Biology 2402
The Digestive System
Purpose:
This lab will identify the structures of the digestive system and study the histology
of selected structures.
I. Anatomy of the Digestive System
A. Identify the organs and structures of
the alimentary canal
B. Identify the structures of the liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas
II. Histology
A. Identify the layers and associated
structures in the model of a crosssection of the small intestine
B. Identify the structures in models of the
liver and pancreas
In addition to the general goals above, specific anatomical
structures that the student must be able to identify are listed
below. A few select structures may be added to the list at the
discretion of the instructor.
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The Digestive System
Description
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MAJOR STRUCTURES
I. Oral Cavity
A. tongue
B. salivary glands
1. parotid gland
2. submandibular gland
3. sublingual gland
C. dentition
1. central incisors
2. lateral incisors
3. canines
4. premolars/bicuspids
5. molars (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
D. hard palate
1. palatine process of maxillae
2. palatine bone
E. soft palate
1. uvula
137
143
II. Pharynx (also see p. 14 of handouts)
A. oropharynx
B. nasopharynx
C. laryngopharynx
137
III. Esophagus
136
lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac
sphincter or cardio-esophageal
sphincter)
IV. Stomach
A. regions
1 cardiac region
2. fundus
3. body
4. pylorus
B. other structures
1. greater curvature
2. lesser curvature
3. pyloric sphincter
4. rugae
C. muscularis externa
1. longitudinal layer
2. circular layer
3. oblique layer
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The Digestive System
Description
V. Small Intestine
A. regions
1. duodenum
a. duodenal papilla
b. plica circularis
2. jejunum
3. ileum
a. ileocecal valve
B. mesentery
VI. Large Intestine
A. cecum
1. vermiform appendix
B. colon
1. ascending colon
a. right colic (hepatic) flexure
2. transverse colon
a. left colic (splenic) flexure
3. descending colon
4. sigmoid colon
C. rectum
1. anal canal
2. anus
D. other structures
1. greater omentum
2. haustra
3. teniae coli
Page
136, 139, 142-143
136, 139, 142
VII. Liver
A. lobes:
1. right lobe
2. left lobe
3. caudate lobe
4. quadrate lobe
B. blood entry and exit:
1. hepatic artery
2. portal vein
3. hepatic vein
4. inferior vena cava
C. biliary tree:
1. gall bladder
2. right and left hepatic ducts
3. common hepatic duct
4. cystic duct
5. common bile duct
114, 136, 139, 143
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The Digestive System
Description
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D. other structures
1. falciform ligament
2. round ligament
--
VIII. Pancreas
A. regions
1. head
2. body
3. tail
B. major structures
1. main pancreatic duct
2. sphincter of
hepatopancreatic ampulla (sphincter
of Oddi)
136, 143
HISTOLOGY
I. X.S. of Small Intestine
A. mucosa (mucous membrane)
1. lamina propria
2. muscularis mucosae
3. epithelium (simple columnar)
4. villus
a. capillary of villus
b. lacteal of villus
c. Intestinal crypt (crypt of Leiberkuhn)
B. submucosa
1. Peyer's patches
2. Brunner's gland
C. muscularis externa
1. longitudinal muscles
2. circular muscles
D. serosa (visceral peritoneum)
140
II. Model of Liver Tissue
branch of portal vein
branch of hepatic artery
bile duct
sinusoids
central veins
bile canaliculi
hepatocytes
lymphatic vessels
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The Digestive System
Description
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III. Model of Pancreatic Tissue
ductal cells - exocrine
acinar cells - exocrine
islets of Langerhans - endocrine
IV. Slides
A. pancreas
1. islets of Langerhans
2. acinar cells
B. liver
1. hepatic lobule
2. central vein
3. hepatocytes
4. sinusoids
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