AP Psychology Semester Exam Review Sheet 2008
Intro to Psych
Psychology, definition
Behavior v. cognition
Goals of psychology
Perspectives & leaders, +/Subfields in psychology
psychology as science
Aristotle’s impact
Wilhelm Wundt
Elements of experiment
Independent v. dependent
variable
Population
Different types of samples, +/Qualitative v. quantitative
research, +/Methods, types, +/Correlation, positive v.
negative v. zero
Correlation v. causation
Experimental v. control group
Placebo effect, volunteer bias
Single v. double blind studies
Central tendency
Calculating the mean, median
and mode
Ethic constraints/parameters
Confidentiality, informed
consent and deceit
Reliability & validity
Body & Mind
Neuron, label & functions
Synapse, receptor site
Neurotransmitters, function &
examples
CNS v. PNS, label &
functions
Somatic & autonomic, id &
fnc.
Sympathetic v.
parasympathetic systems, id
&fnc.
Brain, label & fnc.
Lobes, hemispheres, regions &
functions
Corpus callosum & split brain
studies
Association areas, language
areas
Phineas Gage
Brain scans & measurement
devices
Endocrine system & hormones
Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal ,
testosterone, estrogen
Heredity v. environment, twin
studies
DNA, genes, chromosomes
Sensation v. perception
Absolute v. difference
threshold
Constancy & adaptation
Label the eye, trace the path
from stimulus to brain
Blind spot, color blindness,
how we see color
Label the ear, trace the path
from stimulus to brain
Pitch v. loudness, sound
location
Physical v. chemical senses
Label the tongue, trace the
path from stimulus to brain
Skin/touch, trace the path
Body & Mind (cont.)
Pressure v. temperature v. pain
Gate theory
Vestibular sense
Kinesthetic sense
Gestalt principles in
perception
Motion perception
Binocular v. monocular cues
Size, color, shape, brightness
constancy
Mueller-Lyer illusion
Ponzo illusion
Selective attention/cocktail
party effect
Top-down v. bottom –up
processing
Consciousness, define & id
levels
Sleep cycle, describe and label
chart
Id what happens in various
stages of sleep
N-REM v. REM
Theories on why we dream
Why we need sleep
Sleep problems
Dream content – manifest v.
latent meaning
Hypnosis/mesmerism, who
can be, memories, usefulness
Drug addiction and treatment
plans
Depressants
Stimulants
Hallucinogenic
Learning & Cognition
Classical conditioning,
association
Pavlov’s study
Stimulus & response
UCS v. CS & UCR v. CR
Experiment identification and
creation
Taste aversion
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization &
discrimination
Treatment uses
Little Albert
Operant conditioning,
reinforcement
Primary v. secondary
reinforcers
Positive v. negative
reinforcement
Negative reinforcement v.
punishment
Continuous v. partial
reinforcement, ex.
Ratio v. interval reinforcement
schedules, ex.
Which schedule is best for
quick learning? Long term?
Shaping
Latent learning
Observational learning
Bandura’s Bobo doll
Episodic v. semantic v.
implicit memory
Encoding, storing & retrieving
Codes: visual, acoustic,
semantic, +/Maintenance v. elaborate
rehearsal
Context-dependent retrieval
State-dependent retrieval
Tip-of-the-tongue
phenomenon
Sensory, short-term & longterm memory
Learning & Cognition (cont)
Chunking, magic number
Primacy, recency
Interference
Long-term memory capacity
Forgetting
Recognition, recall &
relearning
Infantile, Retrograde &
anterograde amnesia
Memory improvement skills
Mnemonics
Loftus research & memory
construction
Social Cognition/Interaction
Attitude
Cognitive anchor
Persuasion
Central & Peripheral route
2 sided argument
Emotional appeal
Sales resistance
Prejudice
Discrimination
Scapegoat
Social perception
Primacy & recency effect
Attribution theory
Actor observer bias
Fundamental attribution error
Self-serving bias
Attraction
Triangular model of love
Intimacy/passion/commitment
Social facilitation
Social loafing
Diffusion of responsibility
Group polarization
Leadership styles
Norms
Altruism
Bystander effect
Foot-in-the-door
Door-in-the-face