Group Assessment Cover Sheet
Assessment Title:
Networking 1 Project Report
Programme Title:
BACHELOR OF ICT
Course No.:
ECHNOLOGY
ITB5003
Course Title:
Computer Networking 1
Student Name:
Hamed Abdulkarim, Zainab Hasan, Reem Neama
Student ID:
201300263, 201300167, 201301457
By submitting this assessment for marking, either electronically or as hard copy, I confirm the
following:




This assignment is my own work
Any information used has been properly referenced.
I understand that a copy of my work may be used for moderation.
I have kept a copy of this assignment
Introduction
This report aims to outline the theoretical details of a network that is going to be implemented
to a hospital called “Middle East Hospital”. This report will include information about the
scheme of subnetting and the addresses of IP (Internet protocol) used within the network,
explanation of the application layer services the network will require and a list of required
network devices as well as the explanation of they are used for. In addition, this report will
include a detailed description of the LAN’s (Local area connections) operating protocols and the
method they operate in.
Table of Contents
6.1 Application Layer (OSI Model layer 7): ..................................................................................... 5
6.1.1 Communication status between PC0 and PC2: ................................................................ 18
6.1.2 Interfaces that will be used in this communication are:.................................................. 18
6.1.3 Protocols needed for communication and their usage: .................................................. 18
Some of the application services that are used in this layer:................................................ 19
6.1.3.1 DNS: ........................................................................................................................... 19
6.1.3.2 HTTP:.......................................................................................................................... 19
6.1.3.3 FTP: ............................................................................................................................ 19
6.1.3.4 SMTP: ......................................................................................................................... 19
6.1.4 Addresses and Identifiers that will be used in this communication are: ......................... 19
6.1.4.1 IP addresses: .............................................................................................................. 19
6.1.4.2 MAC addresses: ......................................................................................................... 20
6.1.4.3 Names: ....................................................................................................................... 20
6.1.5 Some other applications that are used in the application layer: ..................................... 21
6.1.5.1 DHCP: ......................................................................................................................... 21
6.1.5.2 Telnet: ........................................................................................................................ 21
6.1.5.3 POP: ........................................................................................................................... 21
6.2 Presentation Layer (OSI Model layer 6): ................................................................................. 21
6.2.1 Communication status between PC0 and PC2: ................................................................ 21
6.2.2 Interfaces that will be used in this communication are:.................................................. 21
6.2.3 Protocols needed for communication and their usage: .................................................. 22
6.2.4 Addresses and Identifiers that will be used in this communication are: ......................... 22
6.2.4.1 IP addresses: .............................................................................................................. 22
6.2.4.2 MAC addresses: ......................................................................................................... 22
6.2.4.3 Names: ....................................................................................................................... 22
6.3 Session Layer (OSI Model layer 5):.......................................................................................... 23
6.4 Transport Layer (OSI Model layer 4): ...................................................................................... 23
6.4.1 Communication status between PC0 and PC2:................................................................ 23
6.4.2 Interfaces that will be used in this communication are:.................................................. 23
6.4.3 Protocols needed for communication and their usage: .................................................. 23
6.4.3.1 TCP is used for programs that are:..................................................................... 23
1.
6.4.3.1.1 Connection-oriented, reliable and require error detection: .......................... 23
2.
6.4.3.1.2 Flow and congestion control: .......................................................................... 24
6.4.3.2 UDP is used for program that are: ..................................................................... 24
1.
6.4.3.2.1 Connectionless: ............................................................................................... 24
2.
6.4.3.2.2 “Best effort” delivery: ..................................................................................... 24
6.4.4 Addresses and Identifiers that will be used in this communication are: ......................... 24
6.4.4.1 IP addresses: .............................................................................................................. 24
6.4.4.2 MAC addresses: ......................................................................................................... 24
6.4.4.3 Names: ....................................................................................................................... 25
6.4.5 Examples of Protocols and application that uses: ........................................................... 25
6.4.5.1 TCP:..................................................................................................................... 25
6.4.5.2 UDP:.................................................................................................................... 25
6.5 Network Layer (OSI Model layer 3):........................................................................................ 25
6.5.1 Communication status between PC0 and PC2: ................................................................ 25
6.5.2 Interfaces will be used in this communication are: ......................................................... 25
6.5.3 Protocols needed for communication and their usage: .................................................. 26
6.5.4 Addresses and Identifiers that will be used in this communication are: ......................... 26
6.5.4.1 IP addresses: .............................................................................................................. 26
6.5.4.2 MAC addresses: ......................................................................................................... 26
6.5.4.3 Names: ....................................................................................................................... 26
6.5.6 Features:........................................................................................................................... 26
A.
6.5.6.1 Connectionless: .................................................................................................. 26
B.
6.5.6.2 “Best Effort” Delivery: ........................................................................................ 27
C.
6.5.6.3 Media independent: ........................................................................................... 27
1. Subnetting Scheme:
1.1 Administrative building Subnet - 107 hosts
Student
Specification
Input
Network Address
192.168.0.0
Subnet Mask (Decimal)
255.255.255.128
CIDR Notation
/25
First IP Host address
192.168.0.1
Last IP Host address
192.168.0.126
Number of usable hosts in
subnet
128-2 = 126
Broadcast address
192.168.1.127
1.2 Training College subnet – 90 hosts
Student
Specification
Input
Network Address
192.168.0.128
Subnet Mask (Decimal)
255.255.255.128
CIDR Notation
/25
First IP Host address
192.168.0.129
Last IP Host address
192.168.0.254
Number of usable hosts in
subnet
128 – 2 = 126
Broadcast address
192.168.0.255
1.3 Emergency room and Surgical department Subnet- 35 hosts
Student
Specification
Input
Network Address
192.168.1.0
Subnet Mask (Decimal)
255.255.255.192
CIDR Notation
/26
First IP Host address
192.168.1.1
Last IP Host address
192.168.1.62
Number of usable hosts in
subnet
64 – 2 = 62
192.168.1.63
Broadcast address
1.4 Maternity building Subnet – 28 hosts
Student
Specification
Input
Network Address
192.168.1.64
Subnet Mask (Decimal)
255.255.255.224
CIDR Notation
/27
First IP Host address
192.168.1.65
Last IP Host address
192.168.1.94
Number of usable hosts in
subnet
32-2 = 30
Broadcast address
192.168.1.95
1.5 Server room Subnet – 4 hosts
Student
Specification
Input
Network Address
192.168.1.96
Subnet Mask (Decimal)
255.255.255.248
CIDR Notation
/29
First IP Host address
192.168.1.97
Last IP Host address
192.168.1.102
Number of usable hosts in
subnet
8-2 = 6
Broadcast address
192.168.1.103
1.6 Administrative Building Router and Training College Router link Subnet
(2 hosts)
Student
Specification
Input
Network Address
192.168.1.104
Subnet Mask (Decimal)
255.255.255.252
CIDR Notation
/30
First IP Host address
192.168.1.105
Last IP Host address
192.168.1.106
Number of usable hosts in
subnet
4-2 = 2
Broadcast address
192.168.1.107
1.7 Training College Router and Maternity Building Router link Subnet
(2 hosts)
Student
Specification
Input
Network Address
192.168.1.108
Subnet Mask (Decimal)
255.255.255.252
CIDR Notation
/30
First IP Host address
192.168.1.109
Last IP Host address
192.168.1.110
Number of usable hosts in
subnet
4-2 = 2
Broadcast address
192.168.1.111
1.8 Emergency & Surgical Router – Maternity Building Router link Subnet
(2 hosts)
Student
Specification
Input
Network Address
192.168.1.112
Subnet Mask (Decimal)
255.255.255.252
CIDR Notation
/30
First IP Host address
192.168.1.113
Last IP Host address
192.168.1.114
Number of usable hosts in
subnet
4-2 = 2
Broadcast address
192.168.1.115
1.9 Administrative Building Router – Emergency & Surgical Router link Subnet
(2 hosts)
Student
Specification
Input
Network Address
192.168.1.116
Subnet Mask (Decimal)
255.255.255.252
CIDR Notation
/30
First IP Host address
192.168.1.117
Last IP Host address
192.168.1.118
Number of usable hosts in
subnet
4-2 = 2
Broadcast address
192.168.1.119
1.10 Administrative Building Router to ISP Router link Subnet (2 hosts)
Student
Specification
Input
Network Address
192.168.1.120
Subnet Mask (Decimal)
255.255.255.252
CIDR Notation
/30
First IP Host address
192.168.1.121
Last IP Host address
192.168.1.122
Number of usable hosts in
subnet
4-2 = 2
Broadcast address
192.168.1.123
1.11 Training College Router to ISP Router link Subnet (2 hosts)
Student
Specification
Input
Network Address
192.168.1.124
Subnet Mask (Decimal)
255.255.255.252
CIDR Notation
/30
First IP Host address
192.168.1.125
Last IP Host address
192.168.1.126
Number of usable hosts in
subnet
4-2 = 2
Broadcast address
192.168.1.127
1.12 Emergency & Surgical Router to ISP Router link Subnet(2 hosts)
Student
Specification
Input
Network Address
192.168.1.128
Subnet Mask (Decimal)
255.255.255.252
CIDR Notation
/30
First IP Host address
192.168.1.129
Last IP Host address
192.168.1.130
Number of usable hosts in
subnet
4-2 = 2
Broadcast address
192.168.1.131
Maternity Building Router to ISP Router link Subnet (2 hosts)
Student
Specification
Input
Network Address
192.168.1.132
Subnet Mask (Decimal)
255.255.255.252
CIDR Notation
/30
First IP Host address
192.168.1.133
Last IP Host address
192.168.1.134
Number of usable hosts in
subnet
4-2 = 2
Broadcast address
192.168.1.135
Device
IP address
Mask
Gateway
PC 0
192.168.0.1
255.255.255.128
192.168.0.126
PC 1
192.168.0.2
255.255.255.128
192.168.0.126
Server SMTP
192.168.0.3
255.255.255.128
192.168.0.126
Administrative
Building
Router –
Gig0/0
192.168.0.126
255.255.255.128
No Gateway
PC 2
192.168.0.129
255.255.255.128
192.168.0.254
PC 3
192.168.0.130
255.255.255.128
192.168.0.254
Training
College
Router Gig0/0
192.168.0.254
255.255.255.128
No Gateway
PC 4
192.168.1.1
255.255.255.192
192.168.1.62
PC 5
192.168.1.2
255.255.255.192
192.168.1.62
Emergency &
Surgical
Router Gig0/0
192.168.1.62
255.255.255.192
No Gateway
PC 6
192.168.1.65
255.255.255.224
192.168.1.94
PC 7
192.168.1.66
255.255.255.224
192.168.1.94
Maternity
Router Gig0/0
192.168.1.94
255.255.255.224
No Gateway
Server DNS
and HTTP
192.168.1.97
255.255.255.248
192.168.1.102
Server DHCP
and Telnet
192.168.1.98
255.255.255.248
192.168.1.102
Server FTP
192.168.1.99
255.255.255.248
192.168.1.102
ISP Router –
Gig0/0
192.168.1.102
255.255.255.248
No Gateway
Router
Administrative
Building
Router –
Se0/2/0
192.168.1.105
255.255.255.252
No Gateway
Training
College
Router –
Se0/2/0
192.168.1.106
255.255.255.252
No Gateway
Training
College
Router –
Se0/3/0
192.168.1.109
255.255.255.252
No Gateway
Maternity
Building
Router –
Se0/3/0
192.168.1.110
255.255.255.252
No Gateway
Emergency &
Surgical
Router –
Se0/1/0
192.168.1.113
255.255.255.252
No Gateway
Maternity
Building
Router –
Se0/1/0
192.168.1.114
255.255.255.252
No Gateway
Administrative
Building
Router –
Se0/3/1
192.168.1.117
255.255.255.252
No Gateway
Emergency &
Surgical
Router –
Se0/3/1
192.168.1.118
255.255.255.252
No Gateway
Administrative
Building
Router –
Se0/3/0
192.168.1.121
255.255.255.252
No Gateway
ISP Router –
Se0/3/0
192.168.1.122
255.255.255.252
No Gateway
Training
College
Router –
Se0/3/1
192.168.1.125
255.255.255.252
No Gateway
ISP Router –
Se0/3/1
192.168.1.126
255.255.255.252
No Gateway
Emergency &
Surgical
Router –
Se0/2/0
192.168.1.129
255.255.255.252
No Gateway
ISP Router –
Se0/2/0
192.168.1.130
255.255.255.252
No Gateway
Maternity
Router –
Se0/2/1
192.168.1.133
255.255.255.252
No Gateway
ISP Router –
Se0/2/1
192.168.1.134
255.255.255.252
No Gateway
2. How are Application layer services used:
Applications
Port Number
Description
HTTP is a worldwide protocol and through it web pages are
HTTP-Hypertext Transfer
Protocol
80
requested or sent to servers.it controls how web pages are
formatted and displayed, which employees can use to do some
researches or access web pages.
DNS resolves domain names in human language (URL’s) into Ip
DNS- Domain Name System
53
addresses (Binary numbers), which is needed for worldwide
computer services and devices.
FTP is used to transfer data files between computers through
FTP-File Transfer Protocol
20
21
networks
Which employees can use to send data between different
departments as well as local and worldwide data transfer.
Telnet is used to remote control access to servers and network
Telnet
23
devices via internet using virtual terminal connection which is
used for communication with other computers and devices in a
text based manner
SMTP- Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol
POP3-post office protocol
Is a protocol used to transferemail between servers which is
25
implemented to operate over the internet; generally it is used to
send messages from mail client to mail server.
110
POP3 is a client-server protocol used to retrieves and extract
email from a remote mail server
DHCP-dynamic host
configuration protocol
DHCP is used to assign Ip address that client configure
67
automatically
3. Network devices needed to implement the computer network
Network device
Router
Switch
server
PC
Function
A router is a network device that forwards data
packets between computers. As the router reads
the address information in the packet to
determine its destination. Then by using the
routing table it directs it to the next network. The
router connects two networks together and it
preforms traffic directing function on the internet.
In order to forward packets routers use
internetwork
A switch is a small network device that connects
multiple hosts together in local area
networks(LAN's). Switches enable network devices
to share data and information.
Is device on a network that manages network
resources , there are many types of servers such as
file server and database server.
A PC is an electronic device that manipulates data
and information. And it has the ability to process,
store and retrieve data.
.
4. Protocol used to operate the LAN’s and how this protocol operates
Fast Ethernet:
Is a local area network (LAN) transmission standard that provides a data rate of 100 megabits per
second (referred to as "100BASE-T"). The fast Ethernet protocol can be based on fiber optic or
twisted pair cable.
Is a transmission technology that is based in LANs (Local Area Networks) that provides a data rate of
100 Mbit/. Which, refers to as 100BASE-T. Workstations that consist of 10 Mbit\s 10BASE-T Ethernet
card they can be connected with Fast Ethernet networks.
Gigabit Ethernet:
Is a transmission technology that is based on the Ethernet frame format and it is used in local area
networks. It provides a data rate of 1 billion rate of one gigabit per second.the protocol is defined in
IEEE 802.3 standard and it is being used as a backbone in many private networks.
Gigabit Ethernet is conceded on optical fiber, which has a very short distance possibility on copper
media.LAN networks with Ethernet protocol that consists of 10 and 100Mbps card can feed on the
Gigabit Ethernet backbone.
5. Transmission media used in the organization:
Type of Transmission Media
The operation of the Transmission Media
Straight through is a twisted pair cable that cancels
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) - Straight through
electromagnetic intereference and it is used in local
cable
area networks. We have used it to connect PC's to
switches and switches to routers.
A crossover cable is a twisted pair cable that cancels
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) - Crossover cable
electromagnetic interference and it is used to
connect network devices of the same type. We have
used it too
It stands for data terminal equipment, DTE is the
serial port on a computer / workstation. DTE
controls, data flow from a computer. It also
Serial DTE cable
reconverts received signal and converts user data
into signals. We have used DTE to connect the
routers of subnet A, B, C and D to the main router
that supplies the signal which is the Internet Service
Provider (ISP) router
It stands for data communication equipment, DCE
Serial DCE cable
performs line clocking which is referred to as
suppling communication signals to the DTE interface.
In Addition, DCE performs coding and signal
conversion. We used the DCE port for the ISP exiting
interfaces. We also used it on router B, D and C in
order to supply signals to the other router. Routers C,
B and D were acting as an intermediate router that
supply signal to other routers.
6.1 Application Layer (OSI Model layer 7):
6.1.1 Communication status between PC0 and PC2:
At this layer and in the communication process between PC0 which is located in the
Administrative Building Subnet and PC2 which is located in the Training College Subnet. PC0 will
request the services of the required servers and once those requests are replied for. Then, the
user will be able to interact with the required application service.
Then, the data is inserted to the end device by the user through the graphical or command user
interface of the application service used. The actual data will not change after it is inserted by
the end device and it will the same through its whole journey. However, it will be converted.
6.1.2 Interfaces that will be used in this communication are:
 Administrative Building Subnet network interface (address) - 192.168.0.0.
 The data will move through The data will move through Administrative Building Router
and ISP Router link Subnet network interface (address) – 192.168.1.120.
 Server Room Subnet network interface (address) - 192.168.1.96.
 The data will move through Administrative Building Router and Training College Router
link Subnet network interface (address) – 192.168.1.104
 The data will reach its final network interface (address) which is Training College
Subnet interface – 192.168.0.128
6.1.3 Protocols needed for communication and their usage:
The application layer is the top layer in the OSI layered model, this layer interacts with users
and applications .This layer is for applications that are used in communication within the
system. There are many applications that can be used at this layer.
Some of the application services that are used in this layer:
6.1.3.1 DNS:
DNS (Domain Name System) and its port number (53). It translates human language into a
machine language (binary numbers) which is used when we creating website to give it the
proper name, and it is implemented it in all of the hosts.
6.1.3.2 HTTP:
In order to create a website, HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is used and its port number is
(80). Also, a connection needs to be created between the Domain name system and Hypertext
transfer protocol server. In addition, the Hypertext transfer protocol is used to control the
format of a website, request and send websites through the server. Both DNS and HTTP servers
need to be connected through a switch to the main router which all departments are
connected to so that all departments can access the website using the same domain name
system and IP address.
6.1.3.3 FTP:
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is used and its port number is (20, 21) in order to grant users the
ability to send data files between different departments. Also, users can use it to upload files
into the department's website. The FTP server is needed to be connected to a switch that
connects with the main router that connects with all different departments in order to grant
users those functions.
6.1.3.4 SMTP:
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and its port number is (25) is used to transfer email
between end devices. In addition, it requires to be connected to all hosts to within the same
subnet in order to use its function. Therefore, every department needs an internal SMTP server
to use its functions.
6.1.4 Addresses and Identifiers that will be used in this communication are:
6.1.4.1 IP addresses:
 DHCP server’s IP address is (192.168.1.98).
 The HTTP and DNS server's IP address (192.168.1.97).
 FTP server’s IP address is (192.168.1.99).
 SMTP and POP server's IP address is (192.168.0.3).
 PC0 IP address (192.168.0.1) of the Administrative Building subnet.
 Administrative Building Router internal-interface [IP address] GigabitEthernet0/0
(192.168.0.126).
 Administrative Building Router external-interface [IP address] Serial0/2/0
(192.168.1.105).
 Administrative Building Router external-interface [IP address] Serial0/3/0
(192.168.1.121).





ISP router external-interface [IP address] Serial0/3/0 (192.168.1.122).
ISP router internal-interface [IP address] GigabitEthernet0/0 (192.168.1.102).
Training College Router external-interface [IP address] Serial0/2/0 (192.168.1.106).
Training College Router internal-interface [IP address] GigabitEthernet0/0
(192.168.0.254).
PC2 IP address (192.168.0.129) of the Training College subnet.
6.1.4.2 MAC addresses:
 DHCP server’s MAC address is (0030.F24b.A639)
 The HTTP and DNS server's MAC address (0001.9752.6A0D).
 FTP server’s MAC address (0002.4A5B.651D).
 SMTP and POP server's MAC address (0030.F258.9EC7).
 ISP router external-interface Serial0/3/0 MAC address ().
 ISP router internal-interface GigabitEthernet0/0 MAC address (00E0.8FCB.DB01).
 PC0 MAC address (0030.A300.5C7C) of the Administrative Building subnet.
 Administrative Building Router internal-interface GigabitEthernet0/0 MAC address
(0001.4262.B801).
 Administrative Building Router external-interface Serial0/2/0 MAC address
(0090.2B2E.0901).
 Administrative Building Router external-interface Serial0/3/0 MAC address ().
 Training College Router external-interface Serial0/2/0 MAC address
(0001.4262.B801).
 Training College Router internal-interface GigabitEthernet0/0 MAC address
(0090.2B2E.0901).
 PC2 MAC address (0001.42D8.1578) of the Training College subnet.
6.1.4.3 Names:
 DHCP server.
 SMTP and POP server.
 FTP server.
 DNS and HTTP server.
 PC0 of the Administrative Building Subnet.
 Administrative Building Switch.
 Administrative Building Router.
 Administrative Building Router and Training College Router link Subnet.
 Training College Router Subnet.
 Training College Switch.
 PC2 of the Training College Subnet.
6.1.5 Some other applications that are used in the application layer:
6.1.5.1 DHCP:
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) and its port number is (67) is used to assign an IP
address that are configured automatically. DHCP server needs to be connected to a switch that
is connected to the main router that connects all different departments in order for its
functions to be used by users.
6.1.5.2 Telnet:
Telnet is a protocol that is used to provide remote access to servers and network devices,
through the internet using the virtual terminal connection. It is used to create communication
with other computers and devices. The Telnet server requires to be connected to a switch that
is connected to the main router that connects all different departments.
6.1.5.3 POP:
POP3 (post office protocol) and its port number is (110) is a client\server protocol that is used
to retrieve and extract emails from a remote mail server. The departments use this protocol so
that a user can accept emails from other user. The post office protocol is implemented in the
same server that has simple mail transfer protocol. The POP3 server needs to be connected to a
switch that is connected to the main router that connects all different departments.
6.2 Presentation Layer (OSI Model layer 6):
6.2.1 Communication status between PC0 and PC2:
At this layer and in the communication process between PC0 which is located in the
Administrative Building Subnet and PC2 which is located in the Training College Subnet. PC0 will
request the services of the required servers and once those requests are replied for. Then, the
user will be able to interact with the required application service.
Then, the data is inserted to the end device by the user through the graphical or command user
interface of the application service used. The actual data will not change after it is inserted by
the end device and it will the same through its whole journey. However, it will be converted.
6.2.2 Interfaces that will be used in this communication are:
 Administrative Building Subnet network interface (address) - 192.168.0.0
 After that the data will move through Administrative Building Router and Training
College Router link Subnet network interface (address) – 192.168.1.104
 Finally, the data will reach its final network interface (address) which is Training College
Subnet interface – 192.168.0.128.
6.2.3 Protocols needed for communication and their usage:
The presentation layer which is the layer that comes right after application layer, it is a layer
that is responsible for communication as well as it is responsible for coding and converting the
data that comes from the application layer, as well as encrypting the data it also compresses
the data into different formats such as JPG and GIF. The presentation layer ensures that the
data that application layer sends is recognized by other systems.
6.2.4 Addresses and Identifiers that will be used in this communication are:
6.2.4.1 IP addresses:
 PC0 IP address (192.168.0.1) of the Administrative Building subnet.
 Administrative Building Router internal-interface [address] GigabitEthernet0/0
(192.168.0.126).
 Administrative Building Router external-interface [address] Serial0/2/0 (192.168.1.105).
 Training College Router external-interface [address] Serial0/2/0 (192.168.1.106).
 Training College Router internal-interface [address] GigabitEthernet0/0 (192.168.0.254).
 PC2 IP address (192.168.0.129) of the Training College subnet.
6.2.4.2 MAC addresses:
 PC0 MAC address (0030.A300.5C7C) of the Administrative Building subnet.
 Administrative Building Router internal-interface GigabitEthernet0/0 MAC address
(0001.4262.B801).
 Administrative Building Router external-interface Serial0/2/0 MAC address ().
 Training College Router external-interface Serial0/2/0 MAC address (0001.4262.B801).
 Training College Router internal-interface GigabitEthernet0/0 MAC address
(0090.2B2E.0901).
 PC2 MAC address (0001.42D8.1578) of the Training College subnet.
6.2.4.3 Names:
 PC0 of the Administrative Building Subnet.
 Administrative Building Switch.
 Administrative Building Router.
 Administrative Building Router and Training College Router link Subnet.
 Training College Router Subnet.
 Training College Switch.
 PC2 of the Training College Subnet.
6.3 Session Layer (OSI Model layer 5):
Finally, there is the session layer which is layer 5. This layer creates and maintain dialog
between source and destination, also, it handles the exchange of information to initiate dialogs,
keep them active and restart sessions and Incorporated by most applications for example (web
browser).
6.4 Transport Layer (OSI Model layer 4):
6.4.1 Communication status between PC0 and PC2:
At this layer and in the communication process between PC0 which is located in the
Administrative Building Subnet and PC2 which is located in the Training College Subnet. The
data that is sent is segmented into many segments by the end device. The port of the
application service used and the Transport layer protocol that it depends on (TCP or UDP) will
be joined to the segments. Supposing if we sent a message using HTTP application service, the
port 80 will be added to segments as well as TCP.
The segments format will not change after it is created by the end device and it will preserve
the same format through its whole journey.
6.4.2 Interfaces that will be used in this communication are:
 Administrative Building Subnet network interface (address) - 192.168.0.0
 After that the data segments will move through Administrative Building Router and
Training College Router link Subnet network interface (address) – 192.168.1.104
 Finally, the data segments will reach its final network interface (address) which is
Training College Subnet interface – 192.168.0.128.
6.4.3 Protocols needed for communication and their usage:
In this layer, data are segmented in general after being entered by the user through an end
device and then transformed. Packets are labeled for which program they are used using a
socket (IP address, follows it a semi-colon and then the port number of the application). This
method called multiplexing which grants the ability to identify for which program they are used
and to be sent to their correct destination.
There are 2 protocols that are used at this layer. Either Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or
User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Both of the protocols have different characteristics and made
for specific use (specific programs)

6.4.3.1 TCP is used for programs that are:
1. 6.4.3.1.1 Connection-oriented, reliable and require error detection:
This feature allows for ordered delivery and sending of packets (stream of data) through
using a stable communication channel before any data is send. The method of initiating
this channel is called three hand shake where information is exchanged between end
devices. Having ordered and identified packets helps knows which packets are lost so
they are transmitted again.
2. 6.4.3.1.2 Flow and congestion control:
This feature grants control over the speed in which data is sent or received. Not making
it too fast or too slow but making it dynamic and average which allows for machines
with different speeds to communicate. If the network is about to become overloaded,
having the ability to control the rate of the data packets sending and reducing that rate
so congestive collapse is avoided.

6.4.3.2 UDP is used for program that are:
1. 6.4.3.2.1 Connectionless:
Require no connection session to be established or initiated so it gives the advantage of
having low overhead.
2. 6.4.3.2.2 “Best effort” delivery:
Deliver packets once they arrive without performing flow control, congestion control
and error checking.
6.4.4 Addresses and Identifiers that will be used in this communication are:
6.4.4.1 IP addresses:
 PC0 IP address (192.168.0.1) of the Administrative Building subnet.
 Administrative Building Router internal-interface [address] GigabitEthernet0/0
(192.168.0.126).
 Administrative Building Router external-interface [address] Serial0/2/0 (192.168.1.105).
 Training College Router external-interface [address] Serial0/2/0 (192.168.1.106).
 Training College Router internal-interface [address] GigabitEthernet0/0 (192.168.0.254).
 PC2 IP address (192.168.0.129) of the Training College subnet.
6.4.4.2 MAC addresses:
 PC0 MAC address (0030.A300.5C7C) of the Administrative Building subnet.
 Administrative Building Router internal-interface GigabitEthernet0/0 MAC address
(0001.4262.B801).
 Administrative Building Router external-interface Serial0/2/0 MAC address ().
 Training College Router external-interface Serial0/2/0 MAC address (0001.4262.B801).
 Training College Router internal-interface GigabitEthernet0/0 MAC address
(0090.2B2E.0901).

PC2 MAC address (0001.42D8.1578) of the Training College subnet.
6.4.4.3 Names:
 PC0 of the Administrative Building Subnet.
 Administrative Building Switch.
 Administrative Building Router.
 Administrative Building Router and Training College Router link Subnet.
 Training College Router Subnet.
 Training College Switch.
 PC2 of the Training College Subnet.
6.4.5 Examples of Protocols and application that uses:
 6.4.5.1 TCP:
1. Exchange of Emails (FTP, SMTP, POP3).
2. Connecting to servers (Telnet, HTTP).
 6.4.5.2 UDP:
1. Fast Queries (DNS, SNMP, DHCP, TFTP).
2. Streaming and online games (VoIP).
6.5 Network Layer (OSI Model layer 3):
6.5.1 Communication status between PC0 and PC2:
At this layer and in the communication process between PC0 which is located in the
Administrative Building Subnet and PC2 which is located in the Training College Subnet. An IP
header is attached to the segmented data by the end device and it is called at this state
“Packets”. The IP header will consists primarily of the Source IP address (PC0 - 192.168.0.1),
Destination IP address (PC2 – 192.168.0.129) and its Time to live (TTL).
The segmented data with IP headers (packets) format will not change after it is created by the
end device and it will preserve the same format through its whole journey.
6.5.2 Interfaces will be used in this communication are:
 Administrative Building Subnet network interface (address) - 192.168.0.0
 After that the data segments with an IP header (packets) will move through
Administrative Building Router and Training College Router link Subnet network
interface (address) – 192.168.1.104
 Finally, The data segments with the IP header (packets) will reach its final network
interface (address) which is Training College Subnet interface – 192.168.0.128
6.5.3 Protocols needed for communication and their usage:
Only Internet protocol version 4 (IPV4) will be used at layer 3.
The protocol use: When packets are received from the transport layer. The protocol routes
packets to destination and addresses those packets with IP addresses (IP header) that consists
of 32 bits as well where each byte is separated by a dote.
The host is uniquely identified form all other hosts in the same network through IP address. In
addition, IP address uniquely pinpoints the network that the host belongs to.
6.5.4 Addresses and Identifiers that will be used in this communication are:
6.5.4.1 IP addresses:
 PC0 IP address (192.168.0.1) of the Administrative Building subnet.
 Administrative Building Router internal-interface [address] GigabitEthernet0/0
(192.168.0.126).
 Administrative Building Router external-interface [address] Serial0/2/0 (192.168.1.105).
 Training College Router external-interface [address] Serial0/2/0 (192.168.1.106).
 Training College Router internal-interface [address] GigabitEthernet0/0 (192.168.0.254).
 PC2 IP address (192.168.0.129) of the Training College subnet.
6.5.4.2 MAC addresses:
 PC0 MAC address (0030.A300.5C7C) of the Administrative Building subnet.
 Administrative Building Router internal-interface GigabitEthernet0/0 MAC address
(0001.4262.B801).
 Administrative Building Router external-interface Serial0/2/0 MAC address ().
 Training College Router external-interface Serial0/2/0 MAC address (0001.4262.B801).
 Training College Router internal-interface GigabitEthernet0/0 MAC address
(0090.2B2E.0901).
 PC2 MAC address (0001.42D8.1578) of the Training College subnet.
6.5.4.3 Names:
 PC0 of the Administrative Building Subnet.
 Administrative Building Switch.
 Administrative Building Router.
 Administrative Building Router and Training College Router link Subnet.
 Training College Router Subnet.
 Training College Switch.
 PC2 of the Training College Subnet.
6.5.6 Features:
A. 6.5.6.1 Connectionless:
Connectionless means that packets are routed individually which could result in packets
taking out of order (different) paths.
B. 6.5.6.2 “Best Effort” Delivery:
Means it is unreliable which results in the incapability of the IPV4 protocol to recover
data or lost packets. This gives it the advantage of efficient functionality on the network
since other protocol layers is responsible of retrieving lost packets.
C. 6.5.6.3 Media independent:
Media independent is defined as that the IP address has no link or relation with the
physical layer (layer 1) or data link (layer 2) of the network. It is only implemented on
the logical level so it only affects the logical level. The use of this protocol gives an
advantage in allowing networks with different data link layer protocols and different
hardware platforms to communicate together.
9 Ping Devices:
1. PC0 from Administrative Building Subnet being able to ping all devices on other
subnets
9.2 PC2 from the Training College Subnet being able to ping all devices:
9.3 Server DNS and HTTP from the server room subnet being able to ping all devices on other
subnets:
9.4 PC4 from Emergency room and Surgical department being able to ping all devices on
all other subnets:
PC6 from the Maternity Building being able to ping all devices on all other Subnets: