The Convention on Biodiversity and the Nagoya Protocol: Intellectual Property Implications
References
Abbott, F (2010). An International Legal Framework for the Sharing of Pathogens, ICTSD Issue
Paper No. 30, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development Programme on IPRs and
Sustainable Development, Geneva, Switzerland.
Abbott, F (2005). “The Definition of Pharmaceutical Substance and Exclusion of Micro-Organisms
under the WTO TRIPS Agreement”. Advisory report prepared for the Indian Pharmaceutical
Alliance (on file with the authors).
Adachi K and E Misati (2010). The Research and Experimentation Exceptions in Patent Law:
Jurisdictional Variations and the WIPO Development Agenda, UNCTAD-ICTSD Policy Brief No.
7, Geneva, Switzerland.
Alvarez Núñez R G (2008). Intellectual property and the protection of TK, genetic resources and
folklore: The Peruvian experience, Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law 12: 487 – 549.
Barsh R L (1999). Indigenous knowledge and biodiversity i in Posey D A (ed) (1999) Cultural and
Spiritual Values of Biodiversity, Intermediate Technology Publications, London, UK, pp.73-76.
Belletti G, T Burgassi, A Marescotti, S Scaramuzzi (2007). The Effects of Certification Costs on the
Success of PDO/PGI, in Theuvse, L., Spiller, A., Peupert, Jahn, G., (eds.), Quality Management of
Food Chains, Wageningeng Academic Publishers, Wageningen, Germany.
Blenko, W (1990). When Does Patent Infringement Become Unfair Competition?, available at
http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/jom/matters/matters-9010.html.
Boyle, J (2008). The Public Domain, Yale University Press, New Haven, USA and London, UK.
Cabrera Medaglia J (2010). The disclosure of origin requirement in Central America: Legal texts,
practical experience and implementation challenges in Werth A & Reyes-Knoche S (ed) Triggering
the Synergies between Intellectual Property Rights and Biodiversity, Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Eschborn, Germany, p. 270 - 292.
Castle D (ed.) (2009). The Role of Intellectual Property Rights in Biotechnology Innovation,
Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, United Kingdom.
Ed. Chouchena-Rojas, M, M Ruiz Muller, D Vivas-Eugui and S Winkler (2005). Disclosure
Requirements: Ensuring Mutual Supportiveness between the WTO TRIPS Agreement and the CBD,
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge,
United Kingdom and the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD),
Geneva, Switzerland.
Chouvin E, S Louafi, B Roussel, T Lefebre (2004). Taking into Account Knowledge and Know-how
about Nature: The French Experiences. Les Documents de Travail no.2, Institut du développement
durable et des relations internationales, Paris, France.
Comite Interprofessionel du Gruyere de Comté (2013). Comté AOP Contributions au Development
Local.
Commission on Intellectual Property Rights (2002, ed. 2003), Integrating Intellectual Property
Rights and Development Policy, print/redesign, Brimsdown, United Kingdom
Ed. Correa, C (2008). A Guide to Pharmaceutical Patents, Vol. I, The South Centre Geneva.
167
The Convention on Biodiversity and the Nagoya Protocol: Intellectual Property Implications
DePass D (2010). Starbucks vs. Ethiopia. Corporate Strategy and Ethical Sourcing in the Coffee
Industry, Case Studies in Ethics: Teaching Notes, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Deutsche Gesselschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ) (2011). The ABS
Compendium. available at http://www.abs-initiative.info/struct_compedium0.html
Dutfield, G (2011). Food, Biological Diversity and Intellectual Property: The Role of the
International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, Quaker United Nations Office,
available
at
http://www.quno.org/geneva/pdf/economic/Issues/UPOV%20study%20by%20QUNO_English.pdf.
Dutfield G (2006). Protecting TK: Pathways to the Future, ICTSD Issue Paper No. 16, International
Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development Programme on IPRs and Sustainable Development,
Geneva, Switzerland.
Environmental Protection Agency of Guyana (2007). National Policy on Access to Genetic
Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization,
Georgetown, Guyana.
Environmental Protection Agency of Guyana (2009). Thematic Report on Access and BenefitSharing, Georgetown, Guyana.
Escudero S (2001). International Protection of Geographical Indications and Developing
Countries, Trade-Related Agenda, Development and Equity (T.R.A.D.E.) Working Papers 10,
South Centre, Geneva, Switzerland.
EU/China IPR2 Project (2011). Q&A Manual on the EU Legislation on Geographical Indications.
FAO (2009-10). Linking People, Products and Places, A Guide for Promoting Quality Linked to
Geographical Origin and Sustainable Geographical Indications, UN Food and Agriculture
Organization, Rome, Italy.
Freide, M (2011), “Patent Landscaping for Vaccines: Patent information, tools and methodologies”,
powerpoint presentation made by WHO at the World Trade Organization, February 2011 (on file
with the authors).
Frein, M and H Meyer (2012). The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) under
the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD). World Wildlife Fund Germany, Berlin.
Giovannucci D, T Josling, W Kerr, B O’Connor, M T Yeung (2009), Guide to Geographical
Indications: Linking Products and their Origins, International Trade Centre, Geneva, Switzerland.
Glowka L, F Burhenne-Guilmin, H Synge (1994). A Guide to the Convention on Biological
Diversity, Environmental Policy and Law Paper No. 30, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge,
UK.
González Jiménez E. (2007) Denominación de Origen Cacao Chuao. FAO and IICA, Rome, Italy.
Hammond E (2011). An Update on Intellectual Property Claims Related to Global Pandemic
Influenza Preparedness, a paper prepared for the NGO Third World Network available at
www.pricklyresearch.com.
Henninger T (2010). ““Disclosure Requirements in Patent Law and Related Measures: Overview of
Existing National and Regional Legislation on Intellectual Property and Biodiversity”” in Werth, A,
S Reyes-Knoche (eds.) Triggering the Synergies between Intellectual Property Rights and
Biodiversity. Deutsche Gesselschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GTZ), Eschborn,
Germany.
168
The Convention on Biodiversity and the Nagoya Protocol: Intellectual Property Implications
Hillier S M and J A Jewel (1983). Health Care and Traditional Medicine in China, Routledge,
Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.
IIED (2010). Protecting Community Rights over Genetic Resources - Key Findings and
Recommendations 2005 – 2009, London, UK.
International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD), Bridges Trade Biores, Vol.
10, No. 10, 31 May 2010.
James, T C (2009). The Protection of Geographical Indications: the Case of India, ICTSD, Geneva,
Switzerland.
Josling T (2006). What’s in a Name? The Economics, Law, and Politics of Geographical
Indications for Foods and Beverages, IIIS Discussion Paper nº 109, Trinity College, Dublin,
Ireland.
Krattiger AF and W H Lesser (1994). Marketing „genetic technologies“ in South-North and SouthSouth exchanges: The proposed role of a new facilitating organisation in A F Krattiger et al. (eds.)
Widening Perspectives on Biodiversity, IUCN & International Academy of the Environment, Gland
& Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 291-304.
Kudngaongarm P (2011). Thai Traditional Medicine Protection. Thai Journal of Law and Policy
Vol. 14(2). .
Kumar Datta, T (2010), Case Studies on Geographical Indications: Darjeeling Tea, United Nations
Food
and
Agriculture
Organization,
Rome,
Italy,
pp.
113-159,
http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1592e/i1592e03.pdf (accessed December 2011).
Laird S and R Wynberg (2012). Bioscience at a Crossroads: Implementing the Nagoay Protocol on
Access and Benefit Sharing in a Time of Scientific, Technological and Industry Change, Secretariat
of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, Canada.
Larson J (2007). Relevance of Geographical Indications and Designations of Origin for the
Sustainable Use of Genetic Resources, Global Facilitation Unit for Underutilized Species, Rome,
Italy.
London Economics (2008). Evaluation of the CAP policy on the protected designations of origin
(DOP) and protected geographical indications (PGI).
Lybbert T (2007). Patent Disclosure Requirements and Benefit Sharing: A Counterfactual Case of
Morocco's Argan Oil. Ecological Economics Vol. 64, pp.12-18.
Medaglia J C and O Rukundo (2010). “Monitoring Compliance: Disclosure Requirements and the
International Certificate” in Bridges Trade BioRes, Vol. 4, Issue 3, International Centre for Trade
and Sustainable Development, Geneva, Switzerland.
Milius D (2009). Justifying intellectual property in TK, Intellectual Property Quarterly 2: 185 – 216.
Ministries of Commerce and Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry of Cambodia (2010).
Protected GI in Cambodia: Outcomes and Prospects of Pilot Project, 2010,
http://www.gret.org/publication/protected-geographical-indications-in-cambodia-outcome-andprospects-of-the-pilot-project-on-protected-geographical-indications-in-cambodia
(accessed
December 2012).
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Guyana (2009). Guyana Response [to the Questionnaire for States,
Indigenous Peoples, Indigenous and Civil Society Organizations on the Analysis of the Standards
169
The Convention on Biodiversity and the Nagoya Protocol: Intellectual Property Implications
Set by the Inter-American System with Regard to the Property Rights of Indigenous Peoples over
Lands, Territory and Natural Resources], Georgetown, Guyana.
Morgan O (2003). The New Zealand Trade Marks Act: No Place for Offense, Intellectual Property
Research Institute of Australia, Occasional Paper 02/2003.
Morioka H (2009). Seibutsu Iden Shigen no Yukue (Whither Genetic Resources?), Sanwa Shoseki,
Tokyo, Japan.
Muller, M R (2010). Thinking Outside the Box: Innovative Options for an Operational Regime on
Access and Benefit Sharing, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development Project on
Genetic Resources Issue Paper No. 1, Geneva, Switzerland.
Ngo Bagal M and M Vittori (2011). Practical Manual for Geographical Indications for ACP
countries, OriGIn & CTA, Geneva, Switzerland.
Nijar G S (2011a). The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharnig of Genetic Resources:
Analysis and Implementation Options for Developing Countries. South Centre Research Paper No.
36. Geneva.
Nijar G S (2011b). The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing of Genetic Resources: An
Analysis, Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity Law, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Oldham, P and G Burton (2010). Defusing Disclosure in Patent Applications: Strengthening Legal
Certainty in the International Regime on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit-Sharing and
Supporting WIPO’s Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources,
Traditional Knowledge and Folklore, Social Sciences Research Network, distributed to the Tenth
Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Nagoya, Japan
as document UNEP/CBD/COP/10/INF/44 of 24 October 2010.
Pastor S. and M R Muller. (2009). The Development of an International Regime on Access To
Genetic Resources and Fair and Equitable Benefit Sharing in a Context of New Technological
Developments, PSEL and the Initiative for the Prevention of Biopiracy.
Paz Cafferata J, C Pomareda (2009). Indicaciones geográficas y denominaciones de origen en
Centroamérica: situación y perspectivas, ICTSD, Geneva, Switzerland.
Posey D A (1994). International agreements for protecting knowledge in Sánchez V, C Juma,
Biodiplomacy - Genetic Resources and International Relations, ACTS Press, Nairobi, Kenya, pp.
119-137.
Posey D A (ed.) (1999). Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity, Intermediate Technology
Publications, London, UK.
Rangnekar D (2004). The Socio-Economics of Geographical Indications, in Bridges, Vol. 8, no. 8,
pp. 20-21.
Randeep R, “India moves to protect traditional medicines from foreign patents - India fights to
protect ancient treatments from Western pharmaceutical companies” in The Guardian, 22 February
2009
(accessed
at
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/feb/22/india-protect-traditionalmedicines).
Robinson D (2010). Confronting Biopiracy: Challenges, Cases and International Debate. Earthscan,
Oxford, UK.
170
The Convention on Biodiversity and the Nagoya Protocol: Intellectual Property Implications
Saez, C (2013). New WIPO Text on Traditional Knowledge Protection Cleaner but Issues Remain,
IP Watch, Geneva, Switzerland, available at http://www.ip-watch.org/2013/04/28/new-wipo-texton-traditional-knowledge-protection-cleaner-but-issues-remain/.
Saez, C (2011). WHO Set on Reform Path with Concerns; Pandemic Plan Agreed, Counterfeits Not,
IP Watch, Geneva, Switzerland, available at http://www.ip-watch.org/2011/05/24/who-set-onreform-path-with-concerns-pandemic-plan-agreed-counterfeits-not/.
Sampat B N (2009). The Bayh-Dole Model in Developing Countries: Reflections on the Indian Bill
on Publicly Funded Intellectual Property, UNCTAD-ICTSD Policy Brief No. 5, Geneva,
Switzerland.
Seuba, X, J Rovira, S Bloemen (2010). Welfare Implications of Intellectual Property Enforcement
Measures, American University Washington College of Law, PIJIP Research Paper Series, 9-12010, available at http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/research/5/ (accessed October 2011).
Shashikant S (ed.) (2010). Pandemic Preparedness: Creating a Fair and Equitable Influenza Virs
and Benefit Sharing System, Third World Network, Penang, Malaysia.
Somasekar M (2005). “Indian Drug Firms Focus on Microorganisms”, The Hindu Business Line,
Hyderabad,
India.
See
http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2005/03/15/stories/2005031502640200.htm.
South Centre (2008). A Guide to Pharmaceutical Patents, ed. C. Correa, Vol. I, Geneva.
South Centre (2008). A Guide to Pharmaceutical Patents, ed. C. Correa, Vol. II, Geneva.
Stéphan M, et al. (2007). The Recent International and Regulatory Decisions about Geographical
Indications, MATRIC Working Paper 07-MWP.
Subramanian, S and B Pisupati (ed.) (2010). Traditional Knowledge in Policy and Practice:
Approaches to Development and Human Well-Being, United Nations University Press, Tokyo, New
York and Paris.
Suthersanen, U (2008). A2K and the WIPO Development Agenda: Time to List the “Public
Domain”, UNCTAD-ICTSD Policy Brief No. 1, Geneva, Switzerland.
Tobin B, G Burton and J C Fernandez-Ugalde (2008). Certificates of Clarity or Confusion: The
Search for a Practical, Feasible and Cost Effective System for Certifying Compliance with PIC and
MAT. United Nations University Institute for Advanced Studies, Yokohama, Japan.
UNCTAD (2006). Analysis of Options for Implementing Disclosure of Origin Requirements in
Intellectual Property Applications, United Nations, New York and Geneva.
UNCTAD (2011). Local Production of Pharmaceuticals and Related Technology Transfer: A
Series of Case Studies by the UNCTAD Secretariat, United Nations, New York and Geneva,
available at http://www.who.int/phi/publications/local_production_cases/en/index.html.
UNCTAD (2011). Using Intellectual Property Rights to Simulate Pharmaceutical Production in
Developing Countries: A Reference Guide, New York, USA and Geneva, Switzerland.
UNCTAD-ICTSD (2005). Resource Book on TRIPS and Development, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paolo.
University of Californa - Davis (1999): DNA Fingerprinting Reveals Surprise in Wine-grape
Family
Tree.
Press
Release,
accessed
at
http://www.news.ucdavis.edu/search/news_detail.lasso?id=4638.
171
The Convention on Biodiversity and the Nagoya Protocol: Intellectual Property Implications
Vandecandelaere, E and J Mery (2007). Limon de Pica, Chile, FAO – IICA, accessed at
http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/agns/Projects_SQP_Santiago/Documentos/Estudios%20de%20caso/Lim
on_Chile.pdf.
Vélez E (2010). Brazil’s Practical Experience with Access and Benefit Sharing and the Protection
of Traditional Knowledge, ICTSD Policy Brief No. 8, International Centre for Trade and
Sustainable Development Project on Genetic Resources, Geneva, Switzerland.
Ventose E (2011). Medical Patent Law – The Challenges of Medical Treatment, Edward Elgar,
Gloucester, UK.
Vivas Eugui D (2012). Bridging the Gap on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources in WIPO’s
Intergovernmental Committee (IGC), Issue Paper No. 34, International Centre for Trade and
Sustainable Development Project on Genetic Resources, Geneva, Switzerland.
Vivas Eugui, D (2001a), “Negotiations on Geographical Indications in the TRIPS Council and their
Effect on the WTO Agricultural Negotiations: Implications for Developing Countries and the Case
of Venezuela”, Journal of World Intellectual Property, Vol. 4, nº 5, pp. 703-28.
Vivas-Eugui, D and M J Oliva (2010). Biodiversity Related Intellectual Property Provisions in Free
Trade Agreements, ICTSD Issue Paper No. 4, ICTSD Project on Genetic Resources, Geneva,
Switzerland
Vivas Eugui, D and M R Muller (2001b), “Handbook on the protection of traditional knowledge in
the Andean Region”, UNCTAD, Geneva, Switzerland.
Vivas Eugui D and M R Muller (2002). Handbook on Mechanisms to Protect the TK of the Andean
Region Indigenous Communities. UNCTAD Biotrade, Geneva, Switzerland.
WIPO (2003). Consolidated Survey of Intellectual Property Protection of TK, Geneva, Switzerland.
WIPO (2002). Elements of a sui generis System for the Protection of TK, WIPO/GRTKF/IC/4/8,
Geneva, Switzerland.
WIPO (2004). Technical Study on Patent Disclosure Requirements related to Genetic Resources
and Traditional Knowledge, World Intellectual Property Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
WIPO (2010). The Protection of TK: Revised Objectives and Principles, Geneva, Switzerland.
172