CHAPTER 2 BASIC
CHEMISTRY
MAJOR ELEMENTS OF LIFE
Ezymatic action
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM
THE 4 MAJOR ELEMENTS OF
LIFE
3 ADDITIONAL MAJOR
ELEMENTS
Figure 02.03: Formation of an ion
Chemical Bonding
Figure 02.04: Chemical bonding
Hydrogen bonds form between
polar groups or molecules
• Polar molecules
• Meaning and example in water
Figure 02.05: Hydrogen bonding between water molecules
Covalent bonds
share electrons
2.3
Water and pH
Figure 02.06: Solutes dissolve in water
ACID, BASE, AND SALT
Figure 02.09: Organic compounds in cells
2.4
Major Organic
Compounds of
Living Organisms
Functional groups define
molecular behavior
• Major functional groups:
Hydroxyl (—OH)
Methyl (---CH3)
Amino (—NH2)
Sulfhydryl (—SH)
Carboxyl (—COOH)
Phosphate (—OPO3-2)
Carbohydrates provide
energy and building materials
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•
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Chemical structure and uses
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Importance in microorganisms
Structural Formulas for
Monosaccharides,
Disaccharides, and a
Polysaccharide
LIPIDS
• One glycerol plus 3 fatty acids covalently
linked together will make one fat molecule.
STRUCTURE OF GLYCEROL
AND ONE FATTY ACID
ONE FAT MOLECULE
CONSISTS OF ONE GLYCEROL
AND 3 FATTY ACIDS
Lipids store energy and are
components of membranes
PHOSPHOLIPID STRUCTURE
a major component of plasma
membranes
Proteins are the
workhorses of cells
• Chemical components and combination of
amino acids
• Peptide bond formation
• Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
protein structure and examples
AMINO ACID STRUCTURE
Figure 02.16: Formation of a dipeptide by dehydration synthesis
Examples of Amino Acids
MORE AMINO ACIDS
Protein Folding
Nucleic acids
DNA and the RNA’s
DNA
The Molecular
Structures of
Nucleotide
Components and the
Construction of a DNA
STRUCTURE OF ATP