Simon Fraser University 2007 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Prepared for: Simon Fraser University Prepared by: Willis Energy Services Ltd. March 3, 2009 Golder Associates Ltd. Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................1 1 2 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................5 1.1 Project objectives.........................................................................5 1.2 Approach ......................................................................................5 CARBON EMISSIONS INVENTORY ..........................................................7 2.1 Inventory Approach......................................................................7 2.2 Scope of Inventory .......................................................................8 2.3 Greenhouse Gases ........................................................................8 2.4 Baseline Year.............................................................................. 10 2.5 Boundary of Inventory ............................................................... 10 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.5.5 Burnaby Campus ............................................................. 11 Surrey Campus ............................................................... 11 Vancouver Campus .......................................................... 11 Kamloops Facility............................................................. 12 Great Northern Way Campus ............................................. 12 2.6 Comparing Control Methods ....................................................... 12 2.7 Sources of Carbon Emissions ...................................................... 13 2.8 Data Collection ........................................................................... 13 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.9 Stationary Emissions: Owned and Metered Properties ........... 13 Stationary Emissions: Leased Properties ............................. 14 Company Vehicles ........................................................... 15 Business Travel ............................................................... 15 Paper Consumption.......................................................... 15 Methodology............................................................................... 15 2.9.1 2.9.2 2.9.3 2.9.4 2.9.5 2.9.6 2.9.7 2.9.8 2.9.9 Electricity Consumption (Scope 2)...................................... 16 Electricity Consumption – Leased Properties (Scope 3).......... 16 Natural Gas Consumption (Scope 1) ................................... 16 Hot Water Consumption (Natural Gas) (Scope 2) ................. 17 Steam Consumption (Scope 2) .......................................... 17 Company Vehicles (Scope 1) ............................................. 18 Diesel Consumption (Electricity Generation) (Scope 3) .......... 18 Paper Consumption (Scope 3) ........................................... 19 Business Travel (Scope 3)................................................. 19 2.10 Emission Inventory Results ........................................................ 20 3 BENCHMARKING AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS .................................26 i Simon Fraser University 3.1.1 4 GHG Inventory Report Benchmarking Limitations ................................................. 29 GHG DATA MEASUREMENT, COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS ...........................................................................31 4.1 Developing a GHG Inventory Management Plan ......................... 31 4.2 Data Collection ........................................................................... 31 4.2.1 Complete Source Inventory............................................... 31 4.2.2 Vehicle Inventory ............................................................ 32 4.2.3 Paper Consumption.......................................................... 32 4.2.4 Integration of GHG tracking with Financial Accounting Systems and Enterprise Resource Planning Software ...................................... 32 4.2.5 Business Travel ............................................................... 33 4.2.6 Leased Properties ............................................................ 33 4.2.7 Biomass Emissions........................................................... 33 4.3 Risk Mitigation............................................................................ 34 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.4 Inventory Management .............................................................. 35 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 5 Central Inventory ............................................................ 35 Baseline ......................................................................... 36 Data Management ........................................................... 36 REDUCTION POTENTIAL AND COSTS ...................................................38 5.1 Current Quantifiable Reductions: Physical Plant......................... 38 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.2 Fuel Switching................................................................. 39 Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Control.................. 39 Vehicles ......................................................................... 41 Future Potential Reductions ....................................................... 42 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 6 SF6 Emissions ................................................................. 34 HFC Emissions ................................................................ 34 PFC Emissions ................................................................. 35 Laboratory Use and Releases............................................. 35 Insourcing ...................................................................... 35 Event History .................................................................. 35 Building Standards and Codes ........................................... 42 Building Envelope Design .................................................. 43 Renovations.................................................................... 44 Video Conferencing .......................................................... 44 5.3 Marginal Abatement Cost Curve ................................................. 45 5.4 Carbon Costs and Offsets............................................................ 46 5.5 Guidance on Cap and Trade Markets........................................... 52 CARBON MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................54 ii Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report 7 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................57 8 APPENDIX ...........................................................................................58 8.1 References ................................................................................. 58 8.2 Links........................................................................................... 59 8.3 Emission Factors ........................................................................ 60 List of Tables and Figures Figure 1-1: Emissions Inventory Development Process (EIDP)............................. 6 Figure 2-1: Emission Source Percentages (Based on CO2e emissions)................. 22 Figure 2-2: Burnaby Campus Trending 2005-2007 .......................................... 25 Figure 2-3: Building GHG Intensity................................................................ 25 Figure 3-1: GHG Emissions per Campus Member............................................. 28 Figure 3-2: GHG Emissions per Gross Square Metre......................................... 28 Figure 5-1 Marginal Abatement Cost Curve..................................................... 45 Figure 5-2: Environment Canada Predicted Offset Costs ................................... 48 Figure 5-3: SFU Floor Space Expansion.......................................................... 50 • Cost of offsets are as set out in Figure 5-4, with the initial cost of offsets to be $25 per tCO2e in 2010. .......................................................................... 51 Figure 5-5: Forecasted Cost of Offsetting GHG Emissions and the Carbon Tax ..... 51 Table 2—1: GHG and Associated Global Warming Potential ................................. 9 Table 2—2: Summary of Emission Sources and Scopes .................................... 13 Table 2—3: SFU Emissions by Scope and Location ........................................... 21 Table 2—4: SFU Emissions by GHG ............................................................... 21 Table 2—5: SFU Energy Use in 2007 ............................................................. 21 Table 2—6: Scope 1 Emissions ..................................................................... 22 Table 2—7: Scope 2 Emissions ..................................................................... 23 Table 2—8: Scope 3 Travel Emissions ............................................................ 23 Table 2—9: Paper Use Emissions .................................................................. 23 Table 2—10: Burnaby Campus Trending ........................................................ 24 Table 3—1: University Statistics.................................................................... 27 iii Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Table 3—2: Emission Factors for Universities .................................................. 27 Table 5—1: PSECA Projects .......................................................................... 38 Table 5—2: Impact of Offset Price on Payback Period....................................... 39 Table 5—3: Heating Requirements for Occupied Space..................................... 39 Table 5—4: Cost of CO2e Emissions per Tonne ................................................ 49 Table 5—5: GHG Intensities per m2 ............................................................... 50 Table 8—1: Emission Factors........................................................................ 60 Table 8—2: Indirect Emission Factors ............................................................ 61 Table 8—3: Vehicle Emission Factors (Fuel Consumption) ................................. 61 Table 8—4: Emission Factors from Vehicles (Mileage based) ............................. 62 Table 8—5: Emission Factors for Paper Consumption ....................................... 62 Table 8—6: Burnaby 2005 ........................................................................... 63 Table 8—7: Burnaby 2006 ........................................................................... 64 Table 8—8: Burnaby 2007 ........................................................................... 65 Table 8—9: Surrey 2007.............................................................................. 66 Table 8—10: Vancouver 2007....................................................................... 67 Table 8—11: Kamloops 2007........................................................................ 68 iv Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction The government of British Columbia has introduced several climate-action initiatives to meet its goals of reducing provincial greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Corresponding legislation stipulates that public sector organizations such as Simon Fraser University (SFU) become carbon neutral by 2010. As part of this process, SFU has sought to quantify its carbon footprint through a GHG inventory. The GHG inventory will help SFU understand the impact of the regulations and provide guidance on how to quantify GHG emissions and plan mitigation strategies. This report covers the 2007 calendar year and will be used to establish a baseline for the organization. Facility Information SFU is a medium-sized university in British Columbia engaged in education and research. It consists of three campuses located in Burnaby, Surrey, and Vancouver along with smaller facilities throughout the province. In 2007, the population of SFU consisted of 6,100 staff and 39,000 weighted full-time equivalent students (21,000 active full-time equivalent students). The combined facilities consist of 328,000 net square metres of floor space. Background of Legislation The government of British Columbia has taken an aggressive approach to reducing GHG emissions and has introduced several acts and associated regulations to ensure compliance with its GHG reduction goals. The Greenhouse Gas Reduction Targets Act (GGRTA), given Royal Assent on November 29, 2007, and brought into force on January 1, 2008, requires the province to reduce GHG emissions by at least 33 percent below 2007 levels by 2020, and further sets a target of at least 80 percent below 2007 levels by 2050. In addition, the Act requires the provincial government, including ministries, Crown corporations, educational institutions, and health authorities, to become carbon neutral by 2010. These public sector organizations (PSOs), such as Simon Fraser University, must report annually the actions they’ve taken to becoming carbon neutral. A regulation under the GGRTA, the Carbon Neutral Government Regulation, ordered December 8, 2008, specifies reporting requirements for the PSOs. In addition, the government has introduced complementary legislation to the GGRTA to encourage both public and private organizations to comply with its GHG reduction targets. The Greenhouse Gas Reduction (Cap and Trade) Act (Cap and Trade Act), given Royal Assent on May 29, 2008, authorizes the implementation of a cap and trade system, which will set an overall cap on emissions and allow regulated emitters to buy and sell emissions allowances. PSOs must buy and sell emissions allowances (or offsets) through the Pacific Carbon Trust (PCT), a Crown corporation set up by the provincial government. The Emissions Offset Regulation 1 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report under the GGRTA, ordered December 8, 2008, will ensure GHG offsets submitted to the PCT meet government criteria. A proposed regulation under the Cap and Trade Act, entitled Greenhouse Gas Reporting Regulation (GHG Reporting Regulation) will require all facilities in the province, whether public or private, with emissions greater than 10,000 tonnes CO2e annually to report their emissions data to the Ministry of Environment. The GHG Reporting Regulation, described in a Policy Intentions Paper, is currently at the draft stage and is anticipated to come into force in early 2009. Impact of Legislation The GGRTA requires all publicly reporting organizations such as SFU to compile and report their GHG emissions on a calendar basis to their reporting ministries, which in SFU’s case is the Ministry of Advanced Education. In addition, the GHG Reporting Regulation under the Cap and Trade Act will require SFU to report the emissions from its Burnaby campus to the Ministry of Environment. To achieve carbon neutrality, organizations will be required to purchase offsets equivalent to their GHG emissions through the PCT. A reduction in GHG emissions by the organization will only reduce the amount of offsets required. Emissions Sources Greenhouse gas emissions are typically categorized as direct or indirect. Most emissions from SFU are a result of heating, either produced directly as in the case of the Burnaby campus, or indirectly through the purchase of hot water or steam, as in the case of the Vancouver campus. The reporting protocol followed for the SFU GHG inventory divided the direct and indirect emissions into the following scopes: • • • Scope 1: All direct carbon emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by SFU within the inventory boundary (See section 2.5). Scope 2: Indirect emissions associated with the consumption of purchased or acquired electricity, steam, heating or cooling. Scope 3: All other indirect emissions not covered by Scope 2; for example, business travel, production of purchased materials such as paper, outsourced activities, and waste disposal. For the SFU GHG inventory, all Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions were accounted. Emissions from letter-sized paper and business travel were accounted in the inventory under Scope 3. Although business travel was included in the inventory, government regulations for PSOs outside the direct ministries do not require emissions from these activities to be reported or offset. 2 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Boundary of Inventory Emissions from all facilities, owned or leased, under financial control of SFU were included in the GHG inventory. A list of the facilities follows; a description of greenhouse gases included in the inventory is provided in Section 2.3. • • • The three SFU campuses in Burnaby, Vancouver, and Surrey were included in the inventory. The Burnaby campus consisted of all buildings at SFU’s location on Burnaby Mountain, including residences and excluding UniverCity Trust. The Surrey campus consisted of SFU-owned space at the Surrey Central City complex. The Vancouver campus consisted of two properties owned by SFU, the Morris J. Wosk Centre for Dialogue and the Segal Graduate School of Business, and two properties leased by SFU, Harbour Centre and 611 Alexander, all in downtown Vancouver. SFU’s Kamloops facility, comprised of six trailers located on the Kamloops Indian Reserve, was also included in the inventory. The Great Northern Way campus, Bamfield facility and Verdant properties were not included in the inventory. Emissions Inventory SFU as an organization had GHG emissions of 22,730 tonnes of CO2e. Most emissions are from the Burnaby campus. A large portion of the emissions for SFU are a result of building use such as natural gas combustion, electricity and steam consumption, and diesel powered generators. Vehicles, primarily located at Burnaby campus resulted in 940 tonnes of CO2e. Paper consumption for SFU resulted in 357 tonnes of CO2e. GHG Management For the purposes of this report, overall collection of information concerning GHG emissions was straightforward for major sources of emissions such as electricity and natural gas combustion. However, collection of data from leased spaces proved difficult. Data collection for company vehicles was also challenging since a number of different SFU departments own vehicles. The nature of data captured by different departments regarding their vehicles was found to vary significantly. In respect to future reporting requirements, without proper documented procedures and policies related to data collection and storage, SFU could face extra costs related to verification. Therefore, as part of an ongoing GHG reduction strategy, SFU will need to develop a plan to record its GHG emissions. A key outcome of the plan should be the creation of a GHG Management Handbook that outlines procedures to collect, compile, report, and verify emissions. Recommendations for GHG data management are discussed further in Section 4. Mitigation The majority of emissions from SFU are related to the physical plant at the Burnaby campus. Several mitigation opportunities with the potential to reduce 450 tonnes of 3 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report CO2 have been identified with respect to the HVAC system. Fuel switching, involving a switch to biomass for the central boiler plant, and greater reliance on heat pumps and solar heating have been estimated to reduce emissions by 8,800, 440, and 150 tonnes respectively. Most mitigation opportunities lie in improvements to the building themselves, and cannot be justified on energy savings or GHG reduction. But, if major renovations are required, the possibility of reductions in energy use should be investigated. Opportunities related to vehicle use include the use of biofuels and electric vehicles. These mitigation opportunities are discussed in detail in Section 5. Conclusions The goals of the Carbon Neutral Government Regulation are to lead the province in reducing GHG emissions. To reach these goals, two key elements are required: quantification and reduction of emissions. Regulatory requirements will necessitate a proper plan for the collection, compilation and storage, reporting, and verification of GHG information. Identifying GHG sources and documenting reporting procedures will help reduce verification costs and help with the completeness and accuracy of the GHG inventory. Reduction of emissions will require a focus on the physical plant. New construction and major renovations will need to be planned with a focus on emissions reduction. Opportunities exist with using low carbon energy sources for vehicles and buildings. 4 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report 1 INTRODUCTION In response to growing concerns over climate change, the provincial government, in November 2007, introduced the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Targets Act (GGRTA). A key requirement of the Act is for the provincial government, including public sector organizations (PSOs) such as universities, to reduce GHG emissions by a minimum of 33% below 2007 levels by 2020. To achieve this target and to set an example, PSOs are also required to become carbon neutral by 2010. Simon Fraser University (SFU) retained Willis Energy Services Ltd. (Willis) and Golder Associates Ltd. (Golder) to provide consulting services relating to the development of a greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory. Also, on December 8, 2008, the provincial government issued an Order in Council empowering the Carbon Neutral Government Regulation (Carbon Neutral Government Regulation) under the GGRTA. While the consultants have not evaluated in detail the requirements or impacts of this Regulation on this project, it appears that the regulatory requirements are generally consistent with this work. 1.1 PROJECT OBJECTIVES The main project objectives were as follows: • • • • • • Develop a GHG inventory to meet perceived mandatory reporting requirements and in conformance with the World Business Council for Sustainable Development/World Resources Institute Greenhouse Gas Protocol (WBCSD/WRI GHG Protocol)1; Identify GHG emission reduction opportunities to manage GHG risks and minimize compliance exposure; Calculate carbon tax costs; Provide recommendations with respect to an on-going GHG measurement system; Provide guidance in developing cap and trade markets; and Provide regular progress updates and presentations to SFU’s GHG project team. 1.2 APPROACH The Willis/Golder team applied their Emissions Inventory Development Process (EIDP) to develop the GHG inventory. The overall EIDP framework is a three-phase process with four steps in each phase. The EIDP framework is summarized in Figure 1-1. 1 World Business Council for Sustainable Development/World Resources Institute, Greenhouse Gas Protocol, A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard, Revised Edition 5 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Figure 1-1: Emissions Inventory Development Process (EIDP) 6 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report 2 CARBON EMISSIONS INVENTORY A carbon emissions inventory was developed that included all four SFU locations: • Burnaby campus; • Surrey campus; • Downtown Vancouver campus; and • Kamloops facility. The following section outlines the approach, scope, boundary, and detailed data collection methodology and presents the inventory results. 2.1 INVENTORY APPROACH In general, selection of the boundary and scope for the development of the carbon inventory was broadly consistent with the WBCSD/WRI GHG Protocol and The Climate Registry (TCR) General Reporting Protocol1. TCR’s General Reporting Protocol is a regional protocol, specific to North America, based on the WBCSD/WRI GHG Protocol. The B.C. government’s Climate Action Secretariat has developed a draft framework2 (herein after referred to as the “B.C. draft framework”) to provide guidance for Crown corporations regarding measurement and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions. The B.C. draft framework does not provide sufficient detail to be able to be used alone to develop an emissions inventory; it is a “framework” rather than a reporting protocol. The B.C. draft framework references three existing GHG reporting protocols as current best practice, including the WBCSD/WRI GHG Protocol and the TCR General Reporting Protocol, and states that Crown agencies can refer to these and other documents for further information on defining, measuring, and reporting emissions. The B.C. draft framework has two associated web-based emission calculators: SMARTTool3 and SMARTTec4, which have been developed to measure emissions by Crown corporations that are administered by the B.C. Ministry of Labour and Citizens’ Services. SMARTTool calculates GHG emissions from four areas of corporate operations: buildings, fleet, supplies (currently paper use), and business travel. SMARTTec calculates emissions from business travel. Although not considered at the beginning of this project, it is now understood that SFU will be required to use these tools and that the Ministry is in the process of identifying university requirements, with the anticipated deployment of these tools to universities in early 2009. 1 The Climate Registry, General Reporting Protocol, Version 1.1, May 2008. Climate Action Secretariat, Draft Framework for Greenhouse Gas Measurements and Reporting: Guidance for Crown Corporations March 12, 2007 3 SMARTTool GHG Emissions Calculator provided by BC Ministry of Labour and Citizens’ Services 4 SMARTTec GHG Emissions Calculator provided by BC Ministry of Labour and Citizens’ Services 2 7 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report In summary, the GHG inventory developed through this project has followed the TCR General Reporting Protocol, but has also considered the B.C. draft framework as information became available. This information is still limited and the framework continues to evolve. Commentary has been provided throughout this report where emission calculations and reporting requirements differ between the TCR protocol and the B.C. draft framework. 2.2 SCOPE OF INVENTORY Scope is a term that defines what activities are considered “in or out” of a GHG inventory and which emissions are “direct” or “indirect”. Categorization of emissions for this inventory has followed the WBCSD/WRI and TCR protocols as follows: • • • Scope 1: All direct carbon emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by SFU within the inventory boundary (See section 2.5). Scope 2: Indirect emissions associated with the consumption of purchased or acquired electricity, steam, heating or cooling. Scope 3: All other indirect emissions not covered by Scope 2, for example, business travel, production of purchased materials such as paper, outsourced activities, and waste disposal. Under the TCR protocol, Scope 1 and 2 emissions are required to be reported as part of an inventory, whereas the reporting of Scope 3 emissions is optional. The scope of the B.C. draft framework differs from the TCR protocol as to what is required and what is optional. The main apparent differences are discussed below. • Reporting of emissions associated with business travel are mandatory for provincial ministries under the B.C. draft framework, whereas it would be optional to report these (Scope 3) emissions under the TCR protocol. Emissions associated with business travel have currently been included in the inventory, however it should be noted that the B.C. draft framework guidance currently exempts reporting PSOs such as SFU from being required to report or offset emissions associated with business travel. • Reporting of emissions associated with paper use is required under the B.C draft framework, whereas it would be optional to report Scope 3 emissions associated with production of purchased material such as paper under the TCR protocol. 2.3 GREENHOUSE GASES A GHG emissions inventory includes the six following GHG categories: carbon dioxide (CO2); methane (CH4); nitrous oxide (N2O); hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); 8 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report perfluorocarbons (PFCs); and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Typically, a GHG emissions inventory focuses on emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O as the other GHGs are rare. No data is currently collected on emissions of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 for SFU; however, potential sources of HFC’s and SF6 have been identified and future recommendations for collection of these emissions in the inventory have been provided. A complete list of the GHGs to be tracked as part of the Carbon Neutral Government Regulation is provided in Table 2—1. To streamline GHG emissions inventories and calculate emissions offsets, greenhouse gases are often recorded as CO2e, or carbon dioxide equivalent. The carbon dioxide equivalent of a given GHG can be obtained by multiplying the mass of the GHG by its global warming potential (GWP). The GWP is a factor describing the radiative forcing impact of one mass based unit of a given GHG relative to an equivalent unit of CO2 over a given period of time.1 The GWP used in this GHG report and specified by the provincial government regulations are produced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change2, and listed in Table 2—1. Table 2—1: GHG and Associated Global Warming Potential Composition Global Warming Potential (GWP) Carbon Dioxide CO2 1 Methane CH4 21 Nitrous oxide N2O 310 HFC-23 CHF3 11,700 HFC-32 CH2F2 650 HFC-41 CH3F 150 C5H2F10 1,300 HFC-125 C2HF5 2,800 HFC-134 C2H2F4 (CHF2CHF2) 1,000 HFC-134a C2H2F4 (CH2FCF3) 1,300 HFC-152a C2H4F2 (CH3CHF2) 140 HFC-143 C2H3F3 (CHF2CH2F) 300 HFC-143a C2H3F3 (CF3CH3) 3,800 HFC-227ea C3HF7 2,900 HFC-236fa C3H2F6 6,300 HFC-245ca C3H3F5 560 Name HFC-43-10mee 1 2 ISO 14064-1:06 Intergovernmental Panel reference 9 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Composition Global Warming Potential (GWP) Sulphur hexafluoride SF6 23,900 Perfluoromethane CF4 6,500 Perfluoroethane C2F6 9,200 Perfluoroproprane C3F8 7,000 Perfluorobutane C4F10 7,000 Perfluorocyclobutane c-C4F8 8,700 Perfluoropentane C5F12 7,500 Perfluorohexane C6F14 7,400 Name 2.4 BASELINE YEAR This study commenced in 2008 and the previous complete calendar year at the time, 2007, was selected as the inventory baseline year. Where data was available, 2005 and 2006 were also included in the inventory for the purpose of observing data trends. 2.5 BOUNDARY OF INVENTORY The boundary defines the emission sources SFU is responsible for, what kinds of emissions are included in the GHG inventory, and the specific gases being tracked. The boundary used for the SFU GHG inventory is described below. Methodology and reasoning for the selection of the boundary is also given. Where boundary conditions might be subject to change depending on interpretation of government guidelines, these areas are highlighted. Methods of determining the boundary of an emissions inventory are the equity share method and the control method. With the equity share method, emissions are accounted from facilities as a percentage of an organization’s equity stake within that facility. With the control method, emissions are accounted by an organization’s control of a facility. The control method is further divided into operational control and financial control. Operational control is where emissions are accounted from facilities over which an organization has operational control, and financial control is where emissions are accounted from facilities over which an organization has financial control. The boundary method specified for the emissions inventory for SFU was the financial control method. This method included all the properties owned by SFU, but excluded SFU-owned property sublet to other organizations under a capital lease (such as the property leased to the UniverCity Trust). 10 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Also accounted under the financial control method as part of the GHG inventory were the emissions from property leased by SFU for its own use , which under WRI accounting rules would be treated as Scope 3 emissions (optional reporting), but for the Carbon Neutral Government Regulation are treated as Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions. Aside from the Carbon Neutral Government Regulation reporting requirements, SFU may be required to report GHG emissions from its Burnaby campus to the B.C. Ministry of Environment (MOE) under the proposed GHG Reporting Regulation under the Cap and Trade Act. The regulation, described in a Policy Intentions Paper, is currently at the draft stage and is expected to be enacted by mid-2009. The reporting methodology has yet to be specified, but is expected to be based upon the TCR General Reporting Protocol. These draft reporting requirements do not appear to impact the other SFU campuses and sites. 2.5.1 Burnaby Campus All buildings within the Burnaby campus, including residences and excluding UniverCity Trust, were included within the boundary. SFU-owned property on the Burnaby campus leased to other organizations, such as research space or retail space, was not evaluated separately. Services such as snow removal and gardening/landscaping were not included in the boundary as these services are outsourced without intention to insource at a later date. Security services’ vehicle use was included in the boundary as the vehicles are supplied by SFU. 2.5.2 Surrey Campus Surrey campus consisted of owned property within the Surrey Central City complex: the Galleria, two floors of the mall complex, and three floors of the tower complex. SFU-owned space leased to Blenz Coffee was included within the boundary. SFU Surrey’s portion of emissions from shared services (electricity, hot water, air conditioning, and emergency back-up generators) was apportioned on a percentage of overall floor space. Emissions related to the uninterruptible power supply (UPS) generators were apportioned on a percentage of the purchased supply rather than the available supply. Gardening and snow removal services were not included in the inventory. 2.5.3 Vancouver Campus Vancouver campus consisted of two properties owned by SFU, the Morris J. Wosk Centre for Dialogue and the Segal Graduate School of Business; and two properties leased by SFU, Harbour Centre and 611 Alexander. The leased property at SFU Harbour Centre included the sublet to BC Research Network and the SFU Bookstore. Information to support emission estimation from leased space at Harbour Centre 11 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report was obtained from the property manager. Emissions were estimated for the leased space at 611 Alexander Street. 2.5.4 Kamloops Facility The Kamloops facility consisted of six trailers located within the Kamloops Indian Band Reserve. All six trailers were included in the boundary. Excluded from the inventory were facilities provided by remote communities served by the Kamloops facility’s outreach program. 2.5.5 Great Northern Way Campus The Great Northern Way campus in Vancouver was not part of the scope for the emissions inventory; therefore it is not included in the boundary or inventory. The four member institutions, SFU, UBC, BCIT and ECUAD, none of which have a majority financial or organizational control of the campus, will need to mutually determine a GHG reporting procedure where costs and allocations of emissions are distributed among the four entities. 2.6 COMPARING CONTROL METHODS In our opinion, using either of the control methods—financial or operational—would result in negligible differences in terms of SFU’s reporting requirements. Concerning a change of control method from financial to operational, the decrease in emissions would be slight, but increased cost in inventory management would result due to possible sub-metering of tenants, justification of estimates used in excluding tenants, and increase in verification costs. In terms of the proposed GHG Reporting Regulation to the B.C. Ministry of Environment as described in the Policy Intentions Paper, a change in methodology would likely increase inventory management costs. The draft regulations are also unclear if the emissions would be the responsibility of the site regardless of tenants. Given the proposed rules, it appears the purchase of allocations would not be necessary because emissions would be below the threshold; there should be no increase in compliance costs. Details relating to the cap and trade system and allocations and reporting are discussed further in section 5.5. The spaces for SFU Vancouver and SFU Surrey would be accounted for regardless of the control method chosen with respect to the Carbon Neutral Government Regulation. At SFU’s Vancouver campus, a sublessee to SFU at Harbour Centre is the BC Research Network, a non-profit organization that hosts several servers in its leased space. Rather than including this space as part of SFU’s emissions inventory, BC Network Servers should establish its own lease directly with Harbour Centre. SFU Surrey is owned property and used primarily for academic purposes with the exception of the space leased to Blenz Coffee. The GHG emissions related to the 12 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Blenz Coffee space would be small and costly to quantify in relation to the offset costs; therefore, this space is best dealt with through the lease agreement and a flow through of offset costs. 2.7 SOURCES OF CARBON EMISSIONS The sources of carbon emissions included in the GHG inventory and their associated scope categories are presented in Table 2—2. Table 2—2: Summary of Emission Sources and Scopes Emissions Source Scope (1, 2 or 3) Natural Gas Use (Boiler and Other) 1 Fuel Oil Use (Boiler) 1 Diesel Use (Emergency Generator) 1 SFU Owned/Leased Vehicles 1 Purchased Electricity 2 Purchased Steam/Hot water 2 Purchase Electricity from Diesel Generator 2 Paper Consumption 3 Business Travel (Air/Personal Vehicle) 3 * * Scope as defined by WBCSD/WRI GHG Protocol. 2.8 DATA COLLECTION Data collection of the GHG emissions is described below and includes a description of identified data sources. Difficulties in collecting data and potential missing data are identified, and suggested methods for data collection and sources of data are highlighted. Most GHG emissions information was obtained through utility bills. GHG emissions information from stationary sources was also obtained through statements from property managers. Mileage information or fuel consumption was used for vehicle emissions information. Information provided by the SFU finance department was the source of information for business travel data. Paper consumption data was provided primarily by SFU central stores. 2.8.1 Stationary Emissions: Owned and Metered Properties Electricity Electricity consumption data for SFU facilities excluding Kamloops was obtained through utility bills from BC Hydro and from the Kamloops Indian Band for the Kamloops facility. The multiple meters at the Burnaby and Vancouver campuses 13 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report took time to properly track down. A complete list of accounts and meters should be maintained with the GHG inventory. Natural Gas Natural gas is directly metered at the Morris J. Wosk Centre for Dialogue, the Burnaby campus, and the Kamloops facility. GHG emissions from natural gas combustion were calculated based on gas meter information. The multiple meters at Burnaby and Vancouver campuses took time to properly track down and obtaining account history records from Terasen was difficult as meter replacements were improperly recorded. Smaller accounts also proved difficult to obtain. A complete list of accounts and meters should be maintained with the GHG inventory. Fuel Oil Fuel oil is used at Burnaby and Surrey campuses for heating in case of natural gas interruption. Burnaby fuel oil data was obtained from Facilities Management, the fuel purchase records and the consumption of fuel oil calculated from the BTU output of the boilers and burn time. Surrey did not use its fuel oil for heating during the 2007 calendar year according to the building engineer. Records of fuel oil purchases and fuel oil consumption, through input metering rather than based upon BTU output, should be used for the GHG inventory to increase accuracy and the level of verification. 2.8.2 Stationary Emissions: Leased Properties Steam Steam for Harbour Centre is purchased from Central Heat Distribution Ltd. Steam consumption was provided for Harbour Centre through the property manager. GHG emissions related to the consumption of steam were calculated based upon the methodology outlined in section 2.9. Hot Water Supply Hot water is supplied to the Surrey campus through the property manager. GHG emissions from the hot water were calculated from natural gas metering data provided by the property manager and through estimation based on utility bill information. Hot water use was apportioned based upon SFU’s share of building floor space. Electricity Electricity consumption at leased properties was obtained through the property managers. Electricity was partially sub-metered at Surrey campus for tenantspecific uses. Electricity consumption related to general site use at Surrey campus, such as hallway lighting and ventilation, was obtained by apportioning the equivalent of floor space ratio to the general electricity consumption. 14 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report 2.8.3 Company Vehicles A master list of SFU owned/leased vehicles, based on vehicle insurance, was provided by the Financial Services department. Vehicles are generally assigned to different departments at the Burnaby campus, consequently data regarding fuel consumption of vehicles was provided by the individual departments: Facilities Management, Geography, Recreation and Athletics, and Biology and Archeology. 2.8.4 Business Travel Business travel has been included in the inventory at the request of SFU. However it should be noted that under the B.C. GGRTA 2007, SFU are not currently required to report, or offset emissions associated with business travel. Business travel information for 2007 was unavailable. In 2008, SFU updated its expense form to better collect travel information. An attempt to quantify the business travel was made based upon information from May to August 2008. Business travel information presented within the report is based upon the sample from 2008. 2.8.5 Paper Consumption Paper consumption was obtained from SFU Central Stores which acts as a central paper distribution point for the Burnaby, Surrey, and Vancouver campus locations. Xerox supply paper direct to the Burnaby campus, paper quantities supplied by Xerox (available for 2005 and 2006 only) was included in the inventory. Paper consumption for the Kamloops facility was provided by the Kamloops Administration department. 2.9 METHODOLOGY The methodologies used to calculate GHG emissions are provided with descriptions. Assumptions made during the development of the inventory are also included and described. Alternate methodologies that SFU should be aware of for future reporting are highlighted. General Methodology The methodology used to calculate the GHG emissions for SFU was based upon the WBCSD/WRI GHG Protocol and TCR General Reporting Protocol. When simplified estimation methods were used—for example, when the emissions were based upon typical emissions rather than actual consumption or emissions—these techniques are described in detail below. When differences in voluntary accounting standards and the provincial government’s reporting requirements for the Carbon Neutral Government Regulation occurred, the provincial government’s directives took precedence. This applies primarily to accounting for leased space and GHG emissions from electricity. 15 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Emission Factors The emission factors for the sources of emissions were obtained from various sources and are explained in detail in the appendix. Where possible, emission factors for the region were used and obtained from Environment Canada’s National Inventory Report1 or the provincial government’s SmartTOOL program. Emission factors for CO2, CH4, and N2O were used and added to obtain a CO2e value. For combustion, the CO2 emissions are based upon the carbon content of the fuel. The CH4 and N2O emissions from combustion are based upon the technology in which the fuel is combusted. For purchased energy, often only a CO2e value was available. For combustion, the values referenced have not changed from 2005 to 2007. For purchased energy, the values do change from year to year. Where emission factors for 2005 and 2006 were unavailable, the 2007 value was used. 2.9.1 Electricity Consumption (Scope 2) Electricity consumption was measured using metered data. An emissions factor for BC Hydro supplied electricity, obtained from the SMARTTool program, was applied to electricity consumed. The Kamloops facility was serviced from the Kamloops Indian Band Utility which obtained electricity from BC Hydro and, therefore, the same emissions factor was used. 2.9.2 Electricity Consumption – Leased Properties (Scope 3) Electricity consumption from leased property was obtained through meter readings provided by the property manager and apportioned by floor space at Surrey campus, from disclosure of the property manager at Harbour Centre, and estimation at 611 Alexander. Emissions factors used were those specified in 2.9.1. The energy use at Harbour Center is billed upon such factors as floor space, hours of operation, and type of operation and control of energy use by the tenants. The location of network servers in the space leased to the BC Research Network added additional electricity energy use parameters not typically found in office space, such as back-up generators and increased use of cooling. As such, establishing separate electricity consumption for SFU Harbour Centre is difficult and could contribute additional risk to SFU’s GHG inventory. 2.9.3 Natural Gas Consumption (Scope 1) Natural gas consumption for owned properties was obtained using meter readings and account statements from Terasen. This information was available for the Wosk building in Vancouver and for the non-interruptible accounts at Burnaby campus. 1 Environment Canada, National Inventory Report: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada, 1990-2006, April 2008. 16 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Natural gas emissions factors are supplied by the provincial government through its carbon tax regulations. 2.9.4 Hot Water Consumption (Natural Gas) (Scope 2) The Surrey campus property at Central City is owned by SFU, but the building services belong to Blackwood Properties. The hot water service for heating and domestic hot water is, therefore, a purchased service and a Scope 2 indirect emission. The hot water service is not directly metered. The emissions from the hot water service were calculated as a percentage of the floor space owned by SFU at Central City and applied to the central natural gas meter. These meter readings are provided in the monthly maintenance and operations invoices. Where the meter reading was unavailable, the gas consumption was calculated by dividing the amount invoiced for natural gas by the published Terasen tariff, including delivery charges and taxes. This method could result in a slight error based upon Blackwood’s hedging of natural gas commodity charges. This service is interruptible and can consume #2 light fuel oil on demand. No fuel oil was consumed in 2007 at Surrey Campus. 2.9.5 Steam Consumption (Scope 2) Three of the buildings of the Vancouver campus are served by Central Heat Distribution Ltd. Two of the buildings, the Morris J. Wosk Centre for Dialogue and the Segal Graduate Business School, are owned by SFU and have access to the steam meters and accounts. Information on steam consumption was calculated from account statements. The third building served by Central Heat Distribution Ltd., Harbour Centre, is a leased property and SFU only occupies a portion of the total building. SFU does not have access to the steam meter at Harbour Centre and the operations and maintenance invoicing from the property manager does not explicitly state the consumption of steam by SFU. As a result, steam consumption figures for SFU at Harbour Centre were provided by statement without further detail or explanation from the property manager. The energy use at Harbour Center is billed upon such factors as floor space, hours of operation, and type of operation and control of energy use by the tenants. The location of network servers in the space leased to the BC Research Network added additional energy use parameters not typically found in most office space, such as back-up generators and increased use of cooling. As such, establishing steam consumption for SFU at Harbour Centre is difficult and could contribute additional risk to SFU’s GHG inventory. 17 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Steam emissions factors were obtained from the SmartTOOL program. Emissions from purchased steam include distribution losses. Emission factors for 2005 and 2006 were unavailable; emission factors for 2007 were used instead. 2.9.6 Company Vehicles (Scope 1) Burnaby was found to be the only campus that had vehicles owned/leased by SFU. Based on a master vehicle inventory, 12 departments were found to have owned/leased vehicles. Vehicles are located at the Burnaby campus, with the exception of departmental vehicles for Geology and Geography, which may be located off-site. Data on vehicle type, fuel type, and consumption were provided by the individual departments. The Facilities Management, Security, and Central Stores departments’ vehicles are refueled from a central gasoline tank using a fuel card system. Data from the fuel card system, which tracks fuel use on a per vehicle basis, was used to obtain fuel use. This covered the majority of vehicles included in the inventory. Other departments with significantly smaller numbers of vehicles provided estimated fuel use or annual distances travelled by vehicles. Distance travelled was converted to equivalent fuel use using United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) fuel economy figures specific to each vehicle. Emission factors taken from Environment Canada’s National Inventory Report were then applied to vehicle fuel usage. The emission factors are a function of vehicle type (light duty vehicle, heavy duty vehicle, etc.), pollutant control technology and fuel type. Using information from the Report1, assumptions were made with respect to vehicle type and pollutant control technology that aided the GHG emission estimates. Additional assumptions are detailed within the emissions inventory. The emission factors and the fuel use (volume) were used to calculate the GHG emissions. 2.9.7 Diesel Consumption (Electricity Generation) (Scope 3) Diesel consumption for the facilities was based on the amount used to fill up the storage tanks of the generators. This is usually done on a yearly basis. The electricity generators were not used outside of the scheduled maintenance of one hour of operation per month. No use of the generators for actual power supply was recorded at any facility in 2007. 1 Table A2-6: Technology Penetration for HDGVs, HDDVs, LDDVs, LDDTs, and MCs, Environment Canada, National Inventory Report: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada, 1990-2006, April 2008. 18 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Diesel consumption for electricity generation was unavailable at Harbour Centre; therefore, the amount consumed was estimated to be similar to that of the Surrey campus based upon its similar size and purpose. UPS generators at Surrey campus are maintained on a one hour per two months basis. The emissions related to these generators were apportioned on the basis of the portion of available capacity of the generators purchased by Surrey campus. Emissions factors for diesel combustion were obtained through the TCR General Reporting Protocol. 2.9.8 Paper Consumption (Scope 3) Paper quantities distributed from SFU Central Stores for the Burnaby, Surrey, and Vancouver locations were provided from October 2, 2007, to December 31, 2008. Data was not available prior to October 2007 as Central Stores only started processing paper distribution electronically using the TMA system in mid-September 2007. Consumption data for 2007 was determined by factoring the 90 days of available data in 2007 up to a year, assuming the 90 days of data from 2007 was representative of consumption throughout 2007. Paper supplied direct to the Burnaby campus from Xerox was included in the inventory. Data from 2005 and 2006 was provided, but data for 2007 was unavailable. Therefore, consumption data for 2007 was assumed to be the same as 2006. The emissions associated with paper consumption are dependent on the recycled content of the paper. Paper consumption data from SFU Central Stores and Xerox included information on recycled content. Paper consumption data from the Kamloops facility did not include recycled content; therefore the paper from this facility was assumed to have no recycled content. Consistent with the B.C. draft framework measurement and reporting by the Climate Action Secretariat, only paper size 8.5” by 11.5” has been included in the inventory. Emission factors were based on SMARTTool information. It should be noted that these emission factors apply to paper pack sizes of 500 sheets, whereas SFU Central Stores’ standard reporting unit is 1000 sheets. Emission factors were doubled in the inventory to account for this. 2.9.9 Business Travel (Scope 3) Two types of business travel are currently collected in the employee expense reports: air travel and personal vehicle mileage. SFU only began collecting business travel data in July 2008; therefore data available for the 2007 inventory was limited. Data from July and August 2008 was provided and extrapolated to a year, 19 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report which assumes these two months of data are representative of travel throughout the year and that travel during 2007 was consistent with 2008. For calculation of air travel emissions, the travel destination was extracted from the expense report. Where only a country or province/state was listed as a destination, the capital city of the country/province/state was assumed to be the destination and this assumption is noted within the inventory. The assumption was also made that flights were round trip to/from Vancouver unless otherwise stated. Flight distances were obtained by using an airport-to-airport distance calculator (www.world-airport-codes.com). Emission factors were then applied to these distances to derive GHG emissions. Emission factors for commercial air travel were taken from the WBCSD/WRI GHG Protocol. The calculation methodology for air travel is considered to be an estimate. Limitations of this calculation approach include that flights booked direct through company credit cards are not collected, and that emissions for 2007 are based on two months of available data from 2008. Extracting information on air travel destinations from employee expense reports was onerous and time consuming. Also, a current limitation of the expense reports for capturing business travel data is that only two methods of travel are collected: air and personal vehicle mileage. It is recommended that SFU implement a data collection system to record method of travel and distance. For calculation of business travel emissions from personal vehicle use, the distance travelled (km) was extracted and summed. An emission factor for a large gasoline vehicle was applied. The limitations of this method include the assumption that all vehicles have the same emissions profile. In reality, the different personal vehicles used would have different fuel economies, hence different fuel usage and emissions. Another limitation is that similar to air travel, emissions for 2007 are based on two months of available data from 2008. 2.10 EMISSION INVENTORY RESULTS Presented in this section are key emissions data from the workbook. Complete campus emissions are available in the Appendix. As part of the report, the consultants have provided SFU with a GHG inventory of its emissions in an Excel workbook format. The GHG inventory includes detailed information of sources and assumptions. 20 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Table 2—3: SFU Emissions by Scope and Location Emissions by Location (tCO2e) Emissions Source Burnaby Surrey Vancouver Kamloops SFU Scope 1 16,080 0 62 27 16,262 Scope 2 1,321 585 762 3 2,666 Scope 3 3,753 20 38 2 3,795 Table 2—4: SFU Emissions by GHG Emissions Source Emissions by GHG (t) CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e Scope 1 16,159 6.5 8.9 16,262 Scope 2 2,666 0.4 3.5 2,672 Scope 3 3,775 0.0 0.0 3,795 Table 2—5: SFU Energy Use in 2007 Energy End Use Energy (GJ) Natural Gas for Various End Uses Natural Gas for Central Boiler Plant Fuel Oil 45,479 261,338 0 Diesel (Back-Up Generators) 1,314 Electricity 239,970 Purchased Steam / Hot Water Vehicle Use 3,592 14,054 Total Energy Use 565,747 21 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Figure 2-1: Emission Source Percentages (Based on CO2e emissions) Note: Under the GGRTA 2007, business travel is not currently included in the carbon neutral requirement. Detailed Emissions by Scope and Location are presented in tables 2—6, 2—7, 2—8, and 2—9. Table 2—6: Scope 1 Emissions Source Emission (tCO2e) Burnaby Surrey Vancouver Kamloops SFU Wide Natural Gas (Various End Uses) 2,169 0 62 27 2,258 Natural Gas (Boiler) 12,981 0 0 0 12,981 - 0 0 0 0 83 0 0 0 83 6 0 0 0 6 932 0 0 0 932 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 16,173 0 62 27 16,262 Fuel Oil (Boiler) Diesel (Emergency Generators) Vehicle: Light Duty Diesel Truck Vehicle: Light Duty Gasoline Truck Vehicle: Light Duty Gasoline Vehicle Vehicle: Propane Total 22 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Table 2—7: Scope 2 Emissions Source Emission (tCO2e) Burnaby Surrey Vancouver Kamloops SFU Wide 0 8 8 0 16 1,321 146 193 3 1,664 0 431 561 0 993 1,321 585 763 3 2,672 Diesel (Emergency Generators) Electricity Steam/Hot Water Total Table 2—8: Scope 3 Travel Emissions Emissions (tCO2e) Source Air Travel 3,270 Personal Vehicle 169 Note: Under the GGRTA 2007, business travel is not currently included in the carbon neutral requirement. Table 2—9: Paper Use Emissions Location Total Emissions (tCO2e) Burnaby 299.1 Surrey 20.2 Downtown 37.6 Kamloops 0.1 23 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Sufficient information was available for the 2005, 2006, and 2007 calendar years to allow trend analysis of emissions for the Burnaby campus. Table 2—10 provides detailed source information for the Burnaby campus. As the emissions are heavily dependent upon heating, data in Table 2—10 is charted against annual degree days1 information obtained from SFU, results are shown in Figure 2-2. Table 2—10: Burnaby Campus Trending Emission (t CO2) Source Natural Gas (Various End Uses) Natural Gas (Boiler) Fuel Oil (Boiler) Diesel (Emergency Generators) Vehicle: Light Duty Diesel Truck Vehicle: Light Duty Gasoline Truck Vehicle: Light Duty Gasoline Vehicle 2005 2006 2007 1,862.7 2,139.4 2,169.2 10,653.4 11,481.3 12,980.5 203.5 220.3 - 86.3 86.3 86.3 5.7 2.4 5.7 115.2 46.0 932.4 - - 1.2 - - 0.8 1,085.7 1,193.9 1,320.9 149.8 405.7 299.1 - - 3,269.7 14,162.4 15,575.3 21,065.8 Vehicle: Propane Electricity Paper Air Travel Total Emissions 1 Degree days is the sum of the daily average temperature over a period of days. (ie: If the daily average temperature was 10°C every day over the course of a year, the year would have 3650 degree days.) 24 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Figure 2-2: Burnaby Campus Trending 2005-2007 Figure 2-3: Building GHG Intensity 25 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report 3 BENCHMARKING AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS The stationary emissions data collected was compared to similar-sized educational facilities. When the information was available, institutions of similar vocations were included. Comparable universities were chosen for the following characteristics: • Low cost electricity; • Comparable enrollment; • Low CO2e emission electricity; and • Similar vocational functions including teaching and research. In terms of GHG information, post secondary institutions in Oregon have been recording and releasing their GHG emissions since 2004 as required by the state Department of Education. Local institutions, such as the University of Victoria and UBC, also release their GHG information, but on a voluntary basis. Emissions reported on a voluntary basis tend to be less thorough than those in a regulated environment. Emissions provided are focused on building emissions. Most facilities management offices do record secondary emissions information and therefore, we were able to compile GHG emissions information. Emissions from fleet operations and travel are not always properly separated from commuting statistics and are, therefore, omitted. Airline travel was omitted from benchmarking as well due to significant differences in accounting and general lack of publicly available information. Universities chosen for comparison are listed below, followed by their statistics. • • • • • • • 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Concordia University, Montreal Quebec1 Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon2 Portland State University, Portland, Oregon3 University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.4 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon5 University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba6 University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C.7 Sustainable Concordia 2004-2005 Chapter 8: Energy. Oregon University System, GHG Inventory, 2004. Oregon University System, GHG Inventory, 2004. UBC Sustainability Report 2006-2007. Oregon University System GHG Inventory 2004. University of Winnipeg Campus sustainability office energy management. UVIc Greenhouse Gas Assessment and Analysis Project: Preliminary results. 26 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Table 3—1: University Statistics Heating CO2e (Tonnes) Electricity CO2e (Tonnes) Total CO2e (Tonnes) Students Space (m2) Year 9,437 189 9,626 49,711 317,588 2004/2005 Oregon State University 31,316 93,167 124,483 22,116 680,800 2007 Portland State University 7,221 24,331 31,552 36,605 402,564 2004 University of British Columbia 64,475 22,300 86,775 53,880 1,381,678 2006 University of Oregon 22,153 5,927 28,080 24,000 572,436 2004 University of Victoria 13,091 1,635 14,726 19,475 291,250 2006 University of Winnipeg 3,224 204 3,428 30,179 91,750 2006 16,508 1,664 18,172 20,000 373,073 2007 University Concordia University Simon Fraser University Table 3—2: Emission Factors for Universities Tonnes/Campus Member Tonnes/m2 Concordia University 0.19 0.030 Oregon State University 5.63 0.183 Portland State University 0.86 0.078 University of British Columbia 1.61 0.063 University of Oregon 1.17 0.049 University of Victoria 0.76 0.051 University of Winnipeg 0.11 0.037 Simon Fraser University 0.91 0.049 University 27 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Figure 3-1: GHG Emissions per Campus Member 6.00 Tonnes of CO2-e 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 Concordia University Oregon Portland University University University University Simon State State of British of Oregon of Victoria of Fraser University University Columbia W innipeg University Figure 3-2: GHG Emissions per Gross Square Metre CO2-e Emissions per Gross Square Meter 0.200 Tonnes of CO2-e 0.180 0.160 0.140 0.120 0.100 0.080 0.060 0.040 0.020 0.000 Concordia University Oregon State University Portland State University University University University of British of Oregon of Victoria Columbia University Simon of Fraser W innipeg University Several factors led to differences in the comparative emissions among the universities: • Cogeneration: Oregon State University relies heavily on its cogeneration plant for heat and electricity. As a result, its emission factor for electricity is higher than other Oregon universities. 28 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report • Electric Boilers: UVIC uses some electric boilers for heating. As a result, its emissions factor for electricity is lower because of the relatively low emissions factor for BC Hydro electricity. • Electricity Emissions Factors: The electricity emissions factors vary depending upon jurisdiction. BC Hydro, Quebec, and Manitoba all have low emissions factors for electricity (<22 kg CO2e/MWh). UBC calculates its electricity emissions factor to include imported electricity; therefore its factor is four times as large as the BC Hydro factor. Northwest U.S. universities derive their electricity from the Northwest Grid, which encompasses coal generation-reliant states such as Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming, resulting in an emissions factor of ~900 kg CO2e/MWh for these universities. • Heating Fluid Transportation: Larger universities with central plants use a steam transportation system, resulting in higher heat losses and higher emissions for these universities. • Heat Pumps: The University of Winnipeg uses a higher proportion of heat pumps for heating; therefore the low emissions factor of electricity results in lower emissions for the Winnipeg facility. • Climate: Campuses in colder weather locations are often better insulated, resulting in lower heating costs. • Vocation: Research-focused universities will have higher heating costs due to higher air exchange demands within hospital and laboratory settings. 3.1.1 Benchmarking Limitations Due to the lack of detail in reporting documents, the benchmarking information should only be used as a guide. Variances between institutions can occur due to: • • • • Accounting methodology can vary from institution to institution. Emissions factors used for electricity, natural gas and fuel consumption can differ based on location. Without verified inventories, comparison is subjective only. Leased properties might not be included in the inventory. The proportion of laboratory space, office space, dormitories, and classroom can vary by institution. Methods of calculating floor space can vary. 29 Simon Fraser University • • • • • GHG Inventory Report Ancillary services may or may not be included. Emissions data may have been corrected for weather. Residential properties may have been included in a larger proportion, including investment and non-core properties. Some campuses could be heated via electric boilers. Baseline year can vary (this is noted next to the emissions data). Differences in accounting methodology are expected to be eliminated among B.C. institutions with the Carbon Neutral Government Regulation. The adoption of TCR accounting methods throughout most of North America should also provide for consistent GHG inventories. 30 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report 4 GHG DATA MEASUREMENT, COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS Potential issues that arose during the compilation of the inventory relating to data collection/management are discussed in this section. Options are provided on methods to simplify the collection of data. Proper data collection to increase emissions data certainty and decrease future resource requirements is also outlined. Possible changes to reporting requirements are highlighted, and how to incorporate these changes into future inventories are addressed. 4.1 DEVELOPING A GHG INVENTORY MANAGEMENT PLAN As part of preparing for future reporting requirements, a detailed GHG inventory management plan should be developed to work with current corporate systems and culture. The ISO 14064 standard provides a base upon which to build a GHG inventory management plan. More detailed and applied sources include the World Resources Institute and The Climate Registry. These organizations also provide detailed reporting protocols, which are widely used. In general, the development of this report was broadly consistent with the WBCSD/WRI GHG Protocol and The Climate Registry (TCR) General Reporting Protocol. The WBCSD/WRI GHG Protocol provides the accounting framework for nearly every GHG standard and program in the world, whereas TCR’s General Reporting Protocol is a regional protocol, specific to North America, based on the WBCSD/WRI GHG Protocol. A detailed GHG inventory plan will help maintain a consistent inventory. It should also assist when verification or auditing is required. By outlining the processes the inventory would be less dependent upon individuals, thus avoiding potential liabilities due to changes in data collection and management. 4.2 DATA COLLECTION 4.2.1 Complete Source Inventory Currently there is no complete source inventory for SFU. Major emission sources such as the central boiler plant are well documented; however, data concerning small heaters and potential fugitive emission sources is limited. Having an inventory of all stationary combustion sources would assist with verification of data. A complete list of properties would also assist in the management of GHG emissions inventory and with mitigation opportunities. Similarly, a complete vehicle inventory and associated owning department would facilitate data collection. The sources should include an inventory of utility meters, sources of combustion, leased property sources, sources from outsourced services with potential of being insourced, and sources of potential fugitive GHG gas releases. 31 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report 4.2.2 Vehicle Inventory There was difficulty addressing the correct vehicle fleet. This was especially true of department owned/leased and operated vehicles. A central inventory should be maintained of mobile combustion sources, including off-road vehicles and vessels— including those vehicles that are leased for a relatively short (e.g., three-month) period. This inventory could be based on the existing inventory that documents vehicle insurance details. The data provided on vehicles was not consistent across departments, and currently no information is collected from several departments that operate a small number of vehicles. Fuel consumption, rather than distance travelled, is the required input into SMARTTool. It is recommended that data collection be standardized across departments; one possible way to do this is issue a data collection template that documents the required information. 4.2.3 Paper Consumption The current electronic paper distribution tracking system, used by SFU Central Stores since October 2007, will assist in tracking paper consumption. Further clarification should be sought on the 53 different paper types encountered to define exactly what supplied material is size 8.5” x 11”. Consideration should be given to modifying the system to track paper by campus and to record per cent recycled content in a separate field rather than within the paper name as current practice. The quantity of paper supplied by Xerox should be recorded in the future; one way of achieving this would be to request that Xerox document quantities on invoices, including paper recycled content. The Kamloops facility should start tracking recycled content of paper in addition to tracking paper consumption. 4.2.4 Integration of GHG tracking with Financial Accounting Systems and Enterprise Resource Planning Software Most GHG emissions from the campuses can be collected from utility bills. These invoices are already processed for payment by Financial Services, through its enterprise resource planning (ERP) software. Obtaining GHG related information at this step would be the easiest collection method. It would also avoid duplication of handling invoices, once for finance accounting, and again for GHG data collection. Information obtained should correspond with data needed for reporting. Key elements are energy type and amount, billing period, and billing date. Travel information is another emissions source which can benefit from reporting through ERP. Travel is not required to be offset, and as such reporting would only be for internal purposes. Travel is already documented to some extent through 32 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report expense reports. The addition of mileage, fuel consumption, or flight paths and segments to the expense process would provide a more accurate picture of emissions from travel. An advantage of linking the data collection to financial systems is that accounts usually undergo regular internal, and possibly external, audits. 4.2.5 Business Travel Travel information can vary by travel type, distance, and number of layovers, all of which is required information for the calculation of GHG emissions. Expense submissions should include, as a minimum, travel type and distance. Possible scenarios include requiring the use of a GHG travel calculator to calculate GHG emissions from a trip and requiring the input of this information into an expense report prior to reimbursement. Recording of travel information should be aligned with the provincial government’s SmartTEC travel emissions calculator. 4.2.6 Leased Properties As part of the Carbon Neutral Government Regulation, all facilities leased or owned by a PSO must report their GHG emissions. Therefore, information concerning supplied utilities of facilities where SFU is a tenant needs to be made available to SFU for reporting purposes. The legislation has not required, nor enabled, the release of this information from the landlord to leasing organizations with reporting responsibilities. As such, amendments to lease agreements should be sought with property owners, thus enabling access to information that may impact SFU’s GHG inventory. Preferably, this information should be made available on a monthly basis in conjunction with operations and maintenance invoices from the property manager. Access to information should be maintained to assist with verification and auditing functions. Under the Cap and Trade Act, SFU’s choice of financial control as the organization’s boundary specifies that property leased by SFU from others is not part of SFU’s organizational boundary and, therefore, reporting GHG emissions information from these leased properties would not be required. In our opinion, the emissions from facilities leased by SFU currently fall under the reporting threshold for the cap and trade program and, based upon the SFU Capital Plan1, should not be subject to the Cap and Trade Act within the timeframe of the Capital Plan. 4.2.7 Biomass Emissions Special attention must be paid to biomass-related CO2 emissions. Biomass CO2 emissions are often included in reporting requirements, but do not necessitate 1 SFU Capital Plan: 2007-2008 33 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report offsetting due to their carbon neutrality. Currently there are no biomass-related emissions from SFU sources, but if this situation changes, the data collection and inventory should be able to record these emissions. Although the CO2 component is considered carbon neutral, biomass combustion typically does emit other GHG gases such as N2O and CH4; these emissions are not carbon neutral and need to be reported. Specific accounting methods for biomass will be made available through the applicable regulation, and appropriate management techniques can be applied when it becomes necessary. 4.3 RISK MITIGATION Due the scope of SFU’s operations and given the nature of SFU’s current activities, the collection and reporting of GHG emissions should be straightforward with minor variation from year to year. Although, as SFU continues to expand, so might its GHG emissions. Unplanned emissions variations from year to year would be the result of fugitive emissions and changes in weather. Some of the emissions sources and types of gases could result in increases to management, verification, and offset costs if not properly documented. 4.3.1 SF6 Emissions SF6 emissions are limited to the high voltage transmission equipment at the Burnaby campus. Although the amount present is small, the GWP of SF6, at 23,600 times greater than CO2, can have a quantifiable impact on GHG inventories. As such, an inventory of these gases on site should be maintained. The import/export of these gases or equipment from the facility and the decommissioning of equipment should be recorded as part of the inventory. Contractors should note the amount of SF6 used in any work in the facilities. 4.3.2 HFC Emissions Due to the high GWP of HFC gases, their release can also have a quantifiable effect on GHG inventory. Similar measures to SF6 inventory management should be implemented.. Sources of HFC would be the import of charged refrigeration equipment, HFC used to replenish refrigeration and air-conditioning systems, and the decommissioning and disposal of refrigeration equipment. Currently, R-22 is not considered a GHG gas due to its legislated phase out. R-22 is a commonly used refrigerant in older refrigeration equipment. As a HCFC it is not included within the GHG emissions, as it is already being phased out under the Montreal Protocol. It should be noted that replacements for R-22 are HFC gases, and the tracking of inventory of these replacement gases should be implemented. 34 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report 4.3.3 PFC Emissions Theses emissions are not present at SFU facilities. No inventory management program is necessary. 4.3.4 Laboratory Use and Releases Laboratory use and releases of high GWP gas should not have a quantifiable impact on emissions. Required reporting of the import or the production of GHG gases during experiments could be done in a similar fashion to the ethical reporting requirements of experiments. This could provide upper bounds of potential risk related to these sources. 4.3.5 Insourcing Services at the campuses that are currently outsourced should be identified for their potential to be insourced. Of these services, an attempt should be made to quantify their emissions. Those services with significant emissions will require monitoring, and attempts should be made to obtain emissions figures from these contractors. If previously outsourced services are insourced, a readjustment of the baseline is required. In most cases, this adjustment would be under the de minimus threshold and would not require an amendment of a previously filed report. 4.3.6 Event History The nature of the operation at SFU is such that emissions from the campuses are relatively constant from year to year. As part of the GHG management plan, events that would result in material changes to the GHG inventory should be documented. Such events would include fugitive emissions releases, weather through degree days, natural gas interruptions or venting, switches between biofuels and fossil fuels, and increases or decreases in facility space. Keeping track of such events will help explain changes in GHG emissions, or missed targets in reduction of emissions. 4.4 INVENTORY MANAGEMENT 4.4.1 Central Inventory A central inventory of emissions should be established. Although the Surrey and Vancouver campuses do have some independence, the organizational reporting requirements are such that if separate inventories are maintained, discrepancies in methodology and a lack of completeness and consistency of reports may be introduced. Individual departments also have their own emissions sources, primarily mobile vehicles, travel, and paper use. Requiring standard reporting to a central inventory 35 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report would reduce discrepancies with the type of information (e.g., mileage versus fuel consumption) and would help maintain an inventory of sources. Two possible locations for inventory management are: • Facilities Management. This department currently compiles much of the data needed for emissions reporting. A downside is that its services are limited to the Burnaby campus. • Financial Services. This department currently handles most of the reporting requirements to government and has experience with auditing; this is the likely place to maintain the GHG inventory. The department also handles B.C. Ministry of Advanced Education reporting for the Surrey and Vancouver campuses. 4.4.2 Baseline As part of the GHG inventory management, a baseline needs to be established. This will aid in the setting of GHG reduction targets and assist in verification and auditing functions. As part of baseline establishment, consideration must be given to future additions and subtractions of sources from the organization. Defining a procedure for adjusting the baseline will assist in keeping an accurate baseline. 4.4.3 Data Management Due to the requirement to report and the cost of offsetting, a data storage and management plan will be required. A key outcome of the plan should be the creation of a GHG Management Handbook that outlines procedures to collect, compile, report, and verify emissions. The GHG Management Handbook should specify the following: o Source of data; o Alternative sources of data; o Reliability of data; o Frequency of data collection; o Process of obtaining the data; o Reporting process; o Storage location; o Data storage redundancy; o Back-up storage location; o Quality Assurance and Quality Controls; and o Access to data. 36 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Many of these processes would form part of an existing auditable reporting function for a PSO. Documenting these processes will assist in verification and reduce issues associated with personnel changes. 37 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report 5 REDUCTION POTENTIAL AND COSTS The major source of SFU’s GHG emissions is related to the combustion of natural gas for heating and service hot water. A list of the reduction costs associated with GHG reductions is given in Table 5—1. Potential reductions provided in this section are independent of each other. For example if an option such as a gasifier is pursued, the impact of subsequent actions such as heating and ventilation improvement would be reduced based upon the lower emissions associated with the upgraded boiler system. Table 5—1: PSECA Projects Annual Savings tCO2e NPV$/ tCO2e Reduced1 Payback Period (yr) 1,187 64 -85.35 11.4 Type Project Cost ($,000) MWh GJ HVAC Brown Hall 319 227 HVAC Academic Quad. 1,168 518 7,674 393 40.54 8.8 Geoexchange Alcan Building 42 4 221 11 882.51 12.9 Geoexchange Shrum Chemistry 1,550 640 6,494 324 -10.37 11.1 Solar Bennett Library 1,298 n/a 2,356 118 -105.98 40 Solar Chancellor’s Gym 437 n/a 669 33 -85.35 47.7 Gasifier 10,800 -1209 187,000 8,800 40.54 8.5 Fuel Switching 1. Net present value (NPV) calculated based on 8% discount rate over 20 years. Table 5—1 lists a number of projects with GHG reduction potential. Overall HVAC improvements can provide savings over the course of the project. Upgrades to the heating and cooling supply, such as geoexchange heat pumps, would have higher costs and would require a higher price on energy and carbon emissions to provide a positive payback. Projects such as solar heating would not be justifiable based solely on savings from energy and avoided carbon costs. Fuel switching, such as replacing natural gas with biomass, is seen as the lowest cost option, capital wise, for GHG reductions. This trend can be seen in B.C.’s forest products industry where significant GHG reductions are a result of switching to biomass and electrical energy from natural gas and fuel oil. 5.1 CURRENT QUANTIFIABLE REDUCTIONS: PHYSICAL PLANT Overall, the physical plant at Burnaby accounts for 58% of emissions from the organization and 66% of emissions subject to offsetting. It is the biggest source of reduction potential. Aside from fuel switching, reductions obtained from improvements to the physical plant have long payback periods typical of building 38 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report improvements and overall are not heavily influenced by offset costs, but rather by total energy costs (Table 5—2). Table 5—2: Impact of Offset Price on Payback Period Type Impact of Offset Price on Payback Period (yrs) Project $25/t $35/t $40/t $50/t $60/t $75/t $100/t HVAC Brown Hall 11.4 11.3 11.0 10.8 10.5 10.2 9.7 HVAC Academic Quad. 8.8 8.7 8.5 8.2 8.0 7.7 7.2 Geoexchange Alcan Building 12.9 12.7 12.2 11.9 11.5 11.0 10.3 Geoexchange Shrum Chemistry 12.7 15.5 12.2 11.9 11.6 11.2 10.6 Solar Bennett Library 40.0 39.3 38.0 36.7 35.5 33.9 31.4 Solar Chancellor’s Gym 4705 46.7 45.1 43.6 42.2 40.3 37.4 Gasifier 8.5 8.4 8.1 7.8 7.6 7.2 6.7 Fuel Switching 5.1.1 Fuel Switching Switching the fuel source for the central boiler plant from natural gas to gasified biomass would significantly reduce SFU’s GHG footprint. The physical plant’s GHG emissions from Burnaby campus could be reduced by as much as 50% and overall emissions by 42%. 5.1.2 Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Control The mixed use and high peak occupancy of buildings that are primarily laboratory and classroom space require a high level of makeup air, especially with the current emphasis on reducing sick building syndrome. Because the makeup air is usually not heated with exhaust air, it creates a significant loss of heat from the building. Table 5—3 indicates the higher heating results for laboratory and classroom space primarily due to higher makeup air requirements. To lower the heating requirements of the buildings and the electricity requirements for fans and blowers, better control of HVAC and making use of heat within exhaust air is necessary. Table 5—3: Heating Requirements for Occupied Space1 Occupancy Watts per Square Metre 80 250 250 Office/Workspace Laboratory Classroom 1 SFU Central Heating System: Review of Central Boiler Plant Capacities and Loads , Haintz Consulting, 2008 39 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Air-to-Air Heat Exchangers Due to high makeup air and resulting exhaust requirements, a significant amount of heat is lost to exhaust. To reduce the heating requirements, air exhaust units could be centralized and an air-to-air heat exchanger used to reduce the requirements for heating makeup air. Digital Demand Controls Due to mixed use of the buildings, some zones, such as office and work space, require less heating and makeup air than high demand zones, such as classroom and laboratory space. Requiring the system to meet the demands of the highest resource room is inefficient. Buildings should make use of digital demand controls (DDC) along with the use of HVAC zones to properly apportion HVAC resources. CO2 Sensors Although for the most part the University operates on prolonged business hours, during the course of the day some high demand zones might not require full resources from the HVAC system. An example is classroom space not in use or underutilized during a class period. The use of CO2 sensors is one technique to measure room occupancy and makeup air demand. When integrated with a DDC system, further heating and electricity savings can be obtained. Alternative Heating Sources and Strategies Burnaby campus currently utilizes a central hot water heating plant for most of the campus’s heating requirement. This type of facility provides reduced costs through lower natural gas tariffs, reduced maintenance and operating costs, and lower capital requirements. The downsides of such a system are: • Transmission losses; • Poor part load performance; and • Reduced efficiency. To reduce GHG emissions, those buildings that would be considered marginal for connection to the current central heat plant due to distance or application should instead be considered for heat pumps, either air exchange or geoexchange. As B.C. electricity is considered relatively clean, it can significantly reduce liabilities concerning GHG emissions. Even with the gasifier system being considered, the central boiler plant would still have a GHG emissions footprint from natural gas combustion. Burnaby campus also includes a significant outdoor athletic facility. Such field space can reduce costs of a geoexchange system by allowing the installation of a horizontal field rather than a higher-cost vertical field. Installation of geoexchange fields can be integrated with field renovations to further reduce costs. 40 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Electric Boilers Another alternative heating source would be electric boilers for part load instead of the gas boilers of the central plant. Some buildings decrease their hot water load significantly during the summer and, as a result, higher inefficiencies in transport and operation of the boilers occur. Therefore, reducing use of the gas boilers in part load would reduce GHG emissions. Electrical Load Reductions Due to the low GHG emissions from electricity—22 kg CO2e per MWh1—the impact of electrical efficiency improvements is negligible in terms of delivering significant GHG reductions. However, energy efficiency improvement is to be part of any energy management plan and electricity efficiency should still be investigated as part of a total energy and life cycle cost impact. 5.1.3 Vehicles Vehicle fuel forms a small portion of SFU’s GHG emissions, but can be one of the easiest sources of reductions; therefore, a study of the current use and purposing of the vehicle fleet should be undertaken. For example, a poor use of a vehicle occurs when a large vehicle is purchased to meet all size requirements. The large size may be necessary for only 5% of the year, while a smaller vehicle may be sufficient for the other 95%. Possibilities exist to reduce emissions and costs through reducing the size and type of the vehicle fleet. Ethanol Vehicles The use of ethanol vehicles should be investigated at SFU. Major manufacturers of vehicles currently provide a choice of vehicles capable of operating on up to 85% ethanol (E85). The E85 option is often available for trucks and cars that have a larger engine than the base model. As ethanol derived from plant matter (sugar cane, corn, and cellulose sources) is considered CO2 neutral2, the emissions related to vehicle use could decrease by 80%.3 B.C. will require a fuel standard of 5% renewable fuels within the province as stipulated in the Greenhouse Gas Reduction (Renewable and Low Carbon Fuel Requirements) Act (Renewable and Low Carbon Fuel Requirements Act). The standard could be met through the purchase and use of E85. 1 SMARTTool Plant based ethanol is considered CO2 neutral from a combustion perspective for a GHG inventory produced according to ISO 14064-1:2006. N2O and CH4 from biomass combustion (such as ethanol) are still considered. Plant based ethanol can have a significant GHG footprint when life cycle GHG are taken into account. Life cycle effects are not considered for GHG inventories. 3 Ethanol has a lower caloric density than gasoline, resulting in higher volumetric consumption. E85 fuel contains 15% gasoline and has 73% of the lower heating value of gasoline. 2 41 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Currently, ethanol is produced outside of the province and ethanol use has been limited to government fleet vehicles that can import E85 fuel from outside the province. With the introduction of the Renewable and Low Carbon Fuel Requirements Act, ethanol is expected to become more available within the province. E85 fuel currently sells at a premium to gasoline, especially at lower gasoline prices (~$0.80/l). In 2012, with a $30/tonne CO2e carbon tax and assuming a $25/tonne CO2e offset cost, the carbon taxes/offset costs to SFU for gasoline will be 13.2 cents per litre, along with 14.5 cents per litre road tax exemption. The price difference and availability of E85 fuel should be monitored as a possible carbon reduction strategy. Electric Vehicles If downsizing of vehicles is considered, a second option for reducing GHG emissions is to procure electric vehicles. Due to the small size of the Burnaby campus and low electricity costs, electric vehicles could fill a role in ferrying personnel and tools around campus. Recent changes to the Motor Vehicle Act permit the use of electric vehicles in low speed jurisdictions and campus settings. 5.2 FUTURE POTENTIAL REDUCTIONS As outlined in section 5.1, significant reductions can be achieved through proper HVAC design. The lowest cost option is implementation during the design process. Significant progress in this regard has been made in establishing an energy and carbon model to support building design and implementation decisions, starting at the conceptual design stage, through working directly with the building developer, architect, and key contractors. By establishing such a model early in the design process, the carbon and energy impacts are known and outcomes can be balanced. As part of reducing the future GHG impact to SFU, new buildings should strive for higher energy efficiency standards as outlined below. 5.2.1 Building Standards and Codes Modelling of New Construction New construction should require the use of modelling during the design phase. The use of design software should be an integral part of the design approach and within the building designer’s domain rather than outsourced to another firm for energy accounting purposes or solely used for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification. 42 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Specific Energy Consumption Goals for Buildings The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning (ASHRAE), the provincial government, and LEED are striving towards net-zero energy buildings. This approach should be utilized where possible. A specific energy reduction target should be set for new construction and major renovations at SFU. ASHRAE 90.1-2007 provides 15% savings compared to ASHRAE 90.1-1999 and 24% compared to Model Nation Energy Building Code (MNEBC)1. These levels of savings are also the minimum required to receive one point for energy savings within LEED Canada for New Construction 1.0. Targets are attainable beyond the minimum code requirements, and will help achieve the LEED gold status for new buildings. Modelling is able to use proper baselines for different commercial and institutional uses such as laboratory, office, and classroom space. The ASHRAE 90.1 standard and the MNEBC are two standards that can be used to attain energy reduction that are familiar to building design firms. Specifying an energy savings target in respect to these standards will still allow for design flexibility. The use of ASHRAE 90.1 may be preferable to meet building codes due to its more recent publication and the current use of ASHRAE 90.1-2007 within Vancouver and ASHRAE 90.1-2004 in the rest of the province. On the other hand, no province has adopted the MNEBC, nor is any jurisdiction currently using it. 5.2.2 Building Envelope Design Reducing Glazing The use of a high portion of glazing can add architectural and esthetic value to buildings, but can significantly add to the heating load of buildings. This effect can be seen with the Surrey Central City building where efficiency of the building is relatively low for its function and age. Effective use of glazing can still permit a well daylit building while keeping glazing below 40%. Net-Zero Buildings ASHRAE 90.1 is evolving towards a net-zero standard for buildings by 2030 where emissions from the building are minimized and the building is able to offset emissions from other sources. Developments in the Standard should be monitored as more standard building elements are developed for the net-zero model. Energy Efficiency Standards and LEED New buildings should have a mandated efficiency level. This can be achieved through modelling compared to baseline models such as the NMEBC and ASHRAE 90.1-2007. 1 Exceeding ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007, ASHRAE Learning Institute, 2008 43 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report LEED should not be construed as a GHG reduction standard. As part of the B.C. government’s GHG reduction strategy, new public buildings are to be built to LEED Gold or equivalent criteria. However, it must be understood that the goal of LEED, developed by the Green Building Council in the U.S. (USGBC) and adapted and managed by the Canadian Green Building Council in Canada (CaGBC), is sustainability. LEED certification is based upon achieving a certain level of points in the following five categories: sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality. Achieving LEED points in energy efficiency is based upon reductions in energy costs and not necessarily reductions in energy use. The LEED point system could also result in capital funds being used for building design elements that might not be the most effective for energy cost and GHG reductions over the life cycle of the building, thus reducing the ability to decrease overall energy demands. Defining a minimum amount of energy efficiency will help reduce operating costs and GHG emissions from new buildings. Setting a minimum energy and atmosphere point score within the LEED process could provide an incentive to achieve the secondary points for sustainability and innovation rather than an overall energy reduction. Energy Sources Consideration should be given to future heating sources for buildings farther away from the central heating plant at the Burnaby campus. With the planned major renovations for residences, expansion of the campus, and the relocation of the central heating plant, the benefits of individual or purpose-integrated heating sources such as geoexchange heat pumps should be investigated. 5.2.3 Renovations Part of the reduction strategy for SFU should include bringing buildings undergoing renovation up to the latest ASHRAE 90.1 standard where possible. Only during major renovations is the cost justifiable for major renovations to building envelope, including glazing, and HVAC systems. Implementing a requirement to review renovations for energy efficiency and GHG emissions will allow these improvements to be implemented when the costs are lowest. SFU should target some renovations for certification for environmental sustainability, such as the currently available Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) standard or the LEED for Existing Buildings when this standard becomes available in Canada. 5.2.4 Video Conferencing Video conferencing could be used whenever possible to minimize travel, particularly to avoid long haul air flights which comprise the majority of carbon emissions 44 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report associated with travel. Video conferencing done through a centralized service could be tracked for the associated reduction in emissions, whereas video conferencing done through individuals would be difficult to quantify into emissions reduction. Surveying of the departments would help quantify emission reductions from video conferencing. 5.3 MARGINAL ABATEMENT COST CURVE The marginal cost abatement curve graphically represents the costs and steps associated with reducing the organizations emissions at the present. The chart doesn’t include costs of the carbon tax or of carbon credits. The cost of reductions of $40 a tonne or less would be considered to have a positive cash flow based upon at a cost of $25 a tonne in carbon offsets and $15 a tonne in carbon tax. Figure 5-1 Marginal Abatement Cost Curve 100 Marginal Cost Abatement Curve 80 100 % Recycled Paper $330/tonne Cost ($/tCO2e) 60 Heat Pumps, Geothermal Biodiesel (10%), E85 Fuel Switch 40 Biomass Gasifier 20 0 -20 Ventilation Upgrades for Recent Buildings HVAC/Building Envelope -40 Electric Campus Trucks -60 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 GHG Reduction (tCO2e) Items included within the chart were: • Switch of 10% of the facilities truck fleet to electric campus vehicles (this includes the benefit of downsizing. • Improvements to heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems and building envelope to existing buildings. • Use of biofuels such as bio diesel and E85 ethanol fuel. • Installation of a biomass gasifier. • Installation of heat pumps and geoexchange systems. 45 Simon Fraser University • • GHG Inventory Report Improvements to HVAC in recent buildings. Switch to 100% recycled paper. Actions with a negative cost per tonne of reduction are considered to be beneficial regardless of the price of GHG emissions, but could fail to meet internal return requirements. Switching to biofuels would be largely dependant upon the price of these fuels, equipment costs would be minimal. Other items such as solar thermal and highway electric vehicles were not displayed due to their high abatement costs. Other options such as behavioral changes were omitted due to the difficulty of ascertaining the potential reduction. Such changes would include reduced paper usage, improved motor vehicle operation techniques, and user controlled energy use. 5.4 CARBON COSTS AND OFFSETS As demonstrated by the marginal abatement cost curve (MACC), carbon emission reduction measures alone will not be sufficient for SFU to achieve carbon neutrality. This section discusses the potential sources and costs of carbon offsets and the cost for SFU to ultimately achieve carbon neutrality. Although the B.C. carbon tax and costs associated with SMARTTool are not directly related to achieving carbon neutrality, they have been included here as they have cost implications to SFU related to GHG emissions. Source of Carbon Offsets As described in the Carbon Neutral Government regulation, the procedure for purchase of carbon offsets by public sector organizations will be through the Pacific Carbon Trust (PCT), however, the process to do so is not yet clearly defined. In Section 7, that Regulation indicates: “A public sector organization that is required to acquire or dispose of emission offsets in order to be carbon neutral must do so by acquiring them from…..the Pacific Carbon Trust…” The PCT is a provincial Crown corporation set up by the B.C. government to acquire credible GHG offsets on its behalf. The credits have to arise in B.C and meet certain eligibility and verification criteria as defined within the GGRTA-Emission Offsets Regulation (Emission Offsets Regulation), effective December 8, 2008. The PCT has recently issued a Request for Qualifications (RFQ) to pre-qualify respondents with the capability and capacity to provide all or some of the offsets needed to meet its 46 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report requirement for carbon offsets. The current stated cost of obtaining offsets from the PCT for PSOs is $25/tonne CO2e.1 The reality may be different, depending upon the offset purchase cost the PCT experiences and potential savings to this value that it can pass on to PSOs. Although SFU is now unlikely to be able to acquire offsets from the open market, the open market includes potential sources such as the Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX), North America’s voluntary GHG reduction and trading system. Companies who join the exchange commit to reducing their aggregate emissions by 6% by 2010. Current members include several American universities. Current CCX prices are US$1.55 per tonne CO2e, and have peaked at US$7.4 during 2008. Carbon Offset Costs The future cost of carbon offsets is difficult to predict because the sources of offsets are uncertain and GHG legislation/regulation, which has the potential to impact carbon offset price through creation of increased demand for offsets, is currently evolving. Currently, we are advised that the Ministry of Environment has indicated $25 per tonne CO2e be used for costing purposes to offset government business travel. As the requirement to offset business travel was established prior to the creation of a carbon offset market, the $25 per tonne of CO2e price is based upon estimated costs. Environment Canada2 estimates carbon offset prices to rise from $25 per tonne CO2e in 2010 to $65 per tonne CO2e in 2018. 1 http://www.pacificcarbontrust.ca/Home/ClientServicesPublicSectorOrganizations/tabid/99/ Default.aspx (May 26, 2009) 2 Environment Canada, Turning the Corner: Taking Action to Fight Climate Change, Technical Briefings, March 14, 2008 47 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Figure 5-2: Environment Canada Predicted Offset Costs Costs to Achieve Carbon Neutrality Based on a carbon offset price of $10-$25 per tonne CO2e, this would result in a cost to achieve carbon neutrality of $118,000 to $295,000 based on 2007 emissions, assuming all emissions are mitigated through offset purchases. Based on offset costs predictions provided by Environment Canada, this cost could rise to approximately $766,000 in 2018 assuming $65 per tonne CO2e emissions. B.C. Carbon Tax Although not directly an offset cost, B.C.’s carbon tax is a GHG emissions-related cost that applies to purchases of fuels such as gasoline, diesel, natural gas, heating fuel, and propane when used to produce energy or heat that has been in effect since July 1, 2008. Therefore, reducing emissions in these areas will result in cost savings to SFU. In 2007, SFU paid a total of $52,000 in carbon taxes based upon a $10 per tonne tax levied since July 1, 2008. The carbon tax costs will increase over the next four years as follows11: • • • • • 1 July July July July July 1st, 1st, 1st, 1st, 1st, 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 - $10 $15 $20 $25 $30 per per per per per tonne tonne tonne tonne tonne CO2e CO2e CO2e CO2e CO2e emissions emissions emissions emissions emissions http://www.sbr.gov.bc.ca/documents_library/notices/BC_Carbon_Tax_Update.pdf 48 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report SFU Growth and Future GHG Costs Based upon current legislation, SFU’s GHG emissions are subject to the Carbon Tax, and will require the purchase of offsets for the 2010 calendar year. Table 5—4 sets out the forecasted price of offsets and carbon tax on GHG emissions. Table 5—4: Cost of CO2e Emissions per Tonne Year Carbon Tax1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 $10.00 $15.00 $20.00 $25.00 $30.00 $30.00 $30.00 $30.00 $30.00 $30.00 $30.00 $30.00 $30.00 $30.00 $30.00 Offsets (Estimated) $0.00 $0.00 $25.00 $25.00 $25.00 $25.00 $30.00 $30.00 $50.00 $50.00 $65.00 $65.00 $65.00 $65.00 $65.00 SFU’s future GHG costs are based upon expansion of floor space as shown in 1 Carbon tax is the prescribed rate after the legislated annual increase on July 1st. The value used in calculations is the average for the calendar year. 49 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Figure 5-3. Under the Capital Plan, SFU is not expected to significantly deviate from the current floor space to student ratio. It is assumed that the existing building stock is not renovated to a high efficiency standard and that the new building stock is added at GHG emissions intensity per area as stated in Table 5—5. The GHG costs for adding to the building stock with increased building efficiency such as Surrey campus, a 25% decrease from Surrey campus, and a straight line reduction to the 33% target are shown along with a business as usual scenario are shown in Figure 5-5: Forecasted Cost of Offsetting GHG Emissions and the Carbon Tax. 50 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Figure 5-3: SFU Floor Space Expansion Table 5—5: GHG Intensities per m2 GHG Intensity (kg CO2e/m2) Emissions SFU Currently 54.43 Current Design Efficiency (Surrey Campus) 27.23 Premium Efficiency 20.42 51 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Figure 5-5 displays the future costs to offset CO2e emissions from the SFU campus based upon the following factors: • Campus expansion is pursued according to the SFU 10 Year Capital Plan with a delay of five years for projects which have not commenced. • Carbon tax is to increase at the legislated rate and no new increases are implemented after 2012. • Cost of offsets are as set out in Figure 5-4, with the initial cost of offsets to be $25 per tCO2e in 2010. • The baseline expansion case is that SFU expands with the same emissions intensity per area as is currently the case. The price of offsetting GHG emissions is expected to reach $1.54 million in 2022, up from $542,000 in 2010. Figure 5-5: Forecasted Cost of Offsetting GHG Emissions and the Carbon Tax SMARTTool Costs Again, although not directly related to achieving carbon neutrality, SFU will have to pay costs associated with the implementation and ongoing use of SMARTTool. The B.C. Ministry of Labour and Citizens’ Services has indicated that there will be a onetime fee for SMARTTool to cover development and rollout of the system, and an ongoing annual service charge. Details on costs are not currently available. 52 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report 5.5 GUIDANCE ON CAP AND TRADE MARKETS Provincial The B.C. Ministry of Environment (MOE) has stated that it supports the implementation of a cap and trade system such as that being developed under the WCI. Proposed details of the cap and trade scheme, including specific emissions thresholds, facilities, and sources to be reported, are presented within the GHG Reporting Regulation Policy Intentions Paper. Currently at the draft stage, the GHG Reporting Regulation is expected to be enacted in mid-2009. Source 1 emissions directly related to the facility are targeted by the draft regulation, while non-facility specific emissions such as air travel and on-road or extra-facility vehicles would not be included (which will likely cover the majority of SFU vehicles). Under the proposed regulation, facilities emitting more than 10,000 CO2e tonnes per year will be required to report their emissions to the Ministry, beginning with the 2009 calendar year, and facilities with emissions over 20,000 tonnes CO2e will also be required to provide their best estimate of GHG emission by source category for 2006, 2007 and 2008 calendars years. Based on 2007 emissions, SFU would trigger the 10,000 tonne CO2e threshold for reporting (since emissions from the natural gas boiler at the Burnaby campus were approximately 13,000 tonnes CO2e in 2007), but would be below the 25,000 tonne CO2e threshold at which verification, and the purchase of emissions allocations, would be required. Full implementation of the regional cap and trade system is anticipated to occur in 2012. The proposed MOE cap and trade system is at the early stages of conceptualization, and the ministry intends to consult further on these regulations in 2009. It should be noted that “facility” is not specifically defined in the GHG Reporting Regulation Policy Intentions Paper, and has currently been interpreted to be a specific campus and not the whole SFU organization. The definition of the facility may potentially affect SFU obligations under these proposed regulations; therefore it is recommended that SFU continue to monitor developments of these proposed regulations. Federal The federal government plans to implement an “intensity based” cap and trade program under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, as well as other greenhouse gas reduction efforts. As stated within the Intentions Paper, Environment Canada has indicated a willingness to enter into equivalency agreements within provinces whose programs have similarly (or more) stringent outcomes. Guidance surrounding the WCI, provincial, and federal cap and trade or emission cap systems is evolving. It has not currently been determined how the WCI cap and 53 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report trade mechanism will integrate with provincial programs (e.g. the B.C. carbon tax) and federal programs. 54 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report 6 CARBON MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS The Greenhouse Gas Reduction Targets Act sets out two important tasks. First, it puts into law the province’s target of reducing GHG emissions by at least 33% below 2007 levels by 2020. Second, it requires the provincial government and public sector organizations to be carbon neutral by 2010, which entails the reporting of emissions and the acquisition of offsets. It should be noted that there is currently not a requirement for SFU to report or offset carbon emissions associated with business travel; however, these emissions have been included within the inventory developed for this project. It should also be noted that “facility” is not specifically defined in the GHG Reporting Regulation Policy Intentions Paper, and has currently been interpreted to be a specific campus and not the whole SFU organization. The definition of the facility may potentially affect SFU obligations under these proposed regulations; therefore, it is recommended that SFU continue to monitor developments of these proposed regulations. The reporting of emissions requires that SFU put together procedures to collect and store emissions information and to report. To achieve this, a GHG Management Handbook will be necessary. The Handbook should outline who is responsible to gather data, what data is to be gathered, where it is to be stored, how this data can be verified, and who is to report to the government. With respect to carbon emissions associated with space leased from SFU, it is recommended that the BC Research Network establish its own lease directly with Harbour Centre. At the SFU Surrey campus, the GHG emissions related to the Blenz Coffee space would be small and costly to quantify in relation to the offset costs; therefore, it is recommended that this space is best dealt with through the lease agreement and a flow through of offset costs. SFU should also compile an inventory of all its properties and potential sources of emissions. Events of significance to the GHG inventory should be recorded. Identification of fugitive sources should be compiled to better understand the effect a catastrophic release of a greenhouse gas would have on the GHG inventory and compliance costs. In addition, information storage should be considered for security and longevity. The use of conservative methodology to calculate emissions will typically lead to a higher emissions figure than in reality. Attempts should be made to collect data that is based on consumption rather than using estimates such as mileage or based upon floor space. The consultants have identified multiple options for SFU to reduce its GHG emissions. In the near term, emissions from the vehicle fleet can be reduced through decrease of vehicle size, use of biofuels, and addition of electric vehicles. 55 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Building upgrades should prioritize improvements to the HVAC systems, as these options have the shortest payback period to decrease GHG emissions. Over the long term, renovations and new construction must be planned and designed with a focus on reducing energy demand. SFU can benefit from the need for capital work on a significant number of its buildings and the delay in capital projects to integrate energy efficiency into the planning. Travel and paper are two areas where GHG emissions can be reduced through behavioural changes. Providing departments with information related to the GHG footprints of these two items could influence a greater focus on reducing GHG and increased energy efficiency. A number of specific recommendations relating to management of inventory data have been provided within this report, these are summarized below: • • • • • • • • • A specific recommendation concerning The Great Northern Way campus is that the four member institutions should mutually determine a GHG reporting procedure where costs and allocations of emissions are distributed among the four entities. A complete list of utility accounts and meters should be maintained with the GHG inventory. For calculation of emissions associated with fuel oil use at the Burnaby and Surrey campuses, records of fuel oil purchases and fuel oil consumption, through input metering rather than based upon BTU output, should be used for the GHG inventory. The quantity of paper supplied by Xerox should be recorded in the future; one way of achieving this would be to request that Xerox document quantities on invoices, including paper recycled content. It is recommended that a central vehicle inventory be maintained. Data collection regarding company vehicles be standardized across departments; one possible way to do this is issue a data collection template that documents the required information. Data collection relating to business travel should include the addition of mileage, fuel consumption, or flight paths and segments to the expense process would provide a more accurate picture of emissions from travel. An inventory of SF6 and HFC gases on site should be maintained, and the import/export of these gases or equipment from the facility and the decommissioning of equipment should be recorded as part of the inventory. Amendments to lease agreements should be sought with property owners, thus enabling access to information that may impact SFU’s GHG inventory. Preferably, this information should be made available on a monthly basis in conjunction with operations and maintenance invoices from the property manager. 56 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report A number of specific recommendations relating to carbon management and reduction of costs have been provided within this report, these are summarized below: • • • • • • • Reduction of energy use within the existing physical plant. Efforts should be focused upon reduction of heating requirements through HVAC improvements, and building envelope improvements. Significant renovations to the physical plant must consider life cycle costs, especially concerning energy use. Reduction to electricity consumption should not be a focus of GHG mitigation, but are still a component of energy management. Emissions from BC electricity are required to be neutral by 2016. Vehicle fleet use should be surveyed for downsizing of vehicles, and the inclusion of alternative fuels, and electric vehicles for campus use. Campus heating is the primary source of emissions for the organization. Along with demand reduction for heating, alternative sources of heating including heat pumps, and biomass should be investigated to reduce emissions. Reducing emissions from paper use should focus on paper use reduction rather than increasing the recycled content. Reduction of emissions are also available from a behavioral perspective, such as reduced energy use, reduced paper used, and increased efficiency among the vehicle fleet. These measures require a process of continuous improvement to remain effective over the long term. 57 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report 7 CONCLUSION With the requirement to become carbon neutral, institutions such as SFU face a large task to reduce their GHG emissions. Currently, 79.5% of the GHG emissions from SFU are related to operation of the physical plant. As most modifications related to the physical plant are capital intensive, this limits the ability for the organization to quickly decrease its emissions. SFU does have an opportunity in that many of the buildings on campus are facing major renovations. Requiring a focus on obtaining GHG reduction at the initial planning stage for renovations and new construction will help identify opportunities for decreasing emissions. SFU should also seek to reduce emissions through continued implementation of efficiency projects and a move towards low carbon energy sources. A further 4.1% of emissions are from company vehicles. Reduction action on these emissions could be quickly implemented through biofuels such as biodiesel and ethanol, and the replacement of internal combustion engine vehicles with electric vehicles. SFU is currently not required to offset business travel, but should remain aware of its impact on its GHG footprint resulting from business travel (currently 15.2% of emissions). As the government has required the offsetting of these emissions within the public service, this could be extended to the larger public sector in the future. The statistics concerning paper consumption and travel can be used as tool to help encourage behavioural changes among the SFU community. The reporting of emissions to the government will require verification. As such, SFU will need to establish the procedures to collect, compile, report, and verify emissions. The consultants have outlined in this report strategies to pursue in terms of creating a GHG Management Handbook. These strategies need to correspond with current SFU procedures and policies. SFU, as an organization that regularly reports to the ministry of advanced education, already has procedures in place for preparing for audits; these should also be looked at to see if they can be applied to GHG management. A large majority of data collection is already done through the energy manager and is sufficient for those sources. Areas that require better data collection are leased spaces, company owned vehicles, fugitive emission sources, and business travel. 58 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report 8 APPENDIX 8.1 REFERENCES B.C. Ministry of Environment, Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reporting Regulation-Policy Intentions Paper for Consultation, September 2008 Canadian Green Building Council, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Canada for New Construction 1.0, December 2004 Climate Action Secretariat, Draft Framework for Greenhouse Gas Measurements and Reporting: Guidance for Crown Corporations, March 12, 2007. Environment Canada, National Inventory Report: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada, 1990-2006, April 2008. National Research Council Canada: Institute for Research in Construction, Model National Energy Building Code for Canada, 1997 Province of British Columbia Order of the Lieutenant Governor in Council, Emission Offsets Regulation, November 14, 2008. The Climate Registry, General Reporting Protocol Version 1.1, May 2008 Western Climate Initiative, Design Recommendations for the WCI Regional Cap and Trade Program, September 23, 2008. World Resources Institute and World Business Council for Sustainable Development, The Greenhouse Gas Protocol: A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard, Revised Edition, March 2004 59 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report 8.2 LINKS Climate Action Secretariat http://www.climateactionsecretariat.gov.bc.ca/ The Climate Registry: www.theclimateregistry.org Environment Canada National Inventory Report: http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/GHG/inventory_e.cfm GHG Protocol www.ghgprotocol.org LEED Canada: http://www.cagbc.org/leed/what/index.php Province of British Columbia www.gov.bc.ca Western Climate Initiative http://www.westernclimateinitiative.org/ World Resources Institute www.wri.org 60 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report 8.3 EMISSION FACTORS Table 8—1: Emission Factors Emission Factors (kg/Commerce Measure Unit)1 CO2e CO2 CH4 N2O Commerce Measure Unit #2 Oil / Light Fuel Oil 2.87 2.66 0.00281 0.12316 Litre 38.8 GJ/kl Diesel 2.77 2.73 0.00055 0.00962 Litre 38.3 GJ/kl Natural Gas (BC) 49.66 49.43 0.02100 0.02790 GJ Propane 1.52 1.51 0.00048 0.03374 Litre Energy Type 1 Energy Density1 25.31 GJ/kl Emission factors taken from Information supplied by Ministry of Labour and Citizens' Services email dated 5/11/2008 'Fwd: SMARTTOOL.msg' within file 'GHGReport-anddatafeed-Oct31-LW.xls'. 61 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Table 8—2: Indirect Emission Factors kg of CO2-e 2005 2006 2007 kg CO2 kg of CH4 kg of N2O Commerce Measure Unit Energy Density (1) Electricity (BC Hydro)1 20.00 20.00 22.12 N/A N/A N/A MWh 3.6 GJ/MWh Steam (CHD)2 80.71 80.71 80.71 80.22 0.0332 0.4579 klbs. Steam 1.055 GJ/klbs Energy Type Table 8—3: Vehicle Emission Factors (Fuel Consumption) Vehicle Type Light Duty Diesel Truck (LDDT) Light Duty Gasoline Truck (LDGT) Light Duty Gasoline Vehicle (LDGV) Propane Vehicle Emission Factors (kg/L) Description Fuel Type CO2e CO2 CH4 N2O Advanced Control diesel 2.733 2.663 0.000068 0.00022 Tier 1 gasoline 2.369 2.289 0.00013 0.00025 Tier 1 gasoline 2.341 2.289 0.00012 0.00016 N/A propane 1.532 1.51 0.00064 0.000028 1 2007 Figure obtained from SmartTool release from Province of BC. This figure concerns BC Hydro Figures only and not the BC Grid. 2005 and 2006 are obtained from EC NIR 1990-2006 "CO2 Emission Factors from Electricity" Environment Canada, National Inventory Report 1990-2006: Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks, May 2008, Annex 12 Emissions Factors, Tables A12-1, A12-2, A12-3) 2 Emission factors taken from Information supplied by Ministry of Labour & Citizens' Services email dated 5/11/2008 'Fwd: SMARTTOOL.msg' within file 'GHGReport-and-datafeed-Oct31-LW.xls'. 62 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Table 8—4: Emission Factors from Vehicles (Mileage based) Emissions Factor (kg/km)1 Emissions Source CO2-e Large Vehicle Gasoline (Mileage) 0.22 Short Haul Air Travel (<500 km) 0.15 Medium Haul Air Travel (500 to 1500 km) 0.12 Long Haul Air Travel (>1500 km) 0.11 Table 8—5: Emission Factors for Paper Consumption Emissions Factor (kg/ream)2 Recycled Paper Content CO2e 0% Recycled Content 12.9 10% Recycled Content 12.4 30% Recycled Content 11.4 100% Recycled Content 8.1 1 Emission Factors from GHG Protocol website: http://www.ghgprotocol.org/calculation-tools/all-tools (CO2 emissions from business travel). Emission factors originally derived from UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) (Table 7, Annexes to Guidelines for Company Reporting on Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Updated July 2005 (http://www.defra.gov.uk/environemnt/business/envrp/gas/). 2 Emission factors taken from Information supplied by Ministry of Labour & Citizens' Services email dated 5/11/2008 'Fwd: SMARTTOOL.msg' within file 'GHGReport-and-datafeed-Oct31-LW.xls'. Emission factors were for a pack size of 500 sheets, therefore these factors were multiplied by 2 to give an emission factor for a pack size of 1000 sheets. 63 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Table 8—6: Burnaby 2005 t CO2e t CO2 t CH4 t N2O Natural Gas (Various End Use) 1,862.7 1,854.1 0.8 1.0 Natural Gas (Boiler) 10,653.4 10,604.0 4.5 6.0 Fuel Oil (Boiler) 244.1 225.6 0.2 10.5 Diesel (Emergency Generators) 83.3 81.9 0.0 0.3 Vehicle LDDT 5.7 5.5 0.0 0.0 Vehicle LDGT 115.2 112.6 0.0 0.0 Vehicle LDGV - - - - Vehicle Propane - - - - 12,964.3 12,883.8 5.6 17.8 Diesel Generator - - - - Electricity 1,085.7 1,085.7 - - Steam/Hot Water - - - - 1,085.7 1,085.7 - - Fixed Scope 1 Mobile Sub Total Scope 2 Indirect Fixed Sub Total Scope 3 Paper Paper 149.8 149.8 - - Business Travel Vehicle - - - - Air Travel - - - - 149.8 149.8 - - 14,199.9 14,119.3 5.6 17.8 Sub Total Total Emissions 64 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Table 8—7: Burnaby 2006 t CO2e t CO2 t CH4 t N2O Natural Gas (Various End Use) 2,139.4 2,129.5 0.9 1.2 Natural Gas (Boiler) 11,481.3 11,428.1 4.9 6.5 Fuel Oil (Boiler) 264.1 244.2 0.3 11.3 Diesel (Emergency Generators) 83.3 81.9 0.0 0.3 Vehicle LDDT 5.7 5.5 0.0 0.0 Vehicle LDGT 932.4 105.4 0.0 0.0 Vehicle LDGV 1.2 - - - Vehicle Propane 0.8 - - - 14,908.2 13,994.5 6.0 19.3 Diesel Generator - - - - Electricity 1,193.9 1,193.9 - - Steam/Hot Water - - - - 1,193.9 1,193.9 - - Fixed Scope 1 Mobile Sub Total Scope 2 Indirect Fixed Sub Total Scope 3 Paper Paper 405.7 405.7 - - Business Travel Vehicle - - - - Air Travel - - - - 405.7 405.7 - - 16,507.8 15,594.1 6.0 19.3 Sub Total Total Emissions 65 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Table 8—8: Burnaby 2007 t CO2e t CO2 t CH4 t N2O Natural Gas (Various End Use) 2,169.2 2,159.2 0.9 1.2 Natural Gas (Boiler) 12,980.5 12,920.4 5.5 7.3 Fuel Oil (Boiler) - - - - Diesel (Emergency Generators) 83.3 81.9 0.0 0.3 Vehicle LDDT 5.7 5.5 0.0 0.0 Vehicle LDGT 932.4 911.7 0.0 0.1 Vehicle LDGV 1.2 1.2 0.0 0.0 Vehicle Propane 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.0 16,173.1 16,080.6 6.5 8.9 Diesel Generator - - - - Electricity 1,320.9 1,320.9 - - Steam/Hot Water - - - - 1,320.9 1,320.9 - - Fixed Scope 1 Mobile Sub Total Scope 2 Indirect Fixed Sub Total Scope 3 Paper Paper 299.1 299.1 - - Business Travel Vehicle 166.4 166.4 - - Air Travel 3,269.7 3,269.7 - - 3,735.2 3,735.2 - - 21,229.2 21,136.6 6.5 8.9 Sub Total Total Emissions 66 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Table 8—9: Surrey 2007 t CO2e t CO2 t CH4 t N2O Natural Gas (Various End Use) - - - - Natural Gas (Boiler) - - - - Fuel Oil (Boiler) - - - - Diesel (Emergency Generators) - - - - Vehicle LDDT - - - - Vehicle LDGT - - - - Vehicle LDGV - - - - Vehicle Propane - - - - - - - - Diesel Generator 7.7 7.5 0.0 0.0 Electricity 146.3 146.3 - - Steam/Hot Water 431.2 429.2 0.2 0.2 585.2 583.0 0.2 0.3 Fixed Scope 1 Mobile Sub Total Scope 2 Indirect Fixed Sub Total Scope 3 Paper Paper 20.2 - - - Business Travel Vehicle - - - - Air Travel - - - - 20.2 - - - 605.4 583.0 0.2 0.3 Sub Total Total Emissions 67 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Table 8—10: Vancouver 2007 t CO2e t CO2 t CH4 t N2O Natural Gas (Various End Use) 62.2 62.0 0.0 0.0 Natural Gas (Boiler) - - - - Fuel Oil (Boiler) - - - - Diesel (Emergency Generators) - - - - Vehicle LDDT - - - - Vehicle LDGT - - - - Vehicle LDGV - - - - Vehicle Propane - - - - 62.2 62.0 0.0 0.0 Diesel Generator 7.7 7.5 0.0 0.0 Electricity 193.4 193.4 - - Steam/Hot Water 561.3 557.9 0.2 3.2 762.4 758.8 0.2 3.2 Fixed Scope 1 Mobile Sub Total Scope 2 Indirect Fixed Sub Total Scope 3 Paper Paper 37.6 37.6 - - Business Travel Vehicle - - - - Air Travel - - - - 37.6 37.6 - - 862.2 858.3 0.3 3.2 Sub Total Total Emissions 68 Simon Fraser University GHG Inventory Report Table 8—11: Kamloops 2007 t CO2e t CO2 t CH4 t N2O Natural Gas (Various End Use) 27.0 26.9 0.0 0.0 Natural Gas (Boiler) - - - - Fuel Oil (Boiler) - - - - Diesel (Emergency Generators) - - - - Vehicle LDDT - - - - Vehicle LDGT - - - - Vehicle LDGV - - - - Vehicle Propane - - - - 27.0 26.9 0.0 0.0 Diesel Generator - - - - Electricity 3.3 3.3 - - Steam/Hot Water - - - - 3.3 3.3 - - Fixed Scope 1 Mobile Sub Total Scope 2 Indirect Fixed Sub Total Scope 3 Paper Paper 0.1 0.1 - - Business Travel Vehicle 2.2 2.2 - - Air Travel - - - - 2.3 2.3 - - 32.6 32.5 0.0 0.0 Sub Total Total Emissions 69