how it was encroaching upon Arab rights; Britain rejected this
notion and relied upon the policy of the economic absorptive
capacit~r
of Palestine to reguLte :.mmigre.tion.
So it appeered
to the Arabs that Jewish imrrigration was more important than the
Arab's rights as a people.
h'hen Bri tc!.in proposed prosrams to develop self-governing
instituition3, the
the plans.
'~he
Ara~2
often found
f~ult
witb the rrovisions of
first governins body established wae the advisory
council formed by HiCh Commissioner Sir Herbert Samuel.
of appointed me!:1bers v.,rho had no fOHer to
It consisted
Britain planned
legislc~te.
in time to replace this body with an elected leGislative council
as described by Sir "i'1inston C[}urchill in th9 1 0 22 '.'Tti te Paper; this
Ccngress woulc: lwve cont::,j:ned botl:. cffic:ia 1
the :iiZh Com1dssioner servin= .
convened.
~~e Ar~bs
C'
Presirler:.t.
elect8c'! merlcers, ',lith
ar~d
3ut
V~cis
'.:lady
~'fP..S
never
objected to the plan on grounds that it didn't
give them sufficient control over their affoirs, notably immigration;
this objection came despite Arab dissatisfaction with the Advisory
Council, which they
as a mockery of self-government as
reG~rded
propounded by the Mandate.
The Arab Executive issued this reply to
the legislctive council plan:
No constituition which would foIl short of
giving the people of Palestire full control
of their own affairs CQuld be acceptable •.. if
today the people of Palestine assented to any
conet1tuti0n which fell short of 5ivin~ thee
full control of their affairs, they would be
in the position of agreeing to an instrument
of government which misht, and ~robably would
be, used to s~other their national life under
a flood of alien immigration. 102
Nhat is remarkable abollt tti::: rejection is
,-
council plan contained a provision which would
t~-let
h~ve
the legislative
set up an advisory
body of members culled from the council to consult with the High
73
ComDissioner about
-
i~~iGr~tion
m8tters.
The Arabs felt th2t even
this concession offeree: too little control, and
Agency WDuld still
would.
h~ve
more control over
The Arabs felt that only
suit their
therefore, the
nne~s;
Paper of 1922 and maintained
The
fac~
Ar~b
t~at
i~mi3r[tion
representative
~
t"he Je'.1ish
t':~at
than the ArEbs
soverru~ent
coul~
Executive orpoEed the 'fuite
stance
throu~hout
the
is that the government worked closely with the Jewish
Agency, Dn official body representing the minority in Palestine;
this \vorkinE rel:,tionship intensified Arab opinion that Are.b rigllts
were being
W88
subordin~ted
believed by the Arc
to those of the Jews.
1:;2
The Jewish AGency
to be '-Joddn:" -:'or the establishment of
Jewish state in Palestine throuTh
m2S~
Jewish
immi~ration
-
extraordinary control over
th~
character
entering Palestine; many of them were
WES
The J~w~Bh Agency did
aimed pt the creRtion of a Jewish rnojority.104
hCV2
and
;'1
o~
the immigrants
es~entially
soldiers of the
Zionist movement.
To counterbalance this situation, the British
offerse} in 1923
recL'Enize an Ar8.b Agency, which would represent
t~,
Ar&b interests.
The Arab Agency would have have had the
consult the Government about imrnizrntion matters.
was rejected.
privileged
The Arabs were not
Jewi8~
arnons the Arubs
seetin~
E
But this offer
bod! of equal st2nding
AEency as a factor in Falestine.
th~t
to
ri~ht
The feelin3
tt2 Jewish Agency also geve the Jews a sreciel
liaison with the government which they could not achieve also
sparked Arab fury.
The P,rabs believed th: t t:18 Zeds
in the
Britl~)1;
[5overnment.
~he
After the Sh2W
r2~c~t
w·s
acquired too much influence
Ar'-bs contended F,: t numerous policy
Je'.vish influc:mce le:, tc tllF; c'-::1.,-tlnuicl:
aims.
lK,~
fru2trpti~m
is~uod,
the ArGbs
of Arcb [oliticE..l
expecte~
a
h~lt
74
to imrr,iGr3ticn an.j land s'les; thiG cessation did not occur.
,-
in 1030, dele3ates from the Arab Executiv8 were
by the 3ritish
t~ld
e:overnrre'ct thcot tr'f:: ir de'T'c.'nds for parli?cTI'entary sovernment
l~ere
since such a government would 2t that time violate
unacce~table:l
the pron:ie,e
~\iheri,
'~o
the Jews to Bcure the Jewish Na.tion·"l
became further convinced that
holding them back.
~oth
'-101,]2,
"',':8 Ar2.,~Js
the Mandate and the National 30me were
1'i11E:n the Passfield ?aper
ViSS
iseued, the Arabi?
were dissatisfied since it seemed to merely re-propose the 1922
legislatlve c:.uncil scheme; hO'd3ver,
1,·.'ere ashEu:t vT}:}en Jewish
t~}ey
opr;osition to th3 statements of tt",,: 1930 \1l1ite Iat=er led to 1.:.r.e
I',1acDons1c. cl",rific2,ticm, :'Jhjcl: virt\'Flly repudic:tsd tlie CDrlteGt of
the Paper.
This retraction
W9S
cD~8iderej
by the Arabs
t~
be ubsolute
proof th[t Jewish influence in Farlisment was working 83ainst them. IOS
Tbe Arabs bscame
ex:ected from
cocl~
~e
t~ere
~8re
that nc
c~nvincej
cDo~eration
t=, effectively
2. ThH
Ar2~s
pr::oscn~
Incre~sins1y
t:~J)ir
befoce the
1. The
Ar~bs
SOI!(~rn::Jent,
dIstrusted British intentions,-
The Arabs felt that the rlodsss involved
~ere
allo\i the continued flol'! of Je-,lS into the
proper cDnnections with
objectives
th~i~
30verrnnant.
t~e
these two significant causes found:
UllS.bl"::
with
t~e
were
and
bC06US8
of
breached in order to
coun~ry,
to
t.Cl~\:e
it aver
3ritish government, the Ar2bs felt. that
they had little chance of stoPfinc the injusttc3s throush diclogue.
~ith
-
Jewish demand for
Europe at.
t~is
im~igrbtion
time, the
Ar~bs
alre2,dy prcocurioLH: sltu: tion.
hostility occurred.
increasins due to orrression in
perceiv~e
a
w~rssnins
of
t~eir
Therefors, an explosion of sesthins
,-
bec~use
the Jews
~he
of
fQr~er's
This disappointment was
bla~ed
developing the Nation21
HJ~e;
develorment 2nd it
Ar~~s
W3S
u?on
t~2
2ctivit!es of
immi3r~tion
They felt thEt r'a series of
to Falestine;
th~t
~_n
OPfos~tio~
a basic aspect of tllis
corr;:nh~sion2
The
bl~me.
h:'d
~overnment
been 2'2nt
in cech cess they had reported in favor 0: the
eec},
their recommend'?tioD2 hed been rf'jecte6
CCES
by the 3ri +,iElh 5JVern:nEnt. ,,106
active
Jews in
they could not rely upon the
th~t
"'"
•
+.
lor
Jusulce.
Arrbs, and t':l:.:'t
W2S
t~e
2ccordeC c laree portion of the
believed
eventu~lly
in2bility to achtev3 political 30a18.
tD
t_~
r..':'he Arcbs, tLeref'Clrc, increase-J their
Palestin~
'i['?r \'Vhic"- eVDlved out of the
~~ruini2tratiDn
lons-st~:ndin:::
thrDu~h
a guerilla
policy of i,vi tholdin:::
cOJperation from the government.
--
w'::ich h".o ste,cic:ily e;ro"'D among the Arabs.
the 3ritish occupation
3ritish wer2 often
V.~1z.1gn·1
str;~c,~
influenced the
concludeC
resulted
t~'
~e11
"',les+in'" 10'7
.J. C".
,-J_
by
to
'_'.
Palest!ne, the Arabs
in
i~fluenced
th:~t
Ar~bs
3ri'tis;~
before
t~s
hos'tilit~
civil
de1iberatel~'
Ar:b violence was met with very
the British
b Agency in respon2; to V<
further enCOJr' gement Ims
(;1'i
g1V8l1
attempts to fulfill the Mandate.
Dr inadvertently
en~e2vors;
he
took ch3rge in
restr~ined
resistance
t:l:; early 1 0 20's, inclicatins
Arabs that violence was a viable metns of
~~en
the
th~t
between the Arobs and Jews
administreti~n
0:'
~eliev6d
decisions by visible opposition.
polic:' eith:;,,'
Briti:3h duri'''S the riots
th~
~olicy
to actively opfose Jewish
t consIderable
dissatisfaction.
Ar~
0:
Since the esrly dsys of
~over~ment
expr~ssin5
their
offered to form an
ticism of the J wish Acency,
to tLe ArPcbs t,o resist 3ritis:l
~he
observation thnt Jewish
oppositiDn tJ the 1930 'c'lhite Faper result.ed in
3,
retr8ction of its
inteDtio~s
..-
certainly spurred
pres2iDS their srievences.
to
t~e
Are'Js
t~)
dsf~i'
t~e
Arabs to
Perha~s,
ado~t
thDu~h,
tactics for
si~ilAr
the sreatest encouragement
aut':orlty of the British came from the fact
t~,e
3rit.ain alwys trse.ted Ar2'J violence 1:1itll sr""at leniency.
t~at
leniency
cul~ivated
t~e
Mandatory
the
Ar~;b-Jew:Lsh
mi~ht
the belief that resistance could continue, and
eventually sive up its attempts to rGconcile
conflict; for eX8.mr-le,
quiczly crush the
Tr::is
stri:~e
f~:::.ilure
ofU~e
3ritish to
of 1 0 36 encour33ed the Arabs to believe
that "they c'Juld defy Greri t 3ri tian vli th impuni ty. "lO'S
The list of incidents in Nhich the
their position in Falestine
t~at
-
W82
bein~
threatened
co~seque·1.t
was
fosteri0~.
t'n~
iD1,ni rr ration and sU'Jsequent 12n: 1 transfers
The
r~sistance
~e
un~ble
their
on1~
to
ac~ieve
t~e
only
Dolitic~1
..
Ar~~
c1:l.scussLm;
altern2tive.
~8ins
........
made bv=-
lanJ lEckin: full
nificant pro:ress tJwareS it.
is a good example of tOle
a cessatiDn cf
throu~h
Arrb ns,vs;:.,epe!"s in t-:'e 1C'30's ma."e
wrs
the results
encourazement
to rress
for
,
receivs~
from the
Falestin~
seemed
Ar~bs
seemed to
(:_ls 0
countriss.
~y
to the J?':risll im:::icration into Palestine '11)11c':1 3ritain
'NES
hence
refused to cooperate
Ar~bs
lic~uida ti =-~'1
Arab
nei~bborin~
--'--
~!'Jc1:>.
of
t,~~e
sove~ei~nt7
f:~ct
t1:K~t
or s1g-
A quote froD one Falestinian paper
rheto~ic
of the time:
"~ise
t:i rid yourselves
in E::.-:ypt have
awakened.
'lhere are o:Jr leaders hidin5?!llOO
The situution ccmste.ntly
reminded the Arabs of the fact that the Kational Home and its
associated
im~isratiDn
wer2 blockinG the achievement in Palestine
..-
of the Arab political
~o~ls
which were bein2
atta~n~d
in the
oth~r
71
tb:-t Trans-JordEn W::.S L:-:KinS p:;rticulc.rly
of tree
EGn'~l~
inC2(~sej
te IS provisions in 1('\25 oecause Jf trlc
the Ar2bs of
~xcessilJe
cDrd-
sLirs it: e(;f::;rci'~'~ thSTJ in t e :=.treo, and "its freeder!] from i:omizrc.tion
S'JnTl1ied e. ~Jdel for Fu,lestin2 Ar['J e(LuleJtion. ,'110
~-
L-
for Fale!:\ t i:-J!.? shDul::: t
as obstccles.
T~e
T~us
:~e
r0sclve ta
t~~is
soal
~~rou-hout
s~cure
c~ntrDl
ne~2ssit:::,'c.e(5
structure,s
BCla
te [1.n:::1 JSi,iish immigra ti on be el imi nated
~EE
orrosition tD 3ritish rule
Arabs reacted
w~th
~:c~nc1c
the
Brit!s~
further
invJlve~ent
over Falestinels future.
political control of tbe
of imrilic:r:;ltion
Tr::1:1s-Jordc;n
8,(:C~
enc~ur35~c.
in Falestine
AchievinG
30vernme~1tal
lC.'ld traYiSfers -- in S'lort, control
.of Je 1ilisll settl2rs &r:.d cctl.it::1J,
most imrsratlv6 for
t~~
t:-.~
cJr::trol Df imL
le~'..:18rs
insisted uion rroportio"(l,;te
:opul~tion
Arab
~o~&njs
becr:rn8
Ar~'Js.
Arab
t~~
i~/r2:!tior:.
in t e Palestine C0vernnent,
incre&sin21y r2ferred tJ
t~e
ter~inatiDn
im::i>:f·;;tion
S:l=~
tl>3
8
c~n~.
~~cnd
0"
tr:::,nsfers resultinG frc:m
entr:r
t'lC
,consideratic:n, we hav: no
1 0 37, yhsn r
bet~een
the
transfers.
1
~uerilla
Jrit~8h,
~V:"1sn,
in
h~si~~nc~
revolt
Arabs
~roke
a~d
out.
recDmrne~di~=
t~e
2to::~~e
of
At the In39 Londen Conference
Jews, the Ar2b representatives demand2d
after ;Yorld,iar
';:\[0,
t'le Ar'
~s
offer-:d :;:roposa12
pO'hrer. 1 "'.-
r}
populatiDn's wishes helpeJ tD cr-erts
in:'used fresh pOI'jer
Home
1,'J[;8
3J~.J.
p
rowerful feelin" of
fru2trpti~n
Health into tl'1.8 Je';lisl1 Nation&l :-lome.
pictureo by tle Ar:bs
sovereisnty over Pales tins.
8.S
tLe mejor stumbliClt; block to their
':"1113 Areb disc ontent
against the Jews and
s~b8Gquently
'I·!hich eventually was
cOLlde~nned
Tl::e
1lT[;.,~
ti2erefore vented
a3ainst the British administration,
as, the purveyor of all the evils v-rhic:C
befell tje Falestinian Arabs.
SOCIO-CULTURAL CCNFLICTS
The
l~r~e
size of Jewish
im~l~rAtion
into Fslestine brought
79
cl~2~
two different cultures into E
-
wl11i~3
to aCjust te.
virtually
feud~l
society; it w:
educ3ted 13.ndownel"s
fellahin).
(t~
Je~s
~i3hly
2
W~2
one
livi~=
in a
stratified, with rich,
e effendis), 8.n::'. Loar p'22scnt f"'rmers
e'iterlris=.ns,
l,7estern culture, aGO
nelt~er
of Ftlestine were
frJ~
The fellahin suffered
bri~ht,
were
Arr~c
The
contHct that
stee~Jed
deten~ine
(tt.e
hevvy debt, poor soil, roor
in the kno"rlec1ce e.{:d resources of
to fulfill tl'jeir
destin~T.
11r:'~.
were v[-tly different froIT th2 n2tive Jews of Falestine.
19tter wers a rassive, scholarly sroup, and the
fDr~er
The
were viEorcus
aY'J3 resQlute rioneers tr[:.illcorl ':,0) build ur tle Natio'101 Eooe.
'~9
-
AlthouE;"h
ny Je';!s suffered fron cerri VG. ti or-: and r: overt y as tLe ArE bs dId,
W~G
there
little
CDD80~
TrounG amon3 the experiences of the
Je~s
From t'E:: start, it, \vas obvious ti12,t prooleo,,; ' . Taul:'] develop,
because t'"'e :llTTLi !r[tL~ts
in~18bi
vi;:;S
Qr::.(~e
tB.nts of f8.1estine --
ne'" immie;rcn ts •
due tc'
t~je
T~is
Iti
~
(, -....-
C (l
,'1,=.t'''''Y''[:Jl·n
... -'
~
J '-" ~
~.
.. ~ '-' ~,
t~ -is~,19+e- tl''-''n'QE'lvea
113
0;;::;:
J.J
...L
'-'
_
.........
I ~.
J.
U
~._
of Ar2b lobor by Jewi2h labDr
phil::Jscphy of t::,e soci2.1istic nDtionalism widely
in Palestine; therefor::,
Furt':Jc Y''I ore ,
nere
t>·.c."cu
J
'-' ,.,'
rE~lace~ent
labor was psrceiv-d RS one
--
igra,11 t
i~
D~
the salvuti-n2 Df
1.\1S.8
t }}8.d no::' >;een
t~e
Je~is~
believe:'1 th: t a l l Je1.'is in
t~"e
peo;le
t>1S
cdE of Zionism to est:"bli2>
1·~c;tiot121
3
•
80
cl&ss J! lantowners in
-
0rc n::::e crov8 S
Fsle~tins
';Ie re Vi orkec
Thus
National HOlLe.
~any
~hDse
viDeyrres End orchards and
by Arnb pl~.D tc: ti on 'tlcr1'i:ers. 'll1
Arabs crew r2sentful
livelihoJC1s cenci et v:h::)t they
0::
lJ
The
the loss of
....u
~le
as increasin:3 COTIlT:'etition from
Se'Vi
.r
l
t~lS
Je';'lS •
The
:~ionists
whenever ths
Je~2
i'Jere nlso c1etsrrrine:J to st8n:! up to tbe
wer2
ttre~tened.
reid tribute for rrotection frDrr:
or to Ar[' 1;) lc;cde rs.
1;),
Ar~'bs
In the past, the Jews in Falestine
Doit ricids, eit'er to V:.e Turks
the Je:ls fouGht be.ck, cmd it often seemed
Ec"
to t:--le Ar:.'bs th't V1e cctions of Je:.'lsh inni::rants stelLr;leG. more
from srrcgance and contempt for them than from self-defsnse. 115
failUre
the
o~
t~D
com~unitiGc
to
~evelop
any
r5p~ort
The
led to a
continuance of mlsunderstanding and mutuel suspicion.
The
the
0.8
ArE~s,
Jewis~
in addition, dieapproved
imlliisr8n~s.
bre.zen, a::,rogant
an(~
They were shocked by
the different ways of
wh~t
they rogcrded
imrr:orc: 1 beh,"v2.or; such 16e1::'.8
HS
equali t:r
were unacceptable to the Arabs •
.L. 1 .... r~
'd ..
o~
i ,:;
in turn vie:-:ed tLe Art'bs as a b:.:cl(\'\fard, i;31wrcmt people.
Since
no realistic atteEpt was made to develop tolerance of each other's
social traits, disdain and rejection continued to seethe.
T:'le mutual
out
c12apl~T
suSr:ic~~Dn
c:nd
n~isunde~-'8tandin5
vlllic'h cceracterized
t:c2 cultur:ll confljct bet'i-reen the Arc:.'b e.uI Je'riEh
communities.
In 1 0 28, a disturbance over
worshi~ ri~hts
broke out
betvIeen tte Jeus and A.:"'e.bs Ett t " e :~estern :4811 in Jeru8:::1em. 116
A series of c·
and
Ar~bs
~r~es
ani countercharzes ware leveled by the Jews
about the situation.
The 16th
=i~nis~
Con~res8
in Zurich
clc,imed
tbe Je ',1!s h,J
th~,t
ric:ht under the
t~ie
as they plerssj at the Vall. 117
But the Arabs retorted th~t the
stron~
-
stirrinz
3Ur3(~
quo relative to tlJe
,~
with a view of
011'; pirr, ti
(t11e :..resterr. :-J[1,11) turned 1":1 f8.vor of UJeir
ons • ,,112
r::'he Arabs als 0 refer red t
contention --
t~e'r
t~~t
the Ar"''Js
not
we,~l
posEibil~ty
of th2
Ar~
t~le
(vall.
Be
!Y1uch the
i~Gec1iate
th~t
the Jews
~isht
. nFa 1 es t'lue. llo
bs l
-
and Je ';T8 8,fter the incident at
situation at the 1iall
about the Ar8bs
The Jew for
in
they
-
WES
t)~ey
eventually dominate the lives
The ensuin,,: activities oy Arcbs
t~le
'Ivall led to the outbreak of riots
t~ern
I
raprrochement
j olnt ::Je:-ni tic sI-'iri t
is a competitor who threQtens thEir
srpr~ciate
conclu~ed
&
similar to ths one exrressed by Richerd Lichtheim,
do not CRr:.:: a stra',>, for the
Pale2~,ine."120
already
a2
But the predoTincnt attitude smong the Zionists
Ar~bs.
op,[,onants --
8Ur~ort
The hsart of t::le m.stter for
was abs:lute17 no sentiment amon: the Zioni-ts for
the
art ic L: 2
the Zionists were attemptinE to seize
control of tbe boly sites of
wit~
(1
wer o &rrearinz in the Zionist press in Palestine to
th~:t
the
camral~n
th8 Jews of the world ••• aiminc at hpving the St2tuS
~p
groundles,:
to worship
~and8te
",,112 ':=ior.ist2 felt that tr.er?
the mRterial benefits tt2t
1'.'8.S
I •••
pr~domin8tion
no rossibll:ity
im~i:r:tl:n
brou:ht;
thnt the effendis, in order to rrotect their position,
for a program of cODcilirticD
seen as virtuolly
im~os?ible.
~2S
rather weak,
~inc(
detehte was
82
were more
than the
fundament~l
believed.
ZiDnis~8
It was cot just
because of the or:'osition C)f the effendiE::, :,ut because of ':Tidesrrec,d
In the
Durin,:: t11e nOE-farming
~fuen
tbe Ku:ti
V,s vill[cors tsD::ed politics;
,3SaSOTI,
Jeru3clalli tsld
~f
Feel
hated
:~:--le
an~
~he
th~
cou~try
bec,use it ','o!Jld br:!..Tl.'.:: further r::ro'rlth of
Ar~',b3,
~a~ion~l
th: t
Com~i~~iJn
Jewish minority in Fa13stine was too large,
inflcoJ!e
literate people
vill~Z3S,
Home and would
bri~~
Arab
subju3~tion
to
couldn't
t:~e
Je~lsl!
enterprise a step closer.
advanta:es this
increa~e
corn2unltics wer
"Gerser
o~
too
i~to
a
dutieG
:.::~mcng
~h9
t~::.:;ir
But culturGlly, the two
conflict
educ~tiDncl
bi-na~ion~l
Je ';lis:l officiD-ls placed
tr~eir
brin~.
nationalis~ic;
th:ir iieala.
assimila~i~n
w:uld
resu~ted,
3y8te~2
Palestinian
ri val c J1L':lu'ci ties.
of the Arabs and
i0entit~.
loy: lty in thei)"
and "under
Ar~~
r~svective
~~:
cD:-w.unitiss
Facinc3 such iGtr"nsicence
could only
National
doubts
s~3tai~
HD~e
2C~
ste~~inc
t~e
t~e
fro~
tension by incre2sins
0r~031tiDn
t~}8
problem
t~e
of the Arabs.
~;f~[Jtl1Gl02:ical
st~encth
The
Ie~l
o~
t~e
CC~~is6i~n
c'-..llt:Jral e'Dnflict:
The continued impact of a ~i5hly intelli=ent
en~Grrr121ns race, bnc~ed by lRr32 flnanci~l
resources, on c. c~ paratlvely poor indicenous
com~unity, on a different cultural level mny
~roducs in time serious reactio~s.
Can it be
the duty of the yIand8 tory •.• to 3"110\'-'" imrdijrs.nts
to com~' into t'~le country in 1. ;rse nUlLbers ivithout
any resard to an increasinG hostility?
~nd
c
ECOHOIHC CCI·IFLAINTS
The Ar8bs viewed the incomins
Je~s
pOSS2S~3d
much
ca~it2l
tc &tt,:in control over the
grl~vences
c:~ti~ue1
and
busl~eaE
SCOTIOTJY.
tJ c&use
as a serious thre2t.
Je~s
drive, and
see~ed
Zcol1Jmic motter's
[rQbl~cs
Th
C
_J ,_,
destIned
~):;c8i::e
in the late ln20's and the
a fltit-for-t·s.t" mcttor -- for cX8cq:le, ti1e JeI'Ts HcuLl ehc1rSG that
rDad
Ar~obs
bul1din~
in
~~m"n
to th3ir settlesents was
\·rould
char~e
v:c·.t such
fore, the; cC''1tinued influx of Je':iish
was bound to erecte friction.
bein~
l"OEL';
neglected,
~nd
the
buildin3 c8u2eu neclect
8ntr(~preneurs
i,;t: Pe.lcstir..e
84
th~t
The Ar[bs believed
t~e
crcwth of the
Natio~21
Home and
the governmental measures this growth nAcessitated were
upon
lives.
the~r
needed to be
~8velop.
The
fledglin~
R
industri'2 in F21estine
Jewis~
by tariffs in orde" ta permit them
prDtecte~
However, this
C~U28~
hardship
t~
added expens2 tJ the Arabs, who
needed many finished products and found their cost driven up by
the
The
levi~s.
hi~h.
of
~uch
thi~
excess taxation wrs due to ths
whic~ ~n3
Dollce force,
Ar~bs
also resent3d the fact thet taves were so
Ar~bG
mRint~inp~
~hnt
rp~uir~d
20re
~oney
ta Tointain order
(t~c
Arfb
stated
spokesme~
ArAbs
l~rITe
vie~e~
would be avnilable for sDcial
services if the NatiOTIol Home didn't require so much
protect it.
of a
n~e~s
t~~
b~sic
spen~1n:
to
grievences:
.-
Im~i5ration
eventurlly
h~d
cau~e~
SOTS
basic strains
rerercu3sioTIs in
Ar'~
UfOD
the economy
rep ntment.
It
~~ich
~~~-2nc0
thBt
8 drain on the tax revenues.
Ironicclly, if it Wfcn't
fsct
-
~i~
not
r~Etrain
~cr
Arrb
t13
influx
bDstilit~.
o~ Jew18~
crritrl into
?urther, thE fact
t~~
t,
t~8
10
1.10 ~
,:r :-:
r ..... C. __ "
r,ublic
-
C!l1.~!Ll~::
~Dms
eauld
no~
rrosrer
U~~0~
1
a :overnrrent
leeke:'!
ex~eY>ience
fulfill Artlcle
-
r".
~.
.L '.--, ~
~,
n
~..L:"-
-
'--,)'
"'l
"...,
_i.!.
a~~lniEt=r
Jr~~
~ol~cy.
~
r'n='
-
8~lbSE'-;1JE'rJt
s.~~.l'?
O~
n } [; 1 e 2 +, i n e
sur"[.:JliJs
1.!..~~1'~
'.'!
F
t.J
tY~2
~i:)~j_Gt.2.
t
G
tc-
-
out
o~
l~~j
u;o~
~hic~
In
-
[8
te~~nt
faroers.
l2nd wlllinsly to
the
2E;err:ed
no concern tJ
fellahin lived
fellt~in
t~~t
the~.
r,746 Arab families,
tct,pl
t~e
Bubject t3
bBCD~in~
unE~~loveJ
"V
juriu'
_
A1 J
1r~
~): C) CJ'~
zers
-
Ar:o
d~8rl~ce1
not
)er~ons,
accs~odpte
~ut
t~e8e
,C'rr?;::
-
•
Arcb
in
vil122~es
villr~~2
1::-· "C1,~
were nev sstursted End
co~ld
Gore peorIA.
r~y8ic31
2~d
sriritual displacement
The8e~'eo:-le,
3ritis~
-
lan~
~olicy
Dri~in~lly
c:un~
to the strict letter of
l·~~nG
8uf:'iciect.
t~~:reel\Jes.
tc mcir. tc.Jin
-e~DUC~
order
•
i..
l~nd
t~et
~~
provi3e
~~r
their living,
tenants be equitably
rl~hD~S~
c~mrensate0
f~r
t~e
t~8ir
s~dinance
1~82.
(id
The
.J..
I.J •
c 0 ,J 1 "
P" f'~?
ex~st~~q
1 'r r e ~. i n (1 u i
le~i2lRtiDn
G 11
was
1[' Yl::<
~ :J r
Jew i
in~dequate
81::
set tIe men t •
He
8
to rrotect Arrbs from
t:- t e cl t r':' t
becoTln~
It is cl"?2r • •• thet of t'rJe
It!n~ whicr. ref'1,ins
the :Dver~~ent st the rresent time tbe
area 1s e~cee~in~ly small, with the exception
of trrcts whic~, until developed are require~
~Dr the main~~ina~ce Df Ar~b8 already in DCCUratloTI. It cannot be &rQue0 t~:t Arebe sbJ~l~ be
dt8pos2C~0ed in Dr~er ihrt the l~n~ shoul0 be
wit~
"'I'he plrlin fr'cts of the case
.-
tbe fellc'hin embrsced techniques of intensive cult.:lvatir:n, lc'rEe
scale lane transfers
C}U~~
on~y
asrra~ate
th8
sttu~ticn.
+
I
to atternrt
~o
cons~lidEte
widelvu scattered
Ar~b
~
~.J
_
holdin72
[:-rr:'it :);cre ef:'icient 2"e 1:r1st devel0l=ment of land, because 0:' the feE!r
that this action would cause Dore asitation.
contlnuad becauS2 the Srltlsh were
obll~~ted
l?nd transfers
Ho~ev~r,
to allow
Jew inten2ified
t~ese
i
~~~ ,.--, i
purchases
9: ro Y1 t
S
kert arrivinq on the scene -- and on Arnb lpnd.
The
Bri~ish
eventuRlly chansed their
interrretati~n
Mandate out of exrediency in crder to cope
clo"'':' settlc:nent of Je':'2 on
Various
ordi~onces
t~l:
~ith
t~e
the land conflict
lEr.d; t'c': 2tresp of 50vernTlJent
in the 1 0 30's limited the area
trrnsactions could occur.
o~
This shift in
e~phEsis
~~ere
W28
lEnd
~ishli~hted
too niue'; disturiJ('i.'lce foY' the British; therefc:,re, V'ie ?,ionist
C2USS"
prosrsm
wou~d
be halted in aD
ntte~rt
to resolve the
cc~flict8
in
the lv;and n te.
Restrictions on
-
could
t~e
und2r~q~e
any
J~~rish
s~c~
settlement by the
rction.
f,Tandate rrov:Plons whic"l
Britis~
were an obvioue
Further, this rolicy violated
rr~:)',~ib=-tec
.t;:le jure" dlscrimination, Ets
?l
well
9~
article 17 of
Palestine order-in-council,
~hE
outlawed
~hic~
she
The
anyway.
3r~ti2h
haf fulfilled the
The Feel
Cos~lR21on
Ean~&~e's
land provisions poorly
faulted the British
for
SDvern~ent
ccmtlnuins t·",," Ottom8n land code, 1)h1c':::; it ::leemeC1 unsatisfactory,
when the
8.
Man~fte
the
requi~2d
land system appropriate to
Com~issiD~
noted
t~e
after 15
th~t
to teke all mSB2ures t) institute
3r1tts~
needs
7~8r2
o~
~he
the
co~ntry.
:Dvern~ent
~urther,
the
still dtd not
Governmental irresponsibility represented by these
set~le~ent.
incLlentfi contributed
"':,J
t'.-~e
sevorit}T Df' 7;,e lrnd prcbleD.
The Ipnj issue agr.in rointe3 to the antazonisn thnt Jew and
promoted
unfDunde~
trfOYlS fers.
Government
~o
in courts and
liti~atlJn
a lar36 extent this
~oney
in
or~er
to
tu~e
0~
t,"~e:ir
money.
and the Arabs on
t~e
c-:mtinued influx
o~
o~
la~d
t~ey
to settle
~Dul~
I (], 1 e e, t 1. n e •
~2
'·,'it',
lDnd
20
~ l~e~~tlon
th~t
t~i2
was an
lss~e,
it COUldn't be
~l2e
would be accepted by
acquiesctns
t~
true -- these
uncpllp~
0~
their
~or
exrendi-
litt,le cocperation bet';,'een the Jev:s
Je"ris'l imI:"}igrants and
t~effi
WfS
to obstruct
the develorment
f2clljt~te
propperity, the Jews countered
t"S2-~SF
t~e
~Ee1s
c~
expecte~
t~2t
t~e
on-goic,3 acquisition
t~e
Arpbs.
In espence,
their hated political rivals.
Arabs
~~~R
N8tion~1
a~amently
Eom2 on
t~sir
intransiGence of both
-
-
2E21n~t
soil.
8ide~.
t~e
r:licy
Con~lict
oP est2bllphin~
wa~
t~e
outcome
the Jewish
o~
ths
The rroblems which the
over
insteod of
Pales'i~le.
pr8r~~inc
8
state
and
re\o~e
to the Arabs.
:'he 310rd8+.8 cOllIe.
informed of the 8ytent to
and prevented from
;y~en
Falestine,
-
20
~ere
rrotec~ed.
Ar~b
l~ne
~28
dre?min~
::-ra~ter"
-.
Ions
~~hich
DS
Yet
their
~:9ve
pro~ram
been preclflcally
coulj be c2rried out,
of politicAl sovereignty.
The Arsos
en eX11ici t "romise of ?el f-rule ouer
~
the r!7hts
0es~tte
t~E
$,.
E~d
position
OD
the Jewish minority
ottroctive quclity of 2uch re8soncble
intolerable.
irL"icnte
-
rivpls
not aCC2ct ths
8t~tU8
Jernnrd
t~Et
~id
3ritai~
ber to
-
nat
~uo.
Sh~~
cJ~mentsd
once
to her.
He
said yes toe often,
~nl
t~p
belon~
sItar of Palestine.
~[8
thvt
ri~ht
~ounj
8rit~an's
-- several
prcbleD2
ti~PS
over.
too many 8uitor9 following
~I~rr:":l
r;.:;ce-:.:.t.l~.;-
?~:).~:'!:~~T,
:.~,~~,:t3~~
rnirli~1t~::r'
:;
t~.·lC71
-.-'r-?~ c~~
1'1 ~-l~>~?
under
rovl~c2
l:'r'·:.r~e-~""l~
"Sg~{pti2rl
Isr:' 81 T:!Gul·4
~\':tt':-:
ct~c~~n
'~,~-~_)erl(~l
:Z:Ve~l1-;~~en~,
UI-0n ?.. ~;::·rG,toriU1n
~~vsr~~entol
Arab, Com~:1e rc is.1
10.
~eller,
ZiO~~8t
I~
(Lnndon, 1')ll7;, ~:.6C1.
C ornrr:i t ts ~~'
1
~bE
(Jerusa12T,
50.
i 'J i~} • ,
'Jo2ept1
8tr~cture.
r,.
~~~his
Rev 81 ut i
~8bate
C'l,
11Re11e
n
occur~e]
'/:;L tc:: lEd t
J
>•
,
'223.
r:. 72.
S0l~'j_~
<\,1
J
.•
I~~_.L:.';
1 -Z'7
.'
I
"?'2_1e2tj_~:-}c
--'11,
c::::~.
l-(?l-i8PS:
l\~.
'1oJ.~dori
•
i~t';rr;rH_;~(:lti'J"t~
~:l
rc~c~;~~lliz(~~
~",i:~
ti
TY'l-'-'l~L\[LS,
~_L(-?.!'l~<__ l~~~)-}
t~:·
t.
7J~~_':~
c;o~-~c[:~~
-·..rs~~~
-:
t
-,fl
~'I"':;
~'"·~"t~~-Jl,~l·l~
"~'-:lt~.·il
t~~-"9
~=-,~1 ~t
_
1
~J
~o::Je
',':]ul":
:-1~""vr~
u':_.re;~t1:icterJ
sr~
l"l ~ ~. ~: t
,"
oJ
"t 0
-=j·ri t~_s>
b r~ C 'J
::
~J J C
=:JC!)"~~~:~lt~
:' l~" ~ :: :' ~ TJ ~j
'J~:::~::
-J~-:,
t
•
~r-::;
It
i~
·'·'~·~e-·
i-(l~crler·,ti!l;r
t·:)
~1~;
t c:;
L'~8iz~-nn
quo~e~
t
l_~~!
t
r
\~
",->,
.s.l"i
ri-;:='e ~"ll'~ :.l~t t'~ t!~~8 =lal1:t2~ ~-'ro"~r":~~l~.
H0ddr~
1'7
~o
in::!.!is~c'v-
an~
i~
stou -hton
E"elee1ti11E:,
T:-'~·.
51-S2.
}-=e 112 Y',
1""' •
2JJIE_~U~:"
'1':<"1- T]nse'::'1:~~U~~E;;:'i:::'~,,'I --::i;::;r;i2t 1:::11 tic:;" i
1°2C-lr17, ~ 233.
---'~o;},:r:~:
bet~~Se:_'~
~~[-=:-::.--r, 't~:.n =--:::::qceT~~t:;·:~t fc)r 7,1_:.:-, r~2\'}S,tt ..;l.:;l~J_f·~,t r'ollt~~_cs
·~:rl~ 18,~C-l')1r-J, t~-·. ~.~. 3-:'r:-"':~O-~! Le\!~r~ tJr., -~:-:r'. J-:i~·-177
~,-:'l;j
_~':'''':::~~2r'~'~
S~.:;2
:'vsr t:'-
Bet::-:~lE:;:1e~~
~,~
S~J' l~
c'.·-':::
~fl2E7Jerl---:
"-~;~~~:Ti~'l-~
l'~~:ci~~i-~E!.~tcj_
1::;r
l:C
C'~:''lt-~--;::'('J~{
,S
-:-:~ 8~)iJ~1~'"
Z;:;E'!L~Sr
t.,:~
~ii"lt,-!pl'-'c9
C~iu:e·r·n
+,'~_?
~ly~{:3-riC"::,t
}r t~J:~
~
-rI'-S
olic'U,
8E-".:,,;r;2'lt,
e;:'t~:blisl"'·:..(,.
,.r~e
tl~>::l
COS1~·~tt.:::~
u· r
.,,,
!~
r<-' bf:
lct+-.e~--l'-=':
~.,-
::..
iTl'.r! '-:
c:~-i~sia~
<j01J~t
r~"
Al~'\hl:r
the
.LIQ
..f
J
~?se8rc~ln~
~-'r2ci2:':71~T
~3~: l~Ju~:
re~liz2tiJn
"8"',
·~t.~-~
~,- ~
J'~
OE'sic
c 2 (=-"~ ': - C
-rinci::L
?u~~sOt}
COE;-~i~.~t'C~l
r-c:~>- e~:~~,:~c,
i
"~r,-.
~~~
;V~1~r~J
'-,
IC,
of the Zi::mi"t'E
,
J.. •
r
~.
-, ---
-- .:: Ce c i 1
,'_~ L
r?
(
t :-, .::
.
~J~-l~-
:'-1 tE rE 3
t
i':-'~
t~~2
~][lr.
for':::: 11 7. D.:-, 1 ') l;
~~lre
of
C~:Yl~_f t·~2.n=-t:.:-
t
8
cDnt:=:JxH::~
Oll
r's>l:~:~t·.i_Y"'L;
l L
'(1. ~ '
i
.
h,
~,i"l':'
:_os~~J-\':'-lr-'
"'Je trl::-:-: ted
1;,,
·'7
l
.~-. ~l j. ,-t e DC e t 1-:3 t Pre s ij e~.1 t
s;olrl-j of r-:-_l(:~stine 6.2 ~ Je~.t.~iG-~c~
LDr'.: Cee::"l ::3.:L:).
_.F
I
.~ihe r.:~
"'l~_l E
C"'
~-:e
le~llc1.,
:'"n ;'18 l,·~. t ~'L:' ~~ :-' ~ s ~J81 i 9 f 2, •
in. much tlle 2?~;;8 ~. sllion
c~.s
.rel.ie.',- ,
LilT'"'I'. ,
'-'1 •
..... ,_,..L ........
,
30.
44
.
. Ibld., p.
lJ "=',
-'NBsir,
Le
-Joser~,
b?
. ,3ri~~2h
2.oyr:l
"
r. -,../iG.
otec
q~
r:;c
.
~
Tee Falestln=
Rule,
~o:al
I?lic:l, p.
Com~is3ion
?eFort,
Com~i~81~~
Com~ani
53Fale2~irlS l~r';,'b D_e~uge'~ Offie:?;,
I'~~-'.
?;~-2:
t)as.-2i··~-i
.
Dc c ur;.en t~) ,
Fledq:e2
2.:;.~1
?SE'
olutiow2,
•
.-: !J.
Joseph m2i~tsins D~ ra~e 117 aD his book Britist Rulo
in P[.lcs~:~ns t:-·!t t'·;,~ :~].n-~:lt::, in ';8i;'-:5 sue" uncertCli:-:. 1:':l!3uc~'~'e, could
orll:l ~--.:·-='ve el1VisiQl--:~-:,(J 8 C:i,?_~-_~e i~-: t:~-,~ ~:-'\oli"t,iCE!,l St·:.1~1)C, :Jf tl1S .Ar~;:1:~~
[,c-',
~~1;.
"~"~,r·'·::=-'-','::i:'i:'-(, under '.\[~licl1 t::: C'sti;bl:i81~ t,'>" ,Ts'dis~: :~atione.l
Horne; ot~:;":{~se, tr'.e Ie. '·1 1:::7:1';~,c ::,f' t'l'cc c.1DCiJTr,~i1t \-/o:::L' 1-:.~v2':::e8r:
~Bern~rd
!I:ore
8~f~C~~fic
in r5efi-ni
'~
t-->~.
+~
U:...,:
-
~~
-: !Llc:::- rl
,-·:t~:.t·\1~
10~·~:j
..I. ':""_.
.:):f'
t.~~9
J\r~:.~~\s.
~~e
.:1
0 :=-'2
-r.~Clt
lCI.IL,
~!..
1"(1
:::;0
--'
~: u s ~~', ,~"-
S [; 0 -
111 c{ ~
(:~ e ~
S
-=:J
L
3-s O:~ ,'.
1 8 65 ), ~-
~~ f:: ,-1
,,\.1"-.., ---.';
r
...J __
.... .:..
3:. . ·1 ~,!.~~:~ Lr:!JOl'"
"l,~' ~~ ~ :)'(1:-11 }:O~-;::~:: ,t
It :.""'e::T:i;~ !.~.:.
'(J '!"~
,
.I-i rL ~_' -J:'li U 8
:=,
-::,.r. . . . .
'::':::
j,;.=-
E,
Cc~lricort1
,
117.
---.,
CJ..F8.is~;.1
SO;:::S',J~'~:t,
E',f-'O\'=:·
t~~l
A:~,~ lJS
~~.roc1-~.:.·ticclJ_~r
CO\~-=-,~~_
~:>:: t a. ~1~::r.:11
in Palestine.
r~sclt
~~)et-,.l~~sr.:.
1°1'-'- 1l:(-::ElJr2nc:Ul1~ i'(l
irl (..'.
i~)i2~~
ll:'-G
t:l::
t~l:;
1"le2:~'O:'~2icil~it~­
08':.:2
~lJ.e
.Ar8~[)S
C.1l.1
EDIt,
, . OJ
'- I CJlU.
f<
-~8CO
;::f7
-!
Ti:u
S}lr~~-1if
~re
2tr~c-t.l:r
~i01-1i3t
?a~_sFl
tJ~J(~-lr
I
2.
't
_,..:l
&..ct~_v=Lt~te8
=~us'~"-'~'n
c'_~ntro1.
c.f
O'}ai... t·~jl~)·Vl(J
r:)n
:-)~r
3c,t)~:
•
:)f
t1-~c
t,.)
It ~'. 2 ~1::)u1Jt.~ullj·:: \-!oulC }"LC,:VC sup~~<:rtE().
sst of ci~cur~;2t,··11CC~S.
ThUt;, ~·i~J.C:(i :J=)t~(}
o~
t~._~e
-\7E-:-_~,oi
sect,
~\'}l~C:~
'W:::.f::
:~sdicsted
Isler:.
ir~
2~ny
~'~"--l~S
riCrOF~e:~,
Tr(?rls-~:o-e(J.~
~ i 8~1l
117-::
I '-
LS :
8Ve(lt.l~,::-11:.r
tTc''J
1
follo"dG~"
g
fty~!1s"Li~·;:Jt[il
c.~~-"~
Pc: Ie p,t, i
DC • ,
;:LJSS: i~-l
~.!::'G
t e -" r i t. r: l"'~T, t ~ l2
...-
':.TC1:J.'~~11
,
Fsund~tion,
~\~8~cl.
·.~lJic'~_
(j.. 21~_:u;rir~J-C
s t;3
108
C?---l:"~
c:~t(?V"l
c.
t, [1.1}_
~'J1'~e-r:l
it.
iT'
8 t', ( C C1 ~~t
·tr,E7~
Ha~1]emitEE
P s(::vered.
t
'~-l'"::/"
fr"~:.:rfj
11:.1 d. [: r:: =--!_-~:-~
T'1E,~:
1:"PlJt9ct
t~1
~<D:nC~:7t2,-~
t ~~~€'
p... r,(J
})P, •
,~,
c·>- ~l·le S11[J':'/ CO~ ,!j s!:-~i:=rn, ~eT='Dpt r, r:- t~
Cor"l'lssio:J 011 t1>~; T'[.lest=Ll'le
Dj.ptul'"l~J2.~:.ces of AU.5ust, 1(",2'''"::, Conir~:~ :'1C! :F3~b-"Cl~ ;l~)C· (10~)O), p. 157.
n0L eCIU2r, f'~"le T:>~S0e11 ::;"Y:stiOl1,!' Zionist :rol:l_tics in V1S
188C-l°17,
22~.
7 1 C1B.:.rtor.. (i,usts:--; b,~.T I~1~~rams,
"Palestine
~ionift
t>'8 'vc)rld 12':;(1-1(")17, p. lLLc:'.
'77
;
-
-JCh[~irJ
~ ~~:J ~~ 1 rJ
l·:~
"~T31zn~cllj~l,
0
71 Tbi r ;
I
'7(::
..;..'
,--,:.,
!-"'Laque!~,
J -1 '"' 1 7 , .e C.,
]:~
.,\.\.
Ifour
~-)ecl~~
I_,~----· l} i l~
}'""[: ti 0',:1 ,
uir.,
"
r.
210
,t~,.
t'l"~~8
TJllBeerl
1820-1 r 17, p. 242.
~uestiorl,H
~~ior~l[!t
I'c}litics
~;orld
}olit:cs
oq
7.c::c:~;urC~lill r ali;,>:;,: in -::.'n:; 'rliite PC'·rr.;Y' of 1 0 22 C-:'ct ir;:=i.:.:rC'~tL:'n,
'w~,--:ic~'~
112 2,tC.t r9i 1/n::.;s 2 118csssi-Ly f:;r "',t'e success c~ tl:::? ~,~?ti:'r~:-;l
';6 ~,rojl?:Jc;~~Jic .~::~ -::--'~~ =~[-r_!j,··;te I f p1jbse{~.<u,:··,{'_1·, ~A.r~_b-J·3\;ii2~/:
j"!Jt-,:l:.~.
~.
ccnfroY'ltation arO[,8. Hs r c:)7T:>~>~~~-l(~eIJ t~.:'8t
e2ta~lis~~j ~c cCLsult wl~~ tte P21e~tinE
1l~~""1.tt,r2r8;
t~~c
cC~-12ult,~~tl~7;:~
<:;1
~ld
'1:? !~1 .~;
I',:
\
_
S
pp
,0 ",
-" ' . ...,
el~;ct8':
'-:'="~:;~
f2~~d~)E_C"\~
l--
of'
:!-.c~·~~·ber2,}lir
C;DlJnc~_1
le.,tiv·2
~";res
t~:li2
~~?
tJ~~e
(l'~v~::r
('";:1 i' rn~.~"'r~ ~~ion
~( ') _ 'T" \ -
. ,
'-
bo~~;.y·
-",:~':.~
tOl\ul>C0:
~f
["
8-~-'sci~·-,1
COITJ.~,itJ~eE:
on
}oVGrnffie~t
to be cr:l1sc1 frJJl :"_' 12:1.2I'E182 t =lr}c.
~3t]'t 8,UC~ C',
-:st~'::)~~2'_~,"l
cu-::.
:::Vernr!8"C:.t irl 1-=--:22
~~-;~:
{~,=)
"_"Dlit:~c~:"l
e~ltL,~rl=1:.:;;~~en~~2
cocrer~tiv€
,_,).
c _. .
Go Ibid.,
be
irn8i2r~tiDn
C.:,:;.~>~,
~_.J
~-:orr:e,
161.
T·
~:cc:,rj_ill~",~ tc-l 11ub1), lv~~2 2. cOl1ce3ri=:'~-1 -:1=: "t.1r"
LT~)"<s,
c<Jmri3'S:{Y "c' ict:C":l:;eJ. t::: invce,tinte 'xs~,c::lly Ar~"b
srievances; it wa~ one ITo~e exa~~le D~ 3ri t12D tr7inEE t,,) "hold t·, ~"
(-;':]u~_e,
~'""- ~
-,'>.-
~.\..1
-'
•
"
f") .-
c-'==~~:s
f2:~'l
C0;~;·~:ie.~~·iJr),
~1~L-._._CDLJ,:':i;2~-'iorl ~~e\--,srt,
L-'.
2c n
•
Q ;::
'- f::o 1 est 1'(;(,'
rr.
70-71.
12.':18.
pp
2ioni3ts protested th9
t[}.~-··t
1dor~~
r~giJ1ty
80rn,~,.
...!.. .... v
~"'i_ +-.1 .;__ .:.1..:.
r 1, v·rere
....J .....
t r r D ~) ~~ ~-~ t >: e j_ i~
no~
:'oseo
"'I T'Ol"
01
J...
Four:::~c
• ,
e~f Jj r~
21l,r::~<r2
t
E-;
D,
t
t~ii2
r;Or:CSrl1CC,
zi
l-~j:-" C"' f' 0 ::~;. od i
l)olic:r.
The.)' pointed out
=,~,ctor'~
:~o-,}eVCr,
liE
[1(:: Orl[
Ji. ~.: i
C_ ::-: 0 1J t
t~-l.:::'
2
!J2.
P,r
rsicYl
tiOD,
1'"'
' t- •
n~r;v,:::~ ~2.1~'our ~ecl~~.r~tiJQ,
s.
of
r:.:':11:,r S~Tr:ic:rls crOSSt~C~ t~'lS' '~Jor:~;~:r; il1e~i;.11y ir. ocder to obt,in
l~~ }'c.le2 L,i118, clnd ·J.1~~e:~ ~Here "flot stopfed (eee 1-'-S- 6 h·-GG).
t.,-;~
c=)::~.r:')i:-l:~-;r(~'~Ji
18'-.!Ll:,~1 r;.~te'>""I t~~'2 l":clC:·':l;.~lor~ r·lr:-:.~1=2, '.~r-·p. YJ_ct
"",n i::. .
?hs
~~/'li~:
C?B2
~."r\-=l·~
COT12~i~~ ?8~Dct,
7~f:l~cl_
p.
')D,
-,-,
i:_ltC:1',~-~'t
.
it~
S:/1'"1i2~.
100
nl,
T~asir,
l'.h
T~s
Icsl
~Th2
Embittar~~
Co~~is~ion,
n7
- '~aycralt
t""I
COT~i22ion
p.
Ar~~,
~~2
Com~is8ion
by
~uoted
RepD~t,
~asir,
~he
r.
Ill.
Embittered
Ar~b,
p. 52.
''Tlhn
()()I'01'.,1='".
"d
Ill.
153.
lClJD~h ~1n3ton Churc~i11 a~~ Mr. S2~eD~re D~ t~0 Le~zue of Yations'
Ie~~mEr1c1Y:t
t:lf1t
~~,'~~,~
~~C!.:1.:~C?te~:
CQr::~~112Sic-r-l.
of
=,~utL~Dr8
+':l'~
c:f:1cuY"'re6
=-1=2,nd.:,.L~e
t~lC:
\/j:-t.,n
t--.:, i:-=rJOr2
cl-:'~:=;-=-
Ar~'~:JE:l,
tr:~_s
i-::1
lC-:C ""'-'''
L
-'-
~L~~,
71.
r
_'_
st2"te:J
fav'J~t""I:-::
1 C'7 -·.T,-:'l -i r7i~-, ~:
~ c G-1 '-17,
?:lonist Iolitic2 in
"',,' ,.....
,
,_,
~
. . . _~
,A
,_
'.
~J
,
~p.
,:)1,)
"_ J... (_ •
3rLtis'-.:.
111 rp"k:c
1-0 r,~.l r
.... .l..i. _
t......
, -;
.....
Jm,'
i '" ~ I" 0""
d ••• " ..... ",.1.
,
")
~-.L·-3uc~-_"
S~:-:i~J=-r;·2·~~t
72~-~cr'-=-~1
b.215
Kr~'·~ 1-:~-'~:c:r2
tr~e
rlJ~
r"~.'::-~!r~:ic~.~=~
~r:):lC8:!t
C!"t t:"C
i-i~ . .~J..ls--r,~~lJ<~~/):~,
~:·J1.'~~·~.. O·l
conference';::'
~erM~TIS~~
1}~'"
~!:::~
Ar~b
~
t'-,·-·t
t~
:,i.-:~2.
C"~~,:' L. ,:~e"tlt
·t·l~C
rc-~l?8til~'?;
.f.1~
,t. ftOI'1 [: 10LL.q.
,.,..-.-.
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