© West Burton Waterfalls, (Cauldron Falls), Yorkshire, UK, 2014, Photo by Alan Howe, CC BY-SA 2.0
Organized under
UNESCO-IHP International Initiative on Water Quality (IIWQ)
Hosted by
Federal Institute of Hydrology, Germany
International Centre for Water Resources and Global Changes, under the auspices of UNESCO
Republic of Turkey
Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs
Hazardous Substances Management in
Surface Waters of Turkey
DG Water Management
Department of Water Quality Management
Outline
• Hazardous Substances
• Need to Control in Water
• Legal Framework
• Concept of Hazardous Substances
•
Priority Substances
•
Specific Pollutants
• Approach to Control in Water: Environmental Quality Standards
• Responsibilities of Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs
• Studies in Turkey
• Future Plan
• Conclusion
Hazardous Substances
•
•
•
•
•
•
Chemicals used in the industrial activities
Personal care products
Arsenic
Aluminum
Pesticides
Endosulfan
Pharmaceuticals
Aldrin...
Detergents
Metals
...
PCBs
PFOS
Triclosan...
Hazardous Substances
• Toxic
• Persistent
• Bio-accumulative
• Carcinogenic
• Mutagenic
• ..
Need to Control in Water
• Toxic effects on aquatic organisms
• Bioaccumulation in the organisms through food
chain
• Irreversible changes in ecosystem
• Accumulation on sediments
• Adverse effects on human health
Decrease in number of water resources intended
to use for human consumption and other uses!!!
Legal Framework
EU Legislation
• Directive on Pollution Caused by Certain Dangerous
Substances Discharged into the Aquatic Environment of the
Community (76/464/EEC)
• Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC)
• Environmental Quality Standards Directive (2008/105/EC)
• Directive Amending
Directives
2000/60/EC
and
2008/105/EC as Regards Priority Substances in the field of
Water Policy (2013/39/EU)
Concept of Hazardous Substances
Hazardous substances in water resources:
EU Water Framework Directive
Priority substances
Specific Pollutants
Priority Substances
Priority Substances (PS)
• Substances posing significant risk for water environment
• Determined by EU Directives and elaborated on EU level
• Ultimate aim of reaching “good chemical status”
• Progressively reducing emissions, discharges and losses
Inputs
Pollution
Priority Hazardous Substances (PHS)
• Subset of PS
• Substances having PBT property
• Ceasing or phasing out emissions, discharges and losses until 2020
EQS
Time
Time
Specific Pollutants
• Substances posing risk on water resources at national or
river basin level due to significant amounts of discharge
• Determined by Member States themselves on country
basis
• Establishing standards and measures at national and river
basin level
• Ultimate aim of achieving "good ecological status "
Approach to Control in Water
EU WFD: Implementation of environmental
quality standards for management of priority
substances and specific pollutants!
Environmental Quality Standards
Environmental quality standard (EQS);
•
•
•
not discharge standard
standard not to be exceeded in receiving bodies
derived for priority substances and specific pollutants
•
•
For the control of acute effects:
Maximum allowable standards (MACEQS)
For the control of chronic effects:
Annual average standards (AA-EQS)
Environmental Quality Standards
EQS
sediment
To protect benthic
species against
pollutants
(mainly hydrophobic)
EQS biota
To protect humans
from the effects of
foods contaminated
with chemicals
To protect predators
against secondary
poisoning risk
Environmental Quality Standards
The methodology to be used depends on the
number and variety of toxicological data available
in the literature.
Calculation Methodology
Deterministic Method
Probabilistic Method
Responsibilities of MoFWA
• Determination of specific pollutants discharged to water resources
• Monitoring of specific pollutants and priority substances
• inland surface waters
• coastal waters
• transitional waters
• Deriving and setting freshwater and saline water EQSs for specific
pollutants
• Making regulations in order to provide the proper implementation of
EQSs
• Designating the program of measures for the substances whose EOSs
are exceeded
Ultimate aim: Protection and improvement of ecological and
chemical quality of water resources
Studies in Turkey
Legislative actions
(Harmonization of EU environmental acquis)
Projects on identification of potential pollutants in
water resources
Revision of legislations
(Specific pollutants and EQSs)
Legislative Actions in Turkey
• By-Law on Surface Water Quality Management
(No: 28483, Date: 30.11.2012)
• By-Law on Monitoring of Surface & Ground Waters
(No: 28910, Date: 11.02.2014)
Harmonization of parts of EU legislation regarding water
quality and classification is achieved to a considerable
extent.
Overview of Projects in Turkey
TMKK
(2011-2013)
KIYITEMA
(2012-2014)
BİKOP
(2012-2014)
Pollution from point
sources in inland
surface waters
Pollution from point
sources in coastal and
transitional waters
Pollution from diffuse sources
in inland surface, coastal and
transitional waters
Overview of Projects in Turkey
TMKK-KIYITEMA-BİKOP
• Hazardous substances occurring in surface waters due
to industrial and agricultural activities were identified.
• For point sources, sectorial inventory of hazardous
substances was made.
• Surface waters and effluents of industrial plants were
monitored during a 1 year period.
• National specific pollutants list was constituted.
• EQS values were derived for specific pollutants.
• Hazardous Substance Information System (TEMBİS, a
web based GIS application) was established.
117 specific pollutants from point sources
133 specific pollutants from diffuse sources
Selection of Specific Pollutants
Introducing a candidate list
Literature survey, related
national & international
legislation/conventions,
questionnaires, chemicals
produced or imported more than
1 tone annually
Data collection & pre-evaluation
Chemical databases, EPA
EPISUIT Program, ECHA website,
EPA ECOTOX etc.
Final assessment
Prioritization based on PBT
properties; COMMPS, THS etc.
Specific Pollutant List
Selection of Specific Pollutants
Literature survey, regulated
chemicals, inventory
studies with industrial
facilities, questionnaires
with farmers
Capacity and production
reports of industrial
plants, annual sale
reports of pesticide
retailers
3300 point sourced and
462 diffuse sourced
pollutants
Registered chemicals
(high production volume
chemicals)
Selection of Specific Pollutants
COMMPS
(Combined Monitoring-Based and Modeling-Based Priority Setting)
• Physicochemical Properties
• Ecotoxicological Properties
• Monitoring Data
• Total Amount Used and Use Pattern
• Methodology applied for the identification of first 33 priority substances
THS
(Total Hazard Score)
• Physicochemical Properties
• Ecotoxicological Properties
TES
(Total Effect Score)
• Physicochemical Properties
• Ecotoxicological Properties
Selection of Specific Pollutants
Final Assessment Considerations:
• Use of chemicals in Turkey currently or in the past
• The type of processes in which the chemicals are used
(closed system, potential to be observed in wastewater and
reach to water resources etc.)
• Detection in surface waters during monitoring studies
• Analytical methods available with sufficiently low levels of
LOD and LOQ to monitor the chemicals in surface waters
• PBT properties of chemicals and prioritization scores
• Practical applicability of EQS values
Selection of Specific Pollutants
3300 point sourced
pollutants
642 diffuse sourced
pollutants
Risk assessment for chemicals and
prioritization, expert judgement
117 point sourced
specific pollutants
133 diffuse sourced
specific pollutants
National Specific Pollutants List
Monitoring Studies
TMKK Project
KIYITEMA Project
BİKOP Project
119 chemicals
4 monitoring periods
39 pilot plants
19 monitoring points
on receiving bodies
138 chemicals
6 monitoring periods
43 pilot plants
42 monitoring points
on receiving bodies
305 chemicals
6 monitoring periods
244 monitoring
points on receiving
bodies
Sectorial Pollutant Inventory
Identification of the NACE (activity) codes of the industrial
facilities in each river basin
Listing of pollutants originating from each industrial sector
(based on NACE codes)
Establishment of pollutant inventory at river basin scale
Future Plan
• Specific pollutants and priority substances will be adapted to
national legislation.
• Detailed monitoring program including the monitoring
stations, period and frequency will be prepared for the
designated specific pollutants at basin scale.
• Priority substances and specific pollutants will be monitored in
surface waters.
• Necessary measures will be taken for the polluted areas in
collaboration with interested parties.
• Sectorial profile and crop pattern of river basin districts will be
updated according to the new data.
• Studies on update of specific pollutants list will be initiated.
Conclusion
• Specific pollutants have been identified and environmental quality
standards have been derived in line with EU WFD.
• Necessary measures will be determined and taken in order to
achieve "good water status".
• Research and development studies on removal of these
substances from industrial and urban effluents are encouraged by
the governmental authorities.
• Cleaner production and pollution prevention studies are also
supported.
Teşekkür ederim...
esiltu@ormansu.gov.tr
TR Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs
DG Water Management
1-4 December 2015
Koblenz /GERMANY