Specialty
within
1. What they studied
Percent of students
News-editorial Broadcasting Public relations
Advertising Other
curriculum
of BA
recipients
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
News-editorial
Broadcasting
Public relations
Advertising
Other
(N)
21.8
17.6
20.5
20.8
19.3
943
18.3
22.7
16
19.6
23.4
1252
20.7
20.1
19.2
16.2
23.8
711
16.7 15.7 17.1 16.2 18.6 18.2 17.9 17.9 16.4 17.3
17.8 22.6 21.5 19.1 18.7 21.6 25.3 22.4 24.2 24.1
19.8 17.1 18.2 17.2 19.3 17.6 18.3 18.8 20.5 16.4
16.2 16.2 14.5
16 15.2 13.3 12.3 13.1 12.5
9.8
29.5 28.4 28.7 31.5 28.2 29.4 26.2 27.7 26.3 32.3
2171 2448 2500 2670 2397 2238 2296 2241 2169 2391
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
2. Campus activities
Campus
activities
Percent of students
Newspaper Yearbook Radio Television Media internship Magazine WWW.Site
of BA
recipients
100
80
60
40
20
0
34.5
5.1
33.8
3.9
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Newspaper
Yearbook
Brdcst. station
Radio
Television
Media internship
Magazine
WWW.Site
(N)
58.4
18.7
38.8
46.2
12.6
30.8
39.1
5.2
37.2
6.1
35
7.3
33.6
6.6
33.3
6.5
34
5.6
33.8
5.9
33.9
4.9
20.8
13.4
77.1
18.3
12.8
78.6
18.6
15
77.4
18.7
14.1
78.2
16.1
13.8
77.7
16.2
14.4
76.9
19.1
17.7
81
2171
2448 2500 2670 2397
67.9
78.5
18.7
12.8
74.8
943
1252
711
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
35.6
5
16.9 18.3 19.5
15.7 16.5 19.5
79.6 82.2 82.2
6.4
7.3
7.3
1.3
3.4
3.7
2238 2296 2241 2169 2235
Final
3. Grade differential
grades of
BA
recipients
100
A
B
C
80
60
40
A
B
C
1989
26.2
70.1
3.7
1990
24.5
72.1
3.4
1991
26.7
69.4
3.8
1992
26.6
69.7
3.6
1993
29.7
66.6
3.7
1994
30.7
65.3
4
1995
31.5
65.6
2.9
1996
36.5
60.4
3
20
0
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
1997
31.3
61.4
7.4
1998
33.5
59.4
7.1
Final
grades of
4. Grades by major
100
1996
1997
1998
BA
recipients
80
by major:
percent
60
with A
or A-
40
40.1
34.8
32.7
34.8
34
33
29.9
34.1
33.6
32.6
34.3 35
30.6
26.8 26.4
20
0
Print journalism Broadcasting
Advertising
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
PR
Other
Mean ACT
5. ACT scores
scores of
BA
1996
1997
1998
25.1
25.3
25.2
Total
recipients
by major
26.5
26.4
26.3
Print journalism
24.4
24.4
24.8
Broadcasting
24.4
25.3
24.6
Advertising
24.6
24.8
24.9
PR
25.1
25.4
25.3
Other
11
16
21
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism and Mass Communication Graduates
26
31
36
Mean SAT
6. SAT scores
scores of
BA
1996
1997
1998
25.1
25.3
25.24
Total
recipients
by major
26.5
26.4
26.31
Print journalism
24.4
24.4
24.8
Broadcasting
24.4
25.3
24.59
Advertising
24.6
24.8
24.88
PR
25.1
25.4
25.33
Other
11
16
21
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism and Mass Communication Graduates
26
31
36
7. Seeking print jobs
Jobs
sought by
Percent
BA
35
recipients
30
25
in the area
20
of print
15
journalism
Dailies Weeklies WWW
10
5
0
Dailies
Weeklies
Magazines
Consumer Magazines
Trade Press
Book Publishers
Wire Services
Newsletters
Newsletter/Mags
WWW
(N)
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
24
14.3
14.6
22.3
13.5
13.5
21.5
15
13.8
22.1
14.4
13.1
21.8
14.9
13
21.2
13.3
11.2
19.2
11.8
12.3
22.3
12.2
20.6
10.8
22.8
12.6
8
7.3
7.6
7.9
2.7
2.2
5.2
6.6
2241
6.9
7.1
6.7
2.9
1.7
4.7
9.2
2169
9.9
3.1
9.1
3
11.5
9.1
9.6
2.8
10.1
3.5
8
2.7
3.2
4.8
6.2
2.8
2.4
4.8
2190
2434
2465
2670
2392
2238
2296
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
7.5
7.8
3.8
2.5
5
10.3
2235
Jobs sought by BA
recipients
8. Seeking broadcast jobs
Percent
in the area of
35
telecommunications
30
Television station Radio station
Cable television
25
20
15
10
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
21.5
16.4
9.2
2190
25.6
18
13
2434
24.5
17.3
13.2
2465
22.7
16
10.8
2670
23.2
15.8
12.8
2392
22.9
16.3
11.9
2238
26.9
14.7
12.6
2296
1996
1997
1998
26.7
15.7
12.5
2241
25.1
13.9
11.2
2169
27.8
14
12.5
2235
5
0
Television station
Radio station
Cable television
(N)
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Jobs
sought by
9. Seeking PR/Advertising jobs
Percent
BA
35
recipients
30
in the area
25
of PR and
20
advertising
15
Public relations agency Public relations department
Advertising agency Advertising department
10
5
0
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Public relations agency
Public relations department
Advertising agency
Advertising department
(N)
22.9
26.1
26.5
16.8
2190
21.3
24.3
26
16.9
2434
24.1
28.7
24.9
16.6
2465
22.5
26.6
26.8
17.8
2670
21.6
26.4
23.7
15.8
2392
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
21.1
23.7
23
13.6
2238
20.4
22
22.8
13.6
2296
23
25.9
25.3
14.9
2241
24.5
25.9
25.2
14.3
2169
24.7
25.7
25.1
15.2
2235
Job offers
10. Job offers to BA's
for BA
Percent
recipients
100
Percent at least one job
on
80
graduation:
percent with
60
at least
one job
40
20
0
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Percent at least one job
Mean=number of jobs
(N)
56
1.2
587
67.3
1.6
2190
68.1
1.5
2434
60.5
1.2
2465
62.8
1.2
2670
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
64.7
1.4
2392
69.8
1.5
2238
70.8
1.6
2296
75.8
1.7
2241
78.1
2
2169
81.8
2.2
2235
Employment
11. Employment status
status of BA
Percent
100
recipients
80
six to eight
months after
graduation
Full-time work Part-time work Continuing school
Unemployed
60
40
20
0
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Full-time work 68.3
Part-time work 11.9
Continuing school 7.5
Unemployed 12.3
(N) 943
66.6
12.3
7.2
13.9
1215
70.9
10.6
6.3
12.3
587
70.5 64.5 61.7 62.4 62.2 65.7 67.9 68.4 73.3 75.3
9.8 11.5 14.2 14.4 13.4 12.2 11.1
9.8
8.3
6
6.4
7.2
8
8
8.5
8
7.7
7.9
7.1
6.6
13.2 16.8 16.1 15.2 15.8 14.1 13.3 13.9 11.4 12.1
2190 2434 2465 2670 2392 2238 2296 2241 2169 2235
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Status of BA
12. Permanent positions
recipients:
Percent
100
percent in
permanent
positions
80
Full-time Job Holders
Part-time Job Holders
60
40
20
0
Full-time Job Holders
Part-time Job Holders
1994
87.1
47.6
1995
89.6
52.6
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
1996
88.6
48.4
1997
91.1
54.2
1998
90
47.3
Unemployment
rates of
13. Unemployment rates
Percent
journalism BA
recipients
compared to
national data
US Labor Force US Labor Force: 20-24 yrs. old J-Grads
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998
US Labor Force 5.8
US Labor Force: 20-24 yrs. old 9.1
J-Grads 12.2
5.3
8.4
8.1
5.3
8.7
7.2
6.2
9.6
10.4
7.2
11.2
9.9
7.4
11.2
8.4
6.6
10.2
8.6
5.7
9.1
7.4
5.6
9.4
6.9
5.2
8.9
6.5
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates; US Bureau of Labor Statistics
4.7
8.2
5.4
4.5
7.9
5.9
Job offers
14. Job offers to MA's
to MA
Percent
recipients
100
Percent at least one job
on
graduation:
percent
80
60
with at least
one job
40
20
0
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Percent at least one job
Mean=number of jobs
(N)
66
1.7
162
73.1
1.4
148
56.6
1.2
144
68.9
1.4
155
67.2
1.4
159
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
70.2
1.4
151
73.1
1.7
178
75.8
1.8
143
83.3
2
145
74.5
2
156
Employment
15. Employment status
status of MA
Percent
100
recipients
six to eight
80
months after
60
graduation
40
20
0
Full-time work
Part-time work
Continuing school
Unemployed
(N)
Full-time work Part-time work Continuing school
Unemployed
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
74.1
7.4
3.1
15.4
162
76.4
7.4
2.7
13.5
148
60.4
10.4
5.6
23.6
144
68.4
10.3
7.1
14.2
155
67.9
9.4
6.9
15.7
159
66.2
11.3
6
16.6
151
72.5
9.6
6.2
11.8
178
65.7
11.9
4.9
17.5
143
83.4
5.5
2.1
9
145
75.6
5.8
4.5
14.1
156
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Employment
16. Employment, news-editorial
of BA
Percent
recipients in
100
Full-time work Part-time work Continuing school Unemployed
the editorial
specialty
80
60
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
61
13.3
10.8
14.9
444
69.1
12.3
8.6
9.6
405
68.7
9.3
8.1
13
409
72.1
7.5
9
11.5
401
71.8
7
9.6
11.5
355
74.5
6.6
6.6
12.2
377
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
65.3
17
6.1
11.6
147
69.1
9.7
11.5
9.7
362
66.1
9.4
8.9
15.7
383
64.2
12.9
8.9
14.1
427
63.2
15.7
7.9
13.2
432
40
20
0
Full-time work
Part-time work
Continuing school
Unemployed
(N)
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Employment
17. Employment, broadcasting
of BA
Percent
recipients in
100
Full-time work Part-time work Continuing school Unemployed
the
80
broadcasting
specialty
60
40
20
0
Full-time work
Part-time work
Continuing school
Unemployed
(N)
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
76.8
14.1
2.8
6.3
142
72.2
11.7
6.7
9.4
385
63.4
15.6
4
17
585
57.6
19
5.6
17.7
536
56
20
6.7
17.4
511
56
21.7
2.9
19.4
448
60.9
17.9
6.2
15.9
482
64.5
16.9
5.7
12.9
580
61.8
15.1
4.4
18.7
498
68.3
12.8
4.2
14.7
524
70.2
9.9
3.7
16.2
544
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Employment
18. Employment, advertising
of BA
Percent
recipients in
100
Full-time work Part-time work Continuing school Unemployed
the advertising
80
specialty
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
68
11.3
5
15.7
363
69
9.8
6.7
14.5
297
73.3
8.9
6
11
281
74.7
6.8
6.5
11.9
293
79.7
5.2
5.2
10
271
83.7
3.4
5.6
7.3
233
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
74.8
15.7
2.6
7
115
72.1
10
7.4
10.5
351
71
8.3
6.1
14.6
396
68.9
9.6
4.1
17.4
363
66.1
15.2
4.2
14.5
428
60
40
20
0
Full-time work
Part-time work
Continuing school
Unemployed
(N)
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Employment
19. Employment, PR
of BA
Percent
recipients in
100
Full-time work Part-time work Continuing school Unemployed
the public
80
relations
specialty
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
70.7
9.1
5.8
14.4
417
64.2
13.8
6.8
15.2
455
68.4
12.9
4.4
14.4
459
69.7
9.8
6.8
13.8
458
69.9
8.9
6.1
15.1
397
73
7.2
6.2
13.6
419
73
7.4
10
9.5
419
78.8
6.1
7
8.1
444
84.2
2.1
6.5
7.3
385
1988
1989
72.6
11.1
6.7
9.6
135
72
7.2
10.8
10
429
60
40
20
0
Full-time work
Part-time work
Continuing school
Unemployed
(N)
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
An overview
20. General types of work
of BA
Percent
recipients'
work
100
80
situations
60
Communication work
Non-communication work
Continuing school
Unemployed
40
20
0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Communication work
53.7
26.8
Continuing school
7.2
Unemployed 12.3
(N) 1203
Non-communication work
60
21.2
6.4
12.4
580
60.7
19.6
6.5
13.3
2186
52.2
23.7
7.3
16.8
2425
49
26.9
8
16.1
2461
50.6
26.1
8
15.3
2664
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
51.4
24.3
8.5
15.8
2392
56
21.8
8
14.1
2234
57.7
21.3
7.7
13.3
2293
58.2
19.9
7.9
14
2241
64
17.5
7.1
11.4
2169
62.7
18.2
6.6
12.1
2235
BA
21. News-editorial tasks
recipients'
Percent
job tasks in
the area of
20
15
print
journalism
10
Writing/reporting
Editing/page layout
Combination
Technical writing
5
0
Writing/reporting
Editing/page layout
Combination
Technical writing
(N)
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
11.5
3.1
9.6
0.1
711
9.7
2.6
7.5
0.8
2171
7.5
2.5
4.6
0.5
2448
7.2
2.1
5.3
0.4
2500
6.6
2.5
4.8
0.7
2670
6.4
2.1
5
0.6
2397
8
3.9
6.6
0.4
2238
8.4
2.7
6.7
0.5
2282
7.5
3.9
5.4
0.5
2241
9.6
3.7
6.4
0.4
2169
9.5
3.1
6.5
0.5
2235
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
BA
22. Advertising tasks
recipients'
Percent
job tasks in
20
the area of
Producing ads
Selling/placing ads
15
advertising
10
5
0
Producing ads
Selling/placing ads
(N)
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
3
6.2
711
3.5
4.2
2171
2.7
4.8
2448
1.5
3.6
2500
2.4
3.8
2670
1.5
3.4
2397
2.1
4.4
2238
2
3.6
2282
2.4
3.2
2241
2.4
4.2
2169
1.6
4
2235
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
BA recipients'
23. Corporate communication
job tasks in the
area of
Percent
20
corporate
marketing and
Promotion/marketing
Corp. communication
15
communication
10
5
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
10.8
8.1
4.5
2448
8.6
4.3
2500
8.1
4.9
2670
8.2
5.2
2397
7.8
5.5
2238
9.5
5.6
2282
9.2
6.6
2241
10.7
6.5
2169
9.1
5.6
2235
0
Promotion/marketing
Corp. communication
(N)
2171
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
BA recipients
24. Newspaper work
working in
Percent
newspaper
20
jobs
15
Daily
Weekly
Wire
10
5
0
Daily
Weekly
Wire
1988
8
5.6
1.3
1989
7.3
3.5
0.5
1990
5.3
3.2
0.5
1991
4.8
2.9
0.2
1993
5.1
2.8
0.3
1994
5.8
3.2
0.4
1992
5.5
2.5
0.2
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
1995
4.9
3
0.5
1996
5.7
2.2
0.3
1997
6.7
2.1
0.4
1998
5.8
2.5
0.6
BA recipients
25. Telecom work
working in
Percent
telecommunications
20
jobs
Radio
Television
Cable
15
10
5
1989
3.4
4.6
1.6
1990
2.9
4.3
1
1991
2.7
3.1
1.2
1992
1.8
3.2
1.1
1993
2.5
3.3
1.2
1994
1.7
5.2
1.2
0
1988
Radio 3.8
Television 4.5
Cable 1.4
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
1995
2.5
6.7
2
1996
2.2
6.2
2.3
1997
1.9
6.6
2.5
1998
2.2
7.5
2.1
BA recipients
26. PR and advertising work
working in
Percent
20
public
relations and
15
PR Agency
Ad Agency
PR Department
Ad Department
advertising
10
5
1989
2.1
4.6
3.6
1.8
1990
1.7
4
3.8
1.7
1991
2.2
3.5
4
1.2
1992
1.2
4.2
3.3
1.7
1993
1.9
3.7
3
1.1
1994
2.3
3.9
3
1.5
1995
2.8
4.6
3.5
1.2
0
PR Agency
Ad Agency
PR Department
Ad Department
1988
2.8
5.9
5.5
2.8
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
1996
3.3
4.8
2.7
1.3
1997
3.9
5
3.3
1.2
1998
3.2
5.5
2.7
1.1
BA recipients
27. Other communication work
working for
Percent
magazines,
20
newsletters/
trade press,
15
Magazines
Newsletters/Trade press
Books
WWW
book
10
publishers,
WWW
5
0
Magazines
Newsletters/Trade press
Books
WWW
1988
2.5
1989
2.7
1990
2.1
1991
1.5
1992
2
1993
2
1.2
0.9
0.8
0.9
1
1994
2.3
0.7
0.9
1995
1.9
0.5
0.6
1996
1.5
1.2
0.5
0.9
1997
1.3
1.8
0.7
1.1
1998
1.2
1.6
0.7
1.1
1
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Employers of
28. Who hires news students?
BA recipients
with a
Percent employed in 1998
100
Newspaper, wire
news-editorial
80
emphasis
60
40
20
0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Newspaper, wire
Broadcasting
Public relations
Advertising
Other comm.
In School
Unempl.
Non comm.
(N)
40.6
0.5
6.8
1.8
12.8
12.3
10
15.1
219
47
0.9
3.5
1.7
6.1
8.7
14.8
17.4
115
37.4
2.5
5.5
2.7
16.2
8.5
13.2
14
364
34.5
1.3
5.3
2.4
14.7
9.2
15.6
16.8
380
30.6
1.9
5.2
1.9
12.4
9.5
14
24.5
421
32.3
1.2
4.4
1.2
18.6
10.5
12.8
19.1
430
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
26.8
1.8
5.6
1.4
18.7
11.5
14.9
19.4
444
34.7
1.5
3.7
1
22.3
8.7
9.9
18.3
404
32.6
2.2
3.9
2.5
19.9
8.1
14
16.9
408
32.2
3.2
5
2.2
20.2
9
11.5
16.7
401
34.9
3.1
2.5
2.8
22
9.6
11.5
13.5
355
36.4
1.4
2.9
0.3
22
6.7
12.3
18
373
Students with an
emphasis in
29. Hiring broadcast students
Percent
telecommunications
100
who choose their
Telecommunications
80
own specialty
60
40
20
0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Newspaper, wire
Telecommunications
Public relations
Advertising
Other comm.
In School
Unempl.
Non comm.
(N)
2.9
30.5
1.8
1.4
21.9
4.7
16.1
20.8
279
2.9
43.3
7.7
6.7
3.8
5.8
11.5
18.3
104
3.7
32.1
2.9
1.8
21.8
4.7
12.9
20
380
2.2
24.7
2.2
1.8
18.6
5.3
17.2
28
547
0.8
22
2.3
1.9
16.5
6.1
17.6
32.8
527
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
2
20.3
1.8
1.4
19.9
8.5
17.3
28.9
508
1.8
22.9
2.2
0.9
18.4
3.8
19.5
30.5
446
1.2
28.3
1.9
1.7
19.8
6.2
16
24.9
481
1.7
33.3
3.3
1
18.5
5.7
13
23.5
579
1
34.9
1.4
1.4
16.4
4.4
18.8
21.6
495
2.1
34
2.3
1.3
20.5
4.2
14.8
20.7
521
1.5
36.6
1.6
1.5
22.9
3.7
16.2
21.4
542
Students with
an advertising
emphasis who
choose their
30. Hiring ad students
Percent
100
Advertising
80
own specialty
60
40
20
0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Newspaper, wire
Broadcasting
Public relations
Advertising
Other comm.
In School
Unempl.
Non comm.
(N)
4.6
3.3
1.7
23.7
14.1
7.9
13.7
31.1
241
6.7
4.5
6.7
33.7
5.6
2.2
11.2
29.2
89
6.9
4
4.9
22.4
19.8
5.2
13.8
23
348
4.9
2.3
4.9
21
1.2
6.4
14.6
27.7
390
4.8
2
5.6
19.6
17.9
4.5
17.6
28
357
5.2
1.6
4.4
22.2
18.7
5.9
14.5
27.4
427
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
5.6
3.3
3.1
18.9
21.4
5.6
15.8
26.4
360
4.7
0.7
0.7
26.4
22.7
6.8
14.6
23.4
295
3.2
1.4
2.9
28.4
23.7
6.1
11.9
22.3
278
5.8
1
2.1
30.6
23.4
6.5
12
18.6
291
4.8
2.6
1.9
31.5
27.4
5.2
10
16.7
270
3.9
2.6
2.6
35.1
22.4
5.6
7.4
20.3
231
31. Hiring PR students
Students with
an emphasis in
Percent
public relations
100
who choose
Public relations
80
their own
60
specialty
40
20
0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Newspaper, wire
Broadcasting
Public relations
Advertising
Other comm.
In School
Unempl.
Non comm.
(N)
2
1
27.6
6.1
12.2
5.1
15.8
30.1
196
3.9
1
26.2
3.9
12.6
8.7
15.5
28.2
103
3.7
1.6
20.1
2.3
31.1
6.1
15.4
19.6
428
3.2
1.7
17.4
2
30.4
6.9
14.5
24
408
2.5
1.6
21
2
27.1
7
15.3
23.5
443
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
1.5
0.9
15.5
2.8
29.7
6.1
14.2
29.3
458
2.6
2.2
19.5
2.8
29.3
7.4
14.4
21.7
457
1.5
0.8
18
2.6
35.7
6.2
15.2
20.1
389
2.4
2.2
18.1
1.9
32.8
6.3
13.7
22.7
415
2.4
1.9
18.3
2.4
33.4
10.1
9.6
21.9
416
2.5
1.1
23.4
1.4
39.1
7
8.2
17.3
440
1.1
1.1
21.3
5.2
42.8
6.5
7.3
14.7
382
Full-time
32. Minority employment
employment
Percent
of minority
100
and
80
non-minority
BA
Minority Non-minority
60
1997
1998
recipients
40
20
1997
1998
0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Minority 66.4
Non-minority 72.1
Minority N 107
Nonminority N 1013
77.4
75.6
53
488
71.6 63.4
75.6 70.3
197
287
1840 1953
66.8 66.9 64.1 67.1 68.3
67 70.5 77.7
67.3 68.1
69 72.6 74.8 75.7 80.7 81.3
286
329
345
343
366
352
329
319
1965 2107 1831 1674 1716 1684 1657 1744
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Types of
jobs sought
by minority
and
non-minority
1998 BA
degree
recipients
33. Minorities and job seeking
Percent
20.9
23.1
Daily
1998 Minority
1998 Nonminority
13.2
12.5
Weekly
16.7
Radio
13.6
28.8
27.7
TV
13.4
12.4
Cable
22.6
25.2
PR Agency
22.3
Ad Agency
25.8
20.3
PR Department
26.7
12.5
Ad Department
15.7
0
10
20
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
30
40
50
Employment
status of
minority and
non-minority
BA degree
recipients
who sought
work with
daily
newspapers
34. Minorities and newspapers
Percent
100
Full Time
Part Time
Unemployed
83.7
82.2
80
75.8
66.2
60
40
20
18.9
14.9
9.9
12.9 11.3
11.2
6.5
6.4
0
Full Time
Part Time
Unemployed
N
1997 Minority
1997 Non-Minority
1998 Minority
1998 Non-minority
66.2
14.9
18.9
74
83.7
9.9
6.4
312
75.8
12.9
11.3
62
82.2
6.5
11.2
383
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Full-time
employment
of female
and male BA
35. Gender and employment
Percent
100
Female Male
80
recipients
60
40
20
0
Female
Male
Female N
Male N
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
71.5 76.1 75.5
71 67.7 69.6 69.5 72.2 74.8 75.2 80.1 82.3
71.8 74.9 74.7
67 65.8 64.4 65.2 70.3 71.2 72.6 76.8
77
741
356 1389 1495 1569 1643 1480 1363 1368 1369 1321 1393
380
191
653
757
690
801
693
679
736
683
685
688
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Union
membership
of BA
recipients
36. How many in unions?
Percent
1998
1997
No
96.1%
No
96.3%
Yes
3.7%
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Yes
3.9%
Overall
37. Overall salaries
nominal
In thousands
annual
salaries and
$35.0
adjustments
$30.0
for inflation
$25.0
UG Nominal Salary UG Salary in 1985 Dollars
Grad Nominal Salary Grad Salary in 1985 Dollars
$20.0
$15.0
$10.0
$5.0
$0.0
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
UG Nominal Salary $14.0 $15.2 $16.9 $17.8 $18.0 $18.1
UG Salary in 1985 Dollars $13.8 $14.3 $15.3 $15.3 $14.6 $14.1
Grad Nominal Salary
$25.0 $22.0
Grad Salary in 1985 Dollars
$20.3 $17.1
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
$18.2
$13.7
$24.8
$18.7
$18.5
$13.5
$25.0
$18.3
$20.0
$14.2
$25.0
$17.8
$20.8
$14.4
$28.5
$19.7
$21.5
$14.4
$28.8
$19.3
$23.0
$15.1
$28.5
$18.7
$24.0
$15.5
$30.0
$19.4
Annual
nominal
salaries and
38. Salaries and dailies
In thousands
$25.0
adjustments
for inflation
Nominal Salary
In 1985 Dollars
$20.0
at daily
$15.0
newspapers
$10.0
$5.0
$0.0
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Nominal Salary $13.9 $13.9 $16.1 $17.0 $18.1 $18.2 $18.2 $18.2 $21.0 $22.0 $20.8 $21.0 $22.6
In 1985 Dollars $13.7 $13.1 $14.6 $14.6 $14.7 $14.2 $13.7 $13.3 $14.9 $15.2 $13.9 $13.8 $14.6
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Annual
39. Salaries and weeklies
nominal
In thousands
salaries and
$25.0
Nominal Salary
In 1985 Dollars
adjustments
for inflation
$20.0
at weekly
$15.0
newspapers
$10.0
$5.0
$0.0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Nominal Salary $12.9 $14.3 $14.7 $15.6 $15.0 $15.6 $15.6 $15.6 $17.0 $18.2 $19.6 $20.3
In 1985 Dollars $12.2 $12.9 $12.6 $12.7 $11.7 $11.8 $11.4 $11.1 $11.7 $12.2 $12.9 $13.1
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Annual
nominal
salaries and
40. Salaries and radio
In thousands
$25.0
Nominal Salary
In 1985 Dollars
adjustments
for inflation
$20.0
in radio
$15.0
$10.0
$5.0
$0.0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Nominal Salary $12.8 $14.6 $13.5 $13.2 $14.0 $15.0 $16.9 $16.0 $17.0 $18.0 $20.0 $20.8
In 1985 Dollars $12.1 $13.2 $11.6 $10.7 $10.9 $11.3 $12.3 $11.4 $11.7 $12.0 $13.2 $13.4
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Annual
nominal
salaries and
41. Salaries and television
In thousands
$25.0
adjustments
for inflation
Nominal Salary
In 1985 Dollars
$20.0
in television
$15.0
$10.0
$5.0
$0.0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Nominal Salary $12.9 $16.9 $15.2 $15.0 $14.5 $15.6 $15.6 $16.0 $18.0 $17.5 $18.7 $18.2
In 1985 Dollars $12.2 $15.3 $13.1 $12.2 $11.2 $11.8 $11.4 $11.4 $12.4 $11.7 $12.3 $11.8
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Annual
nominal
salaries and
42. Salaries and advertising
In thousands
$30.0
adjustments
for inflation in
advertising
$25.0
Nominal Salary
In 1985 Dollars
$20.0
$15.0
$10.0
$5.0
$0.0
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Nominal Salary $14.7 $15.0 $16.4 $18.0 $18.5 $18.1 $18.5 $19.0 $20.0 $20.4 $22.0 $22.0 $25.0
In 1985 Dollars $14.4 $14.2 $14.8 $15.5 $15.0 $14.1 $14.0 $13.9 $14.2 $14.1 $14.7 $14.5 $16.2
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Annual
nominal
43. Salaries and PR
In thousands
salaries and
adjustments
for inflation
$30.0
Nominal Salary
In 1985 Dollars
$25.0
in public
relations
$20.0
$15.0
$10.0
$5.0
$0.0
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Nominal Salary $15.3 $16.7 $18.4 $19.0 $19.7 $20.0 $19.5 $20.9 $21.0 $22.0 $23.0 $23.1 $25.0
In 1985 Dollars $15.0 $15.8 $16.6 $16.3 $16.0 $15.6 $14.7 $15.3 $14.9 $15.2 $15.4 $15.2 $16.2
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Median
44. Salaries compared
weekly
salaries for
$462
All
1998 BA
$434
Dailies
recipients
Weeklies
with full-time
jobs
$389
$399
Radio
Television
Cable Television
$350
$442
Advertising
$481
Public Relations
$481
Consumer Magazines
$481
Newsletters, Trades
WWW
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
$504
$577
Salaries for
45. Unions and salaries
union and
non-union
BA
recipients
Median Annual
Salary Full-Time
Hires: $24,000
Non-union
96.1%
who are
full-time
employees
Union
3.9%
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Median Annual
Salary Full-Time
Hires: $25,000
Benefits
available to
BA
recipients
with full-time
jobs
46. Job benefits I
Percent
29.5
29.7
33.1
30.6
33.4
36.6
33.9
Basic Med. 1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
45.4
46.3
44.3
48.4
46.6
45.9
48.6
25.1
25.2
27.4
24.8
25.8
28.2
27.2
Major Med. 1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
47.5
49.1
46.7
51.5
52.4
52
52.2
19.1
22.3
22
21.5
22
22.7
22.3
Disability 1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
0
33.1
32.1
33.9
34.9
37.6
38.1
36.9
20
40
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Employer Pays All
Employer Pays Part
60
80
100
Benefits
available to
BA
recipients
with full-time
jobs
47. Job benefits II
Percent
45.3
48.5
48.6
54.7
55.9
59.3
59.1
13
12.9
15.8
14.6
16.4
16.5
16.6
Prescription 1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
37.6
39.3
37.1
42.6
44
43.9
45.1
17.9
19.2
23.1
21.4
21.5
25.8
24.8
Dental 1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
29.7
29.2
28.7
32.6
32.7
33
33.9
25.8
28.4
28.2
26.4
28.5
29.9
28.4
Life Insur. 1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
0
20
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
40
Employer Pays All
Employer Pays Part
60
80
100
Benefits
available to
BA
recipients
with full-time
48. Job benefits III
Percent
Mat./Paternity 1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
23.3
24.8
28.7
28.7
30
34.5
32.8
23.9
29.6
29.6
31.1
35.1
31.8
34.2
Employer Pays All
Employer Pays Some
jobs
Child Care 1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
9.6
12.8
4.4 11.9
3.4
15.8
4.5
15.5
4.4
15.8
4.6
18.2
Retirement 1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
16.2
14.3
16.3
15.8
15.3
16
15.3
2
4.2
0
36.1
39.8
40
42.4
47.3
48.4
50
20
40
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
60
80
100
Mean
number of all
49. Job benefits compared
Mean scores
benefits at
5.27
Daily papers
last partially
paid by
employer,
1997 and
4.57
Weekly papers
3.8
Radio
4.68
TV
5.14
Cable
5.5
PR
1998
Advertising
5.61
PR/Advertising
5.69
5.77
Com job not media co.
5.07
Other media
4.24
Nonmedia job
4.95
Total
0
1
2
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
3
4
5
6
7
BA recipients
working more
50. Overtime without pay
Percent
than 40 hours
35
per week
30
without
reimbursement
25
20
24.3
24.2
1993
1994
25
24.8
25
25.2
1995
1996
1997
1998
19.5
15
10
5
0
1992
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Percentage of
51. Working OT compared
employees who
Percent
say working
Must do, not paid
15.6
Daily papers
overtime is
37.5
26.3
Weekly papers
required
without pay, or
not required
43.4
30.2
Radio
TV
13.2
Cable
13.4
Not required to do
38.4
33
38.1
42.7
33.3
31.2
40.5
32.8
PR
Advertising
PR/Advertising
19.1
Com job not media co.
50.9
49.5
29.6
Other media
38.9
15.2
Nonmedia job
56.6
23.6
Total
0
10
20
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
30
43.3
40
50
60
70
Employed
BA
52. Why jobs chosen
Percent very important
recipients'
reasons for
selecting
jobs
1993 (N=1787)
1994 (N=1682)
1995 (N=1748)
1996 (N=1675)
1997 (N=1768)
1998 (N=1818)
Available
What Want to Do
Salary
Benefits
Location
Flexible
0
20
Available
1993 (N=1787)
1994 (N=1682)
1995 (N=1748)
1996 (N=1675)
1997 (N=1768)
1998 (N=1818)
35
26.2
26.3
23.5
19.2
19.6
40
60
80
100
What Want to Do
Salary
Benefits
Location
Flexible
51.7
56.1
60.1
58.9
61.5
63.9
24.8
27.3
24.4
28.2
28.2
27.8
28.1
32
29.8
32.2
35.2
32
31.5
34.7
32.7
33.5
36.6
38
21.2
22.5
21.9
20.1
20.3
20.9
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Employed
BA
53. Why jobs chosen in 1998
Percent very important
recipients'
19.6
Available
reasons for
1998 (N=1818)
63.9
What Want to Do
selecting
jobs
27.8
Salary
32
Benefits
38
Location
20.9
Flexible
47.1
Challenging
63.7
Advancement
52.8
Variety
46
Coworkers
19.6
Visibility
68.9
Opportunities to learn
0
20
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
40
60
80
100
54. Job satisfaction
Job
satisfaction
Percent
of employed
100
Full Time Work
Part Time Work
BA
80
recipients:
percent very
60
satisfied
40
20
0
Full Time Work
N
Part Time Work
N
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
38.7 32.8 33.7 31.4 28.1 30.6 31.4
34 38.5 35.8 35.5 34.1
799
409 1536 1565 1511 1651 1472 1461 1546 1516 1574 1658
14.7
3.6
11
6.9
8.1
9.8
8.2 11.6
15 15.3 15.3
8.4
143
56
209
277
347
378
318
267
253
216
176
131
BA degree
recipients
who say they
55. Would do it again
Percent
100
87.5
would
choose their
80
79.9
75.6
73.3
1989
75.6
71.2
72.7
1990
73.3
1991
71.2
1992
72.7
major again
75.7
77.4
76
74
1996
77.4
1997
76
1998
74
60
40
20
0
% Yes
1987
79.9
1988
87.5
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
1993
NA
1994
NA
1995
75.7
BA Degree
56. Wish other career?
Recipients
Percent
Who Wish
Yes
30.4%
They Had
Selected
Another
Never planned
communications
career
5.5%
Career
No
64.1%
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
Reasons
given for
57. Why choose other career
Percent
preferring
another
career
66.7
Low salary
24.5
Poor benefits
23.6
Location
35.1
Working schedule
58.7
Difficulty finding job
6.9
Uninteresting
18.5
No advancement
42.3
Interests changed
8.4
Few people are like me
0
10
1998 (N=2235)
20
30
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
40
50
60
70
80
Orientation
to work as
described by
BA degree
recipients
with jobs:
What they
said
employers
provided
58. Job orientation provided
Percent
1997
1998
81.9
Realistic view of job demands
81.6
84.5
Explanation of expectations
83.1
69.7
On-the-job supervision
69.4
52.9
Orientation Session
54.5
68.9
Assistance in meeting job demands
70.7
0
20
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
40
60
80
100
Attitudes
toward work
59. Attitudes toward work
Percent
of BA degree
1998
recipients
64.4
Job Meets Expectations
with jobs
73.9
Had Realistic View of Requirements
75.2
Job is interesting
65.9
Job is challenging
61.4
Job provides advancement
0
Source: Annual Survey of Journalism & Mass Communication Graduates
20
40
60
80
100
Attitudes
toward
retirement of
60. Retirement plans
Percent
25
1997
BA degree
1998
20.7
recipients
20
18.2
with jobs
15
10
5.8
5
4.4
0
Expect to Retire with Company
Expect to Retire in Occupation