INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
Title:
INGE 4001 Sec. 040, 080
Engineering Materials
Instructor:
O. Marcelo Suárez
Web page:
ece.uprm.edu/~msuarez/4001
ece.uprm.edu/
msuarez/4001
Course:
Phone Nº:
E il
Email:
Office:
L b
Lab:
832-4040 x 2350 / 3336 / 2398
msuarez@ece.uprm.edu
@
d
Stéfani S-501
Stéf i S
Stéfani
S-110,
110 311
311-312,
312 313
313-314
314
Office Hours: Mondayy & Wednesday:
y 11:30-noon;; 1:30-2:30pm
p
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
Graduate Assistant
Glorimar Ramos
Office
O
ce Hours:
ou s Mondays
o days & Wednesdays
ed esdays 5
5-7pm
p
Office (Lab):
Stéfani S-310
L b phone:
Lab
h
x 2086
Email:
glorimar.ramos1@upr.edu
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
Final Grades
Final Grade Range
Final Letter Grade
90 - 100
A
80 - 89.9
89 9
B
70 - 79.9
C
60 - 69.9
D
0 - 59.9
F
Please refer to the Professor’s Data Sheet in the “syllabus” section of
the Web Page
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
Grades
•
•
•
•
•
Quizzes:
1st Mid-term
Mid term Oct.
Oct 20,
20 7pm:
2nd Mid-term Nov. 19, 7pm:
Final E
Exam:
am
Team Assignments:
15 pts.
25 pts
pts.
25 pts.
20 pts
pts.
15 pts.
NO make-up exams, NO exams “replaced”.
Acceptt own responsibility
A
ibilit ffor llack
k off titime/energy/motivation
/
/ ti ti
etc. to study.
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
Textbook
The Science and
Engineering of
Materials
by
D
Donald
ld R
R. A
Askeland
k l d and
d
Pradeep P. Phulé
5th Edition
Editi
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
Setting-up
Setting
up Teams
• Team up with one or two friends.
• Select another couple to form a group
with no more than 5.
5
• Name your group with the name of a
chemical element.
• Share all contact information necessary
among your group mates.
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
Working in Groups
• Leadership responsibility should change for
each team assignment
assignment.
• Living away from each other will be NO
excuse for not completing an assignment in
time.
• EVERYONE in each group is required to
work on ALL assignments.
• DO NOT include in your report the names of
those who did not participate!!
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
MATERIALS
• A definition?
• Types of materials based
on constitution and
properties:
–
–
–
–
Ceramics
Metallic
Polymeric
y
Composites
• New materials
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
Each part of an engineered
product is made of a material
with specific (by design) properties!!
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
This is the
f d
fundamental
l
concept
The triangular base is
needed in order to
optimize the material
performance in service
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
Materials Science and Engineering
g
g
Basic Knowledge
of Materials
Science
Applied
K
Knowledge
l d
of Materials
Materials
in Service
Engineering
Salary survey
(source JOM,
Dec 2008 pp. 15)
Dec.
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
Chemistry
Materials
M
t i l
Science
and
E i
Engineering
i
Physics
Mathematics,
C
Computer
t S
Sciences
i
Biology
Biomaterials
Nanotechnology
Smart Materials
Superconductors
Photonic materials,
etc.
?
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
Some Interesting Links
• The best online Periodic Table: webelements.com
• The impact of Materials Engineering on Humankind
http://materialmoments.org/
Materials-related
related professional societies:
• Materials
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
MRS www.mrs.org
ASM International www.asminternational.org
Material Advantage
g
TMS www.tms.org
www.materialadvantage.org
ACerS www.ceramics.org
First student chapter in PR
AIST www.aist.org
ASTM www.astm.org
SAMPE www.sampe.org
And dozens more…
Fi t university
First
i
it chapter
h t in
i PR
formalized in Dec. 2008
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
Ch t 2
Chapter
Atom Structure and Bonds
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
Before we start review basic Chemistryy concepts
p
•
•
•
•
•
atomic number, atomic (molecular) weight, gram-mol, moles
Avogadro’s number NA
electrons: as waves and particles
Planck’s Equation: ΔE = hν = h c/ λ
the electromagnetic spectrum
more energetic
less energetic
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
Electrons in an atom are distributed according to the
Energy Level Diagram
Note how the energy increases with the
energy level. Also note how the energy
differences between two consecutive levels
vary.
This defines the quantum numbers:
n: principal quantum number
l : subsidiary (angular momentum) quantum number
ml: magnetic quantum number
ms: spin quantum number
Homework: Definition of each
quantum number
• n: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6…
• l: 0, 1, 2, 3, …n-1 labeled as: s, p, d, f
• ml: 2l + 1 varies from -l through +l
• ms: -½ and ½
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
General “filling”
g sequence
q
of electron orbitals
1s22s22p
p63s23p
p64s23d104p
p65s2
4d105p66s24f145d106p67s25f14
7s 7p
6d107p
7 6
Memory array
Meaning of “Ground” State?
6s 6p 6d
5s 5p 5d 5f
4s 4p 4d 4f
3s 3p 3d
2s 2p
1s
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
Example:
Fr (Z = 87)
1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 4s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p67s
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
Recall the octet rule
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
Valence (Outer Electron) Structure in the Periodic Table
Example Ge (Z=32) in IVA group:
1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p2
Core electrons
Valence electrons
7s 7p
6s 6p 6d
5s 5p 5d 5f
4s 4p
p 4d 4f
3s 3p 3d
2s 2p
1
1s
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
A more interesting Periodic Table
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
Electronic
Configurations of
the Elements
What’s the problem
with Cr?
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
One more word on orbitals and electronic configuration
Remember:
The first three quantum numbers define an orbital.
Thee fourth
ou qua
quantum
u number
u be ms de
defines
es thee subo
suborbital
b a where
ee
an electron is located.
Suborbitals are “filled” as follows:
Incorrect arrangement of electrons
in d-orbitals
Correct arrangement of electrons in
d-orbitals
Hunds rule: Before an orbital will have two electrons,, all orbitals of that
energy level will have one electron. The second electron will have spin that is
opposite of the first.
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
Let’s have a brief introduction to magnetism and magnetic
materials. Pages 726-737
Basic: Magnetic fields are formed as a result of moving electrical charges.
Applied
magnetic
g
field H
n = total number of turns
l = length of each turn
current I
H = n·I / l
The simplest circulating charge is the electron around the nucleus in a
hydrogen atom
or an electron spinning:
Both contribute to one atom’s magnetic moment
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
The arrangement of (anti)spins imposed by the electronic configuration,
Pauli’ss exclusion principle and Hind’s
Pauli
Hind s rule govern the magnetic properties
of elements
• Inspect the Periodic Table:
transition
i i metals,
l llanthanides,
h id
and actinides
• Partially filled nd and nf
orbitals!
• H
How those
th
spins
i iinteract
t
t iin a
crystal (with zillion atoms)
defines the observed magnetic
Parallel spins don’t
don t necessary indicate
behavior when an external field
“collaborative” magnetic moments, e. g.
H is applied
Cr (an antiferromagnetic element)
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
Externallyy Applied
pp
Field and Material Response
p
B magnetic inductance (flux density) induced by H in vacuum is:
B0 = µ0H
In a material: B = µH
The magnification (or not) of
the field induced is
calculated
ca
cu a ed as
as:
B = µ0 H + µ0M = µH
How permeability µ relates
to µ0 defines the type of
material
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
Classification of materials in terms of their magnetic response
(behavior) and the effect of magnetic domains.
domains
Note the orientation of the magnetic
moments in each material
M
Magnetic
ti susceptibility
tibilit is
i
μ
χ=
μ0
−1
Homework:
H
k Classify
Cl if the
th materials
t i l iin
terms of their values of χ
Magnetic
g
behavior of the elements at
room temperature
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
Magnetization behavior
Upon initial magnetization these magnetic
Hysteretical
H
t ti l bbehavior,
h i with
ith a saturation
t ti
domains
start aligning (parallel) until
level (Ms), a residual magnetization
saturation
((remanescence Mr)), a coercivityy Hc.
Domains can be imaged. This image shows
th magnetization
the
ti ti process off a steel
t l grain
i
Soft magnets have a slim hysteresis
loop and hard magnets have a fat loop.
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
Some uses of materials with specific magnetic properties
Magnetic data storage
Note that magnetic data
recording is longitudinal in
nature.
atu e
Magnet levitation in
superconductors
p
INGE 4001 - Engineering Materials
One word on superparamagnetism
• If domains are too small
(nanosized), in ferromagnets or
ferrimagnets they can flip their
ferrimagnets,
magnetic moments with just
thermal oscillations
• Superparamagnets can retain
high MS but with no coercivity.
• There is a limitation on the
recording density in current
magnetic media: 0.15 Gbit/mm2
• Modern challenge: can we
i
increase
it?
• Ferromagnet
• Paramagnet
• Superparamagnet
• Investigate what the Néel-Arrhenius law is.