Native American
Boarding Schools
WHAT ARE THEY?
WHERE ARE THEY?
WHO ATTENDS THEM?
WHY DO THEY EXIST?
HOW DO THEY OPERATE?
Native American History
 Prior to 1492, North America was home to over 100
Million Native inhabitants.
 The number has steadily declined for centuries since.
 Disease
 War
 Slavery
 Loss of Land, Ways of Life, and Culture
The United States
 By 1790, the United States was growing rapidly.
 Government began to look to the West for more land and
wealth.
 The Question for the U.S….
 What is the future for the Native American?
Should they be left alone?
 Should they become citizens of the U.S.?
 Do they have rights to own their Native land?

The Solution
 United States government decides that Native
Americans will be assimilated into white American
culture.
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That is, Native Americans will adopt the ways of the white men
in the States.
How can this be done? Through Education.
Meanwhile, as land is taken from the Native Americans, they
are gradually moved onto Reservations. Reservations are small
areas of land designated by the U.S. government for Native use
and habitation.
Assimilation by Education
 The Schools
 Adult Native Americans may not have wanted to adopt new ways of
living. They already had their own culture!
 The U.S. government decided that they would start assimilation with the
Native American children instead.
 If the children were sent to schools that the U.S. operated, they could be
taught a new culture: the ways of the white man.

By attending school, children left behind the lifestyle of their family and
learned a new way of living.
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English
Writing
Math
Farming
Sewing, Laundry, Housework
Why did the Indian needed to be
assimilated?
 " A wild Indian requires a thousand acres to roam over,
while an intelligent man will find a comfortable support for
his family on a very small tract...Barbarism is costly,
wasteful and extravagant. Intelligence promotes thrift and
increases prosperity." (Adams, p.20)
 Manifest Destiny
 Culture was foreign to most white Americans
 Lived what some white Christians thought was a pagan life
Assimilation through Education
 “Kill the Indian, save the
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man.” Lt. Richard Henry
Pratt
Indian children could not
practice their culture
Speaking their native tongue
was forbidden
Taught them a trade
Required them to live with
“proper” white families
Regimented and structured
life
Tom Torlino (Navajo) as
he appeared upon
arrival to the Carlisle
Indian School, October
21, 1882.
Tom Torlino
(Navajo) three
years later
The Boarding Schools
 Boarding School: A school where students are provided
meals and a room to stay in.
 Three types of schools were constructed:
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Day School
On-Reservation Boarding School
Off-Reservation Boarding School
 Problems with staying on the Reservation
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Attendance. Parents kept their children home.
Location. Children went home at night or on weekends and returned
to their traditional ways.
Boarding Schools
 Off-Reservation Boarding Schools are best
 The government decided that keeping students at school for
extended periods away from their parents allowed the best
assimilation.
 Students learned new ways of life:
English
 Clothing
 Eating
 Trades, Skills
 School Subjects

Native American students and white students were taught the
same subjects! History, Science, Math, Band, etc.
Boarding Schools
 Military Boot Camp?
 The schools employed rigid routines and dress requirements
 Corporal Punishment
 English
 Students were taught to leave their Native language behind
 They were forbidden to speak in any language except English
 Appearance
 Students had to leave their clothes behind and adopt white
clothing
 Traditional hairstyles were cut, blankets taken away, animal
hide shoes and clothes were replaced with cotton, wool, and
leather.
Life at an Indian Boarding School
Cushman Indian School, Tacoma, Wash.
February 1, 1912
Monday
5:45 A.M.-- Reveille.
5:55 to 6:10 -- Setting Up Exercise & Drill.
6:12 -- Air Beds.
6:12 to 6:45 -- Recreation.
6:45 -- First Call for Breakfast.
6:55 -- Assembly. Roll Call.
7:00 -- Breakfast.
7:30 to 7:35 -- Care of teeth.
7:35 to 7:40 -- Make beds.
7:40 to 7:55 -- Police Quarters.
7:55 -- Industrial Call.
8:00 -- Industrial work begins. School detail at liberty. The use of this period is at pupils' discretion. The more
studious at books; those inclined to athletics make use of this time for practice. Some pupils practice music lessons,
etc.
8:50 -- First School Call. Roll Call and Inspection.
9:00 -- School.
11:30 -- Recall. Pupils at liberty.
11:55 -- Assembly and Roll Call.
12:00 -- Dinner.
12:30 -- Recreation.
12:50 Source
continued
-- School and Industrial Call. Inspection.
1:00 P.M -- Industrial work and School.
3:30 -- School dismissed. School detail at liberty. Time spent
in same general manner as morning detail utilizes period
from 8:00 to 8:50.
4:30 -- Industrial recall. Drill and Gymnasium classes.
5:15 -- First Call.
5:25 -- Assembly. Roll Call.
5:30 -- Supper.
6:00 -- Care of teeth.
6:10 -- Recreation.
7:15 -- First Call.
7:25 -- Roll Call. Inspection.
7:30 -- Lecture. This period varies in length. Men prominent
in education or civic affairs address the pupils.
8:15 -- Call to Quarters. Older pupils prepare lessons;
intermediate children play.
8:45 -- Tattoo. Pupils retire.
8:55 -- Check.
9:00 -- Taps.
Dramatic Change
 After a short time at a boarding school…
 Students were hardly recognizable to their parents
 Students learned new skills and trades
Farming
 Carpentry
 Sewing
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Students put their new skills to work
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They were proud of their accomplishments
Goals
 The government had sought to assimilate Native
Americans by teaching them a new culture

If Native Americans shed their identity, they could exist
peacefully in the United States
 Were schools successful?
 Children returned home and could not use their new skills,
language, or clothing.
 Many became frustrated; some returned to their old way of life
Right and Wrong
 Did the Government do the right thing?
 Who benefitted from the schools?
 Were Boarding Schools the best plan?
 What were other options?
 Did the Government help or hinder Natives?
 What did the Government want?
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Land
What did Native Americans want?
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Maintain their culture
Consider This
Where are Native
Americans today?
How do they live?
Are they better off
today than before
the United States
existed?
Conclude
 What was the conflict between Native Americans the
United States?

Land, Culture
 What were the schools supposed to accomplish?
 Assimilate Native Americans into the United States
 What was the result?
 Decide the outcome with your groups