Science & Technology in
the Environment
Chemistry
Chemistry
15.01 – Define terms and the state, properties, and
classification of matter related to density and the
environment.
General Terms
 Chemical
 Chemistry
 Matter
 Mass
 Volume
 Energy
Chemistry Terms
 Chemical
 A substance produced by or used in a chemical process
 Chemistry
 The study of the composition of matter and the energy created by the interaction of
matter
 Matter
 Anything that has mass and volume
Chemistry Terms
 Mass
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The quantity of matter in an object
A measure of an object’s resistance to moving or being moved
Often determined by weighing with a scale
Weight and mass can be different in differing places
 “altitude”
 Volume
 Means that something occupies space
 Energy
 The ability to do work or cause change
Energy
 Potential
 Energy of matter because of its position or compositions
 It is stored in the matter
 Kinetic
 The energy of an object in motion
States of Matter
 Solid
 Definite shape and volume
 Examples: wood, stone, glass, etc.
 Liquid
 Has a definite volume and takes the shape of its container
 Examples: water, oil, etc.
 Gaseous
 Has neither a definite shape or volume
 Can expand and contract and move around
 Example: air.
 It can be made to fit in various shapes, like a tire, and can be compressed.
Why States of Matter Change
 Matter may change from one state to another
 Usually related to temperature and pressure
 When water is cooled, it turns to ice, a solid
 When water is boiled, it turns to steam, a gas
 The properties do not change
Properties of Matter
 Property
 A characteristic or feature that makes it possible to
distinguish between kinds of matter
 Two Properties
 Physical
 Can be observed or measured without altering the matter
 Mass, Color, Shape, Length
 Chemical
 Describes the changes matter goes through when its identity
is altered or changed to create substances in different forms
 Describes the change it undergoes in altering its identity.
 Burning wood. Wood becomes ash and carbon dioxide, as well
as heat and light.
Classification of Matter
 Pure substances
 Matter that has uniform and consistent
composition and properties from one sample to
another.
 Salt and Sugar
 Mixtures
 A combination of two or more different kinds of
matter, and it is not definite in the proportions of
its contents.
 Types
 Solution – Homogenous mixture. Can be solid,
liquid, or gas
 Suspension – when particles are dispersed in a fluid
medium.
 Water in a stream.
Chemistry
15.02 – Discuss chemical elements, compounds,
reactions, formulas, and equations.
Compounds
 Elements form compounds
 Pure substances are either elements
or compounds
 Elements do not decompose
 An element is a pure substance that
cannot be broken down into other
substances.
 Examples: gold, silver, and iron
Elements
 A substance consisting entirely of atoms of the same atomic number
 Everything on Earth is made of chemical elements
 114 chemical elements have been identified
 92 are natural elements found on Earth
 The rest are made in a laboratory
Names and Symbols
 All have a name and symbol
 Symbols are either one or two letters
 Some officially unnamed have three letters
 Letters used are often letters from the English spelling of the word
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AL for Aluminum
N for Nitrogen
O for Oxygen
C for Carbon
 Some are from Latin
 Ag for Silver, old name was argentum
 K for Potassium
 Fe for Iron
Organizing the Elements
 Grouped in the Periodic
Table
 An arrangement of
chemical elements in
the order of increasing
atomic number. It is in
rows and columns.
Types of Elements
 Metals
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An element with metallic luster
Can be shaped
Are electrical conductors
Iron, Aluminum, and Copper
 Nonmetals
 Poor conductor of heat and electricity
 Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, and Sulfur
 Eleven elements classified as nonmetallic
Types of Elements (continued)
 Metalloids
 Between metals and nonmetals
both in the periodic table and in
properties
 Arsenic
 Six elements classified as
metalloids
 Noble Gases
 Do not normally react with other
elements
 Neon and Helium
 Six elements are classified as noble
gases.
Atoms, Atomic Number, and Masses
 Atom
 Small part of an element that can take
part in a reaction
 Atomic Structure
 The arrangement of the parts of atoms
 Atomic Number
 The number of protons in the nucleus
 Atomic Mass
 The total number of protons and
neutrons in the nucleus.
Chemical Reactions and Compounds
 What occurs when a substance becomes another
substance with different characteristics
 Types
 Composition – 2 or more substances react to form
a more complex product
 Decomposition – when chemical compounds
break down
 Single Replacement – when one element replaces
another in a compound
 Double Replacement – When two compounds
exchange elements
Compounds
 Forms when two or more elements unite to form a substance with qualities different
from the elements alone
 Chemical Bonding
 New compounds are formed when elements bond
 Chemical bonding is two or more elements joining together to form a compound.
 Molecules
 Smallest amount of a substance that can exist independently and keep the properties of
the substance
 Water – two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
 Calcium Carbonate (limestone)
C2CO3
 Carbon dioxide
CO2
 Glucose
C6H12O6
Formulas and Equations
 The combination of chemical symbols and numbers that depict a compound
 Shows the element symbols and formulas, the reactants, and the products of a
chemical reaction.
 Example:
 Photosynthesis Equation
 12H2O + 6CO2 + sunlight and chlorophyll = C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6 H2O
Chemistry
15.03 – Demonstrate the ability to determine the
pH and salts of material and relate it to
environmental conditions.
pH
 Strength of hydrogen ion
concentration, measured as potential
hydrogen or pH
 14 point scale is used
 Water is neutral = 7
 Solutions below 7 (0 to 6.9) are acid
 Solutions above 7.0 (7.1 to 14) are
basic or alkaline
 The greater the distance from 7, or
neutral, the stronger the substance.
 9 is more basic or alkaline than 7.1
 5 is more acidic than 6.9
pH
 Plants need the correct pH to grow
properly
 Different plants require different pH
 Range is 5.0-8.0 for most plants
 Important for animals, especially fish
 Relates to decomposition
 Microorganisms cannot survive well
in an improper pH and decay will be
stopped
 Acids are used to preserve food, like
pickles in vinegar (acetic acid)
pH
 Measurements are normally performed with:
 pH or litmus paper
 pH meter
 Most acids contain hydrogen
 Sulfuric acid is H2SO4
 Acetic acid (vinegar) is CH3CO2H
 Bases produce hydroxide ions
 React with acids to produce salts
 Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) NaHCO3 and limestone (calcium carbonate) CaCO3
are examples.
Salts
 Formed when acids and bases are combined
 NaCl = table salt
 Concentrations can build up in water and soil
 Often by soil and water reacting
 Example
 Irrigation water containing a base is used on
an acidic soil; can be on fields or in a
container
 Can result in unproductive land
 Can also result from using certain fertilizers
Chemistry
15.04 – Discuss chemical sources of environmental
hazards.
Chemical Sources of Environmental Hazards
 Heavy Metals
 An element with a high atomic weight or mass
 Lead, mercury, and cadmium
 Are poisonous in small amounts
 Organic Compounds
 Detergents – contained phosphates that caused phosphate build-up and damaged
ponds
 Pesticides – materials used to control pests
 Petroleum – fossil fuel used in making gasoline, diesel fuel, lubricants, and other
products.
 Chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) – used in aerosols and refrigerants (AC and Fridge); may
have contributed to the damage of the ozone layer
Chemical Sources of Environmental Hazards
 Nonmetal Oxides
 Elements whose oxides form acids
 Sulfur forming into sulfur oxide and then
reacting with water to form sulfuric acid
 S + O  SO2 or SO3 + H2O  H2SO4
 May cause air pollution
 Radioactivity
 Caused by the instability of the atomic
nucleus of certain atoms
 Radium decaying into radon, which can
enter buildings and cause injury to
people
Health Affects of Pollution
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