Mrs. Yanac
Anatomy
The study of the structure of organisms
and their relationship to each other.
 Answers the question “What are the
structures of the body?”
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 Comparative Anatomy
 Gross Anatomy
 Regional Anatomy
 Systemic Anatomy
 Developmental Anatomy
 Embryology
 Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)
Physiology
The study of body function.
 Answers the question “How do
parts work?”

 Cell Physiology
 Special Physiology
 Systemic Physiology
 Pathological
Relationship between A & P
“Structure determines function”
 Anatomy & physiology are closely
related as to the function depends on
how it is put together.
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Levels of organization
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Chemical
-
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Cellular
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2 or more tissue types that work together to perform 1 or
more functions
Organ systems
-
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Cells with similar structure & function
Organ
-
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Basic structural & functional unit of all living things
Smallest unit of life
Tissue
-
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Atoms & molecules
A group of organs working together
Organism
- Many systems that work together to maintain life
- Highest level of structural organization
Structural Organization
Human Organ Systems
1. Integumentary System – skin, hair, and nails
2. Skeletal System – support and protection
3. Muscular System – movement
4. Nervous System – control system
5. Endocrine System – communication within the body
6. Circulatory System – transport and delivery
7. Lymphatic System - body’s defense system
8. Respiratory System – gas exchange
9. Digestive System – breakdown of food & waste excretion
10. Urinary System – removes wastes from the blood
11. Reproductive System – production of offspring
Figure 1.2a–c
Figure 1.2d–f
Figure 1.2g–i
Figure 1.2j–l
Necessary Life Functions
Maintaining boundaries
– Cell membranes and integumentary system
Movement
– Muscular and skeletal systems
Responsiveness
– Sensing changes in the environment (nervous system)
Digestion
– Breaking down food to get energy
Metabolism
– All chemical reactions within the body (endocrine system)
Excretion
– Removal of wastes (urinary/excretory system)
Reproduction
– Ensures continuation of the species
Growth & Development
– Increase in size
Survival Needs

Nutrients
 Contain chemicals used for energy & cell building

Oxygen
 Needed to carry out cellular respiration

Water
 60-80% of body weight
 Fluid base for the body

Body Temperature
 Needs to be maintained at 37oC (98oF)

Atmospheric Pressure
 Breathing & gas exchange depend on proper
pressure
Homeostasis

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Maintaining a constant (stable) internal
environment
Depends on a constant state of
 Chemical composition
 Temperature
 Pressure & Volume

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All body systems work together to maintain
homeostasis, but it is mainly controlled by
the nervous & endocrine systems.
Internal conditions may change & vary, but
always within narrow limits…equilibrium is
VITAL!
Homeostatic Regulation

Autoregulation (intrinsic)
 Adjust automatically in response to
environmental change
○ When O2 levels decline in tissue, cells release
chemicals that dilate local blood vessels to
increase rate of blood flow which provides more
O2

Extrinsic regulation
 Results from activities from nervous or
endocrine system
○ We you set your hand on a hot stove, the heat
produces a painful, localized disturbance & the
nervous system orders your muscles to pull your
hand away from the stove
Regulatory Mechanism

Receptor
 Sensor that is sensitive to a particular
environmental change or stimulus

Control Center
 Area that receives & processes the info

Effector
 Cell or organ that responds to the
commands of the control center
 Action either opposes or enhances the
stimulus
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
Stimulus produces a response that
opposes the original stimulus
Example: Temperature control
 If body temp exceeds 37oC (98.6oF),
hypothalamus acts as a thermostat &
heat loss is increased through enhanced
blood flow to skin & increased sweating
Positive Feedback Mechanisms
Stimulus produces a response that
enhances or exaggerates the original
stimulus
Example: Blood Clotting
 Break in blood vessel wall causes
bleeding. Damaged cells release
chemicals that attract platelets to which
will block the break and stop the
bleeding.
HOMEOSTASIS RECAP

Positive & Negative Feedback by
BOZEMAN
Anatomical Position

Standing, feet apart,
with palms forward
and thumbs facing
outwards.
Directional Terms
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Anterior and Posterior, which describe structures at the front
(anterior) and back (posterior) of the body.
Superior and Inferior, which describe a position above (superior) or
below (inferior) another part of the body.
Proximal and Distal, which describe a position that is closer
(proximal) or further (distal) from the trunk of the body.
Superficial and Deep, which describe structures that are closer to
(superficial) or further from (deep) the surface of the body.
Sometimes profound is used synonymously with deep.
Medial and Lateral, which describe a position that is closer to
(medial) or further from (lateral) the midline of the body.
Ventral and Dorsal, which describe structures derived from the front
(ventral) and back (dorsal) of the embryo before limb rotation.
Cranial and Caudal, which describe structures close to the top of
the skull (cranial), and towards the bottom of the body (caudal).
Occasionally, sinister for left, and dexter for right are used
Body Planes
Anatomical Landmarks
Body Cavities
VIDEOS
CRASH COURSE: Intro to Anatomy &
Physiology
 BOZEMAN SCIENCE: Anatomy &
Physiology
 BOZEMAN SCIENCE: Positive &
Negative Feedback Loop

See Mr. Ford’s video series on my
website under HELPFUL VIDEOS