Computing Fundamentals

Computing Fundamentals

Using Windows XP – IC³ Module A

Unit 1:

Recognizing

Computers

Lesson 1:

Computers All

Around Us

Lesson 1: Computers All Around Us

 Supercomputer

 Mainframe

 Minicomputer

 Personal Computer

 Notebook or Laptop

 Personal Digital Assistant

 Pocket PC

 Cellular Phones

 Other Electronic Computing Devices

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© CCI Learning Solutions Inc.

How Computers Can Be Used

 Personal computers (PC) very powerful tools

– Can perform calculations very quickly

– Can complete many complex tasks simultaneously

– Called a microcomputer

 Computers keep getting smaller but large computers still used

 Power and speed main characteristics that differentiate various types of computers


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Large Systems

 Supercomputer considered fastest type of computer

– Very expensive due to amount of information processed

– Generally specialized software programs installed and used for scientific and engineering

– Power goes into running and performing calculations


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Large Systems

 Mainframe computers fill an entire room

 Can simultaneously handle hundreds of programs and users without sacrificing performance

 Processes large volumes of data at incredible speeds

 Commonly found in government agencies or large organizations

 Sometimes called centralized systems

Cray X1 Supercomputer


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Large Systems

 Minicomputers fill part of a room

 Process data at slower rate and smaller volumes

 Noticeable reduction in speed with more users

 Commonly found in mediumsized manufacturing companies and legal or accounting firms


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Personal Computers

 Microcomputers sit on, beside or under a desk, process data quickly, and designed for one user

 Generally two types of microcomputers: PC or Apple

 Which computer to use depends on what’s required, or personal preference

 Most companies use PCs for variety of software programs

 Apple machines traditionally used in specialized industries such as graphics design or publishing

 Newer software have few differences between computers


PC Apple

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Notebooks or Laptop Computers

 Portable microcomputers that are similar to desktop models in speed, performance and usage

 Not always popular due to weight and design elements

 Newer models are smaller and lighter and are now the size of a paper notebook

 Accessories, purchased separately, can enhance enjoyment and experience of using notebook

 Cost now relatively low compared to when first introduced

Apple


PC

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Tablets

 Similar to notebook but screen can swivel or fold over

 Can write or select items using special pen for tablet

 Touch screen capability allows data entry using finger, pen or stylo device, or built-in keyboard

 Used in hospitals, home inspectors, engineers or sales people

 Can also be used for electronic/interactive books

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Personal Digital Assistants

 Small palm-sized computers

 Software installed with features for organizing information

 Pocket PC has microprocessor chip and software to create documents as well as organizer program for PDAs

 Can include digital camera, video/audio, or Internet options

Monochrome PDA


Color PDAs

Pocket PC with

Digital Camera

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Personal Digital Assistants

 Newer cellular phones can include

– access to Internet

– software to create documents

– listen to music

– take pictures or video

– send text messages or e-mail

 Cost varies with the number of features and capabilities


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Workstations

 Essentially any computer with no local drive for storage

 All information comes from central network

 Usually requires a lot of power for processing files

 Generally operating system will be Unix or

Windows NT

 Can be connected to network

– For multiple users who share same software or data files

– Could be used solely by one person

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Other Types of Computers

 Can be found in:

– Automobiles have computers in engine to help diagnose problems

– Automated Teller Machines use specialized software to interact with bank’s database network

– Manufacturing uses computerized robotic technology and systems to control or run production equipment

– Health industry use computerized equipment or customized software to help analyze information

 Computer very large advanced calculator that performs tasks

– Based on hexadecimal computations of 1 or 0

 Need network to communicate with others or share information

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Lesson 2: Looking at Networks

 What a network is

 Different types of networks

 Features and benefits of networks

 How computers connect and interact with a network

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What is a Network?

 System that allows two or more computers to communicate and share resources

 Sometimes called centralized systems as all data flows to and from these computers

 Storage system is generally quite large, designed to store software programs and data files

 Can be a combination of PCs, Apple machines, dumb or smart terminals, Unix, or Linux systems

 Connected via cables or wireless connection type

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Types of Networks

LAN Local Area Network - computers connected in confined area

WAN Wide Area Network - computers connected over long distances

MAN Metropolitan Area Network - computers connected in metropolitan area

CAN Campus Area Network - computers connected in limited area

HAN Home Area Network - computers connected in a home environment

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Types of Networks

 Each computer requires:

– Network interface card (NIC)

– Appropriate cables to connect to network server

 Server dedicated to handle requests for information

 Information used to be stored on mainframe and nothing at user’s location

 Client/Server networks have PCs that function on own and connect to network for information


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Features and Benefits

 Larger storage capacity for company data

 Lower costs to upgrade network

 Shared resources

 Organize data more effective for access by all users

 Maintain updates on programs from one location

 Administer and manage secure access using network software

 Consistent configurations for new users

 Back up (or restore) company data

 Different profiles for users sharing workstations

 Secure remote access by users away from office

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Connecting to a Network

 Network interface card (NIC):

– Must be installed

– Set up correctly regardless of connection type

– Wireless connection also needs router

 Once NIC installed, computer must then be set up to recognize network

– Network connection software of some type needed


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Interacting with Networks

 Logging into network requires valid user id and password

 Computer might run script to tell network what access rights you have

– Which drives/volumes, printers, modems, folders, etc.

– Number of files, programs, or drives available

 If using program or accessing file stored on network, sending request to network for that item

 Speed to access items depends on:

– speed of network connection

– server microprocessor speed

– microprocessor speed on your system

– number of other requests being made on network


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Lesson 3:

Elements of a Personal Computer

 What makes up a personal computer

 What a system unit is

 What makes up a system unit

 The motherboard

 The microprocessor chip

 The power supply

 Expansion slots


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An Overview

 Four elements make up personal computer system

– User, software, hardware and electricity

 Central element is user who needs to perform task

 Software selected requires certain hardware components

 Equipment called HARDware as can physically touch components

 Programs called SOFTware as only function while computer on

– Coded set of instructions computer uses through series of on/off signals to perform task

 On/off signals begin when you first turn on computer which requires electricity

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An Overview

 Four major hardware component parts:

– Central Processing Unit (CPU)

– Random Access Memory (RAM)

– Input/Output (I/O) Devices

– Storage Devices

 Can also be referenced as:

– Internal device installed inside system unit

– External device plugged into connection outside computer

 Decision to use internal versus external device depends on your requirements


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Looking at the System Unit

 Most important and expensive part of computer system

 Can be Desktop or

Tower box

 Many separate devices inside box for specialized functions

– If devices fails, usually can be replaced

Tower Box

Desktop Box


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The Motherboard

 Largest electronic circuit board in computer called motherboard

– Foundation of computer and consists of

CPU, RAM, and ROM BIOS

– Lies on bottom of box or side of tower

 Contains number of items that make computer work or to expand capability

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RAM Slots AGP Slot

CPU Slot/

Microprocessor


Input/Output Slots

Expansion/PCI Slots

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Expansion

PCI

AGP

CPU

RAM

System Clock

Input/Output


Expands computer by adding items such as graphics card, etc.

Peripheral Component Interconnect; add new components or cards such as modem or sound card.

Accelerated Graphics Port; handles 3-D graphics.

Central Processing Unit; contains microprocessor chip.

Random Access Memory; designed for these memory chips.

Determines time and date as set in BIOS; runs on battery.

Connects various input/output devices such as mouse or keyboard.

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The Microprocessor Chip

 Often called “brain” of computer

 Located on motherboard

 Receives and executes instructions from software programs activated by user

 Processes information and instructions at speeds

– Measured in Megahertz (MHz) or

Gigahertz (GHz)

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The Microprocessor Chip

Processor (CPU)

8088 (XT)

MHz or GHz

4 to 10 MHz

80286 (286 or AT) 8 to 16 MHz

80386SX/DX (386SX/DX) 16 to 33 MHz

80486 (486)

Pentium

25 to 100 MHz

60 to 200 MHz

6x86

Pentium (MMX)

Pentium PRO

Pentium II

Pentium III

Pentium 4 or Pentium M

Pentium 5

120 to 166 MHz

166 to 200 MHz

150 to 200 MHz

200 to 400 MHz

500 MHz to 1.2 GHz

1.4 to 3.2+ GHz

5 GHz to 7 GHz


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The Power Supply

 Every system box has one

 Converts AC (alternating current) from wall outlet to DC (direct current) format needed by computer

 Needs between 5v and 12v

– 5v for circuit boards

– 12v for hard drives and CD-ROMs

– Newer computer systems generally use lower voltages


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Expansion Slots

 Openings at back or front of system unit

– May be on sides for notebook

 Expand components in system box

– Circuit board containing new device can be added onto motherboard

– Could be more memory chips, sound cards, video adapter cards or internal modems

 To install, match bottom or side of card and match to same type of slot


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Expansion Slots

Video Card

Memory Chips

Sound Card

Modem Card


Expansion Slots

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Lesson 4: Understanding Memory

 What is memory

 How memory is measured

 ROM memory

 RAM memory

 Cache memory

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Looking at Memory

 Computer needs memory installed to store information

 Measured in bytes

 Computers developed using a numbering system of 1s and 0s

– Represent charged or uncharged nature of electricity

– Known as binary system

– These two digits make a bit and eight bits make one byte

1 Kilobyte = 1,024 Bytes

1 Megabyte = 1,000,000,000 Bytes or 1 Thousand Bytes or 1 Million Bytes

1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000,000 Bytes or 1 Billion Bytes

1 Terabyte = 1,000,000,000,000,000 Bytes or 1 Trillion Bytes

 All data made up of bytes in combinations calculated by computer

– Every file used in software program has specific file size

– Data file size increases or decreases based on contents stored

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Read Only Memory (ROM) BIOS

 Group of integrated circuits responsible for:

– Starting computer

– Checking RAM

– Loading operating system

 Occurs only when computer first turned on or each time you restart (reboot) computer

 Reads information entered and processes it during time it resides in memory

– When information complete, clears itself and waits for next entry

– Does not perform any tasks other than reads information and processes it

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Random Access Memory (RAM)

 Located on motherboard

 Holds copy of current software program and data being used

 RAM volatile

– Only works when computer on and information “vanishes” when computer off

 May be used for system, video/sound cards, or cache

 Measured in nano seconds (ns) or one billionth of second

 Access time is speed from time request made until completed

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Processor (CPU)

8088 (XT)

MHz / GHz

4 to 10

80286 (286 or AT) 8 to 16

80386SX/DX (386SX/DX) 16 to 33

80486 (486)

Pentium

6x86

25 to 100

60 to 200

120 to 166

Pentium (MMX)

Pentium PRO

Pentium II

Pentium III

Pentium 4

Pentium 5

166 to 200

150 to 200

200 to 400

500 to 1.2

1.4 to 2.2

5 to 72


Typical RAM

640Kb

1 to 2Mb

1 to 8Mb

4 to 32Mb

8Mb plus

16Mb plus

16 to 32Mb

32Mb plus

32Mb plus

64Mb plus

128Mb plus

56Mb plus

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SIMM – Stands for Single

Inline Memory Module

DIMM – Stands for Dual

Inline Memory Modules

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Cache Memory

 Stores frequently used instructions or data

 Two types of memory used:

– DRAM or Dynamic RAM constantly refreshes, using what it needs to perform instructions

– SRAM or Static RAM is specific amount of RAM that never needs to be refreshed

 Generally has two levels:

– Level 1 known as primary or internal cache and built right onto processor chip; usually from 8Kb to 64Kb

– Level 2 known as external cache and made up of SRAM chips; larger in size but slower due to SRAM chips

 Instruction goes to Level 1, then Level 2, and then to RAM; results in delays at each level

 If instruction not found here, searches hard or CD-ROM drive


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Lesson 5:

Identifying Input/Output Devices

 What are input/output devices

 Monitor

 Video cards

 Keyboard

 Mouse

 Microphones

 Speakers

 Scanner

 Joysticks

 Digital cameras

 Digital video cameras/converters

 Environmental/ scientific devices

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What are Input/Output Devices?

 Allows communication between user and computer

 Three classifications of Input/Output devices:

– Send information to computer

– Display/transmit information from computer

– Communicate between computers

 Usually connected at back of system box

 Input device

– Anything used to enter data into computer

 Output device

– Anything used to display data on or from computer

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Looking at the Monitor

 On/off power switch usually at front, right side, or back

 Brightness and contrast controls used to sharpen image

 Comes in variety of sizes, resolution, and types

– The larger the size, the larger the image and more expensive

– Resolution refers to sharpness and clarity

– The newer the style, the more expensive it will be


CRT Monitor

Flat Panel Monitor

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Using Video Cards

 Needed to view screen contents

 All computers come with standard video card

 Can purchase other video cards with more memory to:

– Handle large amounts of graphics

– 3D graphics

– Display screens faster

 Can install second video card to view information on two monitors

 Type and cost vary significantly

– Rule of thumb: the more options you want, the more it will cost

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Using the Keyboard

 Input device used to send information to computer

 Primary tool for inputting alphanumeric data or instruct computer via series of keystrokes

Escape Key Function Keys

Ctrl Key

Alt Key

Windows Key


Numeric Keypad

Cursor Movement Keys

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 Variety of keyboards, including issues such as ergonomics

 May contain buttons to enhance multimedia experience while using computer

 All keyboards share same keys for document processing

 Special keyboards can be used for games


Ergonomic Keyboard Illuminated Keyboard

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Typewriter Keys

 Referred to as QWERTY keyboard after top left row of letters

 Use to entering text or commands into computer

 When entering numerical data, be sure to use key instead of key, and (zero) key versus key

 Most keys standard with some special keys available on computer keyboard

 Some keys also used in combination with other keys

– Press first key and hold down as you tap second key once

– After second key released, release first key


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Executes typed command, performs selected option, marks end of line, or creates blank line.

Deletes one character to left of flashing cursor.

May show with left arrow (  ).

Also on numeric keypad as . Deletes character above or to right of flashing cursor.

Inserts blank spaces between words or sentences.

Cancels current selection, or generates special code for computer; called the Escape key.

Advances cursor to right by specified number of spaces in word processing program, or to next cell in spreadsheet program.

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Selects uppercase letters for typewriter keys and punctuation symbols on number keys. Can use with other keys to perform function or task.

Locks letter keys to produce only uppercase characters.

Provides secondary meaning or function for almost every other key.

Displays Start menu.

Displays shortcut menu similar to right-clicking on item. Options in menu depend on where mouse pointer was when key pressed.

Provides secondary meaning or function for almost every other key.

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+

Move cursor up, down, left or right. Located between typewriter keys and numeric keypad.

Captures snapshot of information on screen. In

DOS, sends to printer; in Windows, sends to

Clipboard.

Toggle (start and stop) scrolling display of data on screen.

Stop or freeze computer, then continues when any key pressed; sends Break code to computer to unfreeze or unhang computer.

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Function Keys

 Located along top row

 Labeled through to

– Assigned special meaning or function for each key in application programs

– Primary purpose to provide shortcut for commonly used commands

Cursor and Numeric Keypad

 Located at far right

 Can toggle on and off by pressing key in top row of pad

– When on, pad becomes calculator or numeric pad

– When off, pad becomes arrow or cursor movement pad

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Using the Mouse

 Device used to move mouse pointer around screen

– Moving mouse on flat surface causes mouse ball to rotate and initiates movement reflected on screen

– Same principal if using trackball or thumb mouse

 Usually two buttons to select and activate features

Wheel Button

Mouse Track Ball


Thumb Button

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Using the Mouse

Click

Double-Click

Right-Click

Left Drag

Point mouse cursor at item, then press left mouse button once and release button to select item.

Point mouse cursor at item and then click left mouse button twice quickly to initiate programs or open files.

Point mouse cursor at item and then click right mouse button to display shortcut menu.

Press and hold left mouse button while moving mouse moves items or selects multiple items.

Right Drag Press and hold right mouse button while moving mouse moves or copies items. When button released, shortcut menu appears for further command selection.

Middle Wheel or

Button

Customize to perform certain actions, e.g., use wheel to scroll up or down.

Thumb Buttons Customize buttons where thumb rests for specific tasks.


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Using the Mouse

 To move traditional mouse:

– Grasp mouse with palm down, and index finger gently resting on first button

– Slide mouse flat along desk

– If run out of space on desk, lift mouse from desk and place in new position to continue moving

 To move trackball:

– Rotate ball in direction desired with thumb, resting index finger on first button and the rest of hand on desk

– Will not run out of space on desk but need to get used to rotating ball

 To cancel any option:

– Click anywhere away from option being selected on screen with left mouse button

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Looking at Other Input/Output

Devices

Digitized or Graphics Tablets

 Designed for graphics design

 Records information from special pen

 Provides very good resolution for drawings

 Variety of sizes, resolution, software or custom settings

Microphones

 Record sounds and converts into digital format

 Variety of sizes and shapes

 Need specialized software for voice recognition


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Looking at Input/Output Devices

Speakers

 Play sounds saved as digital files

 Many different forms of sound files

Scanners

 “Takes picture” of original and then converts into digital format

 Can handle pictures as well as text

– Depends on software included with scanner


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Joysticks

 Designed to use with games

 Variety of joysticks

– Depends on type of game

Digital Cameras

 Takes pictures automatically as digital files and then transfers directly to computer

– May be able to connect directly to dedicated photo printer or to compact flash reader device for storage

Digital

Camera

Compact

Flash Reader

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Digital Video Cameras or

Converters

 Converts video into digital files

 Variety of digital video cameras

 Can connect directly to computer, or may need require converter device

Bar Code Readers

 Reduces amount of data entry for routine transactions or verification of product

 Scans or reads product code

 Come in variety of styles

Digital Video

Camera

Bar Code

Reader

Digital Video

Converter

Pen

Reader

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Projector

 Displays information on screen only, to projector only, or both

 Can be purchased to suit requirements

Remote Controls

 Allows speaker to use remote control to access projector or computer

 Variety available for someone who can’t use traditional keyboard or mouse

Projector

Remote Control


Computer

Remote

Control

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 Other input devices include:

– Environmental or scientific measuring specific data

– Air quality

– Soil temperature/mixture

– Weather sensors

– Physically disabled or disadvantaged users

– Voice recognition (software interprets speech to text characters on screen)

– Wireless devices activated using head or mouth to operate items

– Screen readers that translate text on screen to Braille characters

– Control devices

– Type of remote control that manages or controls tasks

 Work similar to any other input/output device connected to PC to collect data for analysis with specialized software programs

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Recognizing Ports

 Connection plugs at back or side

 Can be categorized into:

– Parallel ports, e.g., printers

– Serial ports, e.g., mouse

– SCSI (Small Computer System

Interface) ports, e.g., CD writer

– USB (Universal Serial Bus) ports, e.g., newer devices

– Network or Internet ports, e.g., another computer on network, modem, or Internet


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Recognizing Ports

 Midi (musical instrument digitized interface) ports

– Similar to parallel or serial but handle musical devices

 Infrared ports

– Similar to wireless but recognizes infrared light waves

 Connect multiple devices on port using extension cable, hubs, or “daisy-chaining” devices

 If need more USB connections, can connect with hub

 Can purchase cables to convert input or output device to match installed port type


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Lesson 6:

Working with Storage Systems

 What are storage systems

 Floppy disks drives

 Hard disk drives

 CD drives

 Other storage devices

 How to identify a disk drive


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What Are Storage Systems?

 Store software programs and permanent record of work

– All information discarded from RAM when you turn off computer’s power

– Must save work permanently to storage device before exiting software program or turning off power

 Which storage device used depends on amount of storage needed and data transfer rate

– Hard disk drives used most often due to speed and storage capacities

– When writing to CD, data transfer rate slower but CDs store large amounts of data for quick retrieval

– Tape drives slower at storing and retrieving but store large amounts of data in compact and economical form

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Identifying the Floppy Disk Drive

 Horizontal or vertical slot at front of CPU or side of notebook

 When disk put into drive, unit clamps disk down at central hole or hub, and spins it at high speed

 3.5” disk protected from dust and fingerprints by strong flexible plastic cover

 Never remove disk from disk drive when light on

 Information written to disk surface on series of invisible concentric rings called tracks

Tracks

– Double density (DD) disk has 40 tracks per disk surface

– High-density (HD) disk has

80 tracks per disk surface Sectors

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Handling Floppy Disks

 Floppy disk is fragile storage medium

 When disk not in disk drive, place in protective box or container and store at room temperature

 To use disk:

– Hold disk by label

– Insert into drive with metal cover facing towards disk drive and hub (spinning device) of disk facing back of drive

– Disk should click into drive when inserted properly and eject button will pop out

– To eject disk from drive, press eject button


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Handling Floppy Disks

Things you SHOULD DO:

 Hold disk only by edge with label

 Insert disk with label side up

 Store disks in proper box or container, and keep in dry, cool place

 Use write protect tab to prevent accidental writing of new data or deleting data from disk

Things you DON’T DO:

 Never touch shiny plastic disk inside protective cover

 Don’t place anything heavy, hot, sharp or wet on top of disk

 Don’t keep disks near telephones, magnets, or magnetized tools and equipment

 Don’t keep disks inside your car on a warm day

 Do not put disk anywhere within an inch of monitor

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Working with Hard Disk Drives

 Primary storage for both data and programs

 Similar in design to floppy disk, but stores and retrieves more information at faster speeds

 Consists of one or more disk media

 Spins at speeds of 5400 RPM or more

 Usually fixed inside computer and can have several read/write heads per surface

 Range in capacity from 100Mb to 1Tb+

 Drives in servers very large for storage needs

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Working with CD Drives

 Another form of data storage with average storage capacity around 650Mb

 Information read-only as surface can only be burned once

 CD recordable drives can burn and read CDs

 The higher the speed, the faster information is read and transferred to computer

 To insert CD, push eject button to open drive tray, place CD on tray, push tray back in or press eject button to retract CD tray

 When handling CDs, hold by edge or with finger in middle hole for support and rest of hand holding edge

 New computers have at least one CD, CD-RW, or DVD drive

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CD Writers

 Commonly referred to as burner

 Looks and acts like regular CD-ROM drive, but can record information onto blank CD

 Two types of technology for writing to CD:

– CD-R: write once only to blank CD, but CD can be read multiple times

– CD-RW: read and write multiple times to CD

 Cost of blank CDs relatively low with CD-R disks being much lower in cost than CD-RW

 Software comes with burner and must be installed on computer before you can burn data onto blank CD


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DVD Drives

 CD drive that reads digital versatile/video disc formatted CDs

 Stores information from 4.7Gb to 17+Gb with rapid access speeds

 DVD-ROM

– Reads data only and can be used in DVD players to play video

 DVD-R

– Record onto blank DVD once and can be read multiple times; can be read in DVD player and DVD drive

 DVD-RW

– Record multiple times onto blank DVD and read multiple times; can be read in DVD player as well as DVD drive

 DVD-RAM

– Similar to DVD-RW but can only be used on devices with this specific format

 Cost of DVD-R discs are currently lower than DVD-RW discs


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Using Other Types of Storage Devices

SuperDisk Drives

 Stores up to 120Mb of data onto disk

 Able to read traditional 3½” 1.44Mb floppy disk and relatively inexpensive

Tape Drives

 Uses cartridge with magnetic tape to store data

 Generally for backup of large amounts of data

 Number of different formats available, with tape sizes ranging from 250Mb to over 80Gb

 Newer drives use Digital Audio Tape (DAT) format

– Smaller and faster than traditional tape drives

– Can take large size tapes and transfer data at speeds that exceed

7.2Gb per hour


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Zip Drives

 Looks very similar to floppy drive except disk used can hold between 100Mb and 250Mb of data

 Popular method of storing large amounts of data with relatively inexpensive cost

 Disadvantage is that newer systems not compatible with original 100Mb devices

Jaz Drives

 Similar to zip drive and can store up to 2Gb

 Very fast transfer rate (5.5Mb per second)

 Cost still relatively expensive compared to other removable storage devices

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Flash or Memory Cards

 Used to increase number of pictures or video taken

 The larger the storage size, the higher the price

 Can be inserted or plugged into digital device for user to save to another device

 Very popular for sharing any types of files between computers


Flash Card Memory

Card

Flash Reader/

Memory Key

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Virtual Storage Systems

 Generally provided by Internet Service Providers (ISP) to save information on virtual/web/Internet storage system

 Need secure ID and password to access information

 Advantage of having files available from any location with access to Internet

 Cost varies, depending on requirements

– Most ISPs offer standard size but can buy more

– Many companies sell storage services which may be more cost effective for large amounts of data

 Very useful for off-site backup storage of data, or as “central system” for people around world to share information

 Downside is speed of Internet connection which can enhance or hinder flow of information

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Identifying Disk Drives

 Computers generally have one floppy disk drive, at least one hard disk drive, and one CD drive

 Each drive assigned letter and shown as Drive [D]: or [D]:

 General rule of thumb for identifying drives:

Floppy Drives

Hard Drives

A or B

C or higher for each hard drive installed

CD/DVD Drives D or higher for each drive installed

Network Drives F or higher for each network drive

 Can add or remove drives as required

 Can have drives of different sizes

 Limited only by computer specifications

75


Lesson 7: Looking at Printers

 What are printers

 Dot matrix printers

 Ink jet printers

 Bubble jet printers

 Laser printers

 Miscellaneous types of printers


76

Using Printers

 Considered output devices as they display what was on screen when you activate print command

 All applications allow you to print file, and offer different options for printing file

– Options vary depending on printer installed

 Different types of printers available

– Which one you choose or use depends on needs, and cost considerations

77


Dot Matrix Printer

 Consists of print head constructed with matrix of 9 or 24 pins that “hammer” onto ink ribbon to print text and graphics

– The more pins, the better quality of output

– Models with 9 pins called Near Letter Quality (NLQ)

– Models with 24 pins called Letter Quality (LQ)

 Average printer prints 192 characters per second (cps); high-speed models print up to 550cps

 Useful for printing multi-part documents

 Advantage of tractor feed for continuous, fan-folded computer paper

 Very affordable to buy and maintain

– Cost of consumables less than other printers

 Print quality acceptable for text but only supports lowresolution graphics


78

Ink Jet Printer

 Developed after laser printer and considered

“laser comparable” as print quality very close

 Uses tiny nozzles in the print head to inject ink directly onto paper and dries instantly

 Average ink jet printer has about 64 nozzles and can print resolutions from 300-1200 dpi

 Print speeds measured in terms of pages per minute (ppm) or characters per second (cps)

 Costs less than laser printer and produces highresolution text and graphics

 Disadvantage is cost of consumables

 Research how many pages ink cartridges produce on average, and at what price

 Most ink jet printers use ordinary cut sheet plain paper

– May need heavier bond or special paper


79

Bubble Jet Printer

 Difference between ink jet and bubble jet is how the print head propels ink

 Printing mechanism fires droplets of ink onto paper through nozzles in print head

– Ink pushed out of nozzles by expanding bubbles

 Average of 64 nozzles and capable of producing

300 to 1200 dpi resolution

 Cost less than laser printers and produce high-resolution text and graphics output

 Research cost and output of bubble jet printer ink cartridges

 Plain paper can be used in most models, although special paper made be needed for higher resolution output

80


Laser Printer

 Uses same laser beam electrostatic printing method as photocopier

– Laser light “writes” document images onto photosensitive drum

 Produces high quality print on all kinds of media

 Capable of printing from 300-1200 dpi

 Cost of laser toner cartridge higher, but actual cost per page lower

 Maintenance also tends to be quite low

 Do cost analysis for large amount of copies

– Print on color laser versus sending to printer

 Productivity can increase significantly by increasing amount of RAM memory in printer


81

Miscellaneous Types of Printers

 Combination of general office devices in printer

 “Printer All-in-One” model type of printer can be very cost effective for small business

– Purchase one device instead of two or three devices for common tasks

 Size of machine varies on features printer comes with

 Check specifications for device

– Does it have all features you want or need now and in future


82

Miscellaneous Types of Printers

Plotters

 Print images onto very large pieces of paper

 Many plotters manufacturers replaced technology with color lasers

Photo Printers

 Connect directly with digital camera to print directly to photo paper

 Can get exceptional quality as designed to handle photographic images

 Variety of sizes and features


83

Replenishing Printer Supplies

 Include in printer choice is cost and disposal of printer supplies

 Recycle paper as with mailings or general correspondence

 Throwing away printer cartridges can damage environment

 Consider recycling printer cartridges by:

– Refilling them

– Taking to supplier who disposes cartridges in a safe manner

 Number of organizations also pay for specific types of cartridges or give discounts on new or refilled cartridges for each one you recycle

 Can donate used printer cartridges to charity for recycling

84


Lesson 8:

Basic Troubleshooting Techniques

 How to increase the computer’s performance

 What to look for when installing hardware

 What to do if the hardware does not work

 General maintenance considerations for the computer

 How to dispose of older or non-working components

85


Increasing the Computer’s

Performance

 If system seems to respond slower or not at all, could be result of:

– System resources are low, especially in RAM memory

– Too much network traffic

– Not enough space on your hard drive for operating system

– File size is large and will not open or close

– Program has failed for whatever reason

– Conflict in system device files

– Operating system, software program, or data file may be corrupt

– Device you want to access has loose connection or not plugged in

– Modem connection too slow or not big enough to handle transfer of information

– Virus on your system now active

– System full or has excessive number of temporary files on it

86


Increasing the Computer’s

Performance

 How can you increase overall performance?

– Change microprocessor chip

– Increase amount of RAM memory chips for system

– Change video card and amount of RAM for video card

– Change network type and connections

– Increase size of hard drive for storage

– Clean hard drive of any older files no longer used or needed

– Change modem connection type

– Write down error messages and work with technical support to determine what problem might be or where it may originate

– Run antivirus check on your system

– Make sure all components plugged in, active, online, or exist

87


Working with Hardware

 Follow logical path to try and isolate problem and how to resolve:

– Hardware securely plugged in

– Check cable or cord in good condition

– Turn computer off and restart it

– Never force connection between device and port

– Any files deleted recently

– Have you upgraded or installed new software recently

– If mouse or keys sticking, turn computer off and clean cloth

– Can purchase kits to clean keyboard, mouse or CD drives

88



 If problem is with printing:

– Check if printer on, paper jam, or printer doors/trays open

– Consider quality of printer cartridges if printing smudged or smeared

– Check connection from printer to computer, or network cable connection from printer

– Try turning printer off and on to reset connection

 Possible problems with disk drive:

– If cannot access file from floppy disk, floppy disk drive might need to be cleaned or be damaged

– If problems accessing data from hard drive, could be indicator of more serious problem

– If maintenance tools run and error messages still indicate failure to access file, call technical support


89


 When installing new hardware and device does not work, check:

– Is device connected securely in its port?

– Is device connected to appropriate port?

– During installation, did you see any error messages?

 Always read instructions completely before starting installation

 Windows generally detects new device plugged in and uses Plug

and Play technology to install

 If computer in office, technical support person likely completes installation

 If no technical support, try vendor who sold device

 If computer still under warranty, call technical/customer support at computer vendor

 Next option would be to call local computer repair service


90

Taking Care of the Computer

 Some general guidelines:

– What kind of power source do you have?

– Where is computer set up?

– Is heat source or magnetic items near computer?

– Are you eating or drinking around keyboard?

– Was everything turned off before moving computer or connecting new device?

– If device no longer works, always check that it’s connected.

– If weather factor, always turn off computer.

– Should you leave your computer on all day?

– Have you shared your id and password with anyone?

– Have technical person change something on computer.

– What about error messages or activated items not requested?


91

Replacing or Upgrading Equipment

 Computers become obsolete after certain period of time with advancements in technology

 General rules to upgrade or buy new include:

– Will Windows recognize new device on existing system?

– How much will it cost to buy and install it?

– How old is the computer? Buy new parts or more cost effective to buy new computer?

– Will you be able to run certain software if you only upgrade existing system?

92


Disposing of Older or Non-Working

Items

 When you can no longer use item for computer, try to dispose in environmentally-friendly manner

 Number of organizations recycle or dispose equipment in safe manner

– Check telephone book under category of recycling or through Internet search

 Donate equipment to non-profit organization who may be able to use it

93


Lesson 9: Buying a Computer

 Hardware considerations

 Software considerations

 Price considerations

 Support or service considerations


94

Building Your Checklist

 Consider both hardware and software requirements

– How fast does the system need to be based on tasks to be done?

– How much RAM will the system need to have?

– How big should the hard drive be?

– Should it be a desktop model or notebook?

– Is Internet access needed?

– Would an internal or external modem be better?

– What about a network/modem card?

– What type of network connection do you have?

– Do you need a network card and if so, what type?

– Is the standard monitor size sufficient?

95


Building Your Checklist

– What type of mouse?

– What about the video card that comes with the computer?

– What type of CD drive will be needed on this workstation?

– Which operating system would be best for this user?

– Can an off-the-shelf program accomplish what the user needs?

– What about the pre-installed software on a new computer?

– Do the specifications for that software match or exceed the specifications of the computer?

– Do you need to purchase any extra utility programs?

– What about programs to address security or disaster and recovery?

– Are all the computers in your location the same type?

96


How Much Will It Cost?

 Include some of the following considerations:

– Will you need a more powerful machine later for programs?

– Does the company plan to upgrade the network in the next twelve months?

– What kind of budget has been set aside to purchase computer hardware or software items in the current year?

– What warranty or service/support options are included?

– Are you purchasing locally or online?

– What about return policies?

– How do you plan to track the purchase or keep a history of service on this computer?

– How long do you anticipate having this computer?

97


Lesson 10:

Looking at Software Applications

 What software programs are

 How software programs are developed

 Understand what the operating system is

 Which software programs are designed for specific tasks

98


What is a Software Program?

 Only function when loaded into computer’s RAM memory

 Created using programming languages for commands to perform specific tasks

– Can be available in menu, toolbar button, shortcut keystroke, shortcut menu, or combination

– Based on set of rules called algorithms created

– Guidelines for how data entered in program, and format for output

 Software program determines output

 Which program to use depends on output requirements

 Choose based on what you need to do, degree of detail and features, and what you can afford

99


What is a Software Program?

 Retail software programs use thorough process to ensure minimal amount of problems

– Created or updated by programmers for new technology, request for new features, etc.

– Once developed, copies of program sent to designated people who agree to test beta of program

– Testing occurs for specific amount of time and feedback

– Programmers then revise and modify program

– Another beta copy and further beta testing may be repeated many times as needed

– When beta period over, “gold” copy created and distributed to small number of customers

– Final software version released to general public usually within month of gold copy being released


100

Upgrading Your Software

 Very unusual for software programs to be error free in first release of software

 Bugs (errors) generally are items software company can’t always predict based on how customer uses program

 Updates or upgrades not always problems with software

– May occur due to changes in government rules or requirements, or external factors

 Registering copy of software provides notices whenever update or upgrade available

– Can receive via postal mail, e-mail, or online system

 Need to update software depends on software and whether update warranted

101


Upgrading Your Software

 Drawbacks to updating software include:

– Incompatibility or conflicts with other software

– Incompatibility or conflicts with operating system

– Problems with upgrade within software

 Most updates/patches on operating or network software should be done by very experienced people

 Most people tend to wait few weeks after release

– Other users notify software vendor about problems

– Known issues could lead to another release

 Very prudent to register software with software vendor to receive notices on updates

102


What about Upgrading to New

Versions?

 New versions generally released on one or two year basis

 Before switching to new software:

– Are features in this version crucial for daily tasks?

– Can your current computer handle the new software?

– How many people may be affected by the software change?

– How much training will be involved to switch everyone to new version?

 Upgrade version less expensive but requires Full version of software to be installed, or access to CD for previous Full version

 Full version generally double the cost of Upgrade version but contains all files for software program

 Large companies purchase licenses for each computer where program to be installed

103


Looking at Operating Systems

 Operating system or environment

– Collection of programs designed to control computer’s interaction and communication with user

 Essentially performs two important functions:

– Manages input devices, output devices, and storage devices

– Manages files stored on the computer and recognizes file types

 Every computer requires operating system to function

 Examples of operating systems include:

– DOS – Unix

– Windows

– Apple OS

– Linux

 Except for Unix, all others use Graphical User Interface (GUI)

– Displays items in picture form instead of text character based


104


DOS

 Original operating system for PC

 Stands for Disk Operating System

 Rare to find computer still using DOS as operating system

 Only allowed for text character-based display

 Type commands to perform tasks

– Based on one line commands

– Hard to decipher with errors

105



Microsoft Windows

 Operating system for PCs

 Allows WYSIWYG screen display

 Each version provides better graphics display and better file and disk management capabilities

106



 Windows XP latest version

 Advanced graphics display

 Enhanced file and disk management tools

107



Mac OS

 Designed for Apple computers

 Provides graphics interface

 One of original graphical user interface systems

– Set standard for true

WYSIWYG programs

 Latest version based on Unix technology

108



UNIX

 Created in early 1970s by programmers for programmers

 Designed with flexibility in mind

 Used one of more popular programming languages available on most computers

 Main drawback

– Based on one-line commands controlling functions versus GUI

 Very popular with universities and scientific or research organizations

109



Linux

 Based on Unix

 Provides more of graphical user interface

 Readily available and very popular with highend servers and entrepreneurial software developers

110



Handheld Operating Systems

 Designed to work with PDA

 Operating system depends on PDA type


Palm OS Windows CE

111


 Examples of limitations with older operating systems include:

– File names limited to 8 characters maximum with 3 digit file type

– File names restricted in using certain characters

– No true multi-tasking capability

– Did not have good memory management capabilities

– DOS and Unix text-based, using only one-line commands

 Aspects of operating systems where problems can arise include:

– Software does not work

– Error messages indicating device does not work

– Installation files for any hardware/software specific for that device or software

– Error messages indicating file missing or corrupted

– Error messages indicating no access to PC, drive, software program, or file/folder

112


Choosing an Application Program

 Software program that performs specific function:

– Word Processing

– Spreadsheets

– Presentations

– Database Management

– Graphics

– Multimedia

– Electronic Mail

– Web Browsers

– Utility

– Suite

– Accounting

– Customized


113

Choosing an Application Program

 Each software category has programs with industry-wide acceptance

 Program with:

– “for DOS” after name means it will be text character-based

– “for Windows” designed for Windows

– “for the Macintosh/Apple” designed for Apple computers

 Many programs:

– Provide advanced features but as flexible as dedicated type of program

– Share same features

– May have compatibility issues between software programs

 Program chosen should meet majority of requirements

 The more popular the program, the more often it is updated

114


Word Processing

 Most common application for most users

 Create, edit, and save documents, change position of text, insert new information, or remove words and sections no longer needed

 Many dedicated word processing programs include features to handle desktop publishing tasks

 Standard in offices where documents required

 Can also create web pages as well as create and edit newsletters, forms, brochures, or flyers

115


Word Processing

Word

 Owned by

Microsoft

 Available for PC and Apple

 Included in

Microsoft Office

Suite or can be purchased individually


116

Word Processing

WordPerfect

 Owned by Corel Corporation

 PC version only

 Available with

WordPerfect

Office Standard,

Education,

Professional, or

Family Pack

Editions


117

Spreadsheets

 Financial tools to perform mathematical calculations and “what-if” analysis

 Tracks numbers or audit information for trends or patterns through worksheets or chart capabilities

 Recalculates formulas automatically based on data entry

 Can manage large amounts of data values via sort, find, filter, analysis tools

118


Spreadsheets

Excel

 Owned by Microsoft


 Included in

Microsoft Office

Suite or can be purchased individually


119

Spreadsheets

Lotus 1-2-3

 Owned by IBM

Corporation

 Available for

PC

 Included in

SmartSuite or purchased individually


120

Spreadsheets

Quattro Pro

 Owned by Corel Corporation

 PC version only

 Available with

WordPerfect

Office Standard,

Education,

Professional, or

Family Pack

Editions


121

Presentations

 Create slides or handouts for presentations

 Special effects provided

– Can create speaker notes and handouts for audience

– Set up presentation for different delivery methods or as self-running slide show

– Can add, edit and format text

– Insert pictures, charts, or tables

– Can standardize look and layout of slides using master slide or template

122


Presentations

PowerPoint

 Owned by

Microsoft

 Available for

PC and Apple

 Included in

Microsoft Office

Suite, or purchased individually


123

Presentations

Presentations

 Owned by Corel

Corporation

 Available for

PC only

 Available with

WordPerfect

Office Standard,

Education, or

Professional

Editions


124

Database Management

 Collection of related information

 Database Management Software (DMS) program

– Assists in manipulating and organizing information

 Identified by structure:

– Fields contain individual pieces of data

– Collection of related fields make up record

– All records in the database make up table

– Queries generate reports or forms using any field in table

 Relational databases

– Information from one database can be found or related to another database sharing same information

 Database can be as simple or complex as needed

125



Access

 Owned by

Microsoft

 Available for

PC and Apple

 Included with Professional

Edition of

Microsoft Office, or purchased individually


126


Paradox

 Owned by Corel

Corporation

 Available for

PC

 Part of

WordPerfect

Office Education or Professional

Editions


127

Graphics

 Best to have some graphics design fundamentals

– Minimize learning curve for applying effects or tools

 Graphic design programs often grouped with multimedia software

 All graphic design programs have basic set of tools for drawing and painting

 Dedicated graphic design programs also have options to create and edit shapes, with many enhancement tools

 Generally used in advertising, media, or publishing companies

 End-user type of graphics design programs target specific tasks

128


Graphics

CorelDRAW

 Owned by Corel

Corporation

 Very popular graphics design program


 Mainly used to manipulate drawings


129

Graphics

Illustrator

 Owned by Adobe

Corporation


 Very powerful design tool for promotional items or web


130

Graphics

Visio


Corporation

 Diagramming graphics program to demonstrate ideas, systems, or design in a diagram


131

Graphics

Photoshop

 Owned by Adobe

Corporation


 Very popular for manipulating or enhancing pictures


132

Graphics

FreeHand

 Owned by

Macromedia, Inc.

 Available for

PC and Apple

 Very popular for graphics design or building “story” for publication to print or Internet


133

Graphics

Dreamweaver

 Owned by

Macromedia, Inc.

 Available for

PC and Apple

 Web design program for creating graphics to be published on Internet or intranet


134

Multimedia

 Elements such as video, music, or animation added to documents published on web site for

Internet or intranet

 Music and video files use same format technology although music files at different level than video:

– Video files saved as mpg/mpeg (Moving Picture

Experts Group) or ani (animation)

– Music files saved as mp3 or wav (Windows

Audio Video)

 Multitude of programs for small business or home user

135


Multimedia

Flash

 Owned by

Macromedia, Inc.

 Available for

PC and Apple

 Graphics design program with ability to create interactivity items for end user


136

Multimedia

Shockwave

 Owned by

AtomShockwave

Corp.

 Can download for

PC and Apple

 View video, animation, games, and other programs for entertainment purposes from web site


137

Multimedia

Discreet

 Owned by AutoDesk

 Include products such as 3D Max, Fire, and

Combustion

 Variety of multimedia capabilities for objects

Director

 Owned by Macromedia, Inc.

 Available for PC and Macintosh machines

 Adds interactivity to web site, intranet, or programs/files put on CD/DVD


138

Electronic Mail

 Many e-mail programs developed to look and feel like a desktop/paper organizer

 Process of sending e-mail similar to manual process for addressing, writing, and then mailing letter on paper

 Need to have:

– e-mail program

– correct e-mail address

– connection to Internet or mail server

 Risen in popularity as become more user friendly and can generally receive responses in a relatively short time

 Two most popular e-mail programs included with web browser programs

139


Electronic Mail

Outlook Express

 Owned by

Microsoft

 Included in

Windows and

Internet Explorer

 Available for PC,

Apple, and Unix machines

 Handles e-mail and list of contacts


140

Electronic Mail

Navigator

 Owned by Netscape

 Part of Netscape

Navigator

 Older version free with Windows, but need to download latest version from

Netscape web site


Apple and Unix


141

Electronic Mail

Outlook


 Part of Office suite of programs

 Includes calendar, task area, contact list, journal, and notes

 Popular e-mail program used in offices


142

Electronic Mail

Eudora

 Owned by

Qualcomm

 Available for download from web site

 One of first e-mail programs available and still very popular


Apple and Unix


143

Web Browsers

 Connect to the Internet and view web sites for different companies, organizations, or individuals

 Browsing on web become much more popular

 More companies and individuals have set up web sites

 Need to have Internet connection and web browser before you can “surf the Net”

 Use Address or Location field to move from site to site

144


Web Browsers

Internet Explorer


 Comes with

Windows, and latest versions can be downloaded from Microsoft’s web site



145

Web Browsers

Netscape

 Owned by

Netscape


 Updates can be obtained from their web site


146

Web Browsers

Opera

 Owned by Opera

Software


Apple, Unix, and

Linux

 Updates can be obtained from their web site


147

Utility Tools

 Programs that help maintain computer system

 Some popular types of utilities include:

– Anti-Virus Protection protects system from unwanted viruses ruining files or computer

– Disk Compression cleans out older files, reorganizes files for easy retrieval, and frees up space

– Disk Cleanup eliminates temporary files created by computer or software programs

– File Compression reduces size of file or several files

 Recommend you schedule these tools to maintain system on regular basis

148


Utility Tools

Norton AntiVirus

 Owned by

Symantec


 Purchase for single user or network


149

Utility Tools

McAfee VirusScan

 Owned by McAfee

Enterprises

 Available for

PC and Apple

 Very popular anti-virus program for end users


150

Utility Tools

 System tools run utilities to maintain integrity of system

 Depending on maintenance needed, tools may be enough or may need third party product

– Extend number and type of utilities


151

Utility Tools

Norton Utilities

 Owned by Symantec

 Available for PC

 Very popular for diagnosing potential or existing problems on system

WinZip

 Owned by

WinZip Corporation

 File compression software program

152


Suites

 Group of programs packaged together for purchase

– Microsoft Office

– WordPerfect Office

– Lotus SmartSuite

– Microsoft Works

 Most cost effective than purchasing programs individually

153


Accounting

 Designed to handle accounting and finances

 Replace manual tasks performed by accounting staff

– Automates many tasks online

– Reports similar to manual forms

 Still need accounting fundamentals to fully understand how to use features

– Software only automates tasks; doesn’t teach concepts

154


Accounting

Simply Accounting

 Owned by Sage

International

 Popular program for small to medium size businesses

 Available for PC only


155

Accounting

ACCPAC

 Owned by Sage

International

 Generally used by medium to large businesses

 Available only for

Windows, but updates can be obtained for

DOS version


DOS version

Windows version

156

Accounting

QuickBooks

 Owned by Intuit


 Popular with small to medium size businesses

 Available in

Canadian and

U.S. versions


157

Accounting

Peachtree

 Owned by

Peachtree

Software

 Version for small to medium or medium to large U.S. companies


158

Specialized

 Any program that targets specific task or market

GoldMine

 Owned by FrontRange

Solutions


 Contact management software to enter data about customers, orders, or automate processes to manage customer data

159


Specialized

Money

 Owned by

Microsoft

 Very popular for personal financial management

 Keep track of personal finances or help manage finances


160

Specialized

Quicken

 Owned by Intuit

Corporation

 Personal financial management program

 Helps users manage and organize personal finances


161

Customized

 Written to perform specific tasks, with company needs as main focus

Types of Programs Examples of Tasks

Schools registration, attendance, report cards

Restaurants processing food orders, bills, inventory/stock retail stores financial institutions shopping sites on Internet point of sale, bar code readers debit or credit card transactions, online banking ebay, Yahoo

Manufacturing

Transportation scientific, medical, or engineering automobile production, lumber specifications airline reservation which can be accessed from a travel agency, online, or at the airline counter inspections, environmental changes, patient progress

162


Lesson 11: Using the Computer

 Start a computer

 Reboot or reset a computer

 Start an application program

 Handle data files within an application program

 Exit an application program

 Shut down the computer correctly


163

Starting the Computer

 Locations of switches and buttons vary from computer to computer

 Many newer computers have power switch at front, top right, or in center of front panel

 Power switch for monitor is usually at front, lower right corner

 Not all computers have

Reset button


Power

Button

Reset

Button

164

Starting the Computer

1. Turn on everything connected to the system unit first.

2. Turn on the system unit.

3. After several lines of information are displayed on the screen, the computer starts to look for the operating system by accessing Drive A first.

4. The disk drive light comes on, and then the operating system is loaded off hard disk and into the computer’s RAM memory.

165


Understanding the Boot Routine

 Process to turn on computer and load operating system

 When turn on computer, performing cold boot

 Warm boot clears RAM and reloads new copy of operating system

 Boot Program or ROM BIOS

– Conducts extensive check of computer’s main components including RAM and checks devices connected

 Final step of boot program is to load operating system files into RAM and control passes to operating system

 First screen is Windows splash screen, then Windows desktop

166


Understanding the Boot Routine


167

Working with an Application

Program

 Every desktop has Start button and icons for certain programs or functions

 Use Start button and then Programs menu to start application program

 Most application programs put icon on desktop to start program

 When start application program, Windows makes copy of that program and places in RAM

 When close application program, amount of RAM used by application also released

 RAM used by data files you create or use in application program

– The larger the file, the more RAM is needed

– Every file with uses portion of RAM available on system

 When no longer want to use application, close it to free up RAM

168


Resetting the Computer

 When computer stops working, called “hanging”

 Some methods to “unhang” computer include:

+ Press and hold down key and tap key to put break code into computer.

+ Press and hold down key and tap key.

 If above methods don’t work, need to do warm reboot

169


Performing a Warm Boot

 Resets computer by reloading new copy of operating system into RAM memory

 Be careful as warm boot wipes RAM memory clean before reloading operating system

 To warm boot computer:

1. Press and hold key.

2. Press and hold key simultaneously.

3. Press key

4. Then release all keys immediately.

 Normally illustrated as + +


170

Performing a Cold Boot

 Most drastic solution for “crashed” computer is to turn power off

 Called cold boot because you actually turn power off and computer “cools down”

 When performing cold boot, wait about 30 seconds before turning computer back on

– Can damage computer by turning power off and on very quickly

 Use cold boot only as last resort

171


Shutting Down the Computer

 Always shut down computer completely

 Never turn computer off without correct procedure

 Always make sure any application programs are closed before activating shut down process

 To shut down computer correctly:

1. Click on Start button.

2. Click on Shut Down command.

3. Ensure Shut Down selected for procedure and then click OK.

4. Wait for Windows to completely shut down and turn off computer before turning off anything else.

172


Computing Fundamentals

Computing Fundamentals

Unit 1:

Recognizing

Computers

Lesson 1: Computers All Around Us

Notebooks or Laptop Computers

Lesson 3:

Elements of a Personal Computer

CPU, RAM, and ROM BIOS

Lesson 4: Understanding Memory

Read Only Memory (ROM) BIOS

Lesson 5:

Identifying Input/Output Devices

What are Input/Output Devices?

Looking at Other Input/Output

Devices

Looking at Input/Output Devices

Looking at Input/Output Devices

Looking at Input/Output Devices

Looking at Input/Output Devices

Looking at Input/Output Devices

Lesson 6:

Working with Storage Systems

Identifying the Floppy Disk Drive

Miscellaneous Types of Printers

Miscellaneous Types of Printers

Lesson 8:

Basic Troubleshooting Techniques

Increasing the Computer’s

Performance

Increasing the Computer’s

Performance

Replacing or Upgrading Equipment

Disposing of Older or Non-Working

Items

Lesson 10:

Looking at Software Applications

What about Upgrading to New

Versions?

Choosing an Application Program

Choosing an Application Program

Lesson 11: Using the Computer

Understanding the Boot Routine

Understanding the Boot Routine

Working with an Application

Program

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